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Rautenschlein S, Schat KA. The Immunological Basis for Vaccination. Avian Dis 2024; 67:366-379. [PMID: 38300658 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-99996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is crucial for health protection of poultry and therefore important to maintaining high production standards. Proper vaccination requires knowledge of the key players of the well-orchestrated immune system of birds, their interdependence and delicate regulation, and, subsequently, possible modes of stimulation through vaccine antigens and adjuvants. The knowledge about the innate and acquired immune systems of birds has increased significantly during the recent years but open questions remain and have to be elucidated further. Despite similarities between avian and mammalian species in their composition of immune cells and modes of activation, important differences exist, including differences in the innate, but also humoral and cell-mediated immunity with respect to, for example, signaling transduction pathways, antigen presentation, and cell repertoires. For a successful vaccination strategy in birds it always has to be considered that genotype and age of the birds at the time point of immunization as well as their microbiota composition may have an impact and may drive the immune reactions into different directions. Recent achievements in the understanding of the concept of trained immunity will contribute to the advancement of current vaccine types helping to improve protection beyond the specificity of an antigen-driven immune response. The fast developments in new omics technologies will provide insights into protective B- and T-cell epitopes involved in cross-protection, which subsequently will lead to the improvement of vaccine efficacy in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Poultry, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30559, Germany,
| | - Karel A Schat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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2
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Wang F, Gao M, Han Z, Hou Y, Zhang L, Ma Z, Ma D. Innate immune responses of domestic pigeons to the infection of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 virus. Poult Sci 2020; 100:603-614. [PMID: 33518113 PMCID: PMC7858190 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a globally distributed, virulent member of the avian paramyxovirus type-1. The PPMV-1-associated disease poses a great threat to the pigeon industry. The innate immune response is crucial for antiviral infections and revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of PPMV-1. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity of a PPMV-1 strain LHLJ/110822 in one-month-old domestic pigeons, as well as the host immune responses in PPMV-1-infected pigeons. We observed typically clinical sign in infected pigeons by 3 dpi. The morbidity rate and the mortality in pigeons inoculated with the PPMV-1 strain were up to 100% and 30%, respectively. The virus could replicate in all of the examined tissues, namely trachea, lung, liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. In addition, the infected pigeons had developed anti-PPMV-1 antibodies as early as 8 dpi; and the antibody level increased over the time in this study. The expression level of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR3 TLR15, IFN-γ, and IL-6 were significantly upregulated by the PPMV-1 infection in some tissues of pigeons. By contrast, PPMV-1 infection results in downregulation of IL-18 expression in most of investigated tissues except for bursa of Fabricius in this study. The current results confirmed that this virus could replicate in pigeons and induce host immune responses, then leading to produce serum antibody titers. Meanwhile, the PPMV-1 infection induces strong innate immune responses and intense inflammatory responses at early stage in pigeon which may associate with the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanbang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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3
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Schilling MA, Memari S, Cavanaugh M, Katani R, Deist MS, Radzio-Basu J, Lamont SJ, Buza JJ, Kapur V. Conserved, breed-dependent, and subline-dependent innate immune responses of Fayoumi and Leghorn chicken embryos to Newcastle disease virus infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7209. [PMID: 31076577 PMCID: PMC6510893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a threat to the global poultry industry, but particularly for smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries. Previous reports suggest that some breeds of chickens are less susceptible to NDV infection, however, the mechanisms contributing to this are unknown. We here examined the comparative transcriptional responses of innate immune genes to NDV infection in inbred sublines of the Fayoumi and Leghorn breeds known to differ in their relative susceptibility to infection as well as at the microchromosome bearing the major histocompatability complex (MHC) locus. The analysis identified a set of five core genes, Mx1, IRF1, IRF7, STAT1, and SOCS1, that are up-regulated regardless of subline. Several genes were differentially expressed in a breed- or subline-dependent manner. The breed-dependent response involved TLR3, NOS2, LITAF, and IFIH1 in the Fayoumi versus IL8, CAMP, and CCL4 in the Leghorn. Further analysis identified subline-dependent differences in the pro-inflammatory response within the Fayoumi breed that are likely influenced by the MHC. These results have identified conserved, breed-dependent, and subline-dependent innate immune responses to NDV infection in chickens, and provide a strong framework for the future characterization of the specific roles of genes and pathways that influence the susceptibility of chickens to NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Schilling
- The Pennsylvania State University, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Pennsylvania State University, Animal Science Department, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Sahar Memari
- The Pennsylvania State University, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Pennsylvania State University, Animal Science Department, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Meredith Cavanaugh
- The Pennsylvania State University, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Pennsylvania State University, Animal Science Department, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Robab Katani
- The Pennsylvania State University, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Pennsylvania State University, Animal Science Department, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Pennsylvania State University, Applied Biological and Biosafety Research Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Melissa S Deist
- The Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jessica Radzio-Basu
- The Pennsylvania State University, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Pennsylvania State University, Applied Biological and Biosafety Research Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- The Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Joram J Buza
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Vivek Kapur
- The Pennsylvania State University, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,The Pennsylvania State University, Animal Science Department, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania. .,The Pennsylvania State University, Applied Biological and Biosafety Research Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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4
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Dziewulska D, Stenzel T, Śmiałek M, Tykałowski B, Koncicki A. The impact of Aloe vera and licorice extracts on selected mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in pigeons experimentally infected with PPMV-1. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:148. [PMID: 29716604 PMCID: PMC5930501 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of herbal extracts on selected immunity mechanisms in clinically healthy pigeons and pigeons inoculated with the pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1). For the first 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), an aqueous solution of Aloe vera or licorice extract was administered daily at 300 or 500 mg/kg body weight (BW). The birds were euthanized at 4, 7 and 14 dpi, and spleen samples were collected during necropsy. Mononuclear cells were isolated from spleen samples and divided into two parts: one part was used to determine the percentage of IgM+ B cells in a flow cytometric analysis, and the other was used to evaluate the expression of genes encoding IFN-γ and surface receptors on CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Results The expression of the IFN-γ gene increased in all birds inoculated with PPMV-1 and receiving both herbal extracts. The expression of the CD3 gene was lowest at 14 dpi in healthy birds and at 7 dpi in inoculated pigeons. The expression of the CD4 gene was higher in uninoculated pigeons receiving both herbal extracts than in the control group throughout nearly the entire experiment with a peak at 7 dpi. A reverse trend was observed in pigeons inoculated with PPMV-1 and receiving both herbal extracts. In uninoculated birds, increased expression of the CD8 gene was noted in the pigeons receiving a lower dose of the Aloe vera extract and both doses of licorice extracts. No significant differences in the expression of this gene were found between inoculated pigeons receiving both herbal extracts. The percentage of IgM+ B cells did not differ between any of the evaluated groups. Conclusions This results indicate that Aloe vera and licorice extracts have immunomodulatory properties and can be used successfully to prevent viral diseases, enhance immunity and as supplementary treatment for viral diseases in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Dziewulska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marcin Śmiałek
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Tykałowski
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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5
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Vitamin E Supplementation Ameliorates Newcastle Disease Virus-Induced Oxidative Stress and Alleviates Tissue Damage in the Brains of Chickens. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040173. [PMID: 29614025 PMCID: PMC5923467 DOI: 10.3390/v10040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), characterized by visceral, respiratory, and neurological pathologies, causes heavy economic loss in the poultry industry around the globe. While significant advances have been made in effective diagnosis and vaccine development, molecular mechanisms of ND virus (NDV)-induced neuropathologies remain elusive. In this study, we report the magnitude of oxidative stress and histopathological changes induced by the virulent NDV (ZJ1 strain) and assess the impact of vitamin E in alleviating these pathologies. Comparative profiling of plasma and brains from mock and NDV-infected chicken demonstrated alterations in several oxidative stress makers such as nitric oxide, glutathione, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalases. While decreased levels of glutathione and total antioxidant capacity and increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were observed in NDV-challenged birds at all time points, these alterations were eminent at latter time points (5 days post infection). Additionally, significant decreases in the activities of glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were observed in the plasma and brains collected from NDV-infected chickens. Intriguingly, we observed that supplementation of vitamin E can significantly reduce the alteration of oxidative stress parameters. Under NDV infection, extensive histopathological alterations were observed in chicken brain including neural inflammation, capillary hyperemia, necrosis, and loss of prominent axons, which were reduced with the treatment of vitamin E. Taken together, our findings highlight that neurotropic NDV induces extensive tissue damage in the brain and alters plasma oxidative stress profiles. These findings also demonstrate that supplementing vitamin E ameliorates these pathologies in chickens and proposes its supplementation for NDV-induced stresses.
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6
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Schilling MA, Katani R, Memari S, Cavanaugh M, Buza J, Radzio-Basu J, Mpenda FN, Deist MS, Lamont SJ, Kapur V. Transcriptional Innate Immune Response of the Developing Chicken Embryo to Newcastle Disease Virus Infection. Front Genet 2018. [PMID: 29535762 PMCID: PMC5835104 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional approaches to assess the immune response of chickens to infection are through animal trials, which are expensive, require enhanced biosecurity, compromise welfare, and are frequently influenced by confounding variables. Since the chicken embryo becomes immunocompetent prior to hatch, we here characterized the transcriptional response of selected innate immune genes to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in chicken embryos at days 10, 14, and 18 of embryonic development. The results suggest that the innate immune response 72 h after challenge of 18-day chicken embryo is both consistent and robust. The expression of CCL5, Mx1, and TLR3 in lung tissues of NDV challenged chicken embryos from the outbred Kuroiler and Tanzanian local ecotype lines showed that their expression was several orders of magnitude higher in the Kuroiler than in the local ecotypes. Next, the expression patterns of three additional innate-immunity related genes, IL-8, IRF-1, and STAT1, were examined in the highly congenic Fayoumi (M5.1 and M15.2) and Leghorn (Ghs6 and Ghs13) sublines that differ only at the microchromosome bearing the major histocompatibility locus. The results show that the Ghs13 Leghorn subline had a consistently higher expression of all genes except IL-8 and expression seemed to be subline-dependent rather than breed-dependent, suggesting that the innate immune response of chicken embryos to NDV infection may be genetically controlled by the MHC-locus. Taken together, the results suggest that the chicken embryo may represent a promising model to studying the patterns and sources of variation of the avian innate immune response to infection with NDV and related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Schilling
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Robab Katani
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Applied Biological Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sahar Memari
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Meredith Cavanaugh
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Joram Buza
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jessica Radzio-Basu
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Fulgence N Mpenda
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Melissa S Deist
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
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7
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Xiang B, Zhu W, Li Y, Gao P, Liang J, Liu D, Ding C, Liao M, Kang Y, Ren T. Immune responses of mature chicken bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells infected with Newcastle disease virus strains with differing pathogenicity. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1407-1417. [PMID: 29397456 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection of chickens with virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is associated with severe pathology and increased morbidity and mortality. The innate immune response contributes to the pathogenicity of NDV. As professional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a unique role in innate immunity. However, the contribution of DCs to NDV infection has not been investigated in chickens. In this study, we selected two representative NDV strains, i.e., the velogenic NDV strain Chicken/Guangdong/GM/2014 (GM) and the lentogenic NDV strain La Sota, to investigate whether NDVs could infect LPS-activated chicken bone-derived marrow DCs (mature chicken BM-DCs). We compared the viral titres and innate immune responses in mature chicken BM-DCs following infection with those strains. Both NDV strains could infect mature chicken BM-DC, but the GM strain showed stronger replication capacity than the La Sota strain in mature chicken BM-DCs. Gene expression profiling showed that MDA5, LGP2, TLR3, TLR7, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, IL-8, CCL5, IL-10, IL-12, MHC-I, and MHC-II levels were altered in mature DCs after infection with NDVs at all evaluated times postinfection. Notably, the GM strain triggered stronger innate immune responses than the La Sota strain in chicken BM-DCs. However, both strains were able to suppress the expression of some cytokines, such as IL-6 and IFN-α, in mature chicken DCs at 24 hpi. These data provide a foundation for further investigation of the role of chicken DCs in NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Jayawardhana A, Puspitasari H. THE IMMUNOSTIMULAN POTENTIAL OF TENGGULUN (PROTIUM JAVANICUM) LEAVES TOWARDS T CELL CD4+ AND IFNγ SECRETION ON PBMC CHICKEN. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v6i3.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the plants with immunostimulant activity is Tenggulun leaves which contain of flavonoid, like terpenoid. The aim of this research is to find the potential of Tenggulun’s leaves extract to have the immunostimulant activities. The potential of immunostimulant activity is identified by the increasing the amount of T-cell CD4+ expression and IFNγ secretion. The research method is conducted through cultured chicken PBMC which is infected by ND virus; it is then treated with Tenggulun’s leaves extract with immunostimulant. The result of immunocitochemistry examination CD4+ secretion on PBMC cultures shows how tenggulun is significantly different from the control in the secretion CD4+. The 10μg of tenggulun extract can modulate the T cell CD4+ secretion 68.8±0.83. It is significantly different from K (control) (p<0,05) and treatment group K+, P0, and P1. The examination of IFNγ level using ELISA from tenggulun leaves extract of 10μg doses were inoculated after being infected by ND virus contained immonostimulant potential in increasing the secretion of IFNγ 120.91±6.44. It is significantly different from K-, K+, and P1, yet not significantly different from P0. The content of terpenoid can increase IFNγ secretion on the macrofag cells culture and limfosit cells.
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9
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Xu Q, Chen Y, Zhao W, Zhang T, Liu C, Qi T, Han Z, Shao Y, Ma D, Liu S. Infection of Goose with Genotype VIId Newcastle Disease Virus of Goose Origin Elicits Strong Immune Responses at Early Stage. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1587. [PMID: 27757109 PMCID: PMC5047883 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a highly contagious disease of birds that is responsible for heavy economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. However, little is known about host-virus interactions in waterfowl, goose. In this study, we aim to characterize the host immune response in goose, based on the previous reports on the host response to NDV in chickens. Here, we evaluated viral replication and mRNA expression of 27 immune-related genes in 10 tissues of geese challenged with a genotype VIId NDV strain of goose origin (go/CH/LHLJ/1/06). The virus showed early replication, especially in digestive and immune tissues. The expression profiles showed up-regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)1–3, 5, 7, and 15, avian β-defensin (AvBD) 5–7, 10, 12, and 16, cytokines [interleukin (IL)-8, IL-18, IL-1β, and interferon-γ], inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and MHC class I in some tissues of geese in response to NDV. In contrast, NDV infection suppressed expression of AvBD1 in cecal tonsil of geese. Moreover, we observed a highly positive correlation between viral replication and host mRNA expressions of TLR1-5 and 7, AvBD4-6, 10, and 12, all the cytokines measured, MHC class I, FAS ligand, and iNOS, mainly at 72 h post-infection. Taken together, these results demonstrated that NDV infection induces strong innate immune responses and intense inflammatory responses at early stage in goose which may associate with the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Tianming Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
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10
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Li YL, Fu AK, Chen HL, Li WF, Fu LQ. Potentiating effect of pidotimod on immune responses of chickens to live attenuated Newcastle disease vaccines. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1218305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Kun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Wei-Fen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luo-Qin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Broggi J, Soriguer RC, Figuerola J. Transgenerational effects enhance specific immune response in a wild passerine. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1766. [PMID: 27069782 PMCID: PMC4824879 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate mothers transfer diverse compounds to developing embryos that can affect their development and final phenotype (i.e., maternal effects). However, the way such effects modulate offspring phenotype, in particular their immunity, remains unclear. To test the impact of maternal effects on offspring development, we treated wild breeding house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Sevilla, SE Spain with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Female parents were vaccinated when caring for first broods, eliciting a specific immune response to NDV. The immune response to the same vaccine, and to the PHA inflammatory test were measured in 11-day-old chicks from their following brood. Vaccinated chicks from vaccinated mothers developed a stronger specific response that was related to maternal NDV antibody concentration while rearing their chicks. The chicks' carotenoid concentration and total antioxidant capacity in blood were negatively related to NDV antibody concentration, whereas no relation with PHA response was found. Specific NDV antibodies could not be detected in 11-day-old control chicks from vaccinated mothers, implying that maternally transmitted antibodies are not directly involved but may promote offspring specific immunity through a priming effect, while other immunity components remain unaffected. Maternally transmitted antibodies in the house sparrow are short-lived, depend on maternal circulation levels and enhance pre-fledging chick specific immunity when exposed to the same pathogens as the mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Broggi
- Wetland Ecology, Esatción Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO/CISC/PA), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
| | - Ramon C Soriguer
- Etologia y Conservacion de la Biodiversidad, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Wetland Ecology, Esatción Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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12
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Li Y, Xie P, Sun M, Xiang B, Kang Y, Gao P, Zhu W, Ning Z, Ren T. S1PR1 expression correlates with inflammatory responses to Newcastle disease virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 37:37-42. [PMID: 26597451 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the causative agent of Newcastle disease, which is characterized by inflammatory pathological changes in the organs of chickens. The inflammatory response to this disease has not been well characterized. Previous reports showed that the sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 receptor (S1PR1), a G protein-coupled receptor, is important to the activation of inflammatory responses. To understand better the viral pathogenesis and host inflammatory response, we analyzed S1PR1 expression during NDV infection. We observed a direct correlation between chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cellular inflammatory responses and S1PR1 expression. Virulent NDV-infected CEF cells also had elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18). When S1PR1 was inhibited by using the specific antagonist W146, pro-inflammatory cytokine production declined. Overexpression of S1PR1 resulted in increased virus-induced IL-1β production. S1PR1 expression levels did not impact significantly NDV replication. These findings highlight the important role of S1PR1 in inflammatory responses in NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Peng Xie
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Minhua Sun
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Gao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Zhu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Tao Ren
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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13
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Ji B, Sun TT, Ma ZL, Lu QF, Hu WL, Jian ZH, Jiang Y, Chen PF. Possible Association of IFN-γ Gene -316A/G SNP with Humoral Immune Response to Killed H5N1 HPAI Vaccine in a Red Junglefowl Population. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:844-9. [PMID: 26154533 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of interferon (IFN)-γ gene (IFNG) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the resistance to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), we determined the SNPs, the log2-transformed specific antibody titers, and ex vivo recall antigen-specific IFN-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 62 red junglefowls (Gallus gallus) immunized twice with inactivated H5N1 HPAI vaccine. Consequently, 52 SNPs were detected in the amplified 1137-bp length covering the promoter region and all exons, with +2133A/T SNP in the coding DNA sequence that caused a missense mutation and was identified in G. gallus for the first time. For -316A/G SNP genotypes, the chi-squared test showed that the bird sample was in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P=0.369>0.05), and the least squares analysis revealed an increasing tendency in the antibody titers with G to A substitution so that a significant difference occurred between the AA genotype (8.031±0.247) and the GG genotype (6.571±0.528) (P=0.015<0.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0004-0.0866), as basically consistent with the antigen-induced IFN-γ protein expression, which indicated possible association of the -316A/G SNP with a secondary humoral immune response to the HPAI vaccine in the bird population. These findings may help to improve genetic resistance using cross-breeding and enhance HPAI vaccine-induced immunity in chicken production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Sun
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Liang Ma
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong-Fen Lu
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Hu
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Hui Jian
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Fu Chen
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
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Host Avian Beta-Defensin and Toll-Like Receptor Responses of Pigeons following Infection with Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6415-24. [PMID: 26162868 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01413-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The high morbidity and mortality in pigeons caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) highlights the need for new insights into the host immune response and novel treatment approaches. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are key components of the innate immune system. In this study, three novel avian β-defensins (AvBDs 2, 7, and 10) were characterized in pigeons and shown to possess direct antiviral activity against PPMV-1 in vitro. In addition, we evaluated the mRNA expression of these AvBDs and other immune-related genes in tissues of 2-month-old infected pigeons at 3 and 7 days postinfection. We observed that the expression of AvBD2 in the cecal tonsil, lungs, and proventriculus, as well as the expression of AvBD10 in the spleen, lungs, proventriculus, and kidneys, was upregulated in infected pigeons. Similarly, the expression of both Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7 was increased in the spleen, trachea, and proventriculus, while TLR15 expression was increased only in the lungs of infected pigeons. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was upregulated in the spleen, the bursa of Fabricius, the trachea, and the proventriculus of infected pigeons. Furthermore, we observed a high correlation between the expression of AvBD2 and the expression of either TLR7 or TLR15, as well as between AvBD10 expression and either TLR3 or TLR7 expression in respective tissues. The results suggest that PPMV-1 infection can induce innate host responses characterized by the activation of TLRs, particularly TLR3 and TLR7, AvBDs (2 and 10), and iNOS in pigeons.
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15
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Zhong Z, Ji Y, Fu Y, Liu B, Zhu Q. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the duck viperin gene. Gene 2015; 570:100-7. [PMID: 26049096 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viperin is well known as one of the interferon-stimulated genes involved in innate immunity. Recent studies showed that this gene is mainly responsible for antiviral response to a large variety of viral infections. In this study, we successfully cloned and characterized the complete coding sequence of duck viperin gene. The duck viperin gene encodes 363 amino acids (aa) and is highly similar to viperins from other species. Moreover, secondary and 3D structures were predicted, and these structures showed two main domains, one signal peptide, and one radical S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) domain. Additionally, the duck viperin expression was analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and analysis results indicated that the duck viperin can be strongly up-regulated by poly(I:C) and Newcastle disease virus in primary duck embryo fibroblast cells. Results also demonstrated that Newcastle disease virus significantly induced duck viperin expression in the spleen, kidneys, liver, brain, and blood. Our findings will contribute to future studies on the detailed functions and potential underlying mechanisms of this novel protein in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Feng ZQ, Cheng Y, Yang HL, Zhu Q, Yu D, Liu YP. Molecular characterization, tissue distribution and expression analysis of TRIM25 in Gallus gallus domesticus. Gene 2015; 561:138-47. [PMID: 25682934 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TRIM25, a member of the tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) family of proteins, plays an important role in cell proliferation, protein modification, and the RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling pathway. However, relatively few studies have investigated the molecular characterization, tissue distribution, and potential function of TRIM25 in chickens. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA of chicken TRIM25 that is composed of 2706 bp. Sequence analyses revealed that TRIM25 contains a 1902-bp open-reading frame that probably encodes a 633-amino acid protein. Multiple comparisons with deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the RING finger and B30.2 domains of chicken TRIM25 share a high sequence similarity with human and murine TRIM25, indicating that these domains are critical for the function of chicken TRIM25. qPCR assays revealed that TRIM25 is highly expressed in the spleen, thymus and lungs in chickens. Furthermore, we observed that TRIM25 expression was significantly upregulated both in vitro and in vivo following infection with Newcastle disease virus. TRIM25 expression was also significantly upregulated in chicken embryo fibroblasts upon stimulation with poly(I:C) or poly(dA:dT). Taken together, these findings suggest that TRIM25 plays an important role in antiviral signaling pathways in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Qing Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Key laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yi-Ping Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China.
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17
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Assessment of cellular and mucosal immune responses in chicks to Newcastle disease oral pellet vaccine (D58 strain) using qPCR. Virusdisease 2014; 25:467-73. [PMID: 25674624 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the cell mediated and mucosal immune responses in chicks to Newcastle disease vaccine, expression levels of certain genes encoding cytokines and chemokines were quantified by q-PCR. The utility of cytokine and chemokine gene expression profile in estimating the cell mediated and humoral immune response has been established. The cell mediated immune response was assessed by quantifying the IFN-γ gene expression in splenocytes and compared with colorimetric blastogenesis assay. The mucosal immune response was assessed by quantifying the expression of IL-8, IL1-β, MIP1-β, K60 and K203 in the intestinal cells and compared with IgA ELISA. On 14th day post vaccination, the expression of IFN-γ was upregulated by 12-folds in the Group I, which have received oral pellet vaccine and fourfolds in the Group II where birds have received live thermostable vaccine as occulonasal instillation. 3 and 7 days after receiving booster, the same cytokine gene was upregulated by 12-folds and 27-folds respectively in the Group III, where birds have received live thermostable ND vaccine as priming vaccine and oral pellet vaccine as booster. On 21st day post vaccination the expression of IL-8 was upregulated by 42.8-folds in Group I and 3.3-folds in the Group II. The expression of IL-1β was upregulated by eightfolds on 3rd day post vaccination and 23-folds on 21st day post vaccination in Group I. The expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) was upregulated by 16-folds in Group I and 70-folds in Group II on 14th day post vaccination. No significant change in expression of chemokine genes K60 and K203 in vaccinated birds. The results were comparable with the results of conventional tests and proved the utility of qPCR in estimating the cellular and mucosal immune responses.
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18
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Singh R, Jain P, Pandey NK, Saxena VK, Saxena M, Singh KB, Ahmed KA, Singh RP. Cytokines Expression and Nitric Oxide Production under Induced Infection to Salmonella Typhimurium in Chicken Lines Divergently Selected for Cutaneous Hypersensitivity. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:1038-44. [PMID: 25049661 PMCID: PMC4092978 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the impact of Salmonella Typhimurium on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated in 5 week-old immuno divergent broiler lines selected for the high and low response to phytohemagglutinin-P. The immune response was assessed in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced with Salmonella Typhimurium at different time intervals (0 h, 0.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h). The differential mRNA expression patterns of IFN-γ, IL-2 and iNOS were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. In-vitro production of nitric oxide (NO) was also estimated in the culture supernatant and correlated with iNOS mRNA expression. Present study showed higher production of NO in the high cell-mediated line (HCMI) as compared to the low cell-mediated line (LCMI) upon stimulation with Salmonella Typhimurium. Correspondingly, higher mRNA expression of iNOS and IFN-γ were observed in high response birds (HCMI); but IL-2 was down regulated in this line compared to the low response birds (LCMI). Significantly (p<0.05) higher expression of iNOS, IFN-γ and higher production of NO in high line indicated that the selection for PHA-P response might be employed for increasing the immune competence against Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Singh
- Avian Physiology and Genetics Division, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty 641 108, Coimbatore, India
| | - Preeti Jain
- Avian Physiology and Genetics Division, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty 641 108, Coimbatore, India
| | - N K Pandey
- Avian Physiology and Genetics Division, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty 641 108, Coimbatore, India
| | - V K Saxena
- Avian Physiology and Genetics Division, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty 641 108, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Saxena
- Avian Physiology and Genetics Division, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty 641 108, Coimbatore, India
| | - K B Singh
- Avian Physiology and Genetics Division, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty 641 108, Coimbatore, India
| | - K A Ahmed
- Avian Physiology and Genetics Division, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty 641 108, Coimbatore, India
| | - R P Singh
- Avian Physiology and Genetics Division, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty 641 108, Coimbatore, India
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Kapczynski DR, Afonso CL, Miller PJ. Immune responses of poultry to Newcastle disease virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:447-53. [PMID: 23623955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) remains a constant threat to poultry producers worldwide, in spite of the availability and global employment of ND vaccinations since the 1950s. Strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) belong to the order Mononegavirales, family Paramyxoviridae, and genus Avulavirus, are contained in one serotype and are also known as avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 (APMV-1). They are pleomorphic in shape and are single-stranded, non-segmented, negative sense RNA viruses. The virus has been reported to infect most orders of birds and thus has a wide host range. Isolates are characterized by virulence in chickens and the presence of basic amino acids at the fusion protein cleavage site. Low virulent NDV typically produce subclinical disease with some morbidity, whereas virulent isolates can result in rapid, high mortality of birds. Virulent NDV are listed pathogens that require immediate notification to the Office of International Epizootics and outbreaks typically result in trade embargos. Protection against NDV is through the use of vaccines generated with low virulent NDV strains. Immunity is derived from neutralizing antibodies formed against the viral hemagglutinin and fusion glycoproteins, which are responsible for attachment and spread of the virus. However, new techniques and technologies have also allowed for more in depth analysis of the innate and cell-mediated immunity of poultry to NDV. Gene profiling experiments have led to the discovery of novel host genes modulated immediately after infection. Differences in virus virulence alter host gene response patterns have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the timing and contributions of cell-mediated immune responses appear to decrease disease and transmission potential. In view of recent reports of vaccine failure from many countries on the ability of classical NDV vaccines to stop spread of disease, renewed interest in a more complete understanding of the global immune response of poultry to NDV will be critical to developing new control strategies and intervention programs for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
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Akbari P, Malekinejad H, Rahmani F, Rezabakhsh A, Fink-Gremmels J. Cyclopiazonic acid attenuates the divalent cations and augments the mRNA level of iNOS in the liver and kidneys of chickens. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An investigation was carried out into the occurrence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) producing fungi, the level of CPA contamination in chickens' diet, CPA effects on serum levels of divalent cations, on nitric oxide (NO) content and mRNA level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver and kidney of chickens, as well as the cellular and molecular pathways of CPA toxicity. Mycological and HPLC analyses were used to determine the mycobiota and CPA level, respectively. The mycological studies revealed that 34.46 and 23.07% of the isolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium cyclopium, respectively. HPLC analyses showed the highest (0.95±0.35 μg/g) and lowest (0.08±0.03 μg/g) levels of CPA in maize and mix diet, respectively. For toxicological studies, male chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to the control and test groups (n=8), which received normal saline and 10, 25 and/or 50 μg/kg CPA for 28 days. The effects of CPA on NO content of the liver and kidneys were determined using the Griess reaction, and the effects on the serum level of divalent cations were established using commercially available kits. The effects of CPA on the mRNA level of iNOS were investigated using RT-PCR. CPA lowered the serum level of divalent cations, while NO contents were enhanced significantly (P<0.05). The mRNA level of iNOS in birds of the CPA test groups showed a reverse relationship with NO increase. These data suggest that CPA producing fungi along with CPA contamination in chickens' diet result in hepatic and renal disorders. Moreover, CPA induced disorders might contribute to the biochemical alterations such as NO increase that is reversely associated with mRNA level of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Akbari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80152, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands;
| | - H. Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - F. Rahmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - A. Rezabakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - J. Fink-Gremmels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80152, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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Guimarães MCC, Guillermo LVC, Matta MFDR, Soares SG, DaMatta RA. Macrophages from chickens selected for high antibody response produced more nitric oxide and have greater phagocytic capacity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Balenović M, Savić V, Ekert Kabalin A, Jurinović L, Ragland W. Abundance of IFN-α and IFN-γ gene transcripts and absence of IL-2 transcripts in the blood of chickens vaccinated with live or inactivated NDV. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59:141-8. [PMID: 21354949 DOI: 10.1556/avet.59.2011.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As immune responses to live and inactivated vaccines might differ, temporal responses of broiler chickens to vaccination were examined on the basis of the abundance in the circulating blood of gene transcripts of IFN-α, IFN-γ and IL-2, critical cytokines for immune responses. Blood samples were collected 6, 12 and 24 hours, and 7 and 14 days following vaccination with either live or inactivated Newcastle disease virus, La Sota strain, at 14 days of age, and the abundance of transcripts for each cytokine was assayed by real-time RT-PCR. Physiological saline and vaccine emulsion without viral antigen were administered to control groups for live and inactivated vaccine groups, respectively. The abundance of IFN-γ transcripts was elevated during the early times following vaccination and had reached baseline by the seventh day but the abundance of IFN-α transcripts remained elevated. Transcripts for neither IFN gene were detected in the control birds. The abundance of transcripts for each IFN was not different between the two vaccinated groups at any time. Transcripts for IL-2 were detected only in spleens from chicken embryos that had been inoculated with the live virus. The results show that cells stimulated to produce IFN-α and IFN-γ enter the circulating blood but those stimulated to produce IL-2 do not, or in very low number, and the IFN responses to both vaccines are the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Balenović
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Poultry Centre Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Vladimir Savić
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Poultry Centre Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Anamaria Ekert Kabalin
- 2 University of Zagreb Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagreb Croatia
| | - Luka Jurinović
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Poultry Centre Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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Burggraaf S, Bingham J, Payne J, Kimpton WG, Lowenthal JW, Bean AGD. Increased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in organs is associated with a higher severity of H5N1 influenza virus infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14561. [PMID: 21283521 PMCID: PMC3023712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms of disease severity caused by H5N1 influenza virus infection remain somewhat unclear. Studies have indicated that a high viral load and an associated hyper inflammatory immune response are influential during the onset of infection. This dysregulated inflammatory response with increased levels of free radicals, such as nitric oxide (NO), appears likely to contribute to disease severity. However, enzymes of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family such as the inducible form of NOS (iNOS) generate NO, which serves as a potent anti-viral molecule to combat infection in combination with acute phase proteins and cytokines. Nevertheless, excessive production of iNOS and subsequent high levels of NO during H5N1 infection may have negative effects, acting with other damaging oxidants to promote excessive inflammation or induce apoptosis. Methodology/Principal Findings There are dramatic differences in the severity of disease between chickens and ducks following H5N1 influenza infection. Chickens show a high level of mortality and associated pathology, whilst ducks show relatively minor symptoms. It is not clear how this varying pathogenicty comes about, although it has been suggested that an overactive inflammatory immune response to infection in the chicken, compared to the duck response, may be to blame for the disparity in observed pathology. In this study, we identify and investigate iNOS gene expression in ducks and chickens during H5N1 influenza infection. Infected chickens show a marked increase in iNOS expression in a wide range of organs. Contrastingly, infected duck tissues have lower levels of tissue related iNOS expression. Conclusions/Significance The differences in iNOS expression levels observed between chickens and ducks during H5N1 avian influenza infection may be important in the inflammatory response that contributes to the pathology. Understanding the regulation of iNOS expression and its role during H5N1 influenza infection may provide insights for the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of avian influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Burggraaf
- Infection and Immunity, CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Rue CA, Susta L, Cornax I, Brown CC, Kapczynski DR, Suarez DL, King DJ, Miller PJ, Afonso CL. Virulent Newcastle disease virus elicits a strong innate immune response in chickens. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:931-9. [PMID: 21177922 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.025486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. There is limited knowledge about the avian immune response to infection with virulent NDVs, and how this response may contribute to disease. In this study, pathogenesis and the transcriptional host response of chickens to a virulent NDV strain that rapidly causes 100% mortality was characterized. Using microarrays, a strong transcriptional host response was observed in spleens at early times after infection with the induction of groups of genes involved in innate antiviral and pro-inflammatory responses. There were multiple genes induced at 48 h post-infection including: type I and II interferons (IFNs), several cytokines and chemokines, IFN effectors and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The increased transcription of nitric oxide synthase was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for iNOS in spleens and measured levels of nitric oxide in serum. In vitro experiments showed strong induction of the key host response genes, alpha IFN, beta interferon, and interleukin 1β and interleukin 6, in splenic leukocytes at 6 h post-infection in comparison to a non-virulent NDV. The robust host response to virulent NDV, in conjunction with severe pathological damage observed, is somewhat surprising considering that all NDV encode a gene, V, which functions as a suppressor of class I IFNs. Taken together, these results suggest that the host response itself may contribute to the pathogenesis of this highly virulent strain in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Rue
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Aricibasi M, Jung A, Heller ED, Rautenschlein S. Differences in genetic background influence the induction of innate and acquired immune responses in chickens depending on the virulence of the infecting infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strain. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 135:79-92. [PMID: 20005576 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies and field observations have suggested that genetic background influences infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) pathogenesis. However, the influence of the virulence of the infecting IBDV strain and the mechanisms underlying the differences in susceptibility are not known. In the present study IBDV pathogenesis was compared between specific-pathogen-free layer-type (LT) chickens, which are the most susceptible chicken for IBDV and have been used as the model for pathogenesis studies, and broiler-type (BT) chickens, which are known to be less susceptible to clinical infectious bursal disease (IBD). The innate and acquired immune responses were investigated after inoculation of an intermediate (i), virulent (v) or very virulent (vv) strain of IBDV. IBDV pathogenesis was comparable among genetic backgrounds after infection with iIBDV. After infection with vIBDV and vvIBDV, LT birds showed severe clinical disease and mortality, higher bursal lesion scores and IBDV-antigen load relative to BT birds. Circulating cytokine induction varied significantly in both timing and quantity between LT and BT birds and among virus strains (P<0.05). Evaluation of different immune cell populations by flow-cytometric analysis in the bursa of Fabricius provided circumstantial evidence of a stronger local T cell response in BT birds vs. LT birds after infection with the virulent strain. On the other hand, LT birds showed a more significant increase in circulating macrophage-derived immune mediators such as total interferon (IFN) and serum nitrite than BT birds on days 2 and 3 post-vIBDV infection (P<0.05). Stronger stimulation of innate immune reactions especially after vIBDV infection in the early phase may lead to faster and more severe lesion development accompanied by clinical disease and death in LT chickens relative to BT chickens. Interestingly, no significant differences were seen between genetic backgrounds in induction of the IBDV-specific humoral response: timing of IBDV-antibody induction and antibody levels were comparable between BT and LT birds. This study clearly demonstrates a significant influence of chickens' genetic background on disease outcome. The difference between backgrounds in IBDV susceptibility is further influenced by the virulence of the infecting virus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Aricibasi
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - E Dan Heller
- The Hebrew University, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide enhances neonatal immune responses in chickens during natural exposure to Eimeria spp. Acta Vet Scand 2009; 51:11. [PMID: 19298670 PMCID: PMC2667520 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-51-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control and eradication of intestinal infections caused by protozoa are important biomedical challenges worldwide. Prophylactic control of coccidiosis has been achieved with the use of anticoccidial drugs; however, the increase in anticoccidial resistance has raised concerns about the need for new alternatives for the control of coccidial infections. In fact, new strategies are needed to induce potent protective immune responses in neonatal individuals. Methods The effects of a dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide (yeast cell wall; YCW) on the local, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and intestinal replication of coccidia were evaluated in a neonatal animal model during natural exposure to Eimeria spp. A total of 840 one-day-old chicks were distributed among four dietary regimens: A) Control diet (no YCW) plus anticoccidial vaccine); B) Control diet plus coccidiostat; C) YCW diet plus anticoccidial vaccination; and D) YCW diet plus coccidiostat. Weight gain, feed consumption and immunological parameters were examined within the first seven weeks of life. Results Dietary supplementation of 0.05% of YCW increased local mucosal IgA secretions, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and reduced parasite excretion in feces. Conclusion Dietary supplementation of yeast cell wall in neonatal animals can enhance the immune response against coccidial infections. The present study reveals the potential of YCW as adjuvant for modulating mucosal immune responses.
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