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Richdon S, Menchaca Rodriguez A, Price E, Wormell D, McCabe G, Jones G. Thirty years of conservation breeding: Assessing the genetic diversity of captive Livingstone's fruit bats. Zoo Biol 2024. [PMID: 38837463 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Fruit bats (genus Pteropus) are typically island-endemic species important in seed dispersal and reforestation that are vulnerable to increased extinction risk. An effective method of reducing extinction risk in vulnerable species that cannot be conserved in their native habitat is establishing an ex-situ captive breeding programme. Due to anthropogenic threats and low population numbers, in the early 1990s, a captive breeding programme was established at Jersey Zoo, British Isles, for Critically Endangered Livingstone's fruit bats (Pteropus livingstonii). Here we use six polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity in the captive breeding population of Livingstone's fruit bats (P. livingstonii), 30 years after the programme's establishment, investigating change over generations and comparing our findings with published data from the wild population. We found no significant difference between the genetic diversity in the captive and wild populations of Livingstone's fruit bats (P. livingstonii), in both expected heterozygosity and allelic richness. The captive population has retained a comparable level of genetic diversity to that documented in the wild, and there has been no significant decline in genetic diversity over the last 30 years. We advise that a full pedigree of the paternal lineage is created to improve the management of the captive breeding programme and further reduce the possibility of inbreeding. However, it appears that the captive breeding programme is currently effective at maintaining genetic diversity at levels comparable to those seen in the wild population, which suggests reintroductions could be viable if genetic diversity remains stable in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Richdon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Eluned Price
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, La Profonde Rue, Jersey, UK
| | - Dominic Wormell
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, La Profonde Rue, Jersey, UK
| | | | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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2
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Dietz JM, Mickelberg J, Traylor-Holzer K, Martins AF, Souza MN, Hankerson SJ. Golden lion tamarin metapopulation dynamics five years after heavy losses to yellow fever. Am J Primatol 2024:e23635. [PMID: 38738522 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The golden lion tamarin (GLT) is an Endangered primate endemic to Brazil's lowland Atlantic Forest. After centuries of deforestation and capture for the pet trade, only a few hundred individuals survived, all in isolated forest fragments 85 km from Rio de Janeiro city. Intensive conservation actions, including reintroduction of zoo-born tamarins, increased numbers to about 3700 in 2014. The most severe yellow fever epidemic/epizootic in Brazil in 80 years reduced two of the largest GLT populations by over 90%. Herein we report the results of a 2023 survey of GLTs designed to examine the dynamics of population recovery following yellow fever. Results indicate that populations hard hit by yellow fever are recovering due in part to immigration from adjacent forest fragments. No local extirpations were observed. About 4800 GLTs live in the survey area. This represents a 31% increase since the baseline survey completed in 2014. Two factors explain most of the increase: four large areas that had no GLTs or very low-density populations in 2014 are now at moderate density (three areas) or low density (one area), explaining 71% of overall increase since 2014. Increase in forest area within our survey area may explain up to 16% of the increase in GLT numbers since 2014. Results of computer simulations suggest that strengthening forest connectivity will facilitate metapopulation resilience in the face of mortality factors such as yellow fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Dietz
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Save the Golden Lion Tamarin, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Mickelberg
- Save the Golden Lion Tamarin, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Mateus N Souza
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarah J Hankerson
- Save the Golden Lion Tamarin, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Bartlett A, Grinsted L, Freeman MS. Behaviour, Furnishing and Vertical Space Use of Captive Callimico ( Callimico goeldii): Implications for Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2147. [PMID: 37443945 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Provision of optimal captive care should be supported by species-specific evidence. Callimico (Callimico goeldii) is a small South American callitrichid primate. This study sought to address gaps in species-specific knowledge and captive management research by examining differences in callimico behaviour across multiple collections, investigating vertical enclosure use and a possible association between specific behaviours and vertical zones. Observational research was conducted at five European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) organisations, in exhibits that were visually divided into four vertical zones. Instantaneous scan sampling was used to record behaviour and location of callimico over a six-day period at each collection, exceeding 160 observational hours. Significant differences were observed in foraging between collections and were much lower than the recommendations in Best Practice Guidelines, although near-wild levels were recorded in one enclosure. At an average height of 2 m, callimico utilized a similar vertical space across very different enclosures, regardless of overall available height, reflective of their natural ecology. The association between whole food items and increased foraging time, horizontal branches and locomotion and deep substrate and diversity of behaviours, offers further species-specific evidence of how the callimico use their captive environment. Our findings complement current EAZA guidelines to support species appropriate care for callimico and makes specific recommendations for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bartlett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK
| | - Lena Grinsted
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK
| | - Marianne Sarah Freeman
- Animal Health and Welfare Research, University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester SO21 2NF, UK
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Márquez-Alvis S, Vallejos LM, Paredes-Guerrero S, Pollack-Velasquez L, Santos GS. Effects of the environmental conditions and seasonality on a population survey of the Andean condor Vultur gryphus in the tropical Andes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14763. [PMID: 36710865 PMCID: PMC9881469 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Among the New World vultures, the Andean condor is considered one of the most culturally and ecologically important species. However, their populations are declining over their entire distributional range. In response, conservation strategies have been implemented in many countries to reverse the increasing extinction risk of this species. The initiatives rely on extensive population surveys to gather basic information necessary to implement policies and to intervene efficiently. Still, there is a need to standardize the surveys based on seasonality and suitable environmental conditions throughout the species distribution. Here, we provide the first assessment of how daily temperature, rainfall, and seasonality influence surveys of Andean condors on a communal roost in the central Peruvian Andes. Methods Using an autoregressive generalized linear model, we associated environmental variables with visual surveys of adult and young condors at three different times of the day and three times a week between June 2014 and March 2015. Results We found that both adults and young Andean condors showed a threefold reduction in the use of the communal roost after the beginning of the rainy season. Colder and drier days (dry season) are preferable for surveying, as we expect the total number of condors using communal roosts to reduce under rainy (rainfall = -0.53 ± 0.16) and warmer days (temperature = -0.04 ± 0.02) days. Therefore, the significant variation in the use of roosts across seasons and hours should be carefully accounted for in national surveys, at the risk of undermining the full potential of the communal roost surveys. Moreover, we also found a strong bias towards immatures (about 76%) in the adult:immature ratio and a remarkable absence of Andean condors during the wet season. These results suggest that the species might be using other unknown communal roosts hierarchically. Such results provide key information for selecting priority areas for conservation and selecting the best time to survey this species in the tropical Andes. Finally, it may open a fruitful avenue for further research on the protection of the Andean condor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Márquez-Alvis
- CONSERVACCION, Lima, Lima, Peru,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru
| | - Luis Martin Vallejos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Departamento de Ornitologia, CINBIOTYC, Piura, Piura, Peru,Laboratorio de ecologia de aves y ecologia comportamental, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Pollack-Velasquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru,Departamento de Ornitologia, CINBIOTYC, Piura, Piura, Peru
| | - Gabriel Silva Santos
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo, Brazil,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Precinoto RS, Prieto PV, Figueiredo MDSL, Lorini ML. Edges as hotspots and drivers of forest cover change in a tropical landscape. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Abstract“Failure” is recognised as being vital for success in many fields but is seldom embraced in primate conservation or conservation more generally. In this paper, we use examples from the literature, particularly around reintroduction, to reflect on failure and consider the contribution it can make to primate conservation success. Barriers to acknowledging failure are highlighted and include concerns regarding reputational damage that impact on communication with funders, publishing, and discussing our projects more widely. We also discuss the need for a broader and adaptive approach to include multiple steps of experimentation, reflection, and subsequent learning. This process, which necessarily includes failures and the results of unintended consequences, will require primatologists to use a collaborative, interdisciplinary, and reflective approach to effectively address factors that contribute to failure, including those external to the traditional focus of primatologists. The paper concludes with specific recommendations for progressing in this area, including (i) Funding—funders to incorporate greater flexibility in response to project change and to specifically ask grantees to consider risk, failure, and lessons learnt, and funders and grantees to improve dialogue; (ii) Publishing—journals to have a section that considers failure and lessons learnt and, along with societies, to further engage with researchers from the Global South about the best ways to support with publishing; and (iii) Communication—primate conservationists to lead by example and reflect/discuss failure openly and to create spaces that encourage sharing of these topics. Whilst not exhaustive, we hope that these recommendations will contribute to developing a culture of constructive discussion around failure in primate conservation.
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Wanner N, Larsen PA, McLain A, Faulk C. The mitochondrial genome and Epigenome of the Golden lion Tamarin from fecal DNA using Nanopore adaptive sequencing. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:726. [PMID: 34620074 PMCID: PMC8499546 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) is an endangered Platyrrhine primate endemic to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil. Despite ongoing conservation efforts, genetic data on this species remains scarce. Complicating factors include limitations on sample collection and a lack of high-quality reference sequences. Here, we used nanopore adaptive sampling to resequence the L. rosalia mitogenome from feces, a sample which can be collected non-invasively. RESULTS Adaptive sampling doubled the fraction of both host-derived and mitochondrial sequences compared to sequencing without enrichment. 258x coverage of the L. rosalia mitogenome was achieved in a single flow cell by targeting the unfinished genome of the distantly related emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) and the mitogenome of the closely related black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus). The L. rosalia mitogenome has a length of 16,597 bp, sharing 99.68% sequence identity with the L. chrysopygus mitogenome. A total of 38 SNPs between them were identified, with the majority being found in the non-coding D-loop region. DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation were directly detected using a neural network model applied to the raw signal from the MinION sequencer. In contrast to prior reports, DNA methylation was negligible in mitochondria in both CpG and non-CpG contexts. Surprisingly, a quarter of the 642 CpG sites exhibited DNA hydroxymethylation greater than 1% and 44 sites were above 5%, with concentration in the 3' side of several coding regions. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we report a robust new mitogenome assembly for L. rosalia and direct detection of cytosine base modifications in all contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wanner
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, 1988 Fitch Ave., Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Peter A. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN USA
| | - Adam McLain
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Utica, NY USA
| | - Christopher Faulk
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, 1988 Fitch Ave., Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
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8
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Factors influencing establishment success in reintroduced black-faced spider monkeys Ateles chamek. Primates 2021; 62:1031-1036. [PMID: 34519949 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Establishing reintroduced primates in a suitable predetermined area has proven to be a challenge. Establishment is the first major step that has to be taken in the long process of reintroduction. When this first goal is not achieved, the chances of success decline drastically. Understanding the main determinants of establishment is therefore crucial for reintroduction success. This study examined the influence of three independent factors on the establishment success of reintroduced spider monkeys. We analysed data from the releases of eight groups of black-faced spider monkeys (Ateles chamek), which are part of the official reintroduction program of spider monkeys in the South Eastern Peruvian Amazon. Establishment success was measured by the proportion of individuals within groups that were found in the target area 6 months after release. The hours research assistants and volunteers spent with the group within the first 3 months after release-in the context of post-release monitoring-was shown to have a positive effect on the establishment success of the released group in the target area. The presence of an already established group in the area was also found to have a significant positive effect on establishment success. The influence of the days of post-release food provisioning had no effect. Our findings emphasize the importance of long-term monitoring programs to help increase the efficiency of primate reintroductions.
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9
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Souza-Alves JP, Chagas Alves RR, Hilário RR, Barnett AA, Bezerra BM. Species-specific resource availability as potential correlates of foraging strategy in Atlantic Forest edge-living common marmosets. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.1949751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João P. Souza-Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biology, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Comportamento e Conservação (LECC), Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Renata R.D. Chagas Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Science (Zoology), Department of Systematics and Ecology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Renato R. Hilário
- Department of Environment and Development, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Adrian A. Barnett
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biology, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Comportamento e Conservação (LECC), Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Bruna M. Bezerra
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biology, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Comportamento e Conservação (LECC), Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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10
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Lewton J, Rose PE. Social networks research in ex situ populations: Patterns, trends, and future directions for conservation-focused behavioral research. Zoo Biol 2021; 40:493-502. [PMID: 34227153 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Social networks research using non-human animals has grown over the past decade, utilizing a wide range of species to answer an array of pure and applied questions. Network approaches have relevance to conservation, evaluating social influences on fecundity, health, fitness and longevity. While the application of network approaches to in situ populations with conservation concern appears in published literature, the degree to which ex situ and zoo-housed populations are the focus of "social networks for conservation research" is limited. Captive environments provide scientists with an ability to understand the social behavior of species that may be hard to observe consistently in the wild. This paper evaluates the scope of network research involving ex situ populations, analyzing output from 2010 to 2019 to determine trends in questions and subjects using ex situ populations. We show that only 8.2% of ex situ social network analysis (SNA) implications are of conservation-focus, apparent in papers relating to birds, carnivores, bats, primates, reptiles, and ungulates. Husbandry and welfare questions predominate in ex situ network research, but over half of these papers have nonpractical application (basic science). The chance of a citation for a basic science paper was 95.4% more than for a conservation-based paper. For taxonomic groups, primate-focused papers had the most citations. The focus of ex situ conservation-based networks research may be driven by the needs of conservation programs (e.g., population recovery outcomes) or by a need to evaluate the efficacy of ex situ conservation goals. We evaluate our findings considering the IUCN's One Plan Approach to conservation to show how in situ and ex situ network research is applicable to global conservation efforts. We have identified that there is a lack of application and evaluation of SNA to wildlife conservation. We highlight future areas of research in zoos and hope to stimulate discussion and collaboration between relevant parties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Lewton
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK
| | - Paul E Rose
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, College of Life & Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,WWT Slimbridge Wetland Centre, Slimbridge, UK
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11
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Abstract
Interest is growing in designing resilient and ecologically rich urban environments that provide social and ecological benefits. Regenerative and biocentric designs fostering urban ecological habitats including food webs that provide ecosystem services for people and wildlife increasingly are being sought. However, the intentional design of urban landscapes for food webs remains in an early stage with few precedents and many challenges. In this paper, we explore the potential to design (for) urban food webs through collaborations between designers and ecologists. We start by examining the ecology and management of Jamaica Bay in New York City as a case study of an anthropogenic landscape where ecosystems are degraded and the integrity of extant food webs are intertwined with human agency. A subsequent design competition focusing on ecological design and management of this large-scale landscape for animal habitat and ecosystem services for people illustrates how designers approach this anthropogenic landscape. This case study reveals that both designing urban landscapes for food webs and directly designing and manipulating urban food webs are complicated and challenging to achieve and maintain, but they have the potential to increase ecological health of, and enhance ecosystem services in, urban environments. We identify opportunities to capitalize on species interactions across trophic structures and to introduce managed niches in biologically engineered urban systems. The design competition reveals an opportunity to approach urban landscapes and ecological systems creatively through a proactive design process that includes a carefully crafted collaborative approach to constructing ecologically functioning landscapes that can integrate societal demands. As designers increasingly seek to build, adapt, and manage urban environments effectively, it will be critical to resolve the contradictions and challenges associated with human needs, ecosystem dynamics, and interacting assemblages of species. Ecologists and designers are still discovering and experimenting with designing (for) urban food webs and fostering species interactions within them. We recommend generating prototypes of urban food webs through a learning-by-doing approach in urban development projects. Design and implementation of urban food webs also can lead to research opportunities involving monitoring and experiments that identify and solve challenges of food-web construction while supporting and encouraging ongoing management.
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12
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Brakes P, Carroll EL, Dall SRX, Keith SA, McGregor PK, Mesnick SL, Noad MJ, Rendell L, Robbins MM, Rutz C, Thornton A, Whiten A, Whiting MJ, Aplin LM, Bearhop S, Ciucci P, Fishlock V, Ford JKB, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Simmonds MP, Spina F, Wade PR, Whitehead H, Williams J, Garland EC. A deepening understanding of animal culture suggests lessons for conservation. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202718. [PMID: 33878919 PMCID: PMC8059593 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A key goal of conservation is to protect biodiversity by supporting the long-term persistence of viable, natural populations of wild species. Conservation practice has long been guided by genetic, ecological and demographic indicators of risk. Emerging evidence of animal culture across diverse taxa and its role as a driver of evolutionary diversification, population structure and demographic processes may be essential for augmenting these conventional conservation approaches and decision-making. Animal culture was the focus of a ground-breaking resolution under the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), an international treaty operating under the UN Environment Programme. Here, we synthesize existing evidence to demonstrate how social learning and animal culture interact with processes important to conservation management. Specifically, we explore how social learning might influence population viability and be an important resource in response to anthropogenic change, and provide examples of how it can result in phenotypically distinct units with different, socially learnt behavioural strategies. While identifying culture and social learning can be challenging, indirect identification and parsimonious inferences may be informative. Finally, we identify relevant methodologies and provide a framework for viewing behavioural data through a cultural lens which might provide new insights for conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Brakes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Whale and Dolphin Conservation, Brookfield House, Chippenham, Wiltshire SN15 1LJ, UK
| | - Emma L. Carroll
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Sasha R. X. Dall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Sally A. Keith
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Sarah L. Mesnick
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0203, USA
| | - Michael J. Noad
- Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Luke Rendell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Martha M. Robbins
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Rutz
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Alex Thornton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Andrew Whiten
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Martin J. Whiting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lucy M. Aplin
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell 78315, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78467, Germany
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vicki Fishlock
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Amboseli Trust for Elephants, Langata 00509, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John K. B. Ford
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Mark P. Simmonds
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
- Humane Society International, London N1 7LY, UK
| | - Fernando Spina
- Istituto Superiore Protezione Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), I-40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Paul R. Wade
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Hal Whitehead
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H4R2
| | - James Williams
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Monkstone House, Peterborough PE1 1JY, UK
| | - Ellen C. Garland
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
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13
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de Azevedo CS, Young RJ. Animal Personality and Conservation: Basics for Inspiring New Research. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041019. [PMID: 33916547 PMCID: PMC8065675 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study of animal personality is important to conserve animals because it can help in selecting the most appropriate individuals to be released into the wild. Individuals not so bold or aggressive, less stressed, who explore their new environment with greater caution are often more likely to survive after release into the wild. In contrast, bolder and more aggressive animals reproduce more successfully and, therefore, can be released with the aim of rapid repopulation of an area. These and other aspects of how animal personality can help in conservation programs, as well as how to collect personality data are covered in this paper. Abstract The number of animal species threatened with extinction are increasing every year, and biologists are conducting animal translocations, as one strategy, to try to mitigate this situation. Furthermore, researchers are evaluating methods to increase translocation success, and one area that shows promise is the study of animal personality. Animal personality can be defined as behavioral and physiological differences between individuals of the same species, which are stable in time and across different contexts. In the present paper, we discuss how animal personality can increase the success of translocation, as well as in the management of animals intended for translocation by evaluating personality characteristics of the individuals. Studies of the influence of birthplace, parental behavior, stress resilience, and risk assessment can be important to select the most appropriate individuals to be released. Finally, we explain the two methods used to gather personality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, s/n Bauxita, Ouro Preto, MG 35.400-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert John Young
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford Manchester, Peel Building—Room G51, Salford M5 4WT, UK;
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14
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Morris V, Pitcher BJ, Chariton A. A Cause for Alarm: Increasing Translocation Success of Captive Individuals Through Alarm Communication. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.626311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation programmes implying the movement of animals from one place to another aim to sustain endangered populations in the wild. However, their success varies greatly, with predation being a major contributing factor. This is particularly prevalent in released captive-raised individuals which have a reduced or lost awareness of predators. Alarm calls are an immediate response made toward a predator, mostly studied in highly predated, social vertebrates. These warning vocalizations are a vital part of a prey species' anti-predator behavior, enhancing the individuals' and surrounding listeners' survival. To date, most translocation programmes have not considered this behavior for release success. Here we review the literature summarizing alarm communication systems of wild and captive vertebrates, aiming to establish recommendations and actions which could encourage alarm communication behavior in captive vertebrate species. Observations of wild animals show that alarm-call understanding is gained through the experience of predation pressure from a young age, amongst conspecific and heterospecific social groups, which captive individuals can lack. This information, combined with consideration of a programme's accessible resources and captive individual's developmental history, is pivotal to efficiently guide appropriate actions. Focusing on preserving behaviors in captivity, we provide a list of recommendations and actions to guide the reinforcement of alarm communication throughout the translocation process. Ensuring predator awareness and the maintenance of alarm communication in translocated individuals may greatly improve the likelihood of release success.
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15
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Junker J, Petrovan SO, Arroyo-RodrÍguez V, Boonratana R, Byler D, Chapman CA, Chetry D, Cheyne SM, Cornejo FM, CortÉs-Ortiz L, Cowlishaw G, Christie AP, Crockford C, Torre SDL, De Melo FR, Fan P, Grueter CC, GuzmÁn-Caro DC, Heymann EW, Herbinger I, Hoang MD, Horwich RH, Humle T, Ikemeh RA, Imong IS, Jerusalinsky L, Johnson SE, Kappeler PM, Kierulff MCM, KonÉ I, Kormos R, Le KQ, Li B, Marshall AJ, Meijaard E, Mittermeier RA, Muroyama Y, Neugebauer E, Orth L, Palacios E, Papworth SK, Plumptre AJ, Rawson BM, Refisch J, Ratsimbazafy J, Roos C, Setchell JM, Smith RK, Sop T, Schwitzer C, Slater K, Strum SC, Sutherland WJ, Talebi M, Wallis J, Wich S, Williamson EA, Wittig RM, KÜhl HS. A Severe Lack of Evidence Limits Effective Conservation of the World's Primates. Bioscience 2020; 70:794-803. [PMID: 32973409 PMCID: PMC7498340 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Threats to biodiversity are well documented. However, to effectively conserve species and their habitats, we need to know which conservation interventions do (or do not) work. Evidence-based conservation evaluates interventions within a scientific framework. The Conservation Evidence project has summarized thousands of studies testing conservation interventions and compiled these as synopses for various habitats and taxa. In the present article, we analyzed the interventions assessed in the primate synopsis and compared these with other taxa. We found that despite intensive efforts to study primates and the extensive threats they face, less than 1% of primate studies evaluated conservation effectiveness. The studies often lacked quantitative data, failed to undertake postimplementation monitoring of populations or individuals, or implemented several interventions at once. Furthermore, the studies were biased toward specific taxa, geographic regions, and interventions. We describe barriers for testing primate conservation interventions and propose actions to improve the conservation evidence base to protect this endangered and globally important taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Junker
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany and with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, formerly the Department of Primatology, in Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silviu O Petrovan
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Arroyo-RodrÍguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | | | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; with the School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; and with the Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, at Northwest University, in Xi'an, China
| | | | - Susan M Cheyne
- Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, and with the Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Liliana CortÉs-Ortiz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Guy Cowlishaw
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, in the United Kingdom
| | - Alec P Christie
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Crockford
- Tai Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse des Recherche Scientifique, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Stella De La Torre
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito's Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales in Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fabiano R De Melo
- Department of Engenharia Florestal, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - P Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cyril C Grueter
- School of Human Sciences and with the School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Eckhard W Heymann
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Minh D Hoang
- Southern Institute of Ecology, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Tatyana Humle
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Ikemeh
- SW/Niger Delta Forest Project, part of the Foundation for Sustainability of Ecosystem, Wildlife, and Climate, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Leandro Jerusalinsky
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros, in the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. In João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Steig E Johnson
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany, and with the Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, at Georg-August Universität, in Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria CecÍlia M Kierulff
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, in Espírito Santo, Brazil, and with the Instituto Pri-Matas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Inza KonÉ
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Rebecca Kormos is affiliated with the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Rebecca Kormos
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany and with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, formerly the Department of Primatology, in Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khac Q Le
- Freelance wildlife consultant, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Baoguo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Department of Anthropology and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology in the Program in the Environment and the School of Environment and Sustainability, Universit of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Erik Meijaard
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and with Borneo Futures, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | | | - Yasuyuki Muroyama
- Natural Science Laboratory, Faculty of Business Administration, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eleonora Neugebauer
- Universität Leipzig, Dekanat der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Orth
- Independent researcher, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrew J Plumptre
- Department of Anthropology and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology in the Program in the Environment and the School of Environment and Sustainability, Universit of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ben M Rawson
- World Wide Fund for Wildlife Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Johannes Refisch
- Great Apes Survival Partnership, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Groupe d'étude et de recherche sur les primates, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Christian Roos
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joanna M Setchell
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca K Smith
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tene Sop
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, formerly the Department of Primatology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kerry Slater
- Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley C Strum
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, and with the Uaso Ngiro Baboon Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - William J Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - MaurÍcio Talebi
- Departamento de Cíências Ambientais and the Programa Análise Ambiental Integrada, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janette Wallis
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Serge Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roman M Wittig
- Tai Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse des Recherche Scientifique, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Hjalmar S KÜhl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany and with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, formerly the Department of Primatology, in Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Quintela FM, DA Rosa CA, FeijÓ A. Updated and annotated checklist of recent mammals from Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92 Suppl 2:e20191004. [PMID: 32813766 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An updated and annotated checklist of mammals occurring in Brazil is presented. A total of 751 native species, distributed in 249 genera, 51 families and 11 orders were recorded to the country. The Brazilian mammalian fauna shows an elevated rate of endemism (30%; 223 species). Among the species evaluated by IUCN (668 species; 90%), a total of 80 (10.6% of total mammalian fauna) are Threatened, 28 (3.9%) are considered as Near Threatened, two species (0.3%) are presumable Extinct, 96 (12.8%) are considered with Deficient Data for conservation and 462 (61.6%) are considered as Least Concern. Fifteen new species were described since the last national compilation (published in 2017), which associated to new records to the country and synonimizations resulted in an increment of 30 species. Eight non-native species were introduced to the country, including the recently established Asiatic cervids Rusa unicolor (sambar) and Axis axis (chital). Seven native species (five primates and two hystricomorph rodents) have been translocated from their areas of natural occurrence to other areas inside the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Marques Quintela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Alves DA Rosa
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Anderson FeijÓ
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Dietz JM, Hankerson SJ, Alexandre BR, Henry MD, Martins AF, Ferraz LP, Ruiz-Miranda CR. Yellow fever in Brazil threatens successful recovery of endangered golden lion tamarins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12926. [PMID: 31506447 PMCID: PMC6736970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The golden lion tamarin is an endangered primate endemic to Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Centuries of deforestation reduced numbers to a few hundred individuals in isolated forest fragments 80 km from Rio de Janeiro city. Intensive conservation action including reintroduction of zoo-born tamarins into forest fragments 1984-2000, increased numbers to about 3,700 in 2014. Beginning in November 2016, southeastern Brazil experienced the most severe yellow fever epidemic/epizootic in the country in 80 years. In May 2018, we documented the first death of a golden lion tamarin due to yellow fever. We re-evaluated population sizes and compared them to results of a census completed in 2014. Tamarin numbers declined 32%, with ca. 2,516 individuals remaining in situ. Tamarin losses were significantly greater in forest fragments that were larger, had less forest edge and had better forest connectivity, factors that may favor the mosquito vectors of yellow fever. The future of golden lion tamarins depends on the extent of additional mortality, whether some tamarins survive the disease and acquire immunity, and the potential development of a vaccine to protect the species against yellow fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Dietz
- Save the Golden Lion Tamarin, Silver Spring, Maryland, 22842, USA.
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Sarah J Hankerson
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55403, USA
| | - Brenda Rocha Alexandre
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Praia Vermelha, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 24210-240, Brazil
| | - Malinda D Henry
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, Macaé, CEP 27965-045, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréia F Martins
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Paulo Ferraz
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Ruiz-Miranda
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, CEP 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Ascensão F, Niebuhr BB, Moraes AM, Alexandre BR, Assis JC, Alves‐Eigenheer MA, Ribeiro JW, Morais MM, Martins AF, Oliveira A, Moraes E, Ramos JH, Lorini ML, Ferraz LP, Culot L, Dietz JM, Ruiz‐Miranda CR, Ribeiro MC. End of the line for the golden lion tamarin? A single road threatens 30 years of conservation efforts. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ascensão
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosUniversidade do Porto Lisbon Portugal
- Department of Conservation BiologyEstación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Bernardo B. Niebuhr
- Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação (LEEC), Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brazil
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros (CENAP)Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) Atibaia SP Brazil
- Instituto Pró‐Carnívoros Atibaia SP Brazil
| | - Andreia M. Moraes
- Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação (LEEC), Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brazil
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Instituto de Biociências e BiotecnologiaUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
| | - Brenda R. Alexandre
- Instituto de GeociênciasUniversidade Federal Fluminense Niterói RJ Brazil
- Associação Mico‐Leão‐Dourado Silva Jardim RJ Brazil
| | - Julia C. Assis
- Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação (LEEC), Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brazil
| | - Milene A. Alves‐Eigenheer
- Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação (LEEC), Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brazil
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Instituto de Biociências e BiotecnologiaUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
- Associação Mico‐Leão‐Dourado Silva Jardim RJ Brazil
| | - John W. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação (LEEC), Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brazil
| | - Marcio M. Morais
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Instituto de Biociências e BiotecnologiaUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria L. Lorini
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute of BioscienceUniversidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | - Laurence Culot
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brazil
| | - James M. Dietz
- Associação Mico‐Leão‐Dourado Silva Jardim RJ Brazil
- Save the Golden Lion Tamarin Silver Spring Maryland
| | - Carlos R. Ruiz‐Miranda
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Instituto de Biociências e BiotecnologiaUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
| | - Milton C. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação (LEEC), Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brazil
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19
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Ruiz-Miranda CR, de Morais MM, Dietz LA, Rocha Alexandre B, Martins AF, Ferraz LP, Mickelberg J, Hankerson SJ, Dietz JM. Estimating population sizes to evaluate progress in conservation of endangered golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216664. [PMID: 31166940 PMCID: PMC6550383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to reverse the decline of endangered golden lion tamarin monkeys have been relatively successful because the Brazilian organization dedicated to the species' conservation (Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, AMLD) relies on science-based computer modeling to determine the number of tamarins necessary to achieve demographic and genetic goals, and a process of strategic planning to achieve those goals. Accurate estimates of the numbers of tamarins in forest fragments are essential to evaluate progress in achieving goals and adapt strategies as necessary. In this report we present the results of a new method to survey the number of tamarins in the wild, a modification of the point transect with lures procedure. Using this method, we estimate that in 2014 there were approximately 3,700 golden lion tamarins in 41,400 hectares of Atlantic Forest. Of these, 59% are from remnant wild populations, 34% are descendants of captive-born reintroduced animals and 7% are descendants of wild translocated groups. The number of tamarins and amount of forest estimated in this survey exceeded values necessary to meet AMLD's definition of a viable population, determined to be 2,000 tamarins in 25,000 hectares of connected and protected forest. However, the seven forest blocks and their tamarin populations are not yet adequately connected and protected. AMLD's strategic plan to achieve a viable population of golden lion tamarins includes 12 strategies that mitigate these and other threats or contribute directly to the conservation goal. The point transect with lures survey method provides a way to evaluate progress in achieving that goal and adapt strategies as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Ruiz-Miranda
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio M. de Morais
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lou Ann Dietz
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Save the Golden Lion Tamarin, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brenda Rocha Alexandre
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Praia Vermelha, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jennifer Mickelberg
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Hankerson
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - James M. Dietz
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Save the Golden Lion Tamarin, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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20
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Romano V, Martins AF, Ruiz-Miranda CR. Unraveling the dispersal patterns and the social drivers of natal emigration of a cooperative breeding mammal, the golden lion tamarin. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22959. [PMID: 30811068 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The study of the social drivers of animal dispersal is key to understanding the evolution of social systems. Among the social drivers of natal emigration, the conspecific attraction, aggressive eviction, and reduced social integration hypotheses predict that sexually mature individuals who receive more aggressive behavior and are engaged in less affiliative interactions are more likely to disperse. Few reports have explored these proximate factors affecting emigration in cooperatively breeding species, particularly of Neotropical primates. In this study, we investigated the dispersal patterns and tested the social drivers of natal emigration in the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) - an endangered species inhabiting Atlantic rainforests fragments in Brazil. We used behavioral and demographic data collected during 7 years from 68 groups of tamarins inhabiting 20 forest fragments. Our analyses from the 160 dispersing individuals showed that dispersal success is higher for males and for those engaged in parallel dispersal, but that males and females use different strategies to enhance their dispersal success, males immigrate into established groups while females form new groups. We did not find high levels of agonistic behavior among group members before natal emigration. Instead we found that conspecific attraction drives natal emigration in both sexes, while additionally the low level of affiliative interactions within the natal group triggers male emigration. We discuss natal emigration in the broader perspective of the cooperative breeding system and the implications of these findings for the conservation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Romano
- Center for International Collaboration and Advanced Studies in Primatology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.,Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos R Ruiz-Miranda
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Hogg CJ, Wright B, Morris KM, Lee AV, Ivy JA, Grueber CE, Belov K. Founder relationships and conservation management: empirical kinships reveal the effect on breeding programmes when founders are assumed to be unrelated. Anim Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Hogg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia Mosman NSW Australia
| | - B. Wright
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - K. M. Morris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - A. V. Lee
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program DPIPWE Hobart TAS Australia
| | - J. A. Ivy
- San Diego Zoo Global San Diego CA USA
| | - C. E. Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- San Diego Zoo Global San Diego CA USA
| | - K. Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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22
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Marjakangas EL, Genes L, Pires MM, Fernandez FAS, de Lima RAF, de Oliveira AA, Ovaskainen O, Pires AS, Prado PI, Galetti M. Estimating interaction credit for trophic rewilding in tropical forests. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0435. [PMID: 30348879 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophic rewilding has been suggested as a restoration tool to restore ecological interactions and reverse defaunation and its cascading effects on ecosystem functioning. One of the ecological processes that has been jeopardized by defaunation is animal-mediated seed dispersal. Here, we propose an approach that combines joint species distribution models with occurrence data and species interaction records to quantify the potential to restore seed-dispersal interactions through rewilding and apply it to the Atlantic Forest, a global biodiversity hotspot. Using this approach, we identify areas that should benefit the most from trophic rewilding and candidate species that could contribute to cash the credit of seed-dispersal interactions in a given site. We found that sites within large fragments bearing a great diversity of trees may have about 20 times as many interactions to be cashed through rewilding as small fragments in regions where deforestation has been pervasive. We also ranked mammal and bird species according to their potential to restore seed-dispersal interactions if reintroduced while considering the biome as a whole and at finer scales. The suggested approach can aid future conservation efforts in rewilding projects in defaunated tropical rainforests.This article is part of the theme issue 'Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Liina Marjakangas
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Luísa Genes
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CP 68020, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Mathias M Pires
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP CEP 13.083-862, Brazil
| | - Fernando A S Fernandez
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CP 68020, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Renato A F de Lima
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Alexandra S Pires
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo I Prado
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), CP 199, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
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Estrada A, Garber PA, Mittermeier RA, Wich S, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Nekaris K, Nijman V, Rylands AB, Maisels F, Williamson EA, Bicca-Marques J, Fuentes A, Jerusalinsky L, Johnson S, Rodrigues de Melo F, Oliveira L, Schwitzer C, Roos C, Cheyne SM, Martins Kierulff MC, Raharivololona B, Talebi M, Ratsimbazafy J, Supriatna J, Boonratana R, Wedana M, Setiawan A. Primates in peril: the significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4869. [PMID: 29922508 PMCID: PMC6005167 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates occur in 90 countries, but four-Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-harbor 65% of the world's primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada
- Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Serge Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology and Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Liverpool John Moores University and University of Amsterdam, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sidney Gouveia
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | - K.A.I. Nekaris
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Fiona Maisels
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, NY, USA
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Agustin Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Leandro Jerusalinsky
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Steig Johnson
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo
- Universidade Federal de Goiás and Dept. Eng. Florestal, Campus UFV, UFV, Viçosa, Brazil, Jataí Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (DCIEN/FFP/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Christian Roos
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susan M. Cheyne
- Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangka Raya, Indonesia
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Cecilia Martins Kierulff
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Instituto Pri-Matas and Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Brigitte Raharivololona
- Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Mauricio Talebi
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Groupe d’étude et de recherche sur les primates (Gerp), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jatna Supriatna
- Graduate Program in Conservation Biology, Department of Biology FMIPA, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Ramesh Boonratana
- Mahidol University International College, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Made Wedana
- The Aspinall Foundation–Indonesia Program, Bandung West Java, Indonesia
| | - Arif Setiawan
- SwaraOwa, Coffee and Primate Conservation Project, Java, Central Java, Indonesia
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Gooley RM, Hogg CJ, Belov K, Grueber CE. The effects of group versus intensive housing on the retention of genetic diversity in insurance populations. BMC ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-017-0026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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25
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Valle IC, Francelino MR, Hardt E, Pinheiro HSK. Landscape indicators of the success of protected areas on habitat recovery for the Golden Lion Tamarin ( Leontopithecus rosalia). ECOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2017.1414664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cola Valle
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz – UESC, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Environmental and Forest Sciences, Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forests, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Márcio Rocha Francelino
- Graduate Programme in Environmental and Forest Sciences, Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forests, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Elisa Hardt
- Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema Campus, Department of Biological Sciences, Diadema, Brazil
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Spencer RJ, Van Dyke JU, Thompson MB. Critically evaluating best management practices for preventing freshwater turtle extinctions. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:1340-1349. [PMID: 28319283 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ex situ conservation tools, such as captive breeding for reintroduction, are considered a last resort to recover threatened or endangered species, but they may also help reduce anthropogenic threats where it is difficult or impossible to address them directly. Headstarting, or captive rearing of eggs or neonate animals for subsequent release into the wild, is controversial because it treats only a symptom of a larger conservation problem; however, it may provide a mechanism to address multiple threats, particularly near population centers. We conducted a population viability analysis of Australia's most widespread freshwater turtle, Chelodina longicollis, to determine the effect of adult roadkill (death by collision with motor vehicles), which is increasing, and reduced recruitment through nest predation from introduced European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). We also modeled management scenarios to test the effectiveness of headstarting, fox management, and measures to reduce mortality on roads. Only scenarios with headstarting from source populations eliminated all risks of extinction and allowed population growth. Small increases in adult mortality (2%) had the greatest effect on population growth and extinction risk. Where threats simultaneously affected other life-history stages (e.g., recruitment), eliminating harvest pressures on adult females alone did not eliminate the risk of population extinction. In our models, one source population could supply enough hatchlings annually to supplement 25 other similar-sized populations such that extinction was avoided. Based on our results, we believe headstarting should be a primary tool for managing freshwater turtles for which threats affect multiple life-history stages. We advocate the creation of source populations for managing freshwater turtles that are greatly threatened at multiple life-history stages, such as depredation of eggs by invasive species and adult mortality via roadkill.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-J Spencer
- School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Building M15, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - J U Van Dyke
- School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Building M15, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Michael B Thompson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building (A08), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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27
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Ayala-Burbano PA, Caldano L, Junior PMG, Pissinatti A, Marques MC, Wormell D, Domingues de Freitas P. Genetic assessment for the endangered black lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysopygus (Mikan, 1823), Callitrichidae, Primates. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 29095510 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study analyzing genetic diversity in captive individuals of the endangered black lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, and also comparing genetic diversity parameters between wild populations and captive groups using the same set of molecular markers. We evaluated genetic diversity and differentiation for the Brazilian and European captive groups and a wild population through 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity levels were similar among Brazilian captive, European captive and wild animals from the National Forest of Capão Bonito. Expected heterozygosity showed values ranging from 0.403 to 0.462, and significant differences were not observed among the populations. Different allele frequencies were observed among the groups, which showed the presence of distinct private alleles. The PCoA analysis evidenced three main clusters suggesting that the captive Brazilian and European groups are markedly differentiated both from one another and from the wild population of Capão Bonito. Likewise, the most likely number of genetic clusters (K) revealed by Structure was three. Such a structure is probably the result of the strength of drift and non-random reproduction in these small and isolated groups. Despite this differentiation, all groups still have similar genetic diversity levels, comparable to other callitrichids. The data obtained herein are important to increasing knowledge of the genetics of tamarins and supporting breeding programs to prevent loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Ayala-Burbano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Caldano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Dominic Wormell
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Trinity, Jersey, England
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28
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Fernandez FA, Rheingantz ML, Genes L, Kenup CF, Galliez M, Cezimbra T, Cid B, Macedo L, Araujo BB, Moraes BS, Monjeau A, Pires AS. Rewilding the Atlantic Forest: Restoring the fauna and ecological interactions of a protected area. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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29
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Root-Bernstein M, Galetti M, Ladle RJ. Rewilding South America: Ten key questions. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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30
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Gilbert T, Gardner R, Kraaijeveld AR, Riordan P. Contributions of zoos and aquariums to reintroductions: historical reintroduction efforts in the context of changing conservation perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gilbert
- Marwell Wildlife; Colden Common Winchester SO21 1JH United Kingdom
| | - R. Gardner
- Marwell Wildlife; Colden Common Winchester SO21 1JH United Kingdom
- Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - A. R. Kraaijeveld
- Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - P. Riordan
- Marwell Wildlife; Colden Common Winchester SO21 1JH United Kingdom
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31
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Temporal genetic dynamics of reintroduced and translocated populations of the endangered golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Estrada A, Garber PA, Rylands AB, Roos C, Fernandez-Duque E, Di Fiore A, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Heymann EW, Lambert JE, Rovero F, Barelli C, Setchell JM, Gillespie TR, Mittermeier RA, Arregoitia LV, de Guinea M, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Shanee S, Shanee N, Boyle SA, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Amato KR, Meyer ALS, Wich S, Sussman RW, Pan R, Kone I, Li B. Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1600946. [PMID: 28116351 PMCID: PMC5242557 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates, our closest biological relatives, play important roles in the livelihoods, cultures, and religions of many societies and offer unique insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and the threat of emerging diseases. They are an essential component of tropical biodiversity, contributing to forest regeneration and ecosystem health. Current information shows the existence of 504 species in 79 genera distributed in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. Alarmingly, ~60% of primate species are now threatened with extinction and ~75% have declining populations. This situation is the result of escalating anthropogenic pressures on primates and their habitats-mainly global and local market demands, leading to extensive habitat loss through the expansion of industrial agriculture, large-scale cattle ranching, logging, oil and gas drilling, mining, dam building, and the construction of new road networks in primate range regions. Other important drivers are increased bushmeat hunting and the illegal trade of primates as pets and primate body parts, along with emerging threats, such as climate change and anthroponotic diseases. Often, these pressures act in synergy, exacerbating primate population declines. Given that primate range regions overlap extensively with a large, and rapidly growing, human population characterized by high levels of poverty, global attention is needed immediately to reverse the looming risk of primate extinctions and to attend to local human needs in sustainable ways. Raising global scientific and public awareness of the plight of the world's primates and the costs of their loss to ecosystem health and human society is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada
- Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Anthony B. Rylands
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | | | - Vincent Nijman
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Eckhard W. Heymann
- Abteilung Verhaltensökologie und Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joanna E. Lambert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street UCB 233, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Claudia Barelli
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Joanna M. Setchell
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Math and Science Center, Suite E510, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Miguel de Guinea
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Sidney Gouveia
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dobrovolski
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Sam Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester M32 0PH, U.K
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Avenida Belaunde, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Bongará, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Noga Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester M32 0PH, U.K
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Avenida Belaunde, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Bongará, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Sarah A. Boyle
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Agustin Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Katherine C. MacKinnon
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Katherine R. Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Andreas L. S. Meyer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19020, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Serge Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert W. Sussman
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ruliang Pan
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia (M309), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Inza Kone
- Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Baoguo Li
- Xi’an Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229, Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China
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Savage A, Thomas L, Feilen KL, Kidney D, Soto LH, Pearson M, Medina FS, Emeris G, Guillen RR. An Assessment of the Population of Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and Their Habitat in Colombia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168324. [PMID: 28030570 PMCID: PMC5193348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous animals have declining populations due to habitat loss, illegal wildlife trade, and climate change. The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) is a Critically Endangered primate species, endemic to northwest Colombia, threatened by deforestation and illegal trade. In order to assess the current state of this species, we analyzed changes in the population of cotton-top tamarins and its habitat from 2005 to 2012. We used a tailor-made "lure strip transect" method to survey 43 accessible forest parcels that represent 30% of the species' range. Estimated population size in the surveyed region was approximately 2,050 in 2005 and 1,900 in 2012, with a coefficient of variation of approximately 10%. The estimated population change between surveys was -7% (a decline of approximately 1.3% per year) suggesting a relatively stable population. If densities of inaccessible forest parcels are similar to those of surveyed samples, the estimated population of cotton-top tamarins in the wild in 2012 was 6,946 individuals. We also recorded little change in the amount of suitable habitat for cotton-top tamarins between sample periods: in 2005, 18% of surveyed forest was preferred habitat for cotton-top tamarins, while in 2012, 17% percent was preferred. We attribute the relatively stable population of this Critically Endangered species to increased conservation efforts of Proyecto Tití, conservation NGOs, and the Colombian government. Due to continued threats to cotton-top tamarins and their habitat such as agriculture and urban expansion, ongoing conservation efforts are needed to ensure the long-term survival of cotton-top tamarins in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Savage
- Conservation Department, Disney’s Animals, Science and Environment, Lake Buena Vista, FL United States of America
| | - Len Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Katie L. Feilen
- Conservation Department, Disney’s Animals, Science and Environment, Lake Buena Vista, FL United States of America
| | - Darren Kidney
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mackenzie Pearson
- Conservation Department, Disney’s Animals, Science and Environment, Lake Buena Vista, FL United States of America
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Hogg CJ, Lee AV, Srb C, Hibbard C. Metapopulation management of an Endangered species with limited genetic diversity in the presence of disease: the Tasmanian devilSarcophilus harrisii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Hogg
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia; Mosman NSW 2088 Australia
| | - A. V. Lee
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program; DPIPWE; Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - C. Srb
- Healesville Sanctuary; Healesville VIC 3777 Australia
| | - C. Hibbard
- Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia; Mosman NSW 2088 Australia
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Pedler RD, Brandle R, Read JL, Southgate R, Bird P, Moseby KE. Rabbit biocontrol and landscape-scale recovery of threatened desert mammals. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:774-782. [PMID: 26852773 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Funding for species conservation is insufficient to meet the current challenges facing global biodiversity, yet many programs use expensive single-species recovery actions and neglect broader management that addresses threatening processes. Arid Australia has the world's worst modern mammalian extinction record, largely attributable to competition from introduced herbivores, particularly European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and predation by feral cats (Felis catus) and foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The biological control agent rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was introduced to Australia in 1995 and resulted in dramatic, widespread rabbit suppression. We compared the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of 4 extant species of small mammals before and after RHDV outbreak, relative to rainfall, sampling effort, and rabbit and predator populations. Despite low rainfall during the first 14 years after RHDV, 2 native rodents listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the dusky hopping-mouse (Notomys fuscus) and plains mouse (Pseudomys australis), increased their extent of occurrence by 241-365%. A threatened marsupial micropredator, the crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda), underwent a 70-fold increase in extent of occurrence and a 20-fold increase in area of occupancy. Both bottom-up and top-down trophic effects were attributed to RHDV, namely decreased competition for food resources and declines in rabbit-dependent predators. Based on these sustained increases, these 3 previously threatened species now qualify for threat-category downgrading on the IUCN Red List. These recoveries are on a scale rarely documented in mammals and give impetus to programs aimed at targeted use of RHDV in Australia, rather than simply employing top-down threat-based management of arid ecosystems. Conservation programs that take big-picture approaches to addressing threatening processes over large spatial scales should be prioritized to maximize return from scarce conservation funding. Further, these should be coupled with long-term ecological monitoring, a critical tool in detecting and understanding complex ecosystem change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece D Pedler
- Department for Environment, Water and Natural Resources, South Australia, SA Arid Lands Region, P.O. Box 78 Port Augusta, South Australia, 5700, Australia
| | - Robert Brandle
- Department for Environment, Water and Natural Resources, South Australia, SA Arid Lands Region, P.O. Box 78 Port Augusta, South Australia, 5700, Australia
| | - John L Read
- University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Ecological Horizons, P.O. Box 207 Kimba, South Australia, 5641, Australia
| | - Richard Southgate
- Envisage Environmental Services, P.O. Box 305 Kingscote, South Australia, 5223, Australia
| | - Peter Bird
- NRM Biosecurity, Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia, GPO Box 1671 Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Katherine E Moseby
- University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Ecological Horizons, P.O. Box 207 Kimba, South Australia, 5641, Australia
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Banes GL, Galdikas BMF, Vigilant L. Reintroduction of confiscated and displaced mammals risks outbreeding and introgression in natural populations, as evidenced by orang-utans of divergent subspecies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22026. [PMID: 26911345 PMCID: PMC4766574 DOI: 10.1038/srep22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Confiscated and displaced mammals are often taken to sanctuaries, where the explicit goal may be reintroduction to the wild. By inadvertently collecting animals from different source populations, however, such efforts risk reintroducing individuals that have not been in genetic contact for significant periods of time. Using genetic analyses and 44 years of data from Camp Leakey, an orang-utan rehabilitation site on Borneo, we determined the minimum extent to which orang-utans representing non-native, geographically and reproductively isolated taxa were reintroduced into the surrounding wild population. We found two reintroduced females were from a non-native subspecies, and have since produced at least 22 hybridized and introgressed descendants to date, of which at least 15 are living. Given that Bornean orang-utan subspecies are thought to have diverged from a common ancestor around 176,000 years ago, with marked differentiation over the last 80,000 years, we highlight the need for further evaluation of the effects of hybridizing orang-utans of different taxa--particularly in light of the ~1500 displaced orang-utans awaiting urgent reintroduction. As endangered mammals are increasing in number in sanctuaries worldwide, we stress the need for re-examination of historical reintroductions, to assess the extent and effects of de facto translocations in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham L. Banes
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QY, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biruté M. F. Galdikas
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C., V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Linda Vigilant
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Corsini CF, Moura ACDA. Census of the Blond Titi MonkeyCallicebus barbarabrownae(Pitheciidae) in the Semi-Deciduous Atlantic Forest of Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1896/044.021.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Meyer ALS, Pie MR, Passos FC. Assessing the exposure of lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp.) to future climate change. Am J Primatol 2013; 76:551-62. [PMID: 24346860 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how biodiversity will respond to climate change is a major challenge in conservation science. Climatic changes are likely to impose serious threats to many organisms, especially those with narrow distribution ranges, small populations and low dispersal capacity. Lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp.) are endangered primates endemic to Brazilian Atlantic Forest (BAF), and all four living species are typical examples of these aggravating conditions. Here, we integrate ecological niche modeling and GIS-based information about BAF remnants and protected areas to estimate the exposure (i.e., the extent of climate change predicted to be experienced by a species) of current suitable habitats to climate change for 2050 and 2080, and to evaluate the efficacy of existing reserves to protect climatically suitable areas. Niche models were built using Maxent and then projected onto seven global circulation models derived from the A1B climatic scenario. According to our projections, the occurrence area of L. caissara will be little exposed to climate change. Western populations of L. chrysomelas could be potentially exposed, while climatically suitable habitats will be maintained only in part of the eastern region. Protected areas that presently harbor large populations of L. chrysopygus and L. rosalia will not retain climatic suitability by 2080. Monitoring trends of exposed populations and protecting areas predicted to hold suitable conditions should be prioritized. Given the potential exposure of key lion tamarin populations, we stress the importance of conducting additional studies to assess other aspects of their vulnerability (i.e., sensitivity to climate and adaptive capacity) and, therefore, to provide a more solid framework for future management decisions in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L S Meyer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Dinâmica Evolutiva e Sistemas Complexos, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B. Rylands
- Conservation International; 2011 Crystal Drive; Arlington; Virginia; 22202; USA
| | - Gustl Anzenberger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190; CH-8057; Zürich; Switzerland
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Price EC, Wormell D, Brayshaw M, Furrer S, Heer T, Steinmetz HW. Managing free-ranging callitrichids in zoos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2012.00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. C. Price
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust; Les Augrès Manor, Trinity; Jersey; Channel Islands; JE3 5BP; United Kingdom
| | - D. Wormell
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust; Les Augrès Manor, Trinity; Jersey; Channel Islands; JE3 5BP; United Kingdom
| | - M. Brayshaw
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust; Les Augrès Manor, Trinity; Jersey; Channel Islands; JE3 5BP; United Kingdom
| | - S. Furrer
- Zoo Zürich; Zürichbergstrasse 221; CH-8044; Zürich; Switzerland
| | - T. Heer
- Zoo Zürich; Zürichbergstrasse 221; CH-8044; Zürich; Switzerland
| | - H. W. Steinmetz
- Chester Zoo; Upton by Chester; Cheshire; CH2 1LH; United Kingdom
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