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Silvestre-Ferreira A, Pastor J. Wild Felids Blood Group System. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3533. [PMID: 34944308 PMCID: PMC8698159 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild felids and domestic cats share the AB blood group. However, there have been few studies regarding the characterization and prevalence of the different blood types in wild animals. The erythrocyte membrane glycolipids of the wild cats correspond to the major disialoganglioside patterns observed in domestic cats. Like in domestic cats, type A blood seems to be the most common, although wild felid species seem to exhibit one single blood type. Of the species studied, the wild domestic cats, and the Panthera and ocelot lineages, all had type A blood; the Puma lineage showed almost exclusively type B blood. The prevalence of wild felids blood types show that there seems to be variation between species, but not within species, and no evidence of geographical variation has yet been found, showing apparently no genetic variability. The presence of alloantibodies has also been demonstrated, so the risk of life-threatening transfusion reactions due to mismatched transfusions and neonatal isoerythrolysis is a possibility. Like in other species, the recognition of wild felids blood groups is clinically relevant, as it can also be important in establishing phylogenetic relationships within the Felidae family. We will review the current knowledge on this topic and give insights into the wild felids blood groups potential for zoo transfusion medicine and phylogenetic studies in order to help support reintroduction projects and to preserve genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silvestre-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Josep Pastor
- Department de Medicinia i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universititat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
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Taylor S, Spada E, Callan MB, Korman R, Leister E, Steagall P, Lobetti R, Seth M, Tasker S. 2021 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Collection and Administration of Blood and Blood Products in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:410-432. [PMID: 33896248 PMCID: PMC10741281 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211007071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Blood and blood products are increasingly available for practitioners to use in the management of haematological conditions, and can be lifesaving and therapeutically useful for patients with anaemia and/or coagulopathies. It is important for feline healthcare that donors are selected appropriately, and transfusions of blood or blood products are given to recipients that will benefit from them. Complications can occur, but can be largely avoided with careful donor management and recipient selection, understanding of blood type compatibility, and transfusion monitoring. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline blood transfusion, while potentially a lifesaving procedure, can also be detrimental to donor and recipient without precautions. Cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies to red cell antigens and severe reactions can occur with type-mismatched transfusions. Blood transfusions can also transmit infectious agents to the recipient, so donor testing is essential. Finally, donors must be in good health, and sedated as appropriate, with blood collected in a safe and sterile fashion to optimise the benefit to recipients. Transfusion reactions are possible and can be mild to severe in nature. Autologous blood transfusions and xenotransfusions may be considered in certain situations. EVIDENCE BASE These Guidelines have been created by a panel of authors convened by the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM), based on available literature. They are aimed at general practitioners to provide a practical guide to blood typing, cross-matching, and blood collection and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory
(REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan,
Italy
| | - Mary Beth Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced
Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
USA
| | - Rachel Korman
- Cat Specialist Services, Underwood, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Ellie Leister
- Pet Intensive Care Unit, Underwood, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Paulo Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | | | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of
Bristol, Langford, UK; and Linnaeus Group, Shirley, UK
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Can H, Erkunt Alak S, Köseoğlu AE, Şahar U, Bostanbaş B, Baydarlı S, Döşkaya M, Ün C. Molecular characterization of cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene and frequency of blood types in stray cats of İzmir, Turkey. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:282. [PMID: 33874895 PMCID: PMC8054402 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytidine monophospho-n-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene associated with blood groups in cats encodes CMAH enzyme that converts Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc. Although variations in CMAH gene of pedigree cats have been revealed, the presence/lack of them in non-pedigree stray cats is unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the variations in CMAH gene and the quantity of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc on erythrocytes of non-pedigree stray cats (n:12) living in İzmir, Turkey. Also, the frequency of blood types was determined in 76 stray cats including 12 cats that were used for CMAH and Neu5A/Neu5Gc analysis. Results In total, 14 SNPs were detected in 5’UTR as well as in exon 2, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of CMAH gene. Among these SNPs, -495 C > T in 5’UTR was detected for the first time as heterozygous in type A and AB cats, and homozygous and heterozygous in type B cats. The remaining 13 that have been detected in previous studies were also found as homozygous or heterozygous. Both Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac were detected in type A and AB cats. In type B cats, only Neu5Ac was detected. Among two type AB cats, the level of Neu5Ac was found higher in cat carrying heterozygous form (T/C) of 1392T > C. The prevalence of type B cats (67.1 %) was higher than others. Conclusions The presence of a new SNP as well as previous SNPs indicates that more variations can be found in stray cats with a more comprehensive study in the future. Also, the high prevalence of type B cats demonstrates the possible risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis among stray cats living in İzmir, Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Can
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sedef Erkunt Alak
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Efe Köseoğlu
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Umut Şahar
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Bostanbaş
- Department of Veterinary Affairs, Municipality of Narlıdere, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Serdar Baydarlı
- Department of Veterinary Affairs, Municipality of Narlıdere, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ün
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey.
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Tommaso MD, Miglio A, Crisi PE, Boari A, Rocconi F, Antognoni MT, Luciani A. Frequency of Blood Types A, B and AB in a Population of Non-Pedigree Domestic Cats from Central Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101937. [PMID: 33096858 PMCID: PMC7589244 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of AB blood groups in non-pedigree domestic cats in Central Italy. The presence of natural alloantibodies in the feline blood group system can cause life-threatening transfusion reactions due to mismatched transfusion and, depending on the parents’ blood type, can also account for hemolytic reactions in newborn kittens. Based on the frequency of the AB blood groups found in the 483 cats studied, a potential risk (6.5%) of acute hemolytic transfusion or neonatal reactions was calculated. Therefore, determining the blood group in non-pedigree domestic cats from Central Italy before transfusion is strongly recommended, as has been reported for other geographical areas. Moreover, particular attention should be paid to the mating of non-purebred cats. Abstract Blood transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis are common events in the feline population due to the presence of natural alloantibodies in the AB blood group system. It is known that the frequency of feline blood types varies according to the geographic region and breed. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of AB blood groups in non-pedigree domestic cats in Central Italy and estimate the risk of a life-threatening transfusion reaction and neonatal isoerythrolysis, caused by mismatched transfusion or incompatible random mating, respectively. The AB blood group was determined on non-pedigree domestic feline patients and potential blood donors submitted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of the Universities of Teramo (Abruzzo Region, Teramo, Italy) and Perugia (Umbria Region, Teramo, Italy), and visited at veterinary practitioners in Rome (Lazio Region, Teramo, Italy) using commercial immunochromatographic cartridges and commercial agglutination cards. There were four hundred and eighty-three cats included in the study. The frequencies of the blood types were: 89.9% type A, 7.0% type B, and 3.1% type AB. The probability of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction or a neonatal isoerythrolysis was 6.5%. Although the frequency of type B in non-pedigree domestic cats living in Central Italy was relatively low, to reduce the risk of fatal transfusion reactions, blood group typing is recommended before each transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Di Tommaso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.E.C.); (A.B.); (F.R.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.D.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Paolo Emidio Crisi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.E.C.); (A.B.); (F.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.E.C.); (A.B.); (F.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Francesca Rocconi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.E.C.); (A.B.); (F.R.); (A.L.)
| | | | - Alessia Luciani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.E.C.); (A.B.); (F.R.); (A.L.)
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Spada E, Perego R, Baggiani L, Salatino E, Priolo V, Mangano C, Pennisi MG, Proverbio D. Prevalence of Blood Types and Alloantibodies of the AB Blood Group System in Non-Pedigree Cats from Northern (Lombardy) and Southern (Sicily) Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071129. [PMID: 32635140 PMCID: PMC7401586 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The most important blood group system in cats is the AB, in which cats are classified as type-A, B or AB. Cats have antibodies against the blood type they do not possess, called alloantibodies. The aims of this study were to update blood type prevalence in cats from Northern Italy and study for the first time the blood type in cats from an insular region of Southern Italy, Sicily; to detect alloantibodies in these feline populations; to compare results with previous studies performed in Italy and between regions in Northern and Southern Italy. Cats from Southern Italy had the highest prevalence of type-B and type-AB, and the lowest prevalence of type-A blood in Italy. In particular, type-AB prevalence was higher than all previous reports in non-pedigree cats in Europe and the Italian prevalence of anti-type-B alloantibodies in type-A cats was the lowest reported worldwide. These results highlight the usefulness of regional studies to report different prevalences in feline blood types. Compatibility tests such as blood typing and cross matching must be considered fundamental in cats of any origin to ensure safe and efficient blood transfusion and to prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis. Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of A, B and AB blood types and alloantibodies in non-pedigree cats from two regions, one in Northern and one in Southern Italy (Lombardy and Sicily, respectively). A total of 448 samples (52.0% from Northern and 48.0% from Southern Italy) were blood typed. The prevalence of A, B and AB blood types in northern and southern cats were 91.0%, 5.2%, 3.8%, and 77.2%, 12.1% and 10.7%, respectively. The prevalence of type-A blood in southern cats was significantly lower (p = 0.0001) than in northern cats, while type-B and AB blood were significantly higher (p = 0.0085 and p = 0.0051, respectively) in Southern compared to Northern Italian cats. Alloantibodies against type-A blood were found in 94.1% of type-B cats, 11.2% of type-A cats had alloantibodies against type-B blood, while no type-AB cats had alloantibodies with no significant difference between the two Italian populations. Type-AB prevalence in non-pedigree cats in Southern Italy was the highest reported in Europe. Italian type-A cats had the lowest worldwide prevalence of alloantibodies against type-B blood. These results highlight the usefulness of regional studies to report different prevalences in feline blood types and reinforce the importance of blood typing cats before transfusions and mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Salatino
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Vito Priolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Cyndi Mangano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
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McDermott FM, Maloney S, McMillan C, Snead E. The Prevalence of Blood Groups in Domestic Cats in the Saskatoon and Calgary Areas of Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:160. [PMID: 32373632 PMCID: PMC7186432 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate blood types of domestic cats in two cities in Western Canada (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and Calgary, Alberta), as well as to determine the risk of mismatched transfusion and neonatal isoerythrolysis. Several cat studies around the world have shown variability in the prevalence of blood types in domestic and pedigree cats. Canadian data based on feline blood types is based out of Montreal. In this study the cohort of cats revealed a higher than anticipated prevalence; of 5% type B and 0.6% AB blood types. In our study, blood typing was performed in 400 domestic cats; 200 in Saskatoon and 200 in Calgary. Blood typing was performed using the gel tube method and the risk of transfusion mismatch (MT) was estimated by adding the risk of a major transfusion reaction and the risk of a minor transfusion reaction. The risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) was estimated according to the equation (p2)(q2) + 2pq(q2), with q being the b allele frequency and p = 1 – q. There was an identical frequency for feline blood types in both Saskatoon and Calgary cats, with 96% type A, 4% type B, and 0% AB. Based on these percentages, the risks of MT and NI in domestic cats were 7.6 and 4 % respectively. The frequency of type B cats in the population was similar to that in the previous Canadian study. These results demonstrate regional differences in prevalence of type B blood in domestic shorthairs across the world and serve to reinforce recommendations to blood type prior to transfusion or mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal M McDermott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stephanie Maloney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chantal McMillan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Nectoux A, Guidetti M, Barthélemy A, Pouzot-Nevoret C, Hoareau GL, Goy-Thollot I. Assessment of risks of feline mismatched transfusion and neonatal isoerythrolysis in the Lyon (France) area. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919863175. [PMID: 31384478 PMCID: PMC6651689 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919863175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aims of this study were to update the prevalence of different feline blood types in the Lyon (France) area, as well as to determine the risk of mismatched transfusion (MT) and neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in kittens with parents of unknown blood type. Methods Blood samples were obtained from blood donor cats and cats admitted to an intensive care unit in Lyon. AB blood typing was performed using an immunochromatographic strip. The risk of MT was estimated by adding the risk of a major transfusion reaction and the risk of a minor transfusion reaction. The risk of NI was estimated according the equation (p²)(q²) + 2pq(q²), with q being the b allele frequency and p = 1 - q. The results were analysed by absolute and relative frequency analysis and multivariate analysis. Results The cohort study population included 320 non-pedigree cats and 37 pedigree cats. The prevalence of blood types A, B and AB was 84.3%, 14.0% and 1.7%, respectively. Considering non-pedigree cats, the prevalence of types A, B and AB was 83.7%, 14.4% and 1.9%, respectively. There were no significant differences of blood type distribution by sex (P = 0.73) or by breed (P = 0.90). Based on these percentages, the risks of MT and NI in non-pedigree cats were 24.3% and 12.3%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance The prevalence of type B cats is high in the Lyon area and associated with high risks of MT and NI. These results confirm the importance of performing blood typing prior to any blood transfusion or mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nectoux
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Guillaume L Hoareau
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Goy-Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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McClosky ME, Cimino Brown D, Weinstein NM, Chappini N, Taney MT, Marryott K, Callan MB. Prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1934-1942. [PMID: 30307648 PMCID: PMC6271279 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of the feline red blood cell (RBC) antigen Mik and the presence of naturally occurring anti-Mik antibodies resulting in acute hemolytic transfusion reactions prompted the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before a cat's first RBC transfusion, but this guideline has not yet become a standard practice. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB alloantibodies detectable by tube crossmatch, and to compare transfusion outcomes in cats with and without a crossmatch performed. ANIMALS Three hundred cats that received an RBC transfusion, with or without a major crossmatch performed. METHODS Retrospective study. RESULTS Major crossmatch incompatibilities were documented in 23 of 154 transfusion-naive cats (14.9%) and in 15 of 55 previously transfused cats (27%; P = 0.042). Type-specific packed RBCs (pRBCs) were administered to 167 and 82 cats with and without a crossmatch, respectively. Median volume of pRBCs administered during the first transfusion was 5.3 mL/kg (range, 2.4-18 mL/kg). Median change in PCV scaled to dose of pRBCs was +0.8%/mL/kg; administration of crossmatch-compatible pRBCs was not associated with a greater increase in PCV. Febrile transfusion reactions occurred more often in cats that received non-crossmatched (10.1%) compared to crossmatched (2.5%) pRBCs (P = 0.022). Seventy-six percent of cats that received pRBC transfusions survived to hospital discharge. A crossmatch was not associated with improved survival to discharge or at 30 or 60 days posttransfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB incompatibilities is sufficiently high to justify the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before all (including the first) RBC transfusions in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. McClosky
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Dorothy Cimino Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Nicole M. Weinstein
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Nicole Chappini
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Michael T. Taney
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Kimberly Marryott
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Mary Beth Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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9
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Vieira SM, Ferreira RRF, de Matos AJ, Cardoso IM, Graça RMC, Soares AR, Blasi-Brugué C, Sánchez IM, Gopegui RR. Distribution of feline AB blood types: a review of frequencies and its implications in the Iberian Peninsula. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917727693. [PMID: 28975035 PMCID: PMC5613844 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917727693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to document the prevalence of feline blood types in the Iberian Peninsula and to determine the potential risk of incompatibility-related transfusion reactions in unmatched transfusions and the potential risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in kittens born to parents of unknown blood type. Methods Blood samples were obtained from blood donors of the Animal Blood Bank (BSA-Banco de Sangue Animal). Blood typing was performed using a card method (RapidVet-H Feline Blood Typing; MDS). Results The studied population comprised 1070 purebred and non-purebred cats from Portugal and Spain aged between 1 and 8 years. Overall, frequencies of blood types A and B were 96.5% and 3.5%, respectively. No AB cats were found. Based on these data, the potential risks of NI and transfusion reactions in unmatched transfusions were calculated to be 6.8% and 2.8%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Unlike previous studies, no type AB cats were found in this study. Although the calculated potential risks of transfusion reaction in unmatched transfusions and neonatal isoerythrolysis were low, blood typing prior to blood transfusion and blood typing of cats for breeding purposes are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui R F Ferreira
- Animal Blood Bank, Porto, Portugal.,Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto Jf de Matos
- Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Carles Blasi-Brugué
- Animal Blood Bank, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rafael R Gopegui
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Pinto ABT, Medeiros MÂDS, Jardim MPDB, Albernaz AP. FREQUÊNCIAS DOS TIPOS SANGUÍNEOS E TÍTULOS DOS ALOANTICORPOS EM FELINOS DOMÉSTICOS. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v17i213453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A área da hemoterapia necessita de testes de compatibilidade sanguínea confiáveis, como a tipagem sanguínea, para se evitarem possíveis reações transfusionais, mas em felinos é também importante para se evitar a isoeritrólise neonatal. Transfusões sanguíneas realizadas entre felinos doadores e receptores que não possuem compatibilidade sanguínea podem refletir em reação transfusional aguda, particularmente severa quando o sangue tipo A é transfundido em um gato tipo B, pois geralmente este último possui altos níveis de aloanticorpos de ocorrência natural. Portanto, o conhecimento da frequência dos tipos sanguíneos da população de gatos de uma região pode auxiliar na determinação dos riscos de reações transfusionais e de ocorrência de isoeritrólise neonatal. Tais riscos podem ser prevenidos com a tipagem sanguínea em casos de transfusão. Foram coletadas 100 amostras sanguíneas de felinos para a realização da tipagem sanguínea com plasmas reagentes anti-A e anti-B conhecidas e titulações de aloanticorpos anti-A e anti-B dos plasmas armazenados. A distribuição das frequências dos grupos sanguíneos foi 96% de felinos com tipo sanguíneo A e 4% de felinos com tipo sanguíneo B, não sendo encontrado na amostra populacional de felino tipo AB. Há um grande risco de reação adversa através da transfusão sanguínea randomizada entre felinos não tipados previamente.
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Tasker S, Barker EN, Day MJ, Helps CR. Feline blood genotyping versus phenotyping, and detection of non-AB blood type incompatibilities in UK cats. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:185-9. [PMID: 24697343 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between AB blood phenotyping and genotyping and determine whether non-AB blood type incompatibilities exist in UK cats. METHODS Blood samples underwent phenotyping (A, B or AB) using microplate agglutination, and genotyping (AA, Ab or bb) using pyrosequencing of a fragment of the cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene. Non-AB blood type incompatibilities were investigated by cross-matching against reference blood of the same phenotype. RESULTS Of 112 cats tested, 86 (77%) were blood phenotype A, 19 (17%) type B and 7 (6%) type AB. Genotype and initial phenotype agreed in 96% (107 of 112) of cats, but 5 were discordant; these were all B phenotype with either AA (n=2) or Ab (n=3) genotype. Two of the five cats had repeat blood samples tested: one was reclassified as phenotype A; the other remained phenotype B. Two cats had incompatibilities on minor cross-match, but these were attributed to phenotyping errors. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Unknown mutation(s) associated with phenotype B, resulting in false AA or Ab genotyping, were evident in a small number of cases in this study. No conclusive evidence for non-AB blood type incompatibilities was found.
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12
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Weltman JG, Fletcher DJ, Rogers C. Influence of cross-match on posttransfusion packed cell volume in feline packed red blood cell transfusion. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:429-36. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Weltman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Daniel J. Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Catherine Rogers
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca NY 14853
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Proverbio D, Spada E, Perego R, Della Pepa A, Bagnagatti De Giorgi G, Baggiani L. Assessment of blood types of Ragdoll cats for transfusion purposes. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:157-62. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Eva Spada
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Pepa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Giada Bagnagatti De Giorgi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
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Marques C, Ferreira M, Gomes JF, Leitão N, Costa M, Serra P, Duarte Correia JH, Pomba CF. Frequency of blood type A, B, and AB in 515 domestic shorthair cats from the Lisbon area. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:185-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE blood transfusions are a potentially life-saving procedure that are within the reach of most small animal practitioners. Only minimal equipment is required. PATIENT GROUP any cat with clinical signs attributable to a reduced red blood cell mass that is affecting oxygen transport (as a result of reduced packed cell volume or acute blood loss) is a potential candidate for a transfusion. CLINICAL CHALLENGES although the principles of transfusion medicine are not complicated, there can be fatal consequences if certain steps are omitted. DIAGNOSTICS blood typing kits and blood filters are readily available from veterinary wholesalers, laboratories and blood banking services. EVIDENCE BASE over the past three decades, a substantial body of clinical research and reports has built up covering feline blood types and transfusion medicine. This article draws on that research to provide clinical guidance aimed at all veterinarians in feline or small animal practice who either currently practise transfusion medicine or plan to do so.
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High-performance liquid chromatography ganglioside pattern of the AB feline blood group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-010-1039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Blood samples from 100 adult Bengal cats from the UK were submitted for assessment of blood type using RapidVet-H Feline blood typing cards (dms Laboratories), with further assessment by standard blood typing in a microtitre plate assay when card typing was inconclusive or revealed blood type B or AB. Ninety-eight cats were found to be type A when assessed using the blood typing cards. One cat initially tested as type AB but was found to be type A on testing a second blood sample using the blood typing cards. One cat initially tested as type B but was found to be type A when a second sample was tested by standard blood typing assay. Finding that 100% of the cats were blood type A is in contrast with previous studies that reported 10 Bengal cats to be type A, four to be type AB and one to be type B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Forcada Y, Guitian J, Gibson G. Frequencies of feline blood types at a referral hospital in the south east of England. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:570-3. [PMID: 17608664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of blood types in the feline patients and blood donors of the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK), that were typed between 2000 and 2004. METHODS A retrospective study was performed using files of patients and blood donors of the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals seen between January 2000 and November 2004. Commercial blood typing cards were used to determine the blood type. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-six cats were included in the study; 51 (32.7 per cent) were pedigree and 105 (67.3 per cent) non-pedigree. Of the 51 pedigree cats, the prevalence of blood types was as follows: type A, 42 (82.4 per cent); type B, seven (13.7 per cent) and type AB, two (3.9 per cent). Of the 105 non-pedigree cats, the prevalence of blood types was as follows: type A, 71 (67.6 per cent); type B 32 (30.5 per cent) and type AB two (1.9 per cent). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The prevalence of type B blood in non-pedigree cats is higher than previously suggested and shows high variability within the UK; because of this, blood typing all feline patients, not only the ones of a breed typically known to have higher prevalence of type B blood before transfusion, is absolutely necessary to avoid a fatal transfusion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Forcada
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH6 7TE, UK
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Arikan S, Gurkan M, Ozaytekin E, Dodurka T, Giger U. Frequencies of blood type A, B and AB in non-pedigree domestic cats in Turkey. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 47:10-3. [PMID: 16417604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the distribution of blood types and to estimate the proportion of matings at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis in non-pedigree domestic cats. METHODS The present survey determined the frequency of blood types in 301 cats from four distinct regions of Turkey. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated blood samples were typed by simple tube and slide agglutination assays. Serum obtained from type B cats and an anti-B solution, prepared with Triticum vulgaris, were used to determine type A and type B blood, respectively. RESULTS Of the 301 cats typed, 220 had type A blood, 74 had type B and seven had type AB. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the locations of the cats, with fewer type B cats in the eastern than in the western parts of Turkey. Risk for the development of neonatal isoerythrolysis due to A-B mismatch was estimated to be 18.6 per cent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The overall type B frequency in Turkish domestic cats is high. Thus, untyped transfusions in these cats carry a high risk of life-threatening acute haemolytic transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis. It is therefore strongly recommended that blood typing be performed before breeding or transfusing in order to minimise blood type incompatibility risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arikan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Weinstein NM, Blais MC, Harris K, Oakley DA, Aronson LR, Giger U. A Newly Recognized Blood Group in Domestic Shorthair Cats: TheMikRed Cell Antigen. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Weinstein NM, Blais MC, Harris K, Oakley DA, Aronson LR, Giger U. A newly recognized blood group in domestic shorthair cats: the Mik red cell antigen. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21:287-92. [PMID: 17427390 PMCID: PMC3132507 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[287:anrbgi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring alloantibodies produced against A and B red cell antigens in cats can cause acute hemolytic transfusion reactions. Blood incompatibilities, unrelated to the AB blood group system, have also been suspected after blood transfusions through routine crossmatch testing or as a result of hemolytic transfusion reactions. HYPOTHESIS Incompatible crossmatch results among AB compatible cats signify the presence of a naturally occurring alloantibody against a newly identified blood antigen in a group of previously never transfused blood donor cats. The associated alloantibody is clinically important based upon a hemolytic transfusion reaction after inadvertent transfusion of red cells expressing this red cell antigen in a feline renal transplant recipient that lacks this red cell antigen. METHODS Blood donor and nonblood donor cats were evaluated for the presence of auto- and alloantibodies using direct antiglobulin and crossmatch tests, respectively, and were blood typed for AB blood group status. Both standard tube and novel gel column techniques were used. RESULTS Plasma from 3 of 65 cats and 1 feline renal transplant recipient caused incompatible crossmatch test results with AB compatible erythrocytes indicating these cats formed an alloantibody against a red cell antigen they lack, termed Mik. The 3 donors and the renal transplant recipient were crossmatch-compatible with one another. Tube and gel column crossmatch test results were similar. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The absence of this novel Mik red cell antigen can be associated with naturally occurring anti-Mik alloantibodies and can elicit an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction after an AB-matched blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Weinstein
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
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Gurkan M, Arikan S, Ozaytekin E, Dodurka T. Titres of alloantibodies against A and B blood types in non-pedigree domestic cats in Turkey: assessing the transfusion reaction risk. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 7:301-5. [PMID: 15914059 PMCID: PMC10822357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The severity of a transfusion reaction depends on alloantibody titres within the recipients' blood. Determination of an agglutination titre of naturally occurring alloantibody may help to assess the risk of transfusion reactions following an unmatched transfusion in a cat population. In this group of 312 cats 227 had blood type A, 78 had blood type B, and seven had type AB blood. All type B cats tested showed gross evidence of agglutinating anti-A antibody with plasma titres ranging from 2 to 256. Among the 227 type A domestic cats tested for plasma anti-B alloantibody titres, 70% had gross agglutination with titres ranging from 2 to 16, while 17.6% had microscopic agglutination. The remaining 12.4% of the type A cats were negative for both gross and microscopic agglutination. Based on agglutinating titres, the relative risk of a transfusion reaction when type A or AB blood was given to a type B cat was 6.4% with acute severe reaction, acute mild reactions in 85.9% and premature red cell destruction in 7.7%. On the other hand, transfusion of type AB blood or type B blood to type A cats carries a potential risk of acute mild transfusion reaction in 4.4% and premature red cell destruction in 83.3%. Transfusion of type A or B blood to type AB cats results in no apparent clinical transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gurkan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey.
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23
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Ruiz de Gopegui R, Velasquez M, Espada Y. Survey of feline blood types in the Barcelona area of Spain. Vet Rec 2004; 154:794-5. [PMID: 15233460 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.25.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ruiz de Gopegui
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Arikan S, Akkan HA. Titres of naturally occurring alloantibodies against feline blood group antigens in Turkish Van cats. J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45:289-92. [PMID: 15206473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-eight Turkish Van cats were examined for alloantibody titres, of which 42.3 per cent had type A blood and 57.7 per cent had type B blood. No type AB cats were found. All type B cats (n = 45) showed gross evidence of agglutinating anti-A antibody, with titres ranging from 2 to 256. Sixty-seven per cent of type B cats had anti-A antibody in their plasma, with titres ranging from 8 to 32. However, 13 per cent of type B cats had plasma alloantibody titres of less than 8 and 20 per cent had titres that were higher than 32. A total of 33 type A cats were also tested for anti-B alloantibody titres in their plasma. Among the type A plasma, gross agglutination at titres of 2 and greater than 2 were determined in 24 per cent and 36 per cent of samples, respectively. Microscopic agglutination was seen in an additional 18 per cent of plasma samples. There was no significant association between gender and plasma alloantibody titres of cats (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arikan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Kudnig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80525, USA
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26
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Knottenbelt CM. The feline AB blood group system and its importance in transfusion medicine. J Feline Med Surg 2002; 4:69-76. [PMID: 12027505 PMCID: PMC10822655 DOI: 10.1053/jfms.2001.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2001] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C M Knottenbelt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, UK
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Mylonakis ME, Koutinas AF, Saridomichelakis M, Leontidis L, Papadogiannakis M, Plevraki K. Determination of the prevalence of blood types in the non-pedigree feline population in Greece. Vet Rec 2001; 149:213-4. [PMID: 11548962 DOI: 10.1136/vr.149.7.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Mylonakis
- Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstracts. Vet Rec 1999. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.145.13.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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