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Mendoza-Del Toro Patricia PG, Robles-Tenorio Arturo A, Tarango-Martínez Victor VM. Mycobacterium abscessus sporotrichoid infection after a dog bite. An Bras Dermatol 2024; 99:145-147. [PMID: 37775436 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arturo Robles-Tenorio Arturo
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico.
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Häußler TC, Thom N, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Köhler K, Barth SA. Challenging diagnosis and successful treatment of localised Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis glossitis in a dog on long-term immunomodulatory therapy. N Z Vet J 2022; 70:340-348. [PMID: 35968551 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY A 3-year-old, intact female mixed-breed dog, weighing 7 kg, was presented with generalised swelling of the tongue, leading to impaired deglutition and episodes of dyspnoea. From the age of 2 years the dog had been under immunosuppressive therapy due to atopic dermatitis. CLINICAL FINDINGS AND TREATMENT Multiple nodular lesions at the apex of the tongue were noted as well as mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph node enlargement. Serum biochemistry results showed inflammatory changes. The results of several biopsies taken over 7 months indicated persistent pyogranulomatous and necrotising glossitis despite ongoing antimicrobial treatment with first amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and then pradofloxacin. No foreign material, acid-fast bacteria or fungal hyphae were detected throughout. The final diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) was reached after PCR and bacterial culture were carried out on the third biopsy sample. Therapy was initiated with rifampicin, clarithromycin and doxycycline, leading to complete remission of the lesions. DIAGNOSIS Severe chronic pyogranulomatous and necrotising glossitis associated with infection by Mah. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This report describes challenges in the diagnosis and therapy of a localised Mah infection in an iatrogenically immunocompromised dog. Successful treatment was only achieved with a specific combination of antibiotics administered long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Häußler
- Clinic for Small Animals, Surgical Department, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - N Thom
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Dermatology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - E Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - K Köhler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
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3
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Wu CY, Diaz S, Ellis A, Jones R, Pucheu-Haston C. Cutaneous Mycobacterium goodii infection in an immunocompetent cat in Louisiana: clinical presentation, molecular identification, antimicrobial susceptibility and management. JFMS Open Rep 2022; 8:20551169221090442. [PMID: 35462863 PMCID: PMC9021483 DOI: 10.1177/20551169221090442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 9-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was presented to a referral hospital for management of recurring non-healing ulcerations and a subcutaneous mass on the ventral abdomen. Prior treatment included antibiotics (cefovecin followed by clindamycin), wound cleaning and surgical debulking, but the ulcerations and mass recurred 1 month after surgical removal. At this point, the cat was started on doxycycline and pradofloxacin and referred for further work-up. The culture of skin biopsy specimens obtained at the time of referral revealed a population of bacterial colonies with two distinctly different phenotypes. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified both colonies as Mycobacterium goodii. A diagnosis of a cutaneous infection of rapidly growing mycobacteria was made, and treatment with oral pradofloxacin and doxycycline was initiated. The ulcerations resolved within 4 months, and the subcutaneous mass gradually decreased in size until it was no longer palpable, even 4 months after the cessation of antibiotics. Relevance and novel information This is the second reported feline cutaneous M goodii infection in North America. The organism was not visualized on histopathology but was successfully cultured from tissue obtained by skin punch biopsy. A phenotypic switching phenomenon affecting the susceptibility results was suspected, possibly explaining the presence of phenotypically different but genetically identical strains. This case highlights the importance of submitting aseptically obtained tissue, fluid or fine-needle aspirates for culture and species identification, as well as histopathology, when infection with higher bacteria, such as rapidly growing mycobacteria, is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Rebekah Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Cherie Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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4
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Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis: Powerful Tools for an Improved Diagnosis of Fish Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum Group Members. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040797. [PMID: 33920196 PMCID: PMC8068823 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium fortuitum group (MFG) consists of about 15 species of fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). These globally distributed microorganisms can cause diseases in humans and animals, especially fish. The increase in the number of species belonging to MFG and the diagnostic techniques panel do not allow to clarify their real clinical significance. In this study, biomolecular techniques were adopted for species determination of 130 isolates derived from fish initially identified through biochemical tests as NTM belonging to MFG. Specifically, gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used based on a fragment of the gene encoding the 65 KDa heat shock protein (hsp65). The analyzes made it possible to confirm that all the isolates belong to MFG, allowing to identify the strains at species level. Phylogenetic analysis substantially confirmed what was obtained by gene sequencing, except for six strains; this is probably due to the sequences present in NCBI database. Although the methodology used cannot represent a univocal identification system, this study has allowed us to evaluate its effectiveness as regards the species of MFG. Future studies will be necessary to apply these methods with other gene fragments and to clarify the real pathogenic significance of the individual species of this group of microorganisms.
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5
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Ghielmetti G, Giger U. Mycobacterium avium: an Emerging Pathogen for Dog Breeds with Hereditary Immunodeficiencies. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:67-80. [PMID: 33842195 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Among the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the leading cause of pulmonary disease in humans. Innate and acquired immunodeficiencies have been associated with an increased host susceptibility to NTM infections. The underlying mechanisms predisposing humans and dogs to MAC infections is being elucidated. Recent Findings Although MAC infection is infrequently diagnosed in dogs, a strong breed predisposition particularly for Miniature Schnauzer and Basset Hound dogs is evident. A recessively inherited defect of the adaptor protein CARD9 has recently been documented to be responsible for the increased susceptibility to MAC in the Miniature Schnauzer breed. Summary Given the zoonotic potential of a MAC infected dog particularly to immunocompromised human patients, diseased dogs pose a public health risk. While not a reportable disease, treatment of systemic mycobacteriosis is generally not effective and discouraged in dogs. The collaborative efforts by microbiologists, veterinary clinicians, dog breeders, primary care physicians, and infectious disease specialists applying the One Health approach is therefore crucial for the best management and prevention of MAC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Giger
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Kanegi R, Yasugi M, Nabetani T, Tanaka T, Wada Y, Hirai K, Sugiura K, Hatoya S. Clinical findings and treatment of disseminated 'Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis' infection in a domestic cat. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1842-1849. [PMID: 31666444 PMCID: PMC6943314 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A cat was referred because of diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Close examinations
revealed a swollen abdominal lymph node and multiple nodules of the liver.
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis infection
was confirmed by culture and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of samples recovered
from the liver and bronchoalveolar lavage. After administration of combination antibiotics
for 6 months, culture results were negative. Though atonic seizures were observed during
the treatment, it disappeared after isoniazid discontinuation and pyridoxal phosphate
administration. On day 771 of illness, no clinical signs, lung diseases, or obvious
swelling of lymph nodes was observed. This is the first report to confirm
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis infection
in cats through gene analysis and to completely cure it with combination antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kanegi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mayo Yasugi
- Department of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Nabetani
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tanaka
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wada
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hirai
- Higashi Kishiwada Animal Hospital, 2-30-15 Habucho, Kishiwada, Osaka 596-0825, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Cutaneous Pyogranulomas Associated with Nocardia jiangxiensis in a Cat from the Eastern Caribbean. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4040130. [PMID: 31627308 PMCID: PMC6958412 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia spp. are worldwide, ubiquitous zoonotic bacteria that have the ability to infect humans as well as domestic animals. Herein, we present a case of a five-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat (from the island of Nevis) with a history of a traumatic skin wound on the ventral abdomen approximately two years prior to presenting to the Ross University Veterinary Clinic. The cat presented with severe dermatitis and cellulitis on the ventral caudal abdomen, with multiple draining tracts and sinuses exuding purulent material. Initial bacterial culture yielded Corynebacterum spp. The patient was treated symptomatically with antibiotics for 8 weeks. The cat re-presented 8 weeks after the initial visit with worsening of the abdominal lesions. Surgical intervention occurred at that time, and histopathology and tissue cultures confirmed the presence of Nocardia spp.-induced pyogranulomatous panniculitis, dermatitis, and cellulitis. Pre-operatively, the patient was found to be feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-positive. The patient was administered trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMS) after antimicrobial sensitivity testing. PCR amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed Nocardia jiangxiensis as the causative agent. To our knowledge, N. jiangxiensis has not been previously associated with disease. This case report aims to highlight the importance of a much-needed One Health approach using advancements in technology to better understand the zoonotic potential of Nocardia spp. worldwide.
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8
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O'Halloran C, Dobromylskyj M. Clinical mycobacterial diseases of companion animals: part 2. Management of companion animal mycobacteriosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12968/coan.2017.22.11.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG
| | - Melanie Dobromylskyj
- Finn Pathologists, Histopathology Department, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk IP21 5TT
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O'Halloran C, Dobromylskyj M. Clinical mycobacterial diseases of companion animals: part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12968/coan.2017.22.6.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh EH25 9RG
| | - Melanie Dobromylskyj
- Finn Pathologists, Histopathology Department, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk IP21 5TT
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Schjaerff M, Keller SM, Affolter VK, Kristensen AT, Moore PF. Cellular endocytic compartment localization of expressed canine CD1 molecules. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:11-21. [PMID: 27863541 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD1 molecules are glycoproteins present primarily on dendritic cells (DCs), which recognize and present a variety of foreign- and self-lipid antigens to T-cells. Humans have five different CD1 isoforms that survey distinct cellular compartments allowing for recognition of a large repertoire of lipids. The canine CD1 family consists of seven functional CD1 molecules (canine CD1a2, CD1a6, CD1a8, CD1a9, CD1b, CD1c and CD1e) and one presumed non-functional isoform (canine CD1d) due to a disrupted gene structure. The aim of this study was to describe in vitro steady-state localization ptterns of canine CD1 isoforms and their correlation with endocytic organelles. GFP-fused canine CD1 293T cell transfectants were stained with markers for early endocytic compartments (EEA-1) and late endocytic/lysosomal compartments (LAMP-1), respectively, and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Canine CD1a molecules localized to the plasma membrane and partially to the early endocytic compartment, but not to late endosomes or lysosomes. In contrast, canine CD1b was highly associated with late endosomal/lysosomal compartments and showed a predominant intracellular expression pattern. Canine CD1c protein expression localized more promiscuously to both the early endosomal compartments and the late endosomal/lysosomal compartments. The canine CD1e molecule showed a strictly intracellular expression with a partial overlap with late endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Lastly, canine CD1d was expressed abnormally showing only a diminished GFP expression. In conclusion, canine CD1 transfectants show distinct localization patterns that are similar to human CD1 proteins with the exception of the canine CD1d isoform, which most likely is non-functional. These findings imply that canine CD1 localization overall resembles human CD1 trafficking patterns. This knowledge is important for the understanding of lipid antigen-receptor immunity in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Schjaerff
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616 CA, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stefan M Keller
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616 CA, USA
| | - Verena K Affolter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616 CA, USA
| | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616 CA, USA.
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Bennie CJM, To JLK, Martin PA, Govendir M. In vitro interaction of some drug combinations to inhibit rapidly growing mycobacteria isolates from cats and dogs and these isolates' susceptibility to cefovecin and clofazimine. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:40-5. [PMID: 25622709 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether selected drug combinations used to treat rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have drug-drug interactions that affect efficacy and to investigate each isolate's susceptibility to cefovecin and clofazimine, individually. DESIGN In vitro susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates. METHODS Initially, five feline isolates and one canine isolate from both Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. smegmatis clusters (n = 12) underwent microbroth susceptibility testing to individual drugs to establish minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cefovecin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clofazimine, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim and sulfanilamide (the latter two as a combination). Checkerboard assays were then performed for susceptible M. smegmatis isolates for the following combinations: clarithromycin (one isolate only) versus enrofloxacin, clarithromycin vs doxycycline, clarithromycin vs trimethoprim/sulfanilamide; enrofloxacin vs doxycycline (six isolates); enrofloxacin vs trimethoprim/sulfanilamide (six isolates). Susceptible M. fortuitum isolates were tested against enrofloxacin versus doxycycline (four isolates only). RESULTS All six M. fortuitum isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin, but only four of six were susceptible to doxycycline. All six M. smegmatis isolates were susceptible to doxycycline, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfanilamide. A single isolate from the 12, a M. smegmatis isolate, was susceptible to clarithromycin. The fractional inhibitory concentration of each drug ranged from 0.64 to 1.84, indicating that neither synergism nor antagonism was evident. All 12 isolates were resistant to cefovecin. The clofazimine MIC50 to inhibit isolate growth was approximately 3.3 μg/mL for both strains. CONCLUSION Drugs commonly used for treatment of RGM, when tested as combinations, do not appear to antagonise one another in vitro. Cefovecin is not efficacious for treatment of RGM infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J M Bennie
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, McMaster Building, B14, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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12
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Hobi S, Bettenay S, Majzoub M, Mueller R, Moser I. Mycobacterium avium
subspecies
hominissuis
infection in a dog from Germany with multifocal alopecia, exfoliative dermatitis, hypercalcaemia and subsequent sebaceous atrophy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Small Animal Medicine ClinicCentre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | | | - Monir Majzoub
- Institute for Veterinary PathologyLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Ralf Mueller
- Small Animal Medicine ClinicCentre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Irmgard Moser
- Friedrich‐Loeffler InstituteFederal Research Institute for Animal HealthInstitute of Molecular PathogenesisJenaGermany
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13
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Woerde DJ, Martin PA, Govendir M. Susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria isolated from Australian cats to ivermectin, moxidectin, ceftiofur and florfenicol. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:1065-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14565497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) infections in cats typically manifest as a panniculitis, requiring long-term antimicrobial therapy for resolution. The search for novel antimicrobial therapies to reduce treatment duration and improve the rate of clinical resolution is imperative. Accordingly, RGM isolates underwent susceptibility testing to some avermectins and other antibacterial drugs currently available. Methods Five Mycobacterium fortuitum and six Mycobacterium smegmatis isolates obtained from Australian cats underwent susceptibility testing by microbroth dilution to ivermectin, moxidectin, ceftiofur and florfenicol. Results All isolates were resistant to the highest concentrations of ivermectin, moxidectin and ceftiofur tested (1024 µg/ml, 256 μg/ml and 32 μg/ml, respectively). All isolates of M fortuitum were resistant to the highest concentration of florfenicol tested (128 µg/ml). The minimum inhibitory concentration range of florfenicol that inhibited growth of M smegmatis isolates was 32–64 µg/ml. Conclusions and relevance All drugs appear to have no efficacy in vitro for the treatment of RGM infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Woerde
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patricia A Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Gunn-Moore DA. Feline mycobacterial infections. Vet J 2014; 201:230-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Balážová T, Makovcová J, Šedo O, Slaný M, Faldyna M, Zdráhal Z. The influence of culture conditions on the identification of Mycobacterium species by MALDI-TOF MS profiling. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 353:77-84. [PMID: 24571790 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) represents a simple reliable approach for rapid bacterial identification based on specific peptide/protein fingerprints. However, cell-wall characteristics of mycobacterial species, and their well known stability, complicate MALDI-TOF MS profiling analysis. In this study, we tested two recently published protocols for inactivation and disruption of mycobacteria, and we also examined the influence of different culture conditions (four culture media and five cultivation times) on mass spectral quality and the discriminatory power of the method. We found a significant influence of sample pretreatment method and culture medium on species identification and differentiation for a total of 10 strains belonging to Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Optimum culture conditions yielding the highest identification success rate against the BioTyper database (Bruker Daltonics) and permitting the possibility of automatic acquisition of mass spectra were found to be distinct for the two mycobacterial species examined. Similarly, individual changes in growth conditions had diverse effects on the two species. For these reasons, thorough control over cultivation conditions should always be employed to maximize the performance and discriminatory power of MALDI-TOF MS profiling, and cultivation conditions must be optimized separately for individual groups of mycobacterial species/strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Balážová
- Research Group Proteomics, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Reppas G, Fyfe J, Foster S, Smits B, Martin P, Jardine J, Lam A, O'Brien C, Malik R. Detection and identification of mycobacteria in fixed stained smears and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using PCR. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:638-46. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Reppas
- Vetnostics; North Ryde New South Wales 2113 Australia
| | - J. Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory; North Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - S. Foster
- Vetnostics; North Ryde New South Wales 2113 Australia
| | - B. Smits
- Gribbles Veterinary; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - P. Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; B14 New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - J. Jardine
- Vetpath; Ascot Western Australia 6104 Australia
| | - A. Lam
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital; Richardson Place North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - C. O'Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - R. Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, Conference Centre B22; The University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
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17
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Murai A, Maruyama S, Nagata M, Yuki M. Mastitis caused by Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:377-81. [PMID: 23808608 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year, 7-month-old female Chihuahua was admitted for a mammary mass measuring one cm in diameter. The dog had a history of demodicosis for 4 months and showed signs of pseudopregnancy at the time of the visit. Cytologic examination of an aspirate of the mass revealed a large number of macrophages containing nonstaining bacterial rods, which were acid-fast in a Ziehl-Neelsen stain, suggesting mycobacterial infection. Histologic examination of the mass revealed a pyogranulomatous mastitis characterized by an infiltration with macrophages containing acid-fast bacteria. Mycobacterium kansasii was subsequently cultured and identified by PCR. Surgical excision of the mass resulted in the growth of other dermal masses, but antimycobacterial treatment with rifampin and clarithromycin resolved these masses within 1 month. Three months after discontinuation of the treatment, similar organisms were found in aspirates of the enlarged bilateral inguinal lymph nodes by cytologic examination. Despite antimycobacterial treatment for another 4 months, there was no improvement and demodicosis also recurred. The dog eventually died of lymphoma 5 months after the relapse of mycobacterial infection. Although M kansasii is considered an important pathogen for pulmonary and cutaneous disease in people, there is only one report in a dog with an infection in a pleural effusion. As both adult-onset demodicosis in dogs as well as mycobacterial infection in people have been associated with T-lymphocyte deficiency, the M kansasii infection in this dog may have been associated with a condition of immune compromise.
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Pathological features of Mycobacterium kansasii infection in black bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas). J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:566-9. [PMID: 22520255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two black bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas), kept in the same cage in a zoological park, developed multifocal subcutaneous nodular lesions and were diagnosed as having mycobacterial infection by microscopical examination of tissues and 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent sequencing of amplicons. One animal died despite both being treated with prolonged antimicrobial therapy. This animal had disseminated disease with lesions in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and brain. The lesions were granulomatous in nature, but organisms were not identified by acid-fast staining other than on an impression smear of one of the skin nodules. The granulomatous lesions lacked epithelioid macrophages, multinucleated giant cells and fibrous encapsulation. Mycobacterium kansasii was identified by PCR in the lymph nodes of the animal with disseminated disease. Mycobacterial speciation was not as readily achieved in the animal with cutaneous nodules only.
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Govendir M, Norris J, Hansen T, Wigney D, Muscatello G, Trott D, Malik R. Susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria and Nocardia isolates from cats and dogs to pradofloxacin. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:240-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Govendir M, Hansen T, Kimble B, Norris J, Baral R, Wigney D, Gottlieb S, Malik R. Susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria isolated from cats and dogs, to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Krimer PM, Phillips KM, Miller DM, Sanchez S. Panniculitis attributable to Mycobacterium goodii in an immunocompetent dog in Georgia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237:1056-9. [PMID: 21034345 DOI: 10.2460/javma.237.9.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 5-year-old 38.3-kg (84.5-lb) mixed-breed dog was examined because of acute onset of lethargy and anorexia. Four days later, a raised, firm, warm 15 × 10-cm lesion was detected in the right caudal paralumbar area. CLINICAL FINDINGS Cephalexin treatment yielded a poor response. Formalin-fixed tissue and fluid samples from the cystic areas of the lesion were submitted for cytologic and histologic examinations, routine bacterial and mycobacterial culture, and genus identification and 16S partial sequencing via PCR assays. Cytologic examination revealed chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation. Histologic examination by use of routine, Giemsa, silver, acid-fast, and modified acid-fast stains revealed multifocal nodular granulomatous panniculitis without identifiable organisms. Mycobacteria were initially identified via PCR assay and mycobacterial culture within 3 days. Mycobaterium goodii was speciated by use of partial 16S RNA sequence analysis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The lesion resolved after long-term treatment with a combination of rifampin and clarithromycin and insertion of a Penrose drain. There has been no recurrence of the condition. CLINICAL RELEVANCE M goodii is an environmental rapidly growing mycobacterium and is a zoonotic pathogen. Infections have not been previously reported in domestic animals in North America, although there are rare reports of infection in humans associated with surgery, especially surgical implants. Domestic animals are a potential sentinel for this non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in humans, although lack of speciation in infections of domestic animals likely underestimates the potential public health importance of this pathogenic organism. Current microbiological molecular methods allow for a rapid and inexpensive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Krimer
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Reppas G, Nosworthy P, Hansen T, Govendir M, Malik R. Inguinal panniculitis in a young Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) caused byMycobacterium mageritense. Aust Vet J 2010; 88:197-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O'Kell A, Inteeworn N, Diaz S, Saunders G, Panciera D. Canine Sterile Nodular Panniculitis: A Retrospective Study of 14 Cases. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:278-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Malik R, Krockenberger MB, O'Brien CR, White JD, Foster D, Tisdall PLC, Gunew M, Carr PD, Bodell L, McCowan C, Howe J, Oakley C, Griffin C, Wigney DI, Martin P, Norris J, Hunt G, Mitchell DH, Gilpin C. Nocardia infections in cats: a retrospective multi-institutional study of 17 cases. Aust Vet J 2006; 84:235-45. [PMID: 16879126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To record 17 cases of nocardiosis in cats from eastern Australia and to compare this series with cases previously reported. DESIGN Retrospective/prospective study. RESULTS Nocardia spp infections were diagnosed in 17 cats over 14 years from the three eastern states of Australia. There were no isolates from dogs during this period, but one isolate from a koala and two from dairy cows. The majority of cats presented with spreading lesions of the subcutis and skin associated with draining sinus tract(s). Early cutaneous lesions consisted of circumscribed abscesses. Infections spread at a variable rate, generally by extension to adjacent tissues. Lesions were generally located in regions subjected to cat bite or scratch injuries, including limbs, body wall, inguinal panniculus and nasal bridge. In some other cases, lesions were situated on distal extremities. The clinical course was variable, from chronic, indolent, initially localised infections to acute fulminating disease. Of the 17 cats, 14 were domestic crossbreds and three were purebreds. There was a preponderance of male cats (12 castrated, 1 entire young adult, 1 entire kitten). Nine of 17 cats were 10 years or older. Interestingly, the majority of infections were attributable to N nova. Immediate and/or predisposing causes could be identified in all cases, and included: renal transplantation [one cat]; chronic corticosteroid administration [three cats]; catabolic state following chylothorax surgery [one cat]; fight injuries [seven cats]; FIV infections [three of seven cats tested]. Of the 17 cats, three were apparently cured. Four were thought to be cured, but infection recurred after several months. Three cats responded partially but were euthanased, while another was improving when it died of unrelated complications. Two died despite treatment and two were euthanased without an attempt at therapy. For two cats there were either insufficient records or the patient was lost to follow up. CONCLUSION Nocardiosis is a rare, serious disease. Currently it is more common in cats than dogs. Nocardial panniculitis may be clinically indistinguishable from the syndrome caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Although the prognosis is guarded, patients with localised infections caused by N nova often respond to appropriate therapy. If definitive treatment is delayed because of misdiagnosis, the disease tends to become chronic, extensive and refractory. Insufficient duration of therapy leads to disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, Conference Centre, Building B22, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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