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Pontani D, Plescia OJ, Schaffner CP, Sun D, Shahied SI, Sarin PS. Targets of Amphotericin B Methyl Ester (AME) in the Inhibition of Infection of Different Cell Lines by HIV-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029000100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) was examined in vitro in cultures of H9, Molt-3 and human peripheral blood lymphocytes acutely infected with HIV. AME inactivates HIV-1 at non-cytotoxic concentrations ranging from 10–100 μg ml−1, and protects pretreated target cells from the cytopathic effects of the virus. AME inhibits the cell to cell spread of virus, as shown by the blocking of syncytia formation in Molt-3 cells, and the reduction in the level of virus expression in cultured peripheral blood leukocytes from an AIDS patient. These results suggest AME may be an effective chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of AIDS patients, and, because of its unique mode of action may act cooperatively with other AIDS chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Pontani
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| | - O. J. Plescia
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| | - C. P. Schaffner
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| | - D. Sun
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - S. I. Shahied
- New Jersey State Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey 08625, USA
| | - P. S. Sarin
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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2
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Gooday GW. Section Review: Anti-infectives: The potential of novel antifungal drugs for the treatment of disease in the immunocompromised host. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.8.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Singh J, Burr B, Stringham D, Arrieta A. Commonly used antibacterial and antifungal agents for hospitalised paediatric patients: implications for therapy with an emphasis on clinical pharmacokinetics. Paediatr Drugs 2002; 3:733-61. [PMID: 11706924 DOI: 10.2165/00128072-200103100-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Due to normal growth and development, hospitalised paediatric patients with infection require unique consideration of immune function and drug disposition. Specifically, antibacterial and antifungal pharmacokinetics are influenced by volume of distribution, drug binding and elimination, which are a reflection of changing extracellular fluid volume, quantity and quality of plasma proteins, and renal and hepatic function. However, there is a paucity of data in paediatric patients addressing these issues and many empiric treatment practices are based on adult data. The penicillins and cephalosporins continue to be a mainstay of therapy because of their broad spectrum of activity, clinical efficacy and favourable tolerability profile. These antibacterials rapidly reach peak serum concentrations and readily diffuse into body tissues. Good penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has made the third-generation cephalosporins the agents of choice for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. These drugs are excreted primarily by the kidney. The carbapenems are broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibacterials which can potentially replace combination regimens. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibacterial with gram-positive activity useful for the treatment of resistant infections, or for those patients allergic to penicillins and cephalosporins. Volume of distribution is affected by age, gender, and bodyweight. It diffuses well across serous membranes and inflamed meninges. Vancomycin is excreted by the kidneys and is not removed by dialysis. The aminoglycosides continue to serve a useful role in the treatment of gram-negative, enterococcal and mycobacterial infections. Their volume of distribution approximates extracellular space. These drugs are also excreted renally and are removed by haemodialysis. Passage across the blood-brain barrier is poor, even in the face of meningeal inflammation. Low pH found in abscess conditions impairs function. Toxicity needs to be considered. Macrolide antibacterials are frequently used in the treatment of respiratory infections. Parenteral erythromycin can cause phlebitis, which limits its use. Parenteral azithromycin is better tolerated but paediatric pharmacokinetic data are lacking. Clindamycin is frequently used when anaerobic infections are suspected. Good oral absorption makes it a good choice for step-down therapy in intra-abdominal and skeletal infections. The use of quinolones in paediatrics has been restricted and most information available is in cystic fibrosis patients. High oral bioavailability is also important for step-down therapy. Amphotericin B has been the cornerstone of antifungal treatment in hospitalised patients. Its metabolism is poorly understood. The half-life increases with time and can be as long as 15 days after prolonged therapy. Oral absorption is poor. The azole antifungals are being used increasingly. Fluconazole is well tolerated, with high bioavailability and good penetration into the CSF. Itraconazole has greater activity against aspergillus, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis and sporotrichosis, although it's pharmacological and toxicity profiles are not as favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Singh
- Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California 92868, USA
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4
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Trajkovic V, Markovic M, Samardzic T, Miljkovic DJ, Popadic D, Mostarica Stojkovic M. Amphotericin B potentiates the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and causes nitric oxide-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in cytokine-treated rodent astrocytes. Glia 2001; 35:180-8. [PMID: 11494409 DOI: 10.1002/glia.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Because the neurotoxic effects of the antifungal drug amphotericin B (AMB) closely resemble those ascribed to the highly reactive gaseous free radical nitric oxide (NO), we investigated the effect of AMB on NO production in rodent astrocytes. AMB caused a dose-dependent increase of NO generation in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-stimulated rat and mouse astrocytes, as well as in IFN-gamma + tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-activated rat astrocytoma cell line C6. Treatment of rat astrocytes with AMB markedly potentiated IFN-gamma-triggered expression of mRNA for iNOS, but not for its transcription factor IRF-1. The activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB was apparently required for AMB-induced iNOS mRNA expression, as the latter was abolished by NF-kappaB inhibitors: pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and MG132. AMB-mediated enhancement of astrocyte NO production was partly dependent on endogenous IL-1, as shown by partial inhibition of AMB effect with IL-1 receptor antagonist. IFN-gamma + AMB treatment led to reduction of astrocyte mitochondrial respiration (measured by MTT assay) that has been completely reverted by selective iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine. AMB toxicity toward IFN-gamma-stimulated astrocytes was dependent on both AMB and NO action, since AMB and NO-releasing substance SNP synergized in inducing astrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest that the enhancement of cytokine-induced iNOS activation in astrocytes and the subsequent release of high amounts of NO might be at least partly responsible for AMB neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
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5
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Yu BG, Okano T, Kataoka K, Sardari S, Kwon GS. In vitro dissociation of antifungal efficacy and toxicity for amphotericin B-loaded poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(beta benzyl L aspartate) micelles. J Control Release 1998; 56:285-91. [PMID: 9801451 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(98)00095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a membrane-active drug used frequently for the treatment of systemic fungal diseases. Limitations for the use of AmB include poor water solubility and potential for serious systemic toxicities. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the aggregation state of AmB is a determinant factor for toxicity. To increase its therapeutic index, AmB has been solubilized in micelles based on poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(beta-benzyl-l-aspartate) (PEO-block-PBLA), using a dialysis method of drug loading. The aggregation state of AmB has been investigated by electronic absorption spectroscopy. AmB loaded in PEO-block-PBLA micelles is non-hemolytic for concentrations up to 15 microgram/ml. AmB as Fungizone(R) initiates hemolysis at 1.0 microgram/ml. The onset of hemolysis correlates with the respective critical aggregation concentrations (CACs) of AmB. The antifungal activity of the AmB-loaded PEO-block-PBLA micelles is four to eight times higher than Fungizone(R) in terms of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). PEO-block-PBLA has no antifungal activity for concentrations up to 200 microgram/ml. The basis for the increase in antifungal activity of AmB-loaded PEO-block-PBLA micelles is unclear, but may be related to a stabilizing effect of the polymeric micelles against auto-oxidation of the AmB heptaene moiety or alternatively, an enhancement in membrane perturbation of fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Yu
- 425 N. Charter Street, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1515, USA
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6
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Abstract
Traditionally, amphotericin B has been the cornerstone of antifungal treatment. Toxicity, however, is a major dose-limiting factor of amphotericin B deoxycholate. Nevertheless, it continues to have a major role in the treatment of deep-seated mycotic infections. Recently, less nephrotic lipid formulations, including amphotericin B lipid complex, amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate, and liposomal amphotericin B, have been introduced. The pharmacologic properties, main indications, recommended dosages, related costs, and adverse effects of these various preparations are summarized in this review. Orally administered flucytosine is useful in certain infections, particularly cryptococcal meningitis, but it should be used with caution in patients with renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Groll AH, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ. Clinical pharmacology of systemic antifungal agents: a comprehensive review of agents in clinical use, current investigational compounds, and putative targets for antifungal drug development. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1998; 44:343-500. [PMID: 9547888 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A H Groll
- Immunocompromised Host Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Reuhl KR, Vapiwala M, Ryzlak MT, Schaffner CP. Comparative neurotoxicities of amphotericin B and its mono-methyl ester derivative in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:419-28. [PMID: 8384812 PMCID: PMC187687 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.3.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracisternal administration of amphotericin B (AmB) and its mono-methyl ester derivative (AME), via direct intraventricular injection (0.01 to 5 mg/ml, 6 microliters) in adult female Wistar rats, revealed that AmB was significantly more toxic than AME, as measured by weight loss, lethargy, death, and central nervous system histopathology. Light and electron microscopy confirmed a greater neurotoxicity for AmB, manifested as edema and modest gliosis extending along and beyond the injection tract. Neuronal degeneration and myelin damage were present in AmB-treated (1 mg/ml) animals but were present only modestly in animals treated with AME at a fivefold greater concentration. Intravenous administration of AmB to adult female Wistar rats as five daily doses of 5 mg/kg of body weight resulted in significant weight loss and some deaths. Histopathologic examination of the brains, spinal cords, and sural nerves of surviving animals revealed neurotoxicity manifested by neuronal degeneration, gliosis, and myelin edema. In sharp contrast, similar treatment with AME at a 10-fold greater dose resulted in neither death nor significant neurotoxicity. The administration of five daily doses of a mixture of AME-AmB (9:1; wt/wt) at 50 mg/kg of body weight resulted in neurotoxicity. These results indicate that AmB exhibits significantly greater in vivo neurotoxicity than AME.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Reuhl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855-0759
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10
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Continual Intracavitary Administration of Amphotericin B as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Aspergillus Brain Abscess. Neurosurgery 1992. [DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199209000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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11
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Camarata PJ, Dunn DL, Farney AC, Parker RG, Seljeskog EL. Continual intracavitary administration of amphotericin B as an adjunct in the treatment of aspergillus brain abscess: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1992; 31:575-9. [PMID: 1407438 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199209000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus brain abscess is often a fatal disease, regardless of the mode of therapy. Most often seen in the compromised host, it is notoriously refractory to systemic antifungal agents and intrathecal antimycotics. Even with radical surgical debridement, only 13 patients, including the present case, have survived longer than 3 months after being treated for aspergillus brain abscess or granuloma. Studies have shown poor penetration of amphotericin B into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. One way to achieve therapeutic levels of the agent near the abscess is through the direct introduction of the agent into the abscess site via an indwelling catheter. In the present case, a woman with an aspergillus abscess of the left temporal lobe was treated by a combination of systemic agents, radical debridement, and local therapy, resulting in a cure with a follow-up of 6 years. This is the first reported instance of the use of long-term, local antifungal therapy delivered to the area of the abscess cavity, using a closed reservoir system, and this patient is only the second renal transplant patient reported to have survived aspergillus brain abscess. This form of treatment produced no untoward long-term side effects or neurological sequelae. Local irrigation with antifungal agents should be considered in conjunction with systemic antifungal drugs and drainage and/or debridement in cases of fungal intracerebral aspergilloma. This technique may also prove useful with other fungal brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Camarata
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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12
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Hansen JE, Nielsen C, Svenningsen A, Witzke N, Mathiesen LR. Synergistic antiviral effect in vitro of azidothymidine and amphotericin B methyl ester in combination on HIV infection. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1992; 24:35-9. [PMID: 1589723 DOI: 10.3109/00365549209048398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside analogue azidothymidine (AZT) and the methyl ester of amphotericin B (AME) were assayed for antiviral effect on HIV infection singly and in combination. Both compounds were effective in inhibiting HIV infection of MT-4 cells. At concentrations where either compound alone had no significant effect on infection, the compounds in combination were potent inhibitors of HIV as evaluated by reduction in HIV antigen production and HIV induced cytopathic effect. These results indicate that a combination therapy employing compounds with different modes of action like AZT and AME may have synergistic antiviral properties. Amphotericin B itself significantly reduced HIV infectivity in vitro and should not be used as an antifungal agent in cultures intended to propagate HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark
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Abstract
The increased use of immunosuppressive regimens in organ transplantation and in the treatment of malignant lesions and the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are major reasons for the greater prevalence of fungal infections seen in clinical practice during the past decade. The traditional cornerstone of antifungal treatment, amphotericin B, continues to play a major role in deep-seated mycotic infections. The indications for intravenously administered miconazole have become limited. Orally administered flucytosine remains useful in certain infections, particularly cryptococcal meningitis. The new orally administered antifungal agents ketoconazole and fluconazole have been approved for clinical use and have supplanted amphotericin B in certain situations. Investigational antifungal agents, including liposomal amphotericin B, itraconazole, and saperconazole, hold promise for the future. Active investigation in the development of new antifungal agents is expected to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Terrell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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14
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Brajtburg J, Powderly WG, Kobayashi GS, Medoff G. Amphotericin B: current understanding of mechanisms of action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:183-8. [PMID: 2183713 PMCID: PMC171553 DOI: 10.1128/aac.34.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Brajtburg
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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15
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Chapter 15. Targets for Antifungal Drug Discovery. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hoeprich PD. Chemotherapy for systemic mycoses. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1989; 33:317-51. [PMID: 2687940 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9146-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Neihart RE, Hinthorn DR, Hoeprich PD, Liu C. Successful treatment of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis with amphotericin B methyl ester. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 12:17-9. [PMID: 2714068 DOI: 10.1016/0732-8893(89)90039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) has been used to treat fungal infections, most often those caused by Coccidioides immitis. We describe the only patient with disseminated histoplasmosis who has been treated with AME. After having had alarming reactions to amphotericin B, the patient was treated and cured with AME without adverse drug effect or later relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Neihart
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kansas Medical Center, College of Health Sciences and Hospital, Kansas City 66103
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