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Roitner M, Klever J, Reese S, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Prevalence of osteoarthritis in the shoulder, elbow, hip and stifle joints of dogs older than 8 years. Vet J 2024; 305:106132. [PMID: 38761958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases in veterinary medicine. There are various causes for joints developing OA, with some of them being well investigated, while others are still a matter of speculation. In this retrospective study we examined the prevalence of OA in the shoulder, elbow, hip and stifle joints in a clinic population of dogs older than 8 years, which were presented mostly due to orthopaedic complaints. Dogs were included in the study if one or more of the aforementioned joints was included in the radiographs. Radiographs were reviewed by three different observers and graded by severity. Prevalence of OA was 39.2%, 57.4%, 35.9% and 36.4% for the shoulder, elbow, hip and stifle, respectively. There was no correlation between higher grades of OA and weight as well as age, but significantly higher prevalence of OA in heavier groups when grouped for weight. Sex and castration status did not affect presence of OA. As most of the examined joints were free of OA, radiographic findings suggestive of OA should not be considered normal in senescent dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Roitner
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre for Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, Munich 80539, Germany.
| | - Julius Klever
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre for Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre for Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, Munich 80539, Germany
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2
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Serrani D, Sassaroli S, Gallorini F, Salvaggio A, Tambella AM, Biagioli I, Palumbo Piccionello A. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Different Treatments Adopted for Elbow Medial Compartment Disease in Dogs. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020070. [PMID: 35202323 PMCID: PMC8880173 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial compartment disease is a common occurrence in dogs affected by elbow dysplasia. Despite many treatments suggested in the literature, only few studies reported comparative outcomes in the short and long term. The aim of this study is to report and compare short- and long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of dogs treated for medial compartment disease (MCD) by distal dynamic ulnar ostectomy (DUO), bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy (BODPUO) and conservative management (CM). From 2016 to 2018, all medium to large dogs, aged between 5 and 12 months, affected by uni/bilateral MCD and treated by DUO, BODPUO or CM, were enrolled in this study and followed up for 24 months. Orthopedic and radiographic examinations were performed at T0, T2, T12 and T24 months after treatment. Lameness score, elbow arthralgia, elbow range of motion (ROM), osteoarthritis (OA) score and percentage of ulnar subtrochlear sclerosis (%STS) were evaluated at each time point. According to the treatment performed, dogs were divided into three groups: DUO, BODPUO and CM. Forty-five elbows from twenty-six dogs, treated with DUO (n = 17), BODPUO (n = 17) or CM (n = 11), were prospectively enrolled in the study. The patients enrolled in the CM group were older and showed more severe radiographic signs of OA, compared to those enrolled in the other two groups. Lameness and arthralgia scores (p < 10−4) were significantly decreased in patients that underwent surgical treatment and increased in patients managed conservatively (lameness p < 10−4, arthralgia p = 0.3068), at T12 and T24. OA score (p < 0.0040) and ROM (DUO, CM p < 10−4; BODPUO p = 0.0740) worsened in every study group, but %STS decreased in DUO (p = 0.0108), increased in the CM group (p = 0.0025) and remained unchanged in the BODPUO group (p = 0.2740). This study supports the clinical efficacy of DUO and BODPUO in reducing lameness, arthralgia and progression of %STS. Early diagnosis and surgical attention in patients affected by MCD can improve the short- and long-term outcome and reduce the progression of secondary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Serrani
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Forest Corner Farm, Hangersley, Ringwood, Hampshire BH24 3JW, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Sassaroli
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi di Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.T.); (A.P.P.)
| | - Francesco Gallorini
- Clinica Veterinaria San Silvestro, 52043 Castiglion Fiorentino, Italy; (F.G.); (A.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Alberto Salvaggio
- Clinica Veterinaria San Silvestro, 52043 Castiglion Fiorentino, Italy; (F.G.); (A.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Adolfo Maria Tambella
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi di Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.T.); (A.P.P.)
| | - Ilaria Biagioli
- Clinica Veterinaria San Silvestro, 52043 Castiglion Fiorentino, Italy; (F.G.); (A.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Angela Palumbo Piccionello
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi di Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.T.); (A.P.P.)
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Sanghani-Kerai A, Black C, Cheng SO, Collins L, Schneider N, Blunn G, Watson F, Fitzpatrick N. Clinical outcomes following intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs characterized by weight-bearing asymmetry. Bone Joint Res 2021; 10:650-658. [PMID: 34628940 PMCID: PMC8559970 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.1010.bjr-2020-0540.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study investigates the effects of intra-articular injection of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on lameness, pain, and quality of life in osteoarthritic canine patients. METHODS With informed owner consent, adipose tissue collected from adult dogs diagnosed with degenerative joint disease was enzymatically digested and cultured to passage 1. A small portion of cells (n = 4) surplus to clinical need were characterized using flow cytometry and tri-lineage differentiation. The impact and degree of osteoarthritis (OA) was assessed using the Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) score, Modified Canine Osteoarthritis Staging Tool (mCOAST), kinetic gait analysis, and diagnostic imaging. Overall, 28 joints (25 dogs) were injected with autologous AdMSCs and PRP. The patients were followed up at two, four, eight, 12, and 24 weeks. Data were analyzed using two related-samples Wilcoxon signed-rank or Mann-Whitney U tests with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS AdMSCs demonstrated stem cell-like characteristics. LOAD scores were significantly lower at week 4 compared with preinjection (p = 0.021). The mCOAST improved significantly after three months (p = 0.001) and six months (p = 0.001). Asymmmetry indices decreased from four weeks post-injection and remained significantly lower at six months (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION These improvements in quality of life, reduction in pain on examination, and improved symmetry in dogs injected with AdMSCs and PRP support the effectiveness of this combined treatment for symptom modification in canine OA for six months. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(10):650-658.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - G Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Fraje Watson
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, UK.,Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
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4
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Verrico CD, Wesson S, Konduri V, Hofferek CJ, Vazquez-Perez J, Blair E, Dunner K, Salimpour P, Decker WK, Halpert MM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of daily cannabidiol for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis pain. Pain 2020; 161:2191-2202. [PMID: 32345916 PMCID: PMC7584779 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Over the last 2 decades, affirmative diagnoses of osteoarthritis (OA) in the United States have tripled due to increasing rates of obesity and an aging population. Hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) is the major nontetrahydrocannabinol component of cannabis and has been promoted as a potential treatment for a wide variety of disparate inflammatory conditions. Here, we evaluated CBD for its ability to modulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in murine models of induced inflammation and further validated the ability of a liposomal formulation to increase bioavailability in mice and in humans. Subsequently, the therapeutic potential of both naked and liposomally encapsulated CBD was explored in a 4-week, randomized placebo-controlled, double-blinded study in a spontaneous canine model of OA. In vitro and in mouse models, CBD significantly attenuated the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α while elevating levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10. In the veterinary study, CBD significantly decreased pain and increased mobility in a dose-dependent fashion among animals with an affirmative diagnosis of OA. Liposomal CBD (20 mg/day) was as effective as the highest dose of nonliposomal CBD (50 mg/day) in improving clinical outcomes. Hematocrit, comprehensive metabolic profile, and clinical chemistry indicated no significant detrimental impact of CBD administration over the 4-week analysis period. This study supports the safety and therapeutic potential of hemp-derived CBD for relieving arthritic pain and suggests follow-up investigations in humans are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Verrico
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
| | | | - Vanaja Konduri
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
| | - Colby J. Hofferek
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
| | | | | | - Kenneth Dunner
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030
| | | | - William K. Decker
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
| | - Matthew M. Halpert
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
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Janssens LAA, Daems R, Pillin L, Vandekerckhove P, Van Dongen S. Triple pelvic osteotomy with a 12.5° and a 20° Slocum-type plate: A short-term prospective clinical pilot study in 38 dogs. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1449-1457. [PMID: 32706139 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether using 12.5° Slocum-like triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) plates would create sufficient femoral head coverage and lower the occurrence of overrotation compared with using 20° TPO plates in dogs with hip dysplasia. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. SAMPLE POPULATION Thirty-five dogs with hip dysplasia (38 hips). METHODS Nineteen hips were surgically treated with a custom-made Slocum-type 12.5° TPO plate, and these were matched to 19 hips surgically treated with a 20° commercial Slocum TPO plate. Hips were case matched according to size and breed. Ortolani sign, angles of subluxation and reduction, distraction index, and femoral head coverage (FHC) were compared between groups. Excessive coverage was defined as >80%. RESULTS In the 12.5° group, FHC was ≥50% in all hips, with mean FHC (67%), gain (37%), and excessive coverage (11%) all significantly less than in the 20° group (79%, 54%, and 42%, respectively). CONCLUSION The 12.5° plate produced sufficient FHC compared with the 20° plate, with fewer hips with excessive coverage. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The 12.5° TPO plate may result in sufficient FHC with a lower occurrence of excessive coverage compared with 20° plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc A A Janssens
- Evidensia Specialist Clinic for Referral Surgery in Companion Animals, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Daems
- Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery Malpertuus, Heusden, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Pillin
- Referral Clinic for Companion Animals, Barendrecht, The Netherlands
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O'Neill DG, Brodbelt DC, Hodge R, Church DB, Meeson RL. Epidemiology and clinical management of elbow joint disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Med Genet 2020; 7:1. [PMID: 32835227 PMCID: PMC7371807 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-020-0080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conditions affecting the elbow joint are a common cause of lameness in dogs. Primary-care veterinary clinical data are now recognised as a valuable research resource. Using data from the VetCompass Programme, this study aimed to report the frequency and risk factors for elbow joint disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK and describe clinical management. Results From 455,069 dogs under veterinary care, the one-year period prevalence for elbow joint disease diagnosis was 0.56% (95% CI: 0.53-0.60). Of 616 incident cases, the most common specific variants of elbow joint disease were osteoarthritis (n = 468, 75.97%), elbow dysplasia (190, 30.84%) and traumatic (41, 6.66%). The most common signs described by the owners were lameness (n = 466, 75.65%), difficulty exercising (123, 19.97%) and pain (86, 13.96%). The most common findings recorded on veterinary examination were pain (n = 283, 45.94%), lameness (278, 45.13%) and reduced range of movement (243, 39.45%). Common medications used included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (n = 544, 88.31%), tramadol (121, 19.64%) and disease modifying agents (118, 19.16%). Of 109 deaths involving euthanasia with information available from the 616 incident cases, elbow joint disease contributed to the decision to euthanase in 45 (41.28%) dogs.Five breeds showed increased odds of elbow joint disease compared with crossbred dogs: Rottweiler (OR: 6.16, 95% CI 3.89-9.75), Labrador Retriever (OR: 5.94, 95% CI 4.65-7.60), German Shepherd Dog (OR: 4.13, 95% CI 2.88-5.93), Golden Retriever (OR: 3.11, 95% CI 1.93-5.00) and English Springer Spaniel (OR: 2.00, 95% CI 1.26-3.18). Additional risk factors included having an adult bodyweight that was equal or higher than their breed/sex mean, advancing age, being male, being neutered, being insured and larger bodyweight. Conclusions Elbow joint disease is a relatively common diagnosis in dogs and has a high welfare impact as evidenced by the high proportion of cases recorded with pain, lameness and analgesic therapy. There are strong breed predispositions, in particular for large breed dogs. These findings present a clear case for improved breeding programmes to reduce the burden of elbow joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O'Neill
- Production and Population Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Production and Population Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Rebecca Hodge
- Production and Population Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Richard L Meeson
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
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7
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Kirschner wire fixation of Salter-Harris type IV fracture of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle in growing dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30:62-68. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-16-05-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: To evaluate the use of Kirschner wires for treatment of fractures of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle in growing dogs.Methods: Retrospective analysis of 35 elbow fractures (33 dogs) of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle treated by insertion of multiple transcondylar and one anti-rotational Kirschner wires. Radiographic and clinical re-evaluations were carried out immediately after surgery, at four weeks and, when required, at eight weeks postoperatively. Long-term follow-up was planned after a minimum of six months. The relationship between different implant configurations and clinical outcome was analysed statistically.Results: Complete functional recovery was seen in 31 elbows (30 dogs), three elbows (2 dogs) had reduction in the range of motion, and one elbow (1 dog) had persistent grade 1 lameness two months postoperatively. Major complications occurred in eight elbows (8 dogs) and all were resolved by implant removal. Implant configuration did not affect outcome. Long-term evaluation in 12 cases with a mean follow-up of four years showed absence of lameness, normal function and no or mild radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis in 11 cases.Clinical significance: Fracture of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle in growing dogs can be successfully treated by multiple transcondylar convergent or parallel Kirschner wires, resulting in adequate fracture healing.
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8
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Kirberger RM. Phenotypic hip and elbow dysplasia trends in Rottweilers and Labrador retrievers in South Africa (2007-2015): Are we making progress? J S Afr Vet Assoc 2017; 88:e1-e10. [PMID: 29227139 PMCID: PMC6138064 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine hip and elbow dysplasia are major orthopaedic problems prevalent the world over, and South Africa is no exception. Hip and elbow dysplasia phenotypic status is certified by a number of different radiographic schemes in the world. South Africa uses the Fédération Cynologique Internationale system to certify hips, and the International Elbow Working Group scheme to certify elbows. One way of reducing these often crippling conditions is by selective breeding using only dogs with no or marginal dysplastic joints. In South Africa, only seven breeds, including the Rottweiler, have breeding restrictions for hip dysplasia. There are no such restrictions for elbow dysplasia. This study assessed the prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia over a 9-year-period in the Rottweiler and the Labrador retriever in South Africa as evaluated by official national scrutineers. Records from 1148 Rottweilers and 909 Labrador retrievers were obtained and were graded as normal or dysplastic, and numerical values were also evaluated. Data were compared between the two breeds, males and females as well as over time and were compared with similar data of the Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals in the United States. The prevalence values for hip dysplasia in Rottweilers and Labrador retrievers were 22% and 31%, respectively, whereas for elbow dysplasia the values were 39% and 19%, respectively. In Labrador retrievers, this incidence was much higher than in the American population. Rottweiler hip and elbow dysplasia numerical scores significantly improved over time, whereas in Labrador retrievers, only hip dysplasia showed a minor but significant improvement. This study proved that prescribing minimum breeding requirements, as in the Rottweiler in this study, significantly improved the breeding stock, suggesting that minimum hip and elbow breeding requirements should be initiated for all breeds at risk of these often crippling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria.
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Wavreille V, Fitzpatrick N, Drost WT, Russell D, Allen MJ. Correlation between histopathologic, arthroscopic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with medial coronoid disease. Vet Surg 2014; 44:501-10. [PMID: 25227614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), arthroscopic, and histopathologic changes in dogs with medial coronoid disease and to identify potential relationships between these findings. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION Twenty-five diseased medial coronoid processes (MCP) were collected from 19 dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of medial coronoid disease that were surgically treated by subtotal coronoid ostectomy. A reference group of normal MCP was collected from 9 dogs euthanatized for reasons unrelated to elbow disease. METHODS MCP specimens were evaluated by MRI using a novel grading scheme (all dogs), arthroscopy using a modified Outerbridge scheme (affected dogs only) and histopathology (all dogs). RESULTS The common histopathologic findings were subchondral microfractures, subchondral microfractures continuous with cartilaginous fissures, moderate to severe hypercellularity of the marrow space, trabecular bone necrosis, and articular cartilage degeneration. The severity of cartilage disease in the MCP was moderate to severe in most specimens, even in cases with minimal arthroscopic pathology. Three distinct patterns of bone marrow lesion (BML) were identified adjacent to the MCP, but there was no correlation between BML pattern and either histopathologic or arthroscopic findings. There was moderate correlation between modified Outerbridge scores and MRI scores. No correlation was identified between the histopathologic changes and either MRI or arthroscopic scores. CONCLUSION There was no significant correlation between the clinical scores and histopathologic changes. Ongoing improvements in the resolution of noninvasive imaging techniques will likely improve description and understanding of the MCP disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wavreille
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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10
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Farrell M, Heller J, Solano M, Fitzpatrick N, Sparrow T, Kowaleski M. Does Radiographic Arthrosis Correlate With Cartilage Pathology in Labrador Retrievers Affected by Medial Coronoid Process Disease? Vet Surg 2014; 43:155-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Heller
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health; School of Animal and Veterinary Studies; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga Australia
| | | | | | - Tim Sparrow
- Fitzpatrick Referrals; Eashing United Kingdom
| | - Mike Kowaleski
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; North Grafton Massachusetts
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11
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Lavrijsen ICM, Heuven HCM, Voorhout G, Meij BP, Theyse LFH, Leegwater PAJ, Hazewinkel HAW. Phenotypic and genetic evaluation of elbow dysplasia in Dutch Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Bernese Mountain dogs. Vet J 2012; 193:486-92. [PMID: 22336139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine elbow dysplasia encompasses four developmental diseases: ununited anconeal process, osteochondrosis of the medial part of the humeral condyle, fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP), and incongruity of the elbow joint. Four radiographic views per joint were used to evaluate 2693 Labrador Retrievers (LRs), 1213 Golden Retrievers (GRs), and 974 Bernese Mountain Dogs (BMDs) for the presence of elbow dysplasia between 2002 and 2009 in the Netherlands. The views were also graded for signs of osteoarthritis and sclerosis. FCP was diagnosed most frequently in LRs, GRs and BMDs, with an incidence of 6%, 5%, and 15%, and a heritability of 0.17, 0.24, and 0.06, respectively. Heritabilities were estimated using a sire model and all available ancestors. Sclerosis at the base of the medial coronoid process was the radiographic sign most strongly correlated with FCP (r=0.95, 0.92, and 0.95 in LRs, GRs and BMDs, respectively). The sex of the dog was significantly correlated with the presence of osteoarthritis in LRs, but not in GRs and BMDs. Male LRs were 1.7-fold more frequently, but not more severely, affected by osteoarthritis than female dogs. Age at radiographic examination was significantly associated with osteoarthritis in all three breeds. The heritability estimates in Retrievers were high enough to warrant including FCP findings in the breeding policy, but until the biomechanical and genetic background of elbow dysplasia are better understood, correct phenotyping with a sensitive technique is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C M Lavrijsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Goldhammer MA, Smith SH, Fitzpatrick N, Clements DN. A comparison of radiographic, arthroscopic and histological measures of articular pathology in the canine elbow joint. Vet J 2010; 186:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Worth AJ, Bridges JP, Jones G. Reduction in the incidence of elbow dysplasia in four breeds of dog as measured by the New Zealand Veterinary Association scoring scheme. N Z Vet J 2010; 58:190-5. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2010.68864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Digital Radiographic Analysis of Optical Density of the Distal Segment of the Trochlear Notch of the Ulna in Labrador Retrievers with Fragmented Coronoid Process. ACTA VET BRNO 2010. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201079020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to find whether there is a difference in the optical density of the subtrochlear region of incisura trochlearis and in the region of processus coronoideus medialis ulnae in elbow joints with fragmented processus coronoideus and in healthy elbow joints of the Labrador retriever breed. We evaluated digital radiographs of elbows (n = 26) with arthroscopically or arthrotomically proven FCP and digital radiographs of healthy elbows (n = 28). A template was made on radiographs in the JiveX program (Visus Technology Transfer) demarcating individual regions of interest (ROI) in which median optical density was measured. For normalisation of median optical density data of individual ROI, median optical density of the caudal ulnar cortex was used. Elbow joints with fragmented processus coronoideus had a lower mean median optical density in the distal part of incisura trochlearis compared to healthy elbow joints. The lowest median optical densities were found in the region of processus coronoideus medialis and in the distal part of the trochlear notch of the ulna in the region of processus coronoideus lateralis. The biggest difference in median optical densities between elbows with FCP and healthy elbows was found in regions distant from the articular surface. In evaluation of the opacity of the trochlear notch of the ulna it is appropriate to assess the whole region of the proximal ulnar metaphysis from the articular surface to the caudal ulnar cortex.
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LAPPALAINEN ANUK, MÖLSÄ SARI, LIMAN ANNIE, LAITINEN-VAPAAVUORI OUTI, SNELLMAN MARJATTA. RADIOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN BELGIAN SHEPHERD DOGS WITH MILD ELBOW DYSPLASIA. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:364-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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16
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Huck JL, Biery DN, Lawler DF, Gregor TP, Runge JJ, Evans RH, Kealy RD, Smith GK. A longitudinal study of the influence of lifetime food restriction on development of osteoarthritis in the canine elbow. Vet Surg 2009; 38:192-8. [PMID: 19236677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2008.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the effects of age and lifetime calorie restriction on development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in elbow joints of Labrador retrievers. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study. ANIMALS Labrador retriever dogs (n=48). METHODS Puppies from 7 litters were allotted to 2 groups of 24 dogs each. Diet-restricted (DR) dogs received 25% fewer calories than control-fed (CF) pair mates. Elbow radiographs were taken at 6 and 8 years of age and end of life (EOL). Gross and histopathologic evaluations for OA occurred at EOL. RESULTS There was no statistical difference in radiographic OA frequency between groups at any of the time points. Radiographic OA severity was greater for CF dogs at 6 years only (P<.05). There was no significant difference between feeding groups for histopathologic prevalence or severity of OA. Similarly, there were no differences in gross OA lesions between the groups (P>.05). Fragmented medial coronoid process, un-united anconeal process, and osteochondrosis were not present in any elbow. CONCLUSION No differences in prevalence or severity of radiographic and histopathologic elbow OA were found between feeding groups. Diet restriction resulted in a 1.8-year extension in median lifespan but no additional incremental worsening of elbow disease. Evaluation at time points <6 years may have revealed larger differences in OA prevalence and severity between the dietary groups. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings support calorie restriction as a clinical tool to slow progression of elbow OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Huck
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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SMITH THOMASJ, FITZPATRICK NOEL, EVANS RICHARDB, PEAD MATHEWJ. Measurement of Ulnar Subtrochlear Sclerosis Using a Percentage Scale in Labrador Retrievers with Minimal Radiographic Signs of Periarticular Osteophytosis. Vet Surg 2009; 38:199-208. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2008.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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PUNKE JOHNP, HULSE DONA, KERWIN SHARONC, PEYCKE LAURAE, BUDSBERG STEVENC. Arthroscopic Documentation of Elbow Cartilage Pathology in Dogs with Clinical Lameness without Changes on Standard Radiographic Projections. Vet Surg 2009; 38:209-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2008.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tromblee TC, Jones JC, Bahr AM, Shires PK, Aref S. Effect of computed tomography display window and image plane on diagnostic certainty for characteristics of dysplastic elbow joints in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:858-71. [PMID: 17669026 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effects of computed tomography (CT) image plane and window settings on diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics associated with dysplastic elbow joints (elbow joint dysplasia) in dogs and to provide optimal display guidelines for these CT characteristics. SAMPLE POPULATION CT images of 50 dysplastic elbow joints from 49 lame dogs and 10 elbow joints from 5 sound dogs. PROCEDURES CT image data were obtained in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Each plane was examined by use of 3 Hounsfield unit (HU) window settings. Two veterinary radiologists independently evaluated sets of CT images for evidence of 7 CT characteristics. Effect of elbow joint status, image plane, and window settings on diagnostic certainty for these CT characteristics was tested by use of a visual analogue scale. RESULTS Diagnostic certainty for abnormalities of the medial coronoid process (MCP) and radial incisure was highest in the transverse plane, subchondral defects or sclerosis of the trochlea humeri was highest in the dorsal plane, and joint incongruity was highest in the sagittal plane. Certainty for hypoattenuating subchondral defects or fissures was highest at 2,500 or 3,500 HUs, whereas certainty for subchondral sclerosis was highest at 1,500 HUs and lowest at 3,500 HUs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics of elbow joint dysplasia in dogs was affected by image display variables. Diagnostic certainty for altered subchondral bone density was primarily influenced by window settings, whereas structural MCP abnormalities and joint incongruity were influenced most by image plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya C Tromblee
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Ferrigno CR, Schmaedecke A, Sterman FA, Lincoln J. Treatment of ununited anconeal process in 8 dogs by osteotomy and dynamic distraction of the proximal part of the ulna. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2007000800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A surgical technique for the treatment of ununited anconeal process in dogs treated by osteotomy and dynamic distraction of the proximal part of the ulna using a linear external skeletal fixator was evaluated. In all cases the osteotomy was distracted 1mm each day after the surgery until desired distraction had been achieved. Eight dogs and 9 joints diagnosed with ununited anconeal process were treated. The success of the procedure was determined by comparing clinical signs of lameness and degree of arthrosis at the time of diagnosis to 6 months after the surgical intervention. Radiographic union occurred in 88.9% of the affected joints between 21 and 42 days after the surgical procedure. Clinically, six elbows were classified as good, two as satisfactory and one as unsatisfactory. Six months after surgery two elbows had no arthrosis, one had Grade 1, two Grade 2 and one Grade 3. It is concluded the combination of ulnar osteotomy and dynamic distraction of the olecranon by a linear external skeletal fixator is a feasible procedure for the treatment of ununited anconeal process in dogs.
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Burton NJ, Comerford EJ, Bailey M, Pead MJ, Owen MR. Digital analysis of ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis in Labrador retrievers. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:220-4. [PMID: 17381767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare ulnar trochlear notch bone radiopacity in Labrador retrievers with and without fragmented medial coronoid process using quantitative analysis of film density on digitised radiographs. METHODS Mediolateral view elbow radiographs from Labrador retrievers (n=34) aged between six and 18 months were obtained and digitised. Images from dogs with an arthroscopic diagnosis of fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (n=17) were compared with that of a control population (n=17), and this data subject to statistical analysis. RESULTS A statistically significant relationship between the presence of increased trochlear notch radiopacity and a fragmented medial coronoid process was identified. Fractional analysis of this area shows the region of greatest difference in radiopacity between normal and fragmented medial coronoid process cohorts to be in the trochlear region of the medial coronoid process of the ulna. A decrease in radiopacity values in the dysplastic group versus the normal cohort was observed for the region of the proximo-caudal ulnar trochlear notch. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE An increase in ulnar trochlear notch radiopacity is a finding associated with fragmentation of the medial coronoid process in Labrador retrievers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Burton
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU
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Janutta V, Hamann H, Klein S, Tellhelm B, Distl O. Genetic analysis of three different classification protocols for the evaluation of elbow dysplasia in German shepherd dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2006; 47:75-82. [PMID: 16438694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Three different scoring systems for elbow dysplasia and its radiographic signs were genetically evaluated in 2645 German shepherd dogs. METHODS An animal model was used to estimate heritabilities and additive genetic and residual correlations for the three scoring systems: ED-SV, which is recommended by the International Elbow Working Group; ED-LA, developed by Lang and others; and ED-TH, proposed by Tellhelm. RESULTS The effects of sex, age at examination and the correlation between the two factors were significant for all three scoring systems. Heritability estimates (se) were 0.18 (0.04) for ED-SV, 0.11 (0.03) for ED-LA and 0.16 (0.04) for ED-TH. The additive genetic correlations among the different single criteria for elbow dysplasia and the different elbow dysplasia scores were between 0.68 and 0.98, except for the criteria ununited anconeal process and osteochondrosis dissecans of the trochlea humeri, which were mostly genetically negatively correlated to the other radiological criteria. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The elbow dysplasia scores were determined by two genetically different traits. The possibilities for selecting German shepherd dogs with respect to elbow dysplasia might be improved by taking into account these two traits in the prediction of breeding values.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Janutta
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Kramer A, Holsworth IG, Wisner ER, Kass PH, Schulz KS. Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Canine Radioulnar Incongruence In Vivo. Vet Surg 2006; 35:24-9. [PMID: 16409405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2005.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare radioulnar incongruence (RUI) of normal canine elbows and elbows with arthroscopically confirmed medial compartment disease in vivo using systematic computed tomography (CT) measurements. STUDY DESIGN Prospective comparison of RUI measurements in normal and dysplastic canine elbows. SAMPLE POPULATION Right elbows of 25 medium-large breed, adult dogs with medial compartment disease and 9 medium-large breed, adult dogs with no elbow disease. METHODS Transverse CT images of proximal radioulnar articulation were reformatted to dorsal and sagittal planes. RUI in 3 locations of the forelimb's medial coronoid was measured. Arthroscopy confirmed diagnosis of medial compartment disease in the diseased group. RUI measurements of the diseased and normal elbows were compared. RESULTS Cumulative statistical analysis of RUI in all planes revealed no significant difference between the normal and abnormal elbows (P = .61). The abnormal elbows had negative mean RUI at the mid (P = .56) and cranial (P = .24) coronoid regions that were not significantly different from normal elbows and mean positive RUI at the base coronoid that was significantly greater than in normal elbows (P = .00082). CONCLUSION Canine elbows with established medial compartment disease do not have significant RUI at the medial coronoid region at the time of diagnosis when compared with normal elbows. CLINICAL RELEVANCE If RUI is a significant factor in the pathophysiology of medial compartment elbow disease in the dog, it does not appear to be present at the time of diagnosis of disease. Ulnar or radial osteotomies do not appear to be indicated for restoration of normal radioulnar articular surface alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Kramer
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Holsworth IG, Wisner ER, Scherrer WE, Filipowitz D, Kass PH, Pooya H, Larson RF, Schulz KS. Accuracy of Computerized Tomographic Evaluation of Canine Radio-Ulnar Incongruence In Vitro. Vet Surg 2005; 34:108-13. [PMID: 15860100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2005.00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements obtained from computer tomography (CT) images of staged radio-ulnar incongruence in a canine cadaver forelimb model. STUDY DESIGN CT evaluation of induced progressive radio-ulnar incongruence in canine cadaveric forelimbs. SAMPLE POPULATION Eight cadaveric canine left forelimbs. PROCEDURE A type 2 external skeletal fixator (ESF) with linear motors was attached to the radius in 8 cadaveric left canine forelimbs. Contiguous incremental and helical CT images of the proximal radio-ulnar articulation were acquired in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes. The radius was shortened by 1, 2, and 4 mm increments and scanning protocols were repeated at each increment. Digital caliper and CT image analysis measured the progressive change in distance between 2 marking spheres and the epiphyseal bone surfaces of the radio-ulnar articulation. Statistical analysis of measurements from incremental and helical CT acquisitions, and direct and reformatted images were compared with inter-sphere distance using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. RESULTS The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the mid-coronoid in the oblique plane had the highest correlation coefficient (r-value) at 0.908. The mid-coronoid in the dorsal plane had the second highest r-value (0.856). The coronoid incisure in the sagittal plane had an r-value of 0.826. The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the coronoid incisure in the oblique plane had the lowest r-value, 0.592. CONCLUSION Measurement of radioulnar incongruence may be best performed using reformatted incremental acquisition CT in the mid-coronoid region in an oblique plane. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of the technique reported in this study may enable determination of the association, if any, between radioulnar incongruence and developmental diseases of the canine elbow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Holsworth
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, the Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Meyer-Lindenberg A, Langhann A, Fehr M, Nolte I. Prevalence of fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in lame adult dogs. Vet Rec 2002; 151:230-4. [PMID: 12219900 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.8.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Over a period of three years, a diagnosis of fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna was confirmed by arthroscopy in 263 dogs, in 69 of which both elbow joints were affected, giving a total of 332 affected joints; 39 of the joints were also affected by osteochondrosis dissecans of the trochlea of the humerus. More than half of the dogs (51.7 per cent) were over one year old when first examined. In 259 (78 per cent) of the joints there were radiographic changes of secondary osteoarthrosis of different severity, but the other 73 (22 per cent) had no signs of osteophytosis except for a mild sclerosis. Among these 73 there were 14 joints in 13 dogs between 19 and 36 months old and 11 joints in 10 dogs over three years old. A further 12 joints in 11 dogs over three years old showed only mild arthrosis. In five of the 11 joints of the dogs over three years old which had no radiological signs of arthrosis, the fragment was already dislocated. Among the dogs over 18 months old with no arthrosis and the dogs over three years old with mild arthrosis, the most commonly affected breeds were the Bernese mountain dog, rottweiler and boxer.
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