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Halle KS, Granhus A. Veterinary Chiropractic Treatment as a Measure to Prevent the Occurrence of Spondylosis in Boxers. Vet Sci 2021; 8:199. [PMID: 34564593 PMCID: PMC8473340 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylosis deformans is a spinal disease common to several dog breeds, and several treatments including veterinary chiropractic may be used to treat affected dogs. Little is known, however, about the efficacy of chiropractic treatment as precautionary measure, aiming to reduce the probability of spondylosis development. We performed a randomized study where one half of the Boxer puppies from 17 litters were given veterinary chiropractic treatment at monthly intervals from eight weeks of age until they were one year old, while the other half were given no treatment (treated: n = 44, controls: n = 43). At an age of one year, spondylosis occurrence was recorded based on a scoring of X-ray images of the spine. The frequency of occurrence was significantly lower (p = 0.0478) in the treated dogs (25.0%) than in the controls (46.5%). We also tested if spondylosis occurrence in the treated dogs correlated with the average number of spinal joints with decreased mobility found per chiropractic treatment. No such effect was found, however. In summary, our results suggest that veterinary chiropractic treatment may be successfully used to reduce the probability of early development of spondylosis in young Boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aksel Granhus
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway;
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Llanos C, Rau F, Uriarte A. Radiographic and MRI characteristics of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in a cat presented with a painful chronic ambulatory paraparesis. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Llanos
- Diagnostic Imaging, Southfields Veterinary Specialists Basildon Essex UK
| | - Friederike Rau
- Diagnostic Imaging, Southfields Veterinary Specialists Basildon Essex UK
| | - Ane Uriarte
- Department of Neurology, Southfields Veterinary Specialists Basildon Essex UK
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Bertram S, Ter Haar G, De Decker S. Congenital malformations of the lumbosacral vertebral column are common in neurologically normal French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs, with breed-specific differences. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:400-408. [PMID: 31050057 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital vertebral malformations are common findings on diagnostic imaging of the vertebral column in "screw-tailed" brachycephalic dogs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and anatomical characteristics of lumbosacral congenital vertebral malformations in French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs presenting for problems unrelated to spinal disease, as well as possible associations with the degree of tail malformation, lumbosacral intervertebral disc herniation, or spondylosis deformans. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, CT scans of vertebrae L6 to S3 and of the coccygeal vertebrae were reviewed for type of congenital vertebral malformations (hemivertebrae, block vertebrae, lumbosacral transitional vertebrae, and spina bifida), lumbosacral intervertebral disc herniation, lumbosacral spondylosis deformans, and degree of tail malformation. In 76 (51.0%) of the 149 included dogs (53 French Bulldogs, 37 English Bulldogs, and 59 Pugs) at least one type of congenital vertebral malformations was found, with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae being the most common (34.2%). There was a significantly higher prevalence of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (54.2%) and lower prevalence of hemivertebrae (1.7%) in Pugs compared to English (13.5% and 24.3%, respectively) and French Bulldogs (26.4% and 32.0%, respectively). Tail malformation was significantly more severe in dogs with evidence of hemivertebrae. Congenital vertebral malformations are a common finding in the lumbosacral vertebral column of French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs. These anatomical variances need to be considered when interpreting diagnostic studies and when planning for neurosurgical and neurodiagnostic procedures. Furthermore, this study suggests a possible association between the degree of tail malformation and lumbosacral hemivertebrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bertram
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Gert Ter Haar
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK.,Specialistische Dierenkliniek Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Latham KJ, Losey RJ. Spondylosis deformans as an indicator of transport activities in archaeological dogs: A systematic evaluation of current methods for assessing archaeological specimens. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214575. [PMID: 30995245 PMCID: PMC6469781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades archaeologists have used the spinal pathology spondylosis deformans as an indicator that archaeological dogs were used to pull or carry loads. This interpretive approach is largely based upon observations of prehistoric dog remains and archaeologist's interpretations of veterinary literature on recent sled dogs and other draft animals. However, no comparative large-scale studies of the occurrence of spondylosis deformans in wild canids, transport dogs, and dogs never involved in pulling or carrying loads have been published. To evaluate the reliability of spondylosis deformans in archaeological dogs as an indicator of participation in transport activities, 136 modern non-transport dogs, 19 sled dogs, and 241 wolves were systematically analyzed for the occurrence of spondylosis deformans. Our results indicate this pathology is not a reliable skeletal indicator of dog transport because the disease is prevalent in both dogs and wolves, regardless of their occupational histories. Numerous factors correlate with the occurrence and manifestation of this disease in canids, including age, body size, sex, and inbreeding. As such, it remains extremely challenging to identify specific etiologies for spondylosis deformans in archaeological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Latham
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert J. Losey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Femoral nerve entrapment in a dog with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28:151-4. [PMID: 25651036 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-14-09-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report femoral neuropathy caused by nerve entrapment associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). STUDY DESIGN Case report. ANIMAL Seven-year-old female spayed Boxer dog. RESULTS Entrapment of the right femoral nerve due to DISH caused a femoral nerve deficit and atrophy of muscle groups associated with the affected nerve. A combination of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging was performed to provide a diagnosis. Amputation of the right transverse process of the sixth lumbar vertebra at the level of nerve entrapment relieved the neurological abnormality. CONCLUSIONS Nerve entrapment leading to neurapraxia may occur concurrently with DISH and surgery in this case was successful in restoring function. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Peripheral neuropathy from nerve entrapment should be considered in patients with DISH. Surgical amputation of impinging osseous structures may be indicated for relief of femoral neuropathy.
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Kranenburg HJC, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Naturally Occurring Spinal Hyperostosis in Dogs as a Model for Human Spinal Disorders. ILAR J 2014; 55:150-63. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Togni A, Kranenburg HJC, Morgan JP, Steffen F. Radiographic and MRI characteristics of lumbar disseminated idiopathic spinal hyperostosis and spondylosis deformans in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:343-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Togni
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Surgery/Section of Neurology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - H. J. C. Kranenburg
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. P. Morgan
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging; Vetsuisse Faculty,University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - F. Steffen
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Surgery/Section of Neurology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Kranenburg HC, Hazewinkel HA, Meij BP. Spinal hyperostosis in humans and companion animals. Vet Q 2013; 33:30-42. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2013.770181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Ortega M, Gonçalves R, Haley A, Wessmann A, Penderis J. Spondylosis deformans and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (dish) resulting in adjacent segment disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:128-34. [PMID: 22734148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylosis deformans and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) are usually incidental findings and in most dogs are either asymptomatic or associated with mild clinical signs. Severe spondylosis deformans and DISH can result in complete bony fusion of consecutive vertebral segments. One of the recognised complications following vertebral fusion in human patients is the development of adjacent segment disease, which is defined as degenerative changes, most commonly degenerative intervertebral disc disease, in the mobile vertebral segment neighboring a region of complete vertebral fusion. A similar syndrome following cervical fusion in dogs has been termed the domino effect. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the hypothesis that vertebral fusion occurring secondary to spondylosis deformans or DISH in dogs would protect fused intervertebral disc spaces from undergoing degeneration, but result in adjacent segment disease at neighbouring unfused intervertebral disc spaces. Eight dogs with clinical signs of thoracolumbar myelopathy, magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracolumbar vertebral column, and spondylosis deformans or DISH producing fusion of > or = 2 consecutive intervertebral disc spaces were evaluated. Vertebral fusion of > or = 2 consecutive intervertebral disc spaces was correlated (P = 0.0017) with adjacent segment disease at the neighbouring unfused intervertebral disc space. Vertebral fusion appeared to protect fused intervertebral disc spaces from undergoing degeneration (P < 0.0001). Adjacent segment disease should be considered in dogs with severe spondylosis deformans or DISH occurring in conjunction with a thoracolumbar myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ortega
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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Kranenburg HJC, Voorhout G, Grinwis GC, Hazewinkel HA, Meij BP. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and spondylosis deformans in purebred dogs: A retrospective radiographic study. Vet J 2011; 190:e84-e90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kranenburg HC, Westerveld LA, Verlaan JJ, Oner FC, Dhert WJA, Voorhout G, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. The dog as an animal model for DISH? EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2010; 19:1325-9. [PMID: 20127259 PMCID: PMC2989211 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-010-1280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a systemic disorder of the axial and peripheral skeleton in humans and has incidentally been described in dogs. The aims of this retrospective radiographic cohort study were to determine the prevalence of DISH in an outpatient population of skeletally mature dogs and to investigate if dogs can be used as an animal model for DISH. The overall prevalence of canine DISH was 3.8% (78/2041). The prevalence of DISH increased with age and was more frequent in male dogs, similar to findings in human studies. In the Boxer breed the prevalence of DISH was 40.6% (28/69). Dog breeds represent closed gene pools with a high degree of familiar relationship and the high prevalence in the Boxer may be indicative of a genetic origin of DISH. It is concluded that the Boxer breed may serve as an animal model for DISH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Kranenburg
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, PO Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zhang Z, Zhu L, Sandler J, Friedenberg SS, Egelhoff J, Williams AJ, Dykes NL, Hornbuckle W, Krotscheck U, Moise NS, Lust G, Todhunter RJ. Estimation of heritabilities, genetic correlations, and breeding values of four traits that collectively define hip dysplasia in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:483-92. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.4.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Orbell GMB, Thompson KG, Owen MC, Munday JS, West DM. Severity and distribution of ventral thoracolumbar spondylosis and histological assessment of associated intervertebral disc degeneration in cull rams. N Z Vet J 2007; 55:297-301. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2007.36784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Levine GJ, Levine JM, Walker MA, Pool RR, Fosgate GT. Evaluation of the association between spondylosis deformans and clinical signs of intervertebral disk disease in dogs: 172 cases (1999–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:96-100. [PMID: 16426177 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between spondylosis deformans and clinical signs of intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 210 dogs. PROCEDURE Records of 172 dogs with clinical signs of IVDD and 38 dogs with other neurologic disorders were reviewed. Signalment, sites of spondylosis, severity of associated osteophytosis, type of disk herniation, and duration of signs were recorded. RESULTS Dogs with IVDD had significantly fewer sites of involvement and lower grades of spondylosis deformans, compared with those in the non-IVDD group. When groups were adjusted for age and weight via multivariate linear regression, there were no differences in severity of osteophytosis or number of affected sites. Dogs with type II disk disease had higher numbers of affected sites and more severe changes, compared with dogs with type I disk herniation. There was no difference between groups in the rate at which IVDD was diagnosed at sites of spondylosis, compared with the rate at which IVDD was diagnosed in unaffected disk spaces. Areas of spondylosis were closer to sites of IVDD that elicited clinical signs than to randomly chosen intervertebral spaces, and distances between sites of spondylosis and sites of IVDD had a bimodal appearance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE An association may exist between radiographically apparent spondylosis and type II disk disease; type I disk disease was not associated with spondylosis. Spondylosis in radiographs of dogs with suspected type I disk disease is not clinically important. Spatial associations among sites of spondylosis and sites of IVDD may be coincidental or associated with vertebral column biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn J Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Carnier P, Gallo L, Sturaro E, Piccinini P, Bittante G. Prevalence of spondylosis deformans and estimates of genetic parameters for the degree of osteophytes development in Italian Boxer dogs. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:85-92. [PMID: 14753351 DOI: 10.2527/2004.82185x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of spondylosis deformans and to investigate genetic aspects of the degree of osteophytes development (DOD) in the Italian Boxer dog population. A total of 849 Boxer dogs was radiographed on the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions of the spine and scored for DOD. Grading of DOD was performed for all 20 intervertebral sites comprised within the first thoracic site (site T1-T2) and the site between the seventh lumbar and the first sacral vertebra (site L7-S1). Scores for DOD ranged from 0 (no osteophytes development) to 3 (presence of a bony spur formed by osteophytes on adjoining vertebrae). The first five thoracic sites exhibited no variation for DOD and were not considered in the analysis. The prevalence of spondylosis deformans was 84%, and frequency of dogs showing at least one intervertebral site that scored 3 for DOD was 50%. Scores for DOD at different sites were analyzed as different traits. Nongenetic effects influencing DOD scores were sex, age at screening, and the kennel. Posterior densities of heritability (h2) were estimated using a univariate Bayesian analysis. Eight sites exhibited a posterior probability greater than 0.8 for h2 > 10% and were considered in a multivariate restricted maximum likelihood analysis. Estimated h2 from multivariate analysis ranged from 25 to 48% (SE from 5 to 7%). Three sites exhibited h2 estimates greater than 40%. Genetic correlations for DOD scored at different sites ranged from 0.07 to 0.96. All thoracic sites had estimated correlations larger than 0.85 with other thoracic sites. Genetic correlation between the first and the second lumbar site was 0.91. Correlations between thoracic sites and the first two lumbar sites ranged from 0.5 to 0.9. Sites L6-L7 and L7-S1 also exhibited weak relationships with all remaining sites. Breeding values of dogs for DOD at the eight sites were predicted using estimated covariance matrices. A selection index for DOD was computed from predicted breeding values and a set of relative weighting factors produced by a panel of veterinarians. The index was the most important effect influencing phenotypic differences between dogs for average DOD score, number of affected sites, and number of sites with a DOD score > 1 (P < 0.001). The degree of osteophytes development is a trait showing exploitable additive genetic variance, and breeding programs for decreasing prevalence and severity of spondylosis deformans might focus on this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Carnier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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Breit, Künzel. The Position and Shape of Osteophyte Formations at Canine Vertebral Endplates and its Influence on Radiographic Diagnosis. Anat Histol Embryol 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2001.t01-1-0321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Survey data were collected on the incidence of epileptic seizures in 997 Belgian tervuerens. The heritability of this disorder was estimated as 0.77 (with a 95 per cent confidence interval spanning from 0.65 to 0.88) using a Bayesian analysis in an ordered categorical threshold model. Single locus models do not appear adequate as an explanation for this inherited seizure disorder. The high heritability estimate suggests that breeders can wage a successful battle against this disorder by breeding unaffected individuals, particularly those from families with no history of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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