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Paulin MV, Bray S, Laudhittirut T, Paulin J, Blakley B, Snead E. Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in dogs: A retrospective study of 349 confirmed cases in Saskatchewan. Can Vet J 2024; 65:496-503. [PMID: 38694735 PMCID: PMC11017940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the signalment and clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcome features of dogs diagnosed with anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) intoxication in Saskatchewan. Animals We studied 349 dogs. Procedure Medical records from the Veterinary Medical Centre (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) between 1999 and 2022 were reviewed. Cases were included if they met at least 1 of the following criteria: owner witnessed the dog ingesting an AR; AR was seen in the vomitus when emesis was induced; the dog had clinical signs of coagulopathy, with elevation of PT ± aPTT that normalized after vitamin K1 therapy, in the presence of appropriate clinical and paraclinical data and the absence of other causes of hypocoagulable state determined by the primary clinician. Results Fifty-three percent of cases were seen between July and October. Most dogs (61%) came from an urban setting. Ninety-two percent of dogs ingested a 2nd-generation AR and the most frequent toxin was bromadiolone. Clinical signs were reported in 30% of AR intoxications and included lethargy (86%), dyspnea (55%), and evidence of external hemorrhage (44%). The most common site of hemorrhage was the pleural space, accounting for 43% of hemorrhage sites. Consumptive thrombocytopenia was reported in 24% of dogs with evidence of AR-induced hemorrhage, with moderate (platelet count < 60 K/μL) and marked (< 30 K/μL) thrombocytopenia in 7/12 and 2/12 dogs, respectively. Blood products were administered to 84% of dogs with AR-induced hemorrhage; the most common product administered was fresh frozen plasma (56% of cases). Among dogs with AR-induced hemorrhage, those that received blood products were more likely to survive to discharge (81%) compared to those that did not (19%) (P = 0.017). Eighty-six percent of dogs with AR-induced hemorrhage survived to discharge. Conclusion and clinical relevance The pleural space was the most common site of hemorrhage. Moderate thrombocytopenia was a common finding. Eighty-six percent of dogs with AR-induced hemorrhage survived to discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Victor Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (MV Paulin, Laudhittirut, Snead) and Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Blakley), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Alpine Animal Hospital, 10 H Keenleyside Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2L 2B9 (Bray); VCA Central Animal Hospital, 106 103 Street East Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1Y7 (J Paulin)
| | - Samantha Bray
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (MV Paulin, Laudhittirut, Snead) and Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Blakley), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Alpine Animal Hospital, 10 H Keenleyside Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2L 2B9 (Bray); VCA Central Animal Hospital, 106 103 Street East Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1Y7 (J Paulin)
| | - Tanarut Laudhittirut
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (MV Paulin, Laudhittirut, Snead) and Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Blakley), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Alpine Animal Hospital, 10 H Keenleyside Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2L 2B9 (Bray); VCA Central Animal Hospital, 106 103 Street East Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1Y7 (J Paulin)
| | - Jeneva Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (MV Paulin, Laudhittirut, Snead) and Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Blakley), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Alpine Animal Hospital, 10 H Keenleyside Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2L 2B9 (Bray); VCA Central Animal Hospital, 106 103 Street East Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1Y7 (J Paulin)
| | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (MV Paulin, Laudhittirut, Snead) and Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Blakley), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Alpine Animal Hospital, 10 H Keenleyside Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2L 2B9 (Bray); VCA Central Animal Hospital, 106 103 Street East Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1Y7 (J Paulin)
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (MV Paulin, Laudhittirut, Snead) and Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Blakley), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Alpine Animal Hospital, 10 H Keenleyside Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2L 2B9 (Bray); VCA Central Animal Hospital, 106 103 Street East Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1Y7 (J Paulin)
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Moreno D, Cosford K, Snead E, Carr A. Assessment of hemostasis in hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats using two viscoelastic assays and platelet aggregometry. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 38465916 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthyroidism in humans is associated with a hypercoagulable state and an increased risk of thromboembolism. OBJECTIVE To evaluate hemostatic variables in hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats with the hypothesis that hyperthyroid cats will have evidence of altered hemostasis consistent with a potential hypercoagulable state. ANIMALS Client-owned hyperthyroid (n = 16) and euthyroid (n = 15) cats over 8 years of age. METHODS Prospective observational study. Hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats were enrolled. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), whole-blood platelet impedance aggregometry (WBPIA) and a point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM-Vet) were performed immediately after minimally traumatic venipuncture under sedation. RESULTS Hyperthyroid cats had significantly higher values for variables as assessed by VCM-Vet: A10 (34 [17-47] vs 25 [17-38], P = .003); A20 (39.5 [23-55] vs 31 [21-45], P = .003); and MCF (41 [24-58] vs 35 [22-49], P = .03). Hyperthyroid cats had significantly different values versus the euthyroid cohort as assessed by different ROTEM channels: increased A10, INTEM (61.5 [39-75] vs 54 [23-66], P = .007) and FIBTEM (18 [10-35] vs 13 [2-27], P = .01); increased A20, INTEM (68 [45-78] vs 61 [30-70], P = .006) and FIBTEM (17 [10-34] vs 11 [2-25], P = .002); increased MCF, EXTEM (72 [65-81] vs 69 [34-78], P = .04), INTEM (70 [45-85] vs 62 [35-71], P = .01) and FIBTEM (18 [13-37] vs 14 [3-27], P = .02); increased alpha angle, EXTEM (80 [68-85] vs 76 [41-84], P = .01); shortened CT, EXTEM (52.5 [29-73] vs 60 [52-92], P = .003) and FIBTEM (52.5 [16-75] vs 65 [53-165], P = .001); and decreased ML, FIBTEM (20 [1-36] vs 33 [19-59], P <.001). No significant differences were found with WBPIA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The hyperthyroid cats in this study had evidence of altered hemostasis as assessed by 2 viscoelastic methodologies, and characterized by increased clot amplitude, firmness, and faster coagulation times vs euthyroid controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kevin Cosford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Anthony Carr
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Paulin MV, Cross N, Gu J, Perkel M, Snead E. Hypodipsic hypernatremia after long-standing polydipsia in a cat with suspect neonatal head trauma. Can Vet J 2023; 64:1021-1027. [PMID: 37915774 PMCID: PMC10581365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A 16-month-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat weighing 2.7 kg was referred for further evaluation of acute generalized muscle weakness and paraparesis after a long-standing history of polyuria-polydipsia. The diagnosis of hypodipsic/adipsic hypernatremia relied on the key findings of absent spontaneous drinking despite hypernatremia and a hyperosmolar state (444.8 mOsm/kg, reference interval 280 to 310 mOsm/kg). Brain MRI revealed severe multifocal anatomic anomalies of the rostral calvarium and the forebrain, suggestive of encephaloclastic porencephaly. Involvement of the thalamic and hypothalamic regions could have been responsible for the cat's adipsic hypernatremia. The unique aspects of this case were the rare description of central nervous system disease leading to hypodipsia, and the history of chronic polydipsia before the acute onset of hypodipsia. Key clinical message: Multifocal abnormalities of the forebrain can present with polyuria-polydipsia syndrome, hypodipsia/adipsia, or both, depending on the stage of the disease. This likely happens when the hypothalamic and thalamic regions are affected, since they regulate antidiuretic hormone release and thirst, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Victor Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B2 (Paulin, Gu, Perkel, Snead); VCA Canada Calgary, Animal Referral & Emergency Centre (CARE), 7140 12th Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2H 2Y4 (Cross)
| | - Nathan Cross
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B2 (Paulin, Gu, Perkel, Snead); VCA Canada Calgary, Animal Referral & Emergency Centre (CARE), 7140 12th Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2H 2Y4 (Cross)
| | - Jasmine Gu
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B2 (Paulin, Gu, Perkel, Snead); VCA Canada Calgary, Animal Referral & Emergency Centre (CARE), 7140 12th Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2H 2Y4 (Cross)
| | - Michael Perkel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B2 (Paulin, Gu, Perkel, Snead); VCA Canada Calgary, Animal Referral & Emergency Centre (CARE), 7140 12th Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2H 2Y4 (Cross)
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B2 (Paulin, Gu, Perkel, Snead); VCA Canada Calgary, Animal Referral & Emergency Centre (CARE), 7140 12th Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2H 2Y4 (Cross)
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4
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Cosford K, Snead E, Hutcheson M, Sukut S. The effect of per os vs subcutaneous 123 iodine administration on percentage thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake in normal cats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2646-2651. [PMID: 34514652 PMCID: PMC8692174 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Historical and recent literature disagree on whether a higher PO 131I dosage, compared to IV or SC routes, is required for successful resolution of spontaneous hyperthyroidism in cats, necessitating investigation into the effect of PO and injectable radioactive iodine administration on % thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU). Hypothesis/Objectives To investigate the effect of PO and SC routes of 123I administration on paired % thyroidal RAIU in euthyroid cats. Specifically, a 1.5‐fold difference (50% relative change) was hypothesized, which in absolute terms can be expressed as a 3.25% increase in the mean %RAIU of 7.04% after PO 123I administration to 10.56% after SC dosing. Animals Seven healthy euthyroid teaching‐research colony cats. Methods A randomized, radiologist‐blinded crossover study comparing %RAIU after PO and SC 123I administration. Results Percentage thyroidal RAIU values (mean ± SD; 95% confidence interval) after PO (4.81% ± 1.63%; 3.30%‐6.23%) and SC (5.26% ± 2.43%; 3.01%‐7.51%) 123I administration were associated with a median within‐pair absolute difference of 0.2% (range: min, 0.1%‐max, 4.9%). Statistical significance was not achieved (P = .45). Six of 7 cats had a within‐pair absolute difference of 0.1% to 0.9% (relative change of 4%‐20%), but a single outlier cat had a within‐pair absolute difference of 4.9% (relative change of 108%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study did not detect an effect of 123I administration route on paired % thyroidal RAIU in euthyroid cats. However, a type 2 statistical error due to small sample size is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cosford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matt Hutcheson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sally Sukut
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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5
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Aulakh GK, Brocos Duda JA, Guerrero Soler CM, Snead E, Singh J. Characterization of low-dose ozone-induced murine acute lung injury. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14463. [PMID: 32524776 PMCID: PMC7287414 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a toxic and highly reactive gaseous oxidizing chemical with well‐documented adverse health effects in humans. On the basis of animal and human data, environmental guidelines and air quality standards recommend a threshold for exposure of no more than 0.063 ppm of ozone (daily concentrations). This research describes a standardized sensitive model of sterile murine lung inflammation induced by exposing mice to acute (0, 4 or 24 hr), yet low, levels of ozone (0.005, 0.05 or 0.5 ppm), one that are below the current recommendations for what is considered a safe or “ambient” ozone concentration for humans. Ozone led to concentration and time‐dependent phlogistic cell death in the bronchoalveolar lavage, lung epithelial damage and hemorrhage. Interestingly, we observed distinct large bright CD11b positive cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage, upregulation of lung vascular and alveolar ATP synthase as well as plasminogen and bronchiolar angiostatin expression in ozone‐exposed mice, platelet and neutrophil accumulation in the lung vasculature and an eotaxin‐2, IL‐16, CXCL5, CXCL12, and CXCL13 dominant inflammatory response leading to lung injury. Using a fluorescent intravital microscopy set up, we quantified ozone‐induced extensive alveolar cellular damage. We observed ozone‐induced actin filament disorganization, perturbed respiratory mechanics, acute suppression of the alveolar reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial potential in ventilated lungs. We present evidence of systemic, as well as pulmonary toxicity, at 40‐fold lower ozone concentrations than previously reported in mice. The findings are important in establishing a sensitive means of quantifying structural and functional lung disorganization following exposure to an aerosolized pollutant, even at levels of ozone exposure previously thought to be safe in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur Aulakh
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jessica Andrea Brocos Duda
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Elisabeth Snead
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jaswant Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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6
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McDermott FM, Maloney S, McMillan C, Snead E. The Prevalence of Blood Groups in Domestic Cats in the Saskatoon and Calgary Areas of Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:160. [PMID: 32373632 PMCID: PMC7186432 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate blood types of domestic cats in two cities in Western Canada (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and Calgary, Alberta), as well as to determine the risk of mismatched transfusion and neonatal isoerythrolysis. Several cat studies around the world have shown variability in the prevalence of blood types in domestic and pedigree cats. Canadian data based on feline blood types is based out of Montreal. In this study the cohort of cats revealed a higher than anticipated prevalence; of 5% type B and 0.6% AB blood types. In our study, blood typing was performed in 400 domestic cats; 200 in Saskatoon and 200 in Calgary. Blood typing was performed using the gel tube method and the risk of transfusion mismatch (MT) was estimated by adding the risk of a major transfusion reaction and the risk of a minor transfusion reaction. The risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) was estimated according to the equation (p2)(q2) + 2pq(q2), with q being the b allele frequency and p = 1 – q. There was an identical frequency for feline blood types in both Saskatoon and Calgary cats, with 96% type A, 4% type B, and 0% AB. Based on these percentages, the risks of MT and NI in domestic cats were 7.6 and 4 % respectively. The frequency of type B cats in the population was similar to that in the previous Canadian study. These results demonstrate regional differences in prevalence of type B blood in domestic shorthairs across the world and serve to reinforce recommendations to blood type prior to transfusion or mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal M McDermott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stephanie Maloney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chantal McMillan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Helal M, Allen KJH, van Dijk B, Nosanchuk JD, Snead E, Dadachova E. Radioimmunotherapy of Blastomycosis in a Mouse Model With a (1→3)-β-Glucans Targeting Antibody. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:147. [PMID: 32117166 PMCID: PMC7019017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFI) cause devastating morbidity and mortality, with the number of IFIs more than tripling since 1979. Our laboratories were the first to demonstrate that radiolabeled microorganism-specific monoclonal antibodies are highly effective for treatment of experimental fungal, bacterial and viral infections. Later we proposed to utilize surface expressed pan-antigens shared by major IFI-causing pathogens such as beta-glucans as RIT targets. Here we evaluated in vivo RIT targeting beta-glucan in Blastomyces dermatitidis which causes serious infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals and in companion dogs. B. dermatitidis cells were treated with the 400-2 antibody to (1→3)-β-glucans radiolabeled with the beta-emitter 177Lutetium (177Lu) and alpha-emitter 213Bismuth (213Bi) and the efficacy of cell kill was determined by colony forming units (CFUs). To determine the antigen-specific localization of the 400-2 antibody in vivo, C57BL6 mice were infected intratracheally with 2 × 105B. dermatitidis cells and given 111In-400-2 antibody 24 h later. To evaluate the killing of B. dermatitidis cells with RIT, intratracheally infected mice were treated with 150 μCi 213Bi-400-2 and their lungs analyzed for CFUs 96 h post-infection. 213Bi-400-2 proved to be more effective in killing B. dermatitidis cells in vitro than 177Lu-400-2. Three times more 111In-400-2 accumulated in the lungs of infected mice, than in the non-infected ones. 213Bi-400-2 lowered the fungal burden in the lungs of infected mice more than 2 logs in comparison with non-treated infected controls. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the ability of an anti-(1-3)-beta-D-glucan antibody armed with an alpha-emitter 213Bi to selectively kill B. dermatitidis cells in vitro and in vivo. These first in vivo results of the effectiveness of RIT targeting pan-antigens on fungal pathogens warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muath Helal
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kevin J H Allen
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Bruce van Dijk
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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McKay LA, Meachem M, Snead E, Brannen T, Mutlow N, Ruelle L, Davies JL, van der Meer F. Prevalence and mutation analysis of the spike protein in feline enteric coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis detected in household and shelter cats in western Canada. Can J Vet Res 2020; 84:18-23. [PMID: 31949325 PMCID: PMC6921991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease for which no simple antemortem diagnostic assay is available. A new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test has recently been developed that targets the spike protein region of the FIP virus (FIPV) and can identify specific mutations (M1030L or S1032A), the presence of which indicates a shift from feline enteric coronavirus (FeCV) to FIPV. This test will only be useful in the geographical region of interest, however, if the FIP viruses contain these mutations. The primary objective of this study was to determine the presence of the M1030L or S1032A mutations in FeCV derived from stool samples from a selected group of healthy cats from households and shelters and determine how many of these cats excrete FeCV. The secondary objective was to evaluate how often these specific FIPV mutations were present in tissue samples derived from cats diagnosed with FIP at postmortem examination. Feline enteric coronavirus (FeCV) was detected in 46% of fecal samples (86/185), all were FeCV type 1, with no difference between household or shelter cats. Only 45% of the FIPV analyzed contained the previously reported M1030L or S1032A mutations. It should be noted that, as the pathological tissue samples were opportunistically obtained and not specifically obtained for PCR testing, caution is warranted in interpreting these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A McKay
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (McKay, Davies, van der Meer) and Diagnostic Services Unit (Davies), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Veterinary Pathology (Meachem) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Snead), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Meow Foundation, Calgary, Alberta (Brannen); Fish Creek Pet Hospital, Calgary, Alberta (Mutlow); Wild Rose Cat Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ruelle)
| | - Melissa Meachem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (McKay, Davies, van der Meer) and Diagnostic Services Unit (Davies), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Veterinary Pathology (Meachem) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Snead), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Meow Foundation, Calgary, Alberta (Brannen); Fish Creek Pet Hospital, Calgary, Alberta (Mutlow); Wild Rose Cat Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ruelle)
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (McKay, Davies, van der Meer) and Diagnostic Services Unit (Davies), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Veterinary Pathology (Meachem) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Snead), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Meow Foundation, Calgary, Alberta (Brannen); Fish Creek Pet Hospital, Calgary, Alberta (Mutlow); Wild Rose Cat Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ruelle)
| | - Terri Brannen
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (McKay, Davies, van der Meer) and Diagnostic Services Unit (Davies), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Veterinary Pathology (Meachem) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Snead), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Meow Foundation, Calgary, Alberta (Brannen); Fish Creek Pet Hospital, Calgary, Alberta (Mutlow); Wild Rose Cat Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ruelle)
| | - Natasha Mutlow
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (McKay, Davies, van der Meer) and Diagnostic Services Unit (Davies), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Veterinary Pathology (Meachem) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Snead), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Meow Foundation, Calgary, Alberta (Brannen); Fish Creek Pet Hospital, Calgary, Alberta (Mutlow); Wild Rose Cat Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ruelle)
| | - Liz Ruelle
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (McKay, Davies, van der Meer) and Diagnostic Services Unit (Davies), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Veterinary Pathology (Meachem) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Snead), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Meow Foundation, Calgary, Alberta (Brannen); Fish Creek Pet Hospital, Calgary, Alberta (Mutlow); Wild Rose Cat Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ruelle)
| | - Jennifer L Davies
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (McKay, Davies, van der Meer) and Diagnostic Services Unit (Davies), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Veterinary Pathology (Meachem) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Snead), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Meow Foundation, Calgary, Alberta (Brannen); Fish Creek Pet Hospital, Calgary, Alberta (Mutlow); Wild Rose Cat Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ruelle)
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health (McKay, Davies, van der Meer) and Diagnostic Services Unit (Davies), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Department of Veterinary Pathology (Meachem) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Snead), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Meow Foundation, Calgary, Alberta (Brannen); Fish Creek Pet Hospital, Calgary, Alberta (Mutlow); Wild Rose Cat Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ruelle)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisabeth Snead
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Jaswant Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
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Bouillon J, Snead E, Caswell J, Feng C, Hélie P, Lemetayer J. Pyelonephritis in Dogs: Retrospective Study of 47 Histologically Diagnosed Cases (2005-2015). J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:249-259. [PMID: 29197113 PMCID: PMC5787179 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinicopathologic aspects of pyelonephritis have not been reported in companion animals. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of pyelonephritis diagnosed in dogs in a academic referral population, describe the clinical signs and the diagnostic test results in dogs with pyelonephritis, and identify concurrent disorders in order to determine potential risk factors for pyelonephritis. Animals Forty‐seven dogs with a histopathologic diagnosis of pyelonephritis from the teaching hospitals of three Canadian veterinary colleges. Methods Retrospective case series. Review of medical records and renal histologic sections. Results Pyelonephritis was diagnosed in 0.4–1.3% of the cases at necropsy. Clinical signs included anorexia or inappetence (n = 27, 57%), lethargy (n = 24, 51%), vomiting (n = 17, 36%), and dehydration (n = 12, 25%). Thirty‐five dogs (75%) had concomitant disease(s). Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen isolated (37%). Pyelonephritis was classified as acute (n = 12, 26%), subacute (n = 9, 19%), and chronic (n = 26, 55%) disease; and mild (n = 7, 15%), moderate (n = 11, 24%), and severe (n = 28, 61%). Fever was significantly associated with histopathologically subacute pyelonephritis (P = 0.01). Conclusions In referral hospitals, pyelonephritis has a very low prevalence at necropsy. Nonspecific clinical presentation, concomitant diseases, and high variability in the diagnostic tests results make the antemortem diagnosis of pyelonephritis challenging. Neither the histopathologic stage nor the severity of the pyelonephritis was associated with fever, lumbar pain, or signs of a urinary tract infection (ie, lower urinary tract infection, upper urinary tract infection, or both) except for subacute pyelonephritis which was associated with fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bouillon
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - E Snead
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J Caswell
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C Feng
- School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building E-Wing, 104 Clinic Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,, Canada
| | - P Hélie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - J Lemetayer
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Ellis J, Gow S, Rhodes C, Lacoste S, Kong L, Musil K, Snead E. Serum antibody responses to vaccinal antigens in lean and obese geriatric dogs. Can Vet J 2016; 57:531-534. [PMID: 27152043 PMCID: PMC4827746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune responses in control dogs [1 to 4 years of age, body condition score (BCS): 4 to 5 out of 9] were compared to those of aging dogs (based on breed and body size) either categorized as lean (BCS: 4 to 5 out of 9) or obese (BCS: 8 to 9 out of 9). Of interest were the serum titers to the following common agents found in vaccines, canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), and Bordetella bronchiseptica. There were no statistical differences in the antibodies to CPIV, B. bronchispetica, and CRCoV, among the age/weight categories, nor among the age/weight categories and the time, in days, between the date of sample collection and the date of the last recorded vaccination for CPIV, B. bronchiseptica, CPV, and CDV. For CPV, the control dogs had significantly (P < 0.002) higher serum neutralization (SN) titers than the lean geriatric dogs and the obese geriatric dogs. For CDV SN titers, the only statistically significant (P = 0.01) difference was that the control dogs had higher SN titers than the lean geriatric dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- Address all correspondence to Dr. John Ellis; e-mail:
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12
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Scuderi M, Bessey L, Snead E, Burgess H, Carr A. Congenital Type III von Willebrand's disease unmasked by hypothyroidism in a Shetland sheepdog. Can Vet J 2015; 56:937-941. [PMID: 26347307 PMCID: PMC4535509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 7-year-old, spayed female Shetland sheepdog had sudden onset of right-sided epistaxis. Diagnostic tests revealed Type III von Willebrand's disease and primary hypothyroidism leading to an acute hypothyroid crisis and acquired factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency. Levothyroxine therapy normalized the serum thyroxine and FVIII concentrations. The delayed onset of disease and the reversible FVIII deficiency that was corrected with levothyroxine therapy, support a role for hypothyroidism in the pathogenesis of this dog's sudden bleeding tendency as has been seen with hypothyroidism in humans.
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Wolkowski B, Snead E, Wesolowski M, Singh J, Pettitt M, Chibbar R, Melli S, Montgomery J. Assessment of freeware programs for the reconstruction of tomography datasets obtained with a monochromatic synchrotron-based X-ray source. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:1130-1138. [PMID: 26134821 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515008437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based in-line phase-contrast computed tomography (PC-CT) allows soft tissue to be imaged with sub-gross resolution and has potential to be used as a diagnostic tool. The reconstruction and processing of in-line PC-CT datasets is a computationally demanding task; thus, an efficient and user-friendly software program is desirable. Four freeware programs (NRecon, PITRE, H-PITRE and Athabasca Recon) were compared for the availability of features such as dark- and flat-field calibration, beam power normalization, ring artifact removal, and alignment tools for optimizing image quality. An in-line PC-CT projection dataset (3751 projections, 180° rotation, 10.13 mm × 0.54 mm) was collected from a formalin-fixed canine prostate at the Biomedical Imaging and Therapy Bending Magnet (BMIT-BM) beamline of the Canadian Light Source. This dataset was processed with each of the four software programs and usability of the program was evaluated. Efficiency was assessed by how each program maximized computer processing power during computation. Athabasca Recon had the least-efficient memory usage, least user-friendly interface, and lacked a ring artifact removal feature. NRecon, PITRE and H-PITRE produced similar quality images, but the Athabasca Recon reconstruction suffered from the lack of a native ring remover algorithm. The 64-bit version of NRecon uses GPU (graphics processor unit) memory for accelerated processing and is user-friendly, but does not provide necessary parameters for in-line PC-CT data, such as dark-field and flat-field correction and beam power normalization. PITRE has many helpful features and tools, but lacks a comprehensive user manual and help section. H-PITRE is a condensed version of PITRE and maximizes computer memory for efficiency. To conclude, NRecon has fewer imaging processing tools than PITRE and H-PITRE, but is ideal for less experienced users due to a simple user interface. Based on the quality of reconstructed images, efficient use of computer memory and parameter availability, H-PITRE was the preferred of the four programs compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Wolkowski
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Michal Wesolowski
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W8
| | - Jaswant Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Murray Pettitt
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Rajni Chibbar
- Pathology and Lab Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W8
| | - Seyedali Melli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A9
| | - James Montgomery
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W8
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Abstract
A 2 yr old spayed female dog presented for evaluation of abdominal pain, decreased appetite, dysuria, and frantic licking of her vulva. A midventral, soft, fluctuant mass was detected on abdominal palpation. Diagnostic testing and exploratory celiotomy revealed remnant ovarian tissue and a cystic uterine remnant. The ovary and cystic uterine remnant were removed and submitted for histopathological evaluation. Ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) is an infrequently encountered condition of dogs. This dog had none of the classic signs of estrus associated with ORS but instead presented for sharp, intermittent, abdominal pain that is similar to women with ORS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Parker
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Milo J, Snead E. A case of ocular canine transmissible venereal tumor. Can Vet J 2014; 55:1245-1249. [PMID: 24381345 PMCID: PMC3866858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A 1-year-old, intact female mixed-breed dog was presented to St. George's University Small Animal Clinic in Grenada for a third eyelid mass. The dog was diagnosed with a rare ocular transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) and concurrent anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis and dirofilariasis. Treatment with vincristine sulfate resulted in complete resolution of the TVT.
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Snead E, Kerr M, MacDonald V. Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia mimicking cutaneous lymphoma in a hyperthyroid cat. Can Vet J 2013; 54:974-978. [PMID: 24155419 PMCID: PMC3781431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 12-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat presented for chronic, localized, swelling and crusting of the left upper lip, weight loss, sporadic vomiting, and focal alopecia between the scapulae was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and regional eosinophilic lymphadenitis. Treatment with methimazole exacerbated an underlying hypersensitivity disorder leading to marked generalized lymphadenopathy that histologically mimicked lymphoma.
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Parker K, Snead E, Anthony J, Silver T. Oronasal blastomycosis in a golden retriever. Can Vet J 2013; 54:748-752. [PMID: 24155474 PMCID: PMC3711161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Blastomycosis is one of the most common systemic fungal infections in dogs in North America Pulmonary manifestations are most common; localized disease is rare. A case of localized oronasal blastomycosis mimicking oral neoplasia is described. Long-term therapy with itraconazole resulted in clinical cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Parker
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Kristen Parker; e-mail:
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Hsu K, Snead E, Davies J, Carr A. Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism, calcinosis cutis, and myocardial infarction in a dog treated for IMT. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012; 48:209-15. [PMID: 22474044 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An 8 yr old male English bulldog receiving treatment for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia was diagnosed with calcinosis cutis 90 days after initiation of corticosteroid therapy. Twenty-four days later, the patient presented in a comatose state after collapsing and was euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed coronary arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction leading to congestive heart failure. Calcinosis cutis and myocardial necrosis were most likely complications associated with administration of corticosteroids in this dog. Important implications regarding the classification of calcinosis cutis and the use of immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Hsu
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Snead E, Vargo C, Myers S. Glucocorticoid-dependent hypoadrenocorticism with thrombocytopenia and neutropenia mimicking sepsis in a Labrador retriever dog. Can Vet J 2011; 52:1129-1134. [PMID: 22467971 PMCID: PMC3174513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism (GDH) with immune-mediated-neutropenia (IMN) and -thrombocytopenia (IMT) were diagnosed in a 3-year-old Labrador retriever dog. Glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism is rare and diagnostically challenging as clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities are often nonspecific. Immune-mediated cytopenias and other autoimmune disorders, as part of an autoimmune polyglandular syndrome have been reported with hypoadrenocorticism in humans. This is the first reported case of hypoadrenocorticism and bicytopenia in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4.
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Shelton G, Bohm J, Snead E, Kozlowski M, Minor K, Tiret L, Childers M, Taylor S, Mickelson J, Guo L, Mizisin A, Laporte J, Beggs A. G.P.12.04 A missense variant in the MTM1 gene associated with X-linked myotubular myopathy in Labrador retrievers. Neuromuscul Disord 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.06.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Snead E. Oral ulceration and bleeding associated with pancreatic enzyme supplementation in a German shepherd with pancreatic acinar atrophy. Can Vet J 2006; 47:579-82. [PMID: 16808232 PMCID: PMC1461413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A 20-month-old German shepherd with primary pancreatic acinar atrophy and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency that was treated with pancreatic enzyme supplementation, vitamin B12, and cimetidine developed oral bleeding. Following discontinuation of the cimetidine, increased preincubation of the enzymes with the food, and symptomatic therapy for the ulceration, the dog's condition improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Snead
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4.
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22
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Cullen CL, Snead E, Grahn BH. Diagnostic ophthalmology. Orbital neoplasm (primary or secondary). Can Vet J 2005; 46:83-4. [PMID: 15759836 PMCID: PMC2831553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Cullen
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3
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