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Salamanca E, Pan YH, Sun YS, Hsueh HW, Dorj O, Yao WL, Lin JCY, Teng NC, Watanabe I, Abe S, Wu YF, Chang WJ. Magnesium Modified β-Tricalcium Phosphate Induces Cell Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro and Bone Regeneration In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031717. [PMID: 35163639 PMCID: PMC8836187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have shown how the physicochemical and biological properties of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) work in bone regeneration. This study aimed to improve the properties of β-TCP by achieving optimum surface and bulk β-TCP chemical/physical properties through the hydrothermal addition of magnesium (Mg) and to later establish the biocompatibility of β-TCP/Mg for bone grafting and tissue engineering treatments. Multiple in vitro and in vivo analyses were used to complete β-TCP/Mg physicochemical and biological characterization. The addition of MgO brought about a modest rise in the number of β-TCP surface particles, indicating improvements in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity on day 21 (p < 0.05) and in the WST-1assay on all days (p < 0.05), with a corresponding increase in the upregulation of ALP and bone sialoprotein. SEM analyses stated that the surfaces of the β-TCP particles were not altered after the addition of Mg. Micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis from rabbit calvaria critical defects resulted in β-TCP/Mg managing to reform more new bone than the control defects and β-TCP control at 2, 6, and 8 weeks (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, and **** p ≤ 0.0001). The hydrothermal addition of MgO to the β-TCP surfaces ameliorated its biocompatibility without altering its surface roughness resulting from the elemental composition while enhancing cell viability and proliferation, inducing more bone regeneration by osteoconduction in vivo and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisner Salamanca
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (E.S.); (Y.-H.P.); (H.-W.H.); (O.D.); (W.-L.Y.); (J.C.-Y.L.); (N.-C.T.)
| | - Yu-Hwa Pan
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (E.S.); (Y.-H.P.); (H.-W.H.); (O.D.); (W.-L.Y.); (J.C.-Y.L.); (N.-C.T.)
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10507, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sui Sun
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Hao-Wen Hsueh
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (E.S.); (Y.-H.P.); (H.-W.H.); (O.D.); (W.-L.Y.); (J.C.-Y.L.); (N.-C.T.)
| | - Odontuya Dorj
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (E.S.); (Y.-H.P.); (H.-W.H.); (O.D.); (W.-L.Y.); (J.C.-Y.L.); (N.-C.T.)
- Department of Dental Technology and Hygiene, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Wan-Ling Yao
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (E.S.); (Y.-H.P.); (H.-W.H.); (O.D.); (W.-L.Y.); (J.C.-Y.L.); (N.-C.T.)
| | - Jerry Chin-Yi Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (E.S.); (Y.-H.P.); (H.-W.H.); (O.D.); (W.-L.Y.); (J.C.-Y.L.); (N.-C.T.)
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental, Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nai-Chia Teng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (E.S.); (Y.-H.P.); (H.-W.H.); (O.D.); (W.-L.Y.); (J.C.-Y.L.); (N.-C.T.)
- Dental Department, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ikki Watanabe
- Department of Gerontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
| | - Yi-Fan Wu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (E.S.); (Y.-H.P.); (H.-W.H.); (O.D.); (W.-L.Y.); (J.C.-Y.L.); (N.-C.T.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-F.W.); (W.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 5148) (Y.-F.W.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 5150) (W.-J.C.)
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (E.S.); (Y.-H.P.); (H.-W.H.); (O.D.); (W.-L.Y.); (J.C.-Y.L.); (N.-C.T.)
- Dental Department, Shuang-ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-F.W.); (W.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 5148) (Y.-F.W.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 5150) (W.-J.C.)
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Surface Modified β-Tricalcium phosphate enhanced stem cell osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9234. [PMID: 33927241 PMCID: PMC8084957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major number of studies have demonstrated Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity characteristics in bone regeneration. The aim of this research was to enhance β-TCP's biocompatibility, and evaluate its physicochemical properties by argon glow discharge plasma (GDP) plasma surface treatment without modifying its surface. Treated β-TCP was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization. To evaluate treated β-TCP biocompatibility and osteoblastic differentiation, water-soluble tetrazolium salts-1 (WST-1), immunofluorescence, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) were done using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The results indicated a slight enhancement of the β-TCP by GDP sputtering, which resulted in a higher Ca/P ratio (2.05) than the control. Furthermore, when compared with control β-TCP, we observed an improvement of WST-1 on all days (p < 0.05) as well as of ALP activity (day 7, p < 0.05), with up-regulation of ALP, osteocalcin, and Osteoprotegerin osteogenic genes in cells cultured with the treated β-TCP. XPS and SEM results indicated that treated β-TCP’s surface was not modified. In vivo, micro-computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis indicated that the β-TCP test managed to regenerate more new bone than the untreated β-TCP and control defects at 8 weeks (p < 0.05). Argon GDP treatment is a viable method for removing macro and micro particles of < 7 μm in size from β-TCP bigger particles surfaces and therefore improving its biocompatibility with slight surface roughness modification, enhancing hMSCs proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, and stimulating more new bone formation.
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Continuous microwave assisted flow synthesis and characterization of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite nanorods. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
The factors affecting the accuracy of structural refinements from image-plate neutron Laue diffractometers are analysed. From this analysis, an improved data-processing method is developed which optimizes the intensity corrections for exposure scaling, wavelength distribution, absorption and extinction corrections, and the wavelength/spatial/time dependence of the image-plate detector efficiencies. Of equal importance is an analysis of the sources of uncertainty in the final corrected intensities, without which bias of the merged intensities occurs, due to the dominance of measurements with small statistical errors though potentially large systematic errors. A new aspect of the impact of detector crosstalk on the counting statistics of area detectors is reported and shown to be significant for the case of neutron Laue diffraction. These methods have been implemented in software which processes data from the KOALA instrument at ANSTO and the now decommissioned VIVALDI instrument at ILL (Grenoble, France). A comparison with earlier data-analysis methods shows a significant improvement in accuracy of the refined structures.
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LITTLE MF, HAZEN SP. Dental Calculus Composition. 2. Subgingival Calculus: Ash, Calcium, Phosphorus, and Sodium. J Dent Res 2016; 43:645-51. [PMID: 14197048 DOI: 10.1177/00220345640430050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Sakae T, Nakada H, John P. LeGeros. Historical Review of Biological Apatite Crystallography. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.24.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Sakae
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Hiroshi Nakada
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - John P. LeGeros
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry
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Ahlgren SA. Rate of Apposition of Dentine in Upper Incisors in Normal and Hormone-Treated Rats with a Tentative Comparison of the Apposition of Dentine and Lamellar Bone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/ort.1968.39.suppl-116.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Biomineralization and matrix vesicles in biology and pathology. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:409-17. [PMID: 21140263 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In normal healthy individuals, mineral formation is restricted to specialized tissues which form the skeleton and the dentition. Within these tissues, mineral formation is tightly controlled both in growth and development and in normal adult life. The mechanism of calcification in skeletal and dental tissues has been under investigation for a considerable period. One feature common to almost all of these normal mineralization mechanisms is the elaboration of matrix vesicles, small (20-200 nm) membrane particles, which bud off from the plasma membrane of mineralizing cells and are released into the pre-mineralized organic matrix. The first crystals which form on this organic matrix are seen in and around matrix vesicles. Pathologic ectopic mineralization is seen in a number of human genetic and acquired diseases, including calcification of joint cartilage resulting in osteoarthritis and mineralization of the cardiovasculature resulting in exacerbation of atherosclerosis and blockage of blood vessels. Surprisingly, increasing evidence supports the contention that the mechanisms of soft tissue calcification are similar to those seen in normal skeletal development. In particular, matrix vesicle-like membranes are observed in a number of ectopic calcifications. The purpose of this review is to describe how matrix vesicles function in normal mineral formation and review the evidence for their participation in pathologic calcification.
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De Maeyer EAP, Verbeeck RMH. Possible Substitution Mechanisms for Sodium and Carbonate in Calciumhydroxyapatite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19931020907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Driessens FCM, Verbeeck RMH. The Probable Phase Composition of the Mineral in Sound Enamel and Dentine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19820910702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang H, Darvell BW. Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite whiskers by hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation using acetamide. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3216-22. [PMID: 20149902 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Long and uniform HA whiskers with high crystallinity, controlled morphology and high aspect ratio were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation using acetamide. Compared with the additive urea, which is commonly used to raise the pH to drive nucleation and growth of HA crystals, acetamide has a low hydrolysis rate under the required hydrothermal conditions. This allows better and easier control, giving rise to rapid growth of whiskers at a low supersaturation. Whisker length and width were in turn determined by solution conditions, including the concentration of Ca and PO(4). Whiskers had a mean length of 60-116 microm and an aspect ratio of 68-103 for starting solutions containing 42-84 mmolL(-1) Ca and 25-50 mmolL(-1) PO(4) with a fixed Ca/P ratio of 1.67. Such whiskers are favourable for their improved bone bonding and bioactivity, as well as their mechanical properties. Whiskers were slightly Ca-deficient with Ca/P=1.60-1.65, with the preferred direction of growth along the c-axis. Variation of acetamide concentration did not affect the constitution, the crystallinity or the crystal growth habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Zhang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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TRAVIS DF. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF MINERALIZATION FROM TISSUE TO MACROMOLECULAR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN THE DECAPOD CRUSTACEA*. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 109:177-245. [PMID: 13994029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Formate incorporation in the structure of Ca-deficient apatite: Rietveld structure refinement. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4596(03)00188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
X-ray diffraction studies on bone microsamples (human iliac crest of 87 individuals aged 0-90 years) reveal that certain crystallographic parameters such as unit cell volume of bone apatite, and half-width of (002)-reflection are well correlated with age and with type of tissue (corticalis and spongiosa). Similar to inorganic apatite, the lattice parameters of bone apatite are intensely affected by ionic substitutions and vary mainly due to exchange of hydroxyl- and carbonate-apatite and, to a minor extent, of fluor- and chlorapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Handschin
- Geochemical Laboratory, Basel University, Switzerland
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Abstract
The literature on how Mg is present in tooth enamel and on the incorporation of Mg in synthetic apatites is reviewed. Then a theoretical consideration is given on the basis of ionic radii about the incorporation of Mg in F-, Cl- and OH-apatite. Finally, the results are given of experiments on the incorporation of Mg in fluor, chlor, hydroxy, and carbonate apatite. It appears that the extent of incorporation of Mg in the apatite lattice, if at all, is very limited and that Mg in tooth enamel is to a very limited extent incorporated in the apatite lattice, the main portion being surface bound or present in a separate phase.
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Dowker S, Elliott J. Infrared study of trapped carbon dioxide in thermally treated apatites. J SOLID STATE CHEM 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-4596(83)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Pyrolyzed scales, fin spines, and bone from the ray-finned bony fish Polypterus (Actinopterygii) showed two mineral phases on X-ray diffraction: hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca5(PO4)3OH, and whitlockite, Ca3(PO4)2. The ratio of HA/whitlockite varied with the structure (scale, spine, bone) within each individual fish. The relative proportions of HA to whitlockite in pyrolyzed samples reflected the Ca/P ratio of the sample. Whitlockite appears after pyrolysis when the Ca/P is lower than 1.67. Among the five fish investigated, for each structure a general trend was noted. The proportion of HA relative to whitlockite increased with size (age) of the fish. Thus the smallest fish, a juvenile, exhibited a low Ca/P mineral in its calcified tissues, whereas the larger fish had progressively more HA and less whitlockite.
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Trombe J, Montel G. Some features of the incorporation of oxygen in different oxidation states in the apatitic lattice—I On the existence of calcium and strontium oxyapatites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(78)80298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Smith CB, Smith DA. An X-ray diffraction investigation of age-related changes in the crystal structure of bone apatite. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1976; 22:219-26. [PMID: 1000355 DOI: 10.1007/bf02010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence relating to the existence of crystalline bone mineral in vivo is considered, and bone apatite crystal structure investigated using an x-ray powder diffraction technique. Specimens of femoral compacta excised post-mortem from male and female subjects ranging from 3 1/2 years to 87 years of age have been studied. Values of the ratio c/a of bone apatite crystal cell axes for females are significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than for males. Moreover, significant change of c/a with age is observed for males (p = 0.0005) but not for females (p = 0.30). Differences in c/a are interpreted as indicating substitution of constituent ions in the bone apatite crystals.
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LeGeros RZ. The unit-cell dimensions of human enamel apatite: effect of chloride incorporation. Arch Oral Biol 1975; 20:63-71. [PMID: 1054573 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(75)90154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hagen AR. Studies on fluorapatite. 1. Chemical characterization and exchange properties. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1973; 13:259-70. [PMID: 4788049 DOI: 10.1007/bf02015416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pearce EI, Smillie AC. The mineralization of hair follicle tissue. II. An in vitro study. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1973; 11:23-38. [PMID: 4696768 DOI: 10.1007/bf02546593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Eanes ED. Thermochemical studies on amorphous calcium phosphate. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1970; 5:133-45. [PMID: 5423622 DOI: 10.1007/bf02017543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Jervoe P. X-ray diffraction investigation on the effect of experimental and in situ radiation on mature human teeth. A preliminary report. Acta Odontol Scand 1970; 28:623-31. [PMID: 5275809 DOI: 10.3109/00016357009058587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Newesely H. Factors controlling apatite crystallization, with particular reference to the effect of fluoride and accompanying ions. ADVANCES IN ORAL BIOLOGY 1970; 4:11-42. [PMID: 4914035 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-030504-9.50009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Elliott JC. Recent progress in the chemistry, crystal chemistry and structure of the apatites. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1969; 3:293-307. [PMID: 4899918 DOI: 10.1007/bf02058672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bachra BN, Fischer HR. The effect of some inhibitors on the nucleation and crystal growth of apatite. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1969; 3:348-57. [PMID: 5348029 DOI: 10.1007/bf02058677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Thomas RS, Greenawalt JW. Microincineration, electron microscopy, and electron diffraction of calcium phosphate-loaded mitochondria. J Cell Biol 1968; 39:55-76. [PMID: 4878171 PMCID: PMC2107513 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.39.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated rat liver mitochondria were incubated in vitro under conditions supporting the massive accumulation of calcium and phosphate. Samples were embedded, thin sectioned, and examined in the electron microscope. The intramitochondrial distribution of insoluble or structure-bound mineral substances was studied by electron microscopy coupled with recently developed techniques of high resolution microincineration. As shown previously, the ion-loaded mitochondria acquire large, internal granules which have inherent electron opacity indicative of high mineral content. Study of ash patterns in preselected areas of sections directly confirmed the high mineral content of the granules, and the appearance of the residues was consistent with the copresence in the granules of some organic material. Other mitochondrial structures were almost devoid of mineral. Thin sections of unincubated control mitochondria also were incinerated. They were found to contain appreciable amounts of intrinsic mineral, seemingly associated with membranes. The normal, dense matrix granules commonly seen in unaltered mitochondria could be seen in intact sections of these control preparations, but after burning no definite correspondence of any ash to the granules could be demonstrated. The normal granules perhaps do not contain mineral. Heating experiments on ash patterns of all the preparations demonstrated the thermal stability and crystallizability of the ash. The crystallized ash of the in vitro-produced dense granules was tentatively shown by electron diffraction to be beta-tricalcium phosphate (whitlockite). This, together with evidence from the literature, suggests that the original, noncrystalline mineral may be a colloidal, subcrystalline precursor of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. Experiments were performed on synthetic calcium phosphates for comparison. Other possible applications of the microincineration techniques are briefly discussed.
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Gron P, Van Campen GJ, Lindstrom I. Human dental calculus. Inorganic chemical and crystallographic composition. Arch Oral Biol 1967; 12:829-37. [PMID: 5231454 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(67)90105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Unit cell dimensions of hydroxylapatite synthesized hydrothermally are a(0) = 9.42(6) A and c(0) = 6.88(5) A, whereas carbonate apatite (2.29 CO(2)) gave a(0) = 9.43(6) A and c(0) = 6.88(5) A. A deficiency of both calcium and phosphorus in the carbonate apatite suggests a coupled substitution of hydronium and carbonate ions in the structure.
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Polarization Microscopy of Dental Enamel with Reference to Incipient Carious Lesions. ADVANCES IN ORAL BIOLOGY 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4832-3117-4.50015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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BACHRA BN, TRAUTZ OR, SIMON SL. Precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates. I. Spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates under physiological conditions. Arch Biochem Biophys 1963; 103:124-38. [PMID: 14065965 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(63)90018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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TRAUTZ OR, ZAPANTA RR. Experiments with calcium carbonate phosphates and the effect of topical application of sodium fluoride. Arch Oral Biol 1961; 4:122-33. [PMID: 13922331 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(61)90090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Precipitation of calcium phosphates from solutions at near physiological concentrations. Arch Biochem Biophys 1961. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(61)90329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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