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Price MJ, Nguyen AD, Haines C, Baëta CD, Byemerwa J, Murkajee D, Artham S, Kumar V, Lavau C, Wardell S, Varghese S, Goodwin CR. UDP-6-glucose dehydrogenase in hormonally responsive breast cancers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.585919. [PMID: 38562874 PMCID: PMC10983948 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.585919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Survival for metastatic breast cancer is low and thus, continued efforts to treat and prevent metastatic progression are critical. Estrogen is shown to promote aggressive phenotypes in multiple cancer models irrespective of estrogen receptor (ER) status. Similarly, UDP-Glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH) a ubiquitously expressed enzyme involved in extracellular matrix precursors, as well as hormone processing increases migratory and invasive properties in cancer models. While the role of UGDH in cellular migration is defined, how it intersects with and impacts hormone signaling pathways associated with tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer has not been explored. Here we demonstrate that UGDH knockdown blunts estrogen-induced tumorigenic phenotypes (migration and colony formation) in ER+ and ER- breast cancer in vitro. Knockdown of UGDH also inhibits extravasation of ER- breast cancer ex vivo, primary tumor growth and animal survival in vivo in both ER+ and ER- breast cancer. We also use single cell RNA-sequencing to demonstrate that our findings translate to a human breast cancer clinical specimen. Our findings support the role of estrogen and UGDH in breast cancer progression provide a foundation for future studies to evaluate the role of UGDH in therapeutic resistance to improve outcomes and survival for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J Price
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, John Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Annee D Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Corinne Haines
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - César D Baëta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jovita Byemerwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Debarati Murkajee
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sandeep Artham
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vardhman Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Catherine Lavau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Veisi P, Nikouei M, Cheraghi M, Shahgheibi S, Moradi Y. The association between the multiple birth and breast cancer incidence: an update of a systematic review and meta-analysis from 1983 to 2022. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:76. [PMID: 37106433 PMCID: PMC10142199 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been assumed that perinatal factors such as multiple pregnancies may affect subsequent breast cancer risk in the mother. Considering the inconsistencies in the results of case-control and cohort studies published in the world, this meta-analysis was conducted in order to determine the exact association between multiple pregnancies (twins or more) and the breast cancer incidence. METHODS This study was performed as a meta-analysis based on PRISMA guidelines by searching the international databases of PubMed (Medline), Scopus, and Web of Science as well as by screening selected articles based on their subject, abstract and full text. The search time was from January 1983 to November 2022. Then the NOS checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the final selected articles. The indicators considered for the meta-analysis included the odds ratio (OR) and the risk ratio (RR) along with the confidence interval reported in the selected primary studies. The desired analyzes were performed with STATA software version 17 to be reported. RESULTS In this meta-analysis, 19 studies were finally selected for analysis, which fully met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 11 were case-control studies and 8 were cohort ones. Their sample size was 263,956 women (48,696 with breast cancer and 215,260 healthy) and 1,658,378 (63,328 twin or multiple pregnancies and 1,595,050 singleton pregnancies), respectively. After combining the results of cohort and case-control studies, the effect of multiple pregnancies on the breast cancer incidence was equal to 1.01 (95% CI: 0.89-1.14; I2: 44.88%, P: 0.06) and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83-0.95; I2: 41.73%, P: 0.07), respectively. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis results showed, in general, multiple pregnancies were one of the preventive factors of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Veisi
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maziar Nikouei
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Cheraghi
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Sholeh Shahgheibi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Besat Hospital, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Current concepts regarding estrogen and its mechanistic effects on breast cancer in women are evolving. This article reviews studies that address estrogen-mediated breast cancer development, the prevalence of occult tumors at autopsy, and the natural history of breast cancer as predicted by a newly developed tumor kinetic model. METHODS This article reviews previously published studies from the authors and articles pertinent to the data presented. RESULTS We discuss the concepts of adaptive hypersensitivity that develops in response to long-term deprivation of estrogen and results in both increased cell proliferation and apoptosis. The effects of menopausal hormonal therapy on breast cancer in postmenopausal women are interpreted based on the tumor kinetic model. Studies of the administration of a tissue selective estrogen complex in vitro, in vivo, and in patients are described. We review the various clinical studies of breast cancer prevention with selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors. Finally, the effects of the underlying risk of breast cancer on the effects of menopausal hormone therapy are outlined. DISCUSSION The overall intent of this review is to present data supporting recent concepts, discuss pertinent literature, and critically examine areas of controversy.
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Li YZ, Zhang C, Pei JP, Zhang WC, Zhang CD, Dai DQ. The functional role of Pescadillo ribosomal biogenesis factor 1 in cancer. J Cancer 2022; 13:268-277. [PMID: 34976188 PMCID: PMC8692700 DOI: 10.7150/jca.58982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are neogrowths formed by the growth of normal cells or tissues through complex mechanisms under the influence of many factors. The occurrence and development of tumors are affected by many factors. Pescadillo ribosomal biogenesis factor 1 (PES1) has been identified as a cancer-related gene. The study of these genes may open up new avenues for early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of tumors. As a nucleolar protein and part of the Pes1/Bop1/WDR12 (PeBoW) complex, PES1 is involved in ribosome biogenesis and DNA replication. Many studies have shown that high expression of PES1 is often closely related to the occurrence, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, prognosis and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics of various human malignant tumors through a series of molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. The molecules that regulate the expression of PES1 include microRNA (miRNA), circular RNA (circRNA), c-Jun, bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and nucleolar phosphoprotein B23. However, the detailed pathogenic mechanisms of PES1 overexpression in human malignancies remains unclear. This article summarizes the role of PES1 in the carcinogenesis, prognosis and treatment of multiple tumors, and introduces the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways related to PES1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhi Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Jun-Peng Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Wan-Chuan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dong-Qiu Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.,Cancer Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
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5
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Lee O, Fought AJ, Shidfar A, Heinz RE, Kmiecik TE, Gann PH, Khan SA, Chatterton RT. Association of genetic polymorphisms with local steroid metabolism in human benign breasts. Steroids 2022; 177:108937. [PMID: 34762930 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although alterations of concentrations in circulating steroids have been linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of steroidogenic enzymes, we hypothesized that SNPs of such enzymes located within the breast affect local steroid concentrations more than products of such SNPs absorbed from the circulation. METHODS Steroids (estradiol, estrone, testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA, DHEA sulfate, progesterone) in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) were purified by HPLC and they along with serum steroids were quantified by immunoassays. Polymorphisms of the transporter SLCO2B1 and enzymes HSD3B1, CYP19A1, HSD17B12, AKR1C3, CYP1B1, and SRD5A1 were measured in white blood cell DNA. RESULTS Steroid concentrations in NAF of subjects with homozygous minor genotypes differed from those with heterozygotes, i.e., SLCO2B1 (rs2851069) decreased DHEAS (p = 0.04), HSD17B12 (rs11555762) increased estradiol (p < 0.004), and CYP1B1 (rs1056836) decreased estradiol (p = 0.017) and increased progesterone (p = 0.05). Also, in serum, CYP19A1 (rs10046 and rs700518) both decreased testosterone (p = 0.02) and SRD5A1 increased androstenedione (p = 0.006). Steroids in subjects with major homozygotes did not differ from those with heterozygotes indicating recessive characteristics. CONCLUSIONS In the breast, SNPs were associated with decreased uptake of DHEAS (SLCO2B1), increased estradiol concentrations through increased oxidoreductase activity (HSD17B12), or decreased estradiol concentrations by presumed formation of 4-hydroxyestradiol (CYP1B1). CYP19A1 was associated with decreased testosterone concentrations in serum but had no significant effect on estrogen or androgen concentrations within the breast. The hormone differences observed in NAF were not usually evident in serum, indicating the importance of assessing the effect of these SNPs within the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Angela J Fought
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Ali Shidfar
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Richard E Heinz
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Thomas E Kmiecik
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Peter H Gann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Robert T Chatterton
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Physiology, and Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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6
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Starek-Świechowicz B, Budziszewska B, Starek A. Endogenous estrogens-breast cancer and chemoprevention. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1497-1512. [PMID: 34462889 PMCID: PMC8599256 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths. It is estimated that about 40% of all cancer in women is hormonally mediated. Both estrogens and androgens play critical roles in the initiation and development of breast cancer. Estrogens influence normal physiological growth, proliferation, and differentiation of breast tissues, as well as the development and progression of breast malignancy. Breast cancer is caused by numerous endo- and exogenous risk factors. The paper presents estrogen metabolism, in particular 17β-estradiol and related hormones. The mechanisms of estrogen carcinogenesis include the participation of estrogen receptors, the genotoxic effect of the estrogen metabolites, and epigenetic processes that are also presented. The role of reactive oxygen species in breast cancer has been described. It called attention to a role of numerous signaling pathways in neoplastic transformation. Chemoprotective agents, besides other phytoestrogens, classical antioxidants, synthetic compounds, and their mechanisms of action have been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Starek-Świechowicz
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Starek
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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The 3,4-Quinones of Estrone and Estradiol Are the Initiators of Cancer whereas Resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine Are the Preventers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158238. [PMID: 34361004 PMCID: PMC8347442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews evidence suggesting that a common mechanism of initiation leads to the development of many prevalent types of cancer. Endogenous estrogens, in the form of catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, play a central role in this pathway of cancer initiation. The catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones react with specific purine bases in DNA to form depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts that generate apurinic sites. The apurinic sites can then lead to cancer-causing mutations. The process of cancer initiation has been demonstrated using results from test tube reactions, cultured mammalian cells, and human subjects. Increased amounts of estrogen-DNA adducts are found not only in people with several different types of cancer but also in women at high risk for breast cancer, indicating that the formation of adducts is on the pathway to cancer initiation. Two compounds, resveratrol, and N-acetylcysteine, are particularly good at preventing the formation of estrogen-DNA adducts in humans and are, thus, potential cancer-prevention compounds.
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8
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Song L, Tang Z, Peng C, Yang Y, Guo C, Wang D, Guo L, Chen J, Liu C. Cell type-specific genotoxicity in estrogen-exposed ovarian and fallopian epithelium. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1020. [PMID: 33087072 PMCID: PMC7579787 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of the genomic stability jeopardize genome stability and promote malignancies. A fraction of ovarian cancer (OvCa) arises from pathological mutations of DNA repair genes that result in highly mutagenic genomes. However, it remains elusive why the ovarian epithelial cells are particularly susceptible to the malfunction of genome surveillance system. Methods To explore the genotoxic responses in the unique context of microenvironment for ovarian epithelium that is periodically exposed to high-level steroid hormones, we examined estrogen-induced DNA damage by immunofluorescence in OvCa cell lines, animal and human samples. Results We found that OvCa cells are burdened with high levels of endogenous DNA damage that is not correlated with genomic replication. The elevation of damage burden is attributable to the excessive concentration of bioactive estrogen instead of its chemomimetic derivative (tamoxifen). Induction of DNA lesions by estrogen is dependent on the expression of hormone receptors, and occurs in G1 and non-G1 phases of cell cycle. Moreover, depletion of homologous recombination (HR) genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) exacerbated the genotoxicity of estrogen, highlighting the role of HR to counteract hormone-induced genome instability. Finally, the estrogen-induced DNA damage was reproduced in the epithelial compartments of both ovarian and fallopian tubes. Conclusions Taken together, our study disclose that estrogen-induced genotoxicity and HR deficiency perturb the genome stability of ovarian and fallopian epithelial cells, representing microenvironmental and genetic risk factors, respectively. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12885-020-07524-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Song
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, Meishan Women and Children's Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zizhi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, Meishan Women and Children's Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, Meishan Women and Children's Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, Meishan Women and Children's Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, Meishan Women and Children's Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, Meishan Women and Children's Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liandi Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, Meishan Women and Children's Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, Meishan Women and Children's Hospital, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Ogara MF, Rodríguez-Seguí SA, Marini M, Nacht AS, Stortz M, Levi V, Presman DM, Vicent GP, Pecci A. The glucocorticoid receptor interferes with progesterone receptor-dependent genomic regulation in breast cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:10645-10661. [PMID: 31598691 PMCID: PMC6846950 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors (GR and PR) are closely related members of the steroid receptor family. Despite sharing similar structural and functional characteristics; the cognate hormones display very distinct physiological responses. In mammary epithelial cells, PR activation is associated with the incidence and progression of breast cancer, whereas the GR is related to growth suppression and differentiation. Despite their pharmacological relevance, only a few studies have compared GR and PR activities in the same system. Using a PR+/GR+ breast cancer cell line, here we report that either glucocorticoid-free or dexamethasone (DEX)-activated GR inhibits progestin-dependent gene expression associated to epithelial-mesenchymal-transition and cell proliferation. When both receptors are activated with their cognate hormones, PR and GR can form part of the same complex according to co-immunoprecipitation, quantitative microscopy and sequential ChIP experiments. Moreover, genome-wide studies in cells treated with either DEX or R5020, revealed the presence of several regions co-bound by both receptors. Surprisingly, GR also binds novel genomic sites in cells treated with R5020 alone. This progestin-induced GR binding was enriched in REL DNA motifs and located close to genes coding for chromatin remodelers. Understanding GR behavior in the context of progestin-dependent breast cancer could provide new targets for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Ogara
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Santiago A Rodríguez-Seguí
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Melisa Marini
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Ana Silvina Nacht
- Centro de Regulación Genómica, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Martin Stortz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Valeria Levi
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Diego M Presman
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Guillermo P Vicent
- Centro de Regulación Genómica, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Department of Molecular Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC. Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Adali Pecci
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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YÜKSEL BİLEN M, BERKÖZ M, YALIN AE, ÇALIKUŞU Z, EROĞLU P, ÇÖMELEKOĞLU Ü, YALIN S. PALB2 genetik varyasyonlarının meme kanseri yatkınlığı üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.634598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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11
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Dunphy KA, Black AL, Roberts AL, Sharma A, Li Z, Suresh S, Browne EP, Arcaro KF, Ser-Dolansky J, Bigelow C, Troester MA, Schneider SS, Makari-Judson G, Crisi GM, Jerry DJ. Inter-Individual Variation in Response to Estrogen in Human Breast Explants. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:51-68. [PMID: 32152951 PMCID: PMC7147970 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to estrogen is strongly associated with increased breast cancer risk. While all women are exposed to estrogen, only 12% are expected to develop breast cancer during their lifetime. These women may be more sensitive to estrogen, as rodent models have demonstrated variability in estrogen sensitivity. Our objective was to determine individual variation in expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and estrogen-induced responses in the normal human breast. Human breast tissue from female donors undergoing reduction mammoplasty surgery were collected for microarray analysis of ER expression. To examine estrogen-induced responses, breast tissue from 23 female donors were cultured ex- vivo in basal or 10 nM 17β-estradiol (E2) media for 4 days. Expression of ER genes (ESR1 and ESR2) increased significantly with age. E2 induced consistent increases in global gene transcription, but expression of target genes AREG, PGR, and TGFβ2 increased significantly only in explants from nulliparous women. E2-treatment did not induce consistent changes in proliferation or radiation induced apoptosis. Responses to estrogen are highly variable among women and not associated with levels of ER expression, suggesting differences in intracellular signaling among individuals. The differences in sensitivity to E2-stimulated responses may contribute to variation in risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Dunphy
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Amye L Black
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Amy L Roberts
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Aman Sharma
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Zida Li
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Sneha Suresh
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Eva P Browne
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen F Arcaro
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Carol Bigelow
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sallie S Schneider
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Grace Makari-Judson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School/Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Giovanna M Crisi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School/Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- The Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences, Springfield, MA, USA
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12
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Majhi PD, Sharma A, Roberts AL, Daniele E, Majewski AR, Chuong LM, Black AL, Vandenberg LN, Schneider SS, Dunphy KA, Jerry DJ. Effects of Benzophenone-3 and Propylparaben on Estrogen Receptor-Dependent R-Loops and DNA Damage in Breast Epithelial Cells and Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:17002. [PMID: 31939680 PMCID: PMC7015622 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been shown to have broad effects on development, but their mutagenic actions that can lead to cancer have been less clearly demonstrated. Physiological levels of estrogen have been shown to stimulate DNA damage in breast epithelial cells through mechanisms mediated by estrogen-receptor alpha (ERα). Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and propylparaben (PP) are xenoestrogens found in the urine of >96% of U.S. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of BP-3 and PP on estrogen receptor-dependent transactivation and DNA damage at concentrations relevant to exposures in humans. METHODS In human breast epithelial cells, DNA damage following treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2), BP-3, and PP was determined by immunostaining with antibodies against γ-H2AX and 53BP1. Estrogenic responses were determined using luciferase reporter assays and gene expression. Formation of R-loops was determined with DNA: RNA hybrid-specific S9.6 antibody. Short-term exposure to the chemicals was also studied in ovariectomized mice. Immunostaining of mouse mammary epithelium was performed to quantify R-loops and DNA damage in vivo. RESULTS Concentrations of 1μM and 5μM BP-3 or PP increased DNA damage similar to that of E2 treatment in a ERα-dependent manner. However, BP-3 and PP had limited transactivation of target genes at 1μM and 5μM concentrations. BP-3 and PP exposure caused R-loop formation in a normal human breast epithelial cell line when ERα was introduced. R-loops and DNA damage were also detected in mammary epithelial cells of mice treated with BP-3 and PP. CONCLUSIONS Acute exposure to xenoestrogens (PP and BP-3) in mice induce DNA damage mediated by formation of ERα-dependent R-loops at concentrations 10-fold lower than those required for transactivation. Exposure to these xenoestrogens may cause deleterious estrogenic responses, such as DNA damage, in susceptible individuals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabin Dhangada Majhi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Botany, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy L. Roberts
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Daniele
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aliza R. Majewski
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn M. Chuong
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amye L. Black
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sallie S. Schneider
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Campus, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen A. Dunphy
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Canadas-Sousa A, Santos M, Leal B, Medeiros R, Dias-Pereira P. Estrogen receptors genotypes and canine mammary neoplasia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:325. [PMID: 31506083 PMCID: PMC6734279 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens are essential for the development and proper function of several hormone-dependent organs. There are, however, several lines of evidence associating estrogens with mammary carcinogenesis. A marked individual genetic variability concerning estrogens biosynthesis, metabolism and mechanism of action was recognized and associated with human breast cancer susceptibility, clinical features and progression. Although some genetic variations in canine ESR1 gene were reported, their influence in clinicopathological features and progression of canine mammary tumors has not been fully evaluated. This study aims to assess the influence of SNPs in ESR1 gene (rs397512133, rs397510462, rs851327560, rs397510612, rs852887655, rs852684753 and rs852398698) in canine mammary tumors characteristics and progression. A group of 155 non-neutered bitches with mammary tumors was included in the study. Follow-up information was assessed 24 months after surgery. RESULTS Genetic profiles associated with a later onset of mammary tumors and less aggressive clinicopathological features, namely smaller tumor size (≤ 3 cm) with extensive tubular differentiation and low canine-adapted prognostic index (vet-NPI), were identified in this study. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the ESR1 genetic profile may help on the decision regarding the selection of individual tailored preventive measures against canine mammary tumors development, such as early neutering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS - UPorto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marta Santos
- Department of Microscopy, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS - UPorto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Leal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS - UPorto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS - UPorto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Tolba MF, Omar HA, Hersi F, Nunes ACF, Noreddin AM. The impact of Catechol-O-methyl transferase knockdown on the cell proliferation of hormone-responsive cancers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 488:79-88. [PMID: 30904591 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen (E2) plays a central role in the development and progression of hormone-responsive cancers. Estrogen metabolites exhibit either stimulatory or inhibitory roles on breast and prostate cells. The catechol metabolite 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) enhances cell proliferation, while 2-methoxyestradiol (2 ME) possesses anticancer activity. The major metabolizing enzyme responsible for detoxifying the deleterious metabolite 4-OHE2 and forming the anticancer metabolite 2 ME is Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT). The current work investigated the relationship between the expression level of COMT and the cell proliferation of hormone-responsive cancers. The results showed that COMT silencing enhanced the cell proliferation of ER-α positive cancer cells MCF-7 and PC-3 but not the cells that lack ER-α expression as MDA-MB231 and DU-145. The data generated from our study provides a better understanding of the effect of COMT on critical signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC) including ER-α, p21cip1, p27kip1, NF-κB (P65) and CYP19A1. These findings suggest that COMT enzyme plays a tumor suppressor role in hormone receptor-positive tumors which opens the door for future studies to validate COMT expression as a novel biomarker for the prediction of cancer aggressiveness and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Hany A Omar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511 Egypt; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Fatima Hersi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ane C F Nunes
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ayman M Noreddin
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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15
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Salmerón-Hernández Á, Noriega-Reyes MY, Jordan A, Baranda-Avila N, Langley E. BCAS2 Enhances Carcinogenic Effects of Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040966. [PMID: 30813351 PMCID: PMC6412365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) has an established role in breast cancer biology. Transcriptional activation by ERα is a multistep process modulated by coactivator and corepressor proteins. Breast Cancer Amplified Sequence 2 (BCAS2), is a poorly studied ERα coactivator. In this work, we characterize some of the mechanisms through which this protein increases ERα activity and how this promotes carcinogenic processes in breast cancer cells. Using protein-protein interaction and luciferase assays we show that BCAS2 interacts with ERα both in vitro and in vivo and upregulates transcriptional activation of ERα directly through its N-terminal region (AF-1) and indirectly through its C-terminal (AF-2) region, acting in concert with AF-2 interacting coactivators. Elevated expression of BCAS2 positively affects proliferation, clonogenicity and migration of breast cancer cells and directly activates ERα regulated genes which have been shown to play a role in tumor growth and progression. Finally, we used signal transduction pathway inhibitors to elucidate how BCAS2 is regulated in these cells and observed that BCAS2 is preferentially regulated by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. BCAS2 is an AF-1 coactivator of ERα whose overexpression promotes carcinogenic processes, suggesting an important role in the development of estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Salmerón-Hernández
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María Yamilet Noriega-Reyes
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Albert Jordan
- Institut de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC) Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Cataluña, Spain.
| | - Noemi Baranda-Avila
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Langley
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
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16
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Perkins MS, Louw-du Toit R, Africander D. Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: Emerging Steroid Receptor Mechanisms. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:R133-R160. [PMID: 29899079 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although hormone therapy is widely used by millions of women to relieve symptoms of menopause, it has been associated with several side-effects such as coronary heart disease, stroke and increased invasive breast cancer risk. These side-effects have caused many women to seek alternatives to conventional hormone therapy, including the controversial custom-compounded bioidentical hormone therapy suggested to not increase breast cancer risk. Historically estrogens and the estrogen receptor were considered the principal factors promoting breast cancer development and progression, however, a role for other members of the steroid receptor family in breast cancer pathogenesis is now evident, with emerging studies revealing an interplay between some steroid receptors. In this review, we discuss examples of hormone therapy used for the relief of menopausal symptoms, highlighting the distinction between conventional hormone therapy and custom-compounded bioidentical hormone therapy. Moreover, we highlight the fact that not all hormones have been evaluated for an association with increased breast cancer risk. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of steroid receptors in mediating the carcinogenic effects of hormones used in menopausal hormone therapy, with special emphasis on the influence of the interplay or crosstalk between steroid receptors. Unraveling the intertwined nature of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathways in breast cancer biology is of utmost importance, considering that breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Moreover, understanding these mechanisms may reveal novel prevention or treatment options, and lead to the development of new hormone therapies that does not cause increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S Perkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Renate Louw-du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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17
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Ethanol potentiates the genotoxicity of the food-derived mammary carcinogen PhIP in human estrogen receptor-positive mammary cells: mechanistic support for lifestyle factors (cooked red meat and ethanol) associated with mammary cancer. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1639-1655. [PMID: 29362861 PMCID: PMC5882637 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of cooked/processed meat and ethanol are lifestyle risk factors in the aetiology of breast cancer. Cooking meat generates heterocyclic amines such as 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Epidemiology, mechanistic and animal studies indicate that PhIP is a mammary carcinogen that could be causally linked to breast cancer incidence; PhIP is DNA damaging, mutagenic and oestrogenic. PhIP toxicity involves cytochrome P450 (CYP1 family)-mediated metabolic activation to DNA-damaging species, and transcriptional responses through Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and estrogen-receptor-α (ER-α). Ethanol consumption is a modifiable lifestyle factor strongly associated with breast cancer risk. Ethanol toxicity involves alcohol dehydrogenase metabolism to reactive acetaldehyde, and is also a substrate for CYP2E1, which when uncoupled generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage. Here, using human mammary cells that differ in estrogen-receptor status, we explore genotoxicity of PhIP and ethanol and mechanisms behind this toxicity. Treatment with PhIP (10-7-10-4 M) significantly induced genotoxicity (micronuclei formation) preferentially in ER-α positive human mammary cell lines (MCF-7, ER-α+) compared to MDA-MB-231 (ER-α-) cells. PhIP-induced CYP1A2 in both cell lines but CYP1B1 was selectively induced in ER-α(+) cells. ER-α inhibition in MCF-7 cells attenuated PhIP-mediated micronuclei formation and CYP1B1 induction. PhIP-induced CYP2E1 and ROS via ER-α-STAT-3 pathway, but only in ER-α (+) MCF-7 cells. Importantly, simultaneous treatments of physiological concentrations ethanol (10-3-10-1 M) with PhIP (10-7-10-4 M) increased oxidative stress and genotoxicity in MCF-7 cells, compared to the individual chemicals. Collectively, these data offer a mechanistic basis for the increased risk of breast cancer associated with dietary cooked meat and ethanol lifestyle choices.
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18
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Liu CY, Wu CY, Petrossian K, Huang TT, Tseng LM, Chen S. Treatment for the endocrine resistant breast cancer: Current options and future perspectives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:166-175. [PMID: 28684381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine resistance remains a challenge and an unmet need for managing hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The mechanisms of endocrine resistance are multifaceted and are likely to evolve over time following various single or combination therapies. The purpose of this review article is to provide general understanding of molecular basis of endocrine resistance of breast cancer and to offer comprehensive review on current treatment options and potential new treatment strategies for endocrine resistant breast cancers. Last but not the least, we discuss current challenges and future directions for management of endocrine resistant breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Liu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Wu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Karineh Petrossian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, United States
| | - Tzu-Ting Huang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, United States.
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19
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Berstein LM. Endocrinology of cancer and age: Early and late developmental stages. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057017030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Fábián M, Rencz F, Krenács T, Brodszky V, Hársing J, Németh K, Balogh P, Kárpáti S. Expression of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor in melanoma and in pregnancy-associated melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1453-1461. [PMID: 28467693 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hormone sensitivity of melanoma and the role of 'classical' oestrogen receptor (ER) α and β in tumour progression have been intensively studied with rather contradictory results. The presence of 'non-classical' G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) has not been investigated on human melanoma tissues. OBJECTIVE To analyse the expression of GPER, ERα and ERβ in pregnancy-associated (PAM) and in non-pregnancy-associated (NPAM) melanomas in correlation with traditional prognostic markers and disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS Receptor protein levels were tested using immunohistochemistry in 81 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded melanoma tissues. PAMs (n = 38) were compared with age- and Breslow thickness-matched cases (n = 43) including non-pregnant women (NPAM-W) (n = 22) and men (NPAM-M) (n = 21). The association between receptor expression and DFS was analysed by uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor was detected both in PAMs and NPAMs. In 39 of the 41 (95.1%) GPER-positive melanomas, GPER and ERβ were co-expressed. GPER/ERβ-positive melanomas were significantly more common in PAM compared to NPAM (P = 0.0001) with no significant difference between genders (P = 0.4383). In PAMs, the distribution of GPER and ERβ was similar (78.4% vs. 81.6%; P = 0.8504), while in NPAM, ERβ was the representative ER (60.5% vs. 27.9%; P = 0.0010) without gender difference (59.1% vs. 61.9%). GPER-/ERβ-positive melanomas were associated with lower Breslow thickness, lower mitotic rate and higher presence of peritumoral lymphocyte infiltration (PLI) compared to GPER-/ERβ-negative cases (P = 0.0156, P = 0.0036 and P = 0.0001) predicting a better DFS (HR = 0.785, 95% CI 0.582-1.058). Despite the significantly higher frequency of GPER and ERβ expression in PAM, no significant difference was found in DFS between PAM and NPAM. All but one case failed to show ERα expression. CONCLUSIONS The presence of GPER and its simultaneous expression with ERβ can serve as a new prognostic indicator in a significant subpopulation of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fábián
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - F Rencz
- Department of Health Economics, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Krenács
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Tumour Progression Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - V Brodszky
- Department of Health Economics, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Hársing
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Németh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Balogh
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Wen C, Wu L, Fu L, Wang B, Zhou H. Unifying mechanism in the initiation of breast cancer by metabolism of estrogen (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627646 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to estrogen is associated with increased risk of breast cancer. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis in the breast caused by estrogen metabolism include formation of depurinating adducts which are released from DNA to generate apurinic sites, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess ROS not only exerts genotoxicity by indirectly increasing genomic instability, but also stimulates progression of mammary carcinogenicity by inducing a redox‑associated signaling pathway. Estrogen metabolism enzymes serve an important role in estrogen metabolism. Alterations in the expression and activity of estrogen metabolism enzymes may influence estrogen metabolism homeostasis. The present review discusses the process of estrogen metabolism, the role of estrogen metabolites and ROS in breast carcinogenesis, and the effect of metabolism enzyme polymorphisms on generation of pro‑carcinogens and breast cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Wen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lanxiang Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Fu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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22
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Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. Etiology and prevention of prevalent types of cancer. JOURNAL OF RARE DISEASES RESEARCH & TREATMENT 2017; 2:22-29. [PMID: 30854528 PMCID: PMC6404759 DOI: 10.29245/2572-9411/2017/3.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogens become carcinogens when excessive catechol estrogen quinone metabolites are formed. Specifically, the catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones can react with DNA to produce a large amount of specific depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts, formed at the N-3 of Ade and N-7 of Gua. Loss of these adducts leaves apurinic sites in the DNA, which can generate subsequent cancer-initiating mutations. Unbalanced estrogen metabolism yields excessive catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, increasing formation of the depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts and the risk of initiating cancer. Evidence for this mechanism of cancer initiation comes from studies in vitro, in cell culture, in animal models and in human subjects. High levels of estrogen-DNA adducts have been observed in women with breast, ovarian or thyroid cancer, and in men with prostate cancer or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Observation of high levels of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts in high risk women before the presence of breast cancer indicates that adduct formation is a critical factor in breast cancer initiation. Two dietary supplements, N-acetylcysteine and resveratrol, complement each other in reducing formation of catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones and inhibiting formation of estrogen-DNA adducts in cultured human and mouse breast epithelial cells. They also inhibit malignant transformation of these epithelial cells. In addition, formation of adducts was reduced in women who followed a Healthy Breast Protocol that includes N-acetylcysteine and resveratrol. Blocking initiation of cancer prevents promotion, progression and development of the disease. These results suggest that reducing formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts can reduce the risk of developing a variety of types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercole L. Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA
| | - Eleanor G. Rogan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA
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23
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Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG, Zahid M. Critical depurinating DNA adducts: Estrogen adducts in the etiology and prevention of cancer and dopamine adducts in the etiology and prevention of Parkinson's disease. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1078-1090. [PMID: 28388839 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogens become carcinogens when dangerous metabolites, the catechol estrogen quinones, are formed. In particular, the catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones can react with DNA to produce an excess of specific depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts. Loss of these adducts leaves apurinic sites in the DNA, generating subsequent cancer-initiating mutations. Unbalanced estrogen metabolism yields excessive catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, increasing formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts and the risk of initiating cancer. Evidence for this mechanism of cancer initiation comes from various types of studies. High levels of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts have been observed in women with breast, ovarian or thyroid cancer, as well as in men with prostate cancer or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Observation of high levels of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts in high risk women before the presence of breast cancer indicates that adduct formation is a critical factor in breast cancer initiation. Formation of analogous depurinating dopamine-DNA adducts is hypothesized to initiate Parkinson's disease by affecting dopaminergic neurons. Two dietary supplements, N-acetylcysteine and resveratrol complement each other in reducing formation of catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones and inhibiting formation of estrogen-DNA adducts in cultured human and mouse breast epithelial cells. They also inhibit malignant transformation of these cells. In addition, formation of adducts was reduced in women who followed a Healthy Breast Protocol that includes N-acetylcysteine and resveratrol. When initiation of cancer is blocked, promotion, progression and development of the disease cannot occur. These results suggest that reducing formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts can reduce the risk of developing a variety of types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercole L Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.,Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Eleanor G Rogan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.,Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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Sahadevan M, Lee O, Muzzio M, Phan B, Jacobs L, Khouri N, Wang J, Hu H, Stearns V, Chatterton RT. The relationship of single-strand breaks in DNA to breast cancer risk and to tissue concentrations of oestrogens. Biomarkers 2017; 22:689-697. [PMID: 28276926 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1293736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Clinical study of breast cancer patients in Chicago, IL, USA. OBJECTIVE Ascertain the utility of measurements of single-strand breaks (SSB) in DNA for assessment of breast cancer risk. METHODS Fine-needle aspirates of the breast, SSB by nick translation, percent breast density (PBD), Gail model risk, cumulative methylation index (CMI), enzymes of DNA repair and tissue antioxidants. RESULTS DNA repair enzymes and 4-hydroxyestradiol were negatively associated with SSB; CMI and PBD were positively associated. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative measurement of SSBs by this procedure indicates the relative number of SSBs and is related to promoter methylation, antioxidant availability and percent breast density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathavi Sahadevan
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Oukseub Lee
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Miguel Muzzio
- b Analytical Chemistry Division , IIT Research Institute , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Belinda Phan
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Lisa Jacobs
- c Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Breast Cancer Program, Kimmel Cancer Center , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Nagi Khouri
- c Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Breast Cancer Program, Kimmel Cancer Center , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Jun Wang
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Hong Hu
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Vered Stearns
- c Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Breast Cancer Program, Kimmel Cancer Center , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Robert T Chatterton
- d Departments of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Physiology, and Pathology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA.,e Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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Engin A. Obesity-associated Breast Cancer: Analysis of risk factors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:571-606. [PMID: 28585217 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several studies show that a significantly stronger association is obvious between increased body mass index (BMI) and higher breast cancer incidence. Furthermore, obese women are at higher risk of all-cause and breast cancer specific mortality when compared to non-obese women with breast cancer. In this context, increased levels of estrogens due to excessive aromatization activity of the adipose tissue, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, hyperactivation of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) pathways, adipocyte-derived adipokines, hypercholesterolemia and excessive oxidative stress contribute to the development of breast cancer in obese women. While higher breast cancer risk with hormone replacement therapy is particularly evident among lean women, in postmenopausal women who are not taking exogenous hormones, general obesity is a significant predictor for breast cancer. Moreover, increased plasma cholesterol leads to accelerated tumor formation and exacerbates their aggressiveness. In contrast to postmenopausal women, premenopausal women with high BMI are inversely associated with breast cancer risk. Nevertheless, life-style of women for breast cancer risk is regulated by avoiding the overweight and a high-fat diet. Estrogen-plus-progestin hormone therapy users for more than 5 years have elevated risks of both invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer. Additionally, these cases are more commonly node-positive and have a higher cancer-related mortality. Collectively, in this chapter, the impacts of obesity-related estrogen, cholesterol, saturated fatty acid, leptin and adiponectin concentrations, aromatase activity, leptin and insulin resistance on breast cancer patients are evaluated. Obesity-related prognostic factors of breast cancer also are discussed at molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey. .,, Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Morad V, Abrahamsson A, Kjölhede P, Dabrosin C. Adipokines and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Normal Human Breast Tissue in Vivo - Correlations and Attenuation by Dietary Flaxseed. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2016; 21:69-76. [PMID: 27059487 PMCID: PMC4933741 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-016-9352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sex steroids increases the risk of breast cancer but the exact mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Events in the microenvironment are important for carcinogenesis. Diet containing phytoestrogens can affect the breast microenvironment and alter the risk of breast cancer. It has previously been shown that estrogen regulates extracellular levels of leptin, adiponectin, and VEGF in normal breast tissue in vivo. Whether these proteins correlate in breast tissue in vivo or if diet addition of flaxseed, a major source of phytoestrogens in Western diets, alters adipokine levels in breast tissue are unknown. We used microdialysis to sample proteins of normal human breast tissue and abdominal subcutaneous fat in situ in 34 pre-and postmenopausal women. In vitro, co-culture of breast cancer cells and primary human adipocytes was used. In vivo, in normal breast tissue, a significant positive correlation between VEGF and leptin was detected. No correlations were found in fat tissue. Co-culture of adipocytes and breast cancer cells per se increased the secretion of VEGF and leptin and enhanced the effects of estradiol compared to culture of either cell type alone. In vitro, inhibition of VEGF diminished the release of leptin while inhibition of leptin had no influence on VEGF secretion. The levels of leptin decreased and adiponectin increased after a dietary addition of 25 g of flaxseed/day for one menstrual cycle. We conclude that VEGF and leptin correlate significantly in normal human breast tissue in vivo and that dietary addition of flaxseed affect adipokine levels in the breast.
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Relation of Serum Estrogen Metabolites with Terminal Duct Lobular Unit Involution Among Women Undergoing Diagnostic Image-Guided Breast Biopsy. Discov Oncol 2016; 7:305-315. [PMID: 27138982 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher levels of circulating estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EMs) have been associated with higher breast cancer risk. In breast tissues, reduced levels of terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution, as reflected by higher numbers of TDLUs and acini per TDLU, have also been linked to elevated breast cancer risk. However, it is unknown whether reduced TDLU involution mediates the risk associated with circulating EMs. In a cross-sectional analysis of 94 premenopausal and 92 postmenopausal women referred for clinical breast biopsy at an academic facility in Vermont, we examined the associations of 15 EMs, quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with the number of TDLUs and acini count/TDLU using zero-inflated Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator and ordinal logistic regression models, respectively. All analyses were stratified by menopausal status and adjusted for potential confounders. Among premenopausal women, comparing the highest vs. the lowest tertiles, levels of unconjugated estradiol (risk ratio (RR) = 1.74, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-2.87, p trend = 0.03), 2-hydroxyestrone (RR = 1.74, 95 % CI = 1.01-3.01, p trend = 0.04), and 4-hydroxyestrone (RR = 1.74, 95 % CI = 0.99-3.06, p trend = 0.04) were associated with significantly higher TDLU count. Among postmenopausal women, higher levels of estradiol (RR = 2.09, 95 % CI = 1.01-4.30, p trend = 0.04) and 16α-hydroxyestrone (RR = 2.27, 95 % CI = 1.29-3.99, p trend = 0.02) were significantly associated with higher TDLU count. Among postmenopausal women, higher levels of EMs, specifically conjugated estrone and 2- and 4-pathway catechols, were also associated with higher acini count/TDLU. Our data suggest that higher levels of serum EMs are generally associated with lower levels of TDLU involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Luzzatto
- From the Istituto Toscano Tumori and University of Firenze, Florence, Italy (L.L.); and the Cancer Research Institute and Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (P.P.P.)
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Morad V, Abrahamsson A, Dabrosin C. Estradiol affects extracellular leptin:adiponectin ratio in human breast tissue in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3460-7. [PMID: 24796929 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exposure to sex steroids is associated with increased breast cancer risk, and adipokines, leptin and adiponectin have been implicated in cancer progression. However, it is not known whether sex steroids affect adipokine secretion in breast tissue. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of estrogen and tamoxifen on adipokine release in normal human breast tissue and breast cancer. SETTING AND DESIGN Microdialysis sampling was used to collect extracellular in vivo leptin and adiponectin from normal human breast tissue in premenopausal healthy volunteers during the menstrual cycle and in postmenopausal women before tamoxifen treatment and after 6 weeks of treatment. In women with breast cancer, microdialysis was performed intratumorally before surgery. In addition, whole normal breast tissue biopsies were cultured ex vivo, and murine breast cancer models were evaluated. RESULTS In normal breast tissue, plasma estradiol negatively correlated with local extracellular adiponectin levels (r = -0.34; P < .05) and positively correlated with leptin (r = 0.37; P < .05) and leptin:adiponectin ratio (r = 0.38; P < .05). In postmenopausal women, tamoxifen treatment increased adiponectin (P < 0.05) and decreased leptin (P < .01) and the leptin:adiponectin ratio (P < .01). These in vivo results were confirmed in breast tissue biopsies cultured ex vivo. In patients with breast cancer, extracellular leptin was higher (P < .01) and adiponectin lower (P < .05) in tumors than in normal adjacent breast tissue. In a murine model of breast cancer, estrogen exposure increased leptin secretion (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Estrogen exposure may have a critical role in the regulation of adipokines in human breast tissue and may serve as therapeutic targets for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Morad
- Department of Oncology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Fortunato RS, Ferreira ACF, Hecht F, Dupuy C, Carvalho DP. Sexual dimorphism and thyroid dysfunction: a matter of oxidative stress? J Endocrinol 2014; 221:R31-40. [PMID: 24578296 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid diseases, such as autoimmune disease and benign and malignant nodules, are more prevalent in women than in men, but the mechanisms involved in this sex difference is still poorly defined. H₂O₂ is produced at high levels in the thyroid gland and regulates parameters such as cell proliferation, migration, survival, and death; an imbalance in the cellular oxidant-antioxidant system in the thyroid may contribute to the greater incidence of thyroid disease among women. Recently, we demonstrated the existence of a sexual dimorphism in the thyrocyte redox balance, characterized by higher H₂O₂ production, due to higher NOX4 and Poldip2 expression, and weakened enzymatic antioxidant defense in the thyroid of adult female rats compared with male rats. In addition, 17β-estradiol administration increased NOX4 mRNA expression and H₂O₂ production in thyroid PCCL3 cells. In this review, we discuss the possible involvement of oxidative stress in estrogen-related thyroid pathophysiology. Our current hypothesis suggests that a redox imbalance elicited by estrogen could be involved in the sex differences found in the prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS - Bloco G - Subsolo - Sala G0-031, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Mixed Unity of Research (UMR) 8200 - Genomes and Cancer, The Gustave Roussy Institute of Integrated Cancer Research, Villejuif F-94805, France
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Cavalieri E, Rogan E. The molecular etiology and prevention of estrogen-initiated cancers: Ockham's Razor: Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate. Plurality should not be posited without necessity. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 36:1-55. [PMID: 23994691 PMCID: PMC3938998 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of estrogen carcinogenesis required a few fundamental discoveries made by studying the mechanism of carcinogenesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The two major mechanisms of metabolic activation of PAH involve formation of radical cations and diol epoxides as ultimate carcinogenic metabolites. These intermediates react with DNA to yield two types of adducts: stable adducts that remain in DNA unless removed by repair and depurinating adducts that are lost from DNA by cleavage of the glycosyl bond between the purine base and deoxyribose. The potent carcinogenic PAH benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene predominantly form depurinating DNA adducts, leaving apurinic sites in the DNA that generate cancer-initiating mutations. This was discovered by correlation between the depurinating adducts formed in mouse skin by treatment with benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and the site of mutations in the Harvey-ras oncogene in mouse skin papillomas initiated by one of these PAH. By applying some of these fundamental discoveries in PAH studies to estrogen carcinogenesis, the natural estrogens estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) were found to be mutagenic and carcinogenic through formation of the depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts 4-OHE1(E2)-1-N3Ade and 4-OHE1(E2)-1-N7Gua. These adducts are generated by reaction of catechol estrogen quinones with DNA, analogously to the DNA adducts obtained from the catechol quinones of benzene, naphthalene, and the synthetic estrogens diethylstilbestrol and hexestrol. This is a weak mechanism of cancer initiation. Normally, estrogen metabolism is balanced and few estrogen-DNA adducts are formed. When estrogen metabolism becomes unbalanced, more catechol estrogen quinones are generated, resulting in higher levels of estrogen-DNA adducts, which can be used as biomarkers of unbalanced estrogen metabolism and, thus, cancer risk. The ratio of estrogen-DNA adducts to estrogen metabolites and conjugates has repeatedly been found to be significantly higher in women at high risk for breast cancer, compared to women at normal risk. These results indicate that formation of estrogen-DNA adducts is a critical factor in the etiology of breast cancer. Significantly higher adduct ratios have been observed in women with breast, thyroid or ovarian cancer. In the women with ovarian cancer, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes for two enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism indicate risk for ovarian cancer. When polymorphisms produce high activity cytochrome P450 1B1, an activating enzyme, and low activity catechol-O-methyltransferase, a protective enzyme, in the same woman, she is almost six times more likely to have ovarian cancer. These results indicate that formation of estrogen-DNA adducts is a critical factor in the etiology of ovarian cancer. Significantly higher ratios of estrogen-DNA adducts to estrogen metabolites and conjugates have also been observed in men with prostate cancer or non-Hodgkin lymphoma, compared to healthy men without cancer. These results also support a critical role of estrogen-DNA adducts in the initiation of cancer. Starting from the perspective that unbalanced estrogen metabolism can lead to increased formation of catechol estrogen quinones, their reaction with DNA to form adducts, and generation of cancer-initiating mutations, inhibition of estrogen-DNA adduct formation would be an effective approach to preventing a variety of human cancers. The dietary supplements resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine can act as preventing cancer agents by keeping estrogen metabolism balanced. These two compounds can reduce the formation of catechol estrogen quinones and/or their reaction with DNA. Therefore, resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine provide a widely applicable, inexpensive approach to preventing many of the prevalent types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercole Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA.
| | - Eleanor Rogan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA.
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Maria Zowczak-Drabarczyk M, Murawa D, Kaczmarek L, Połom K, Litwiniuk M. Total antioxidant status in plasma of breast cancer patients in relation to ERβ expression. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2013; 17:499-503. [PMID: 24592136 PMCID: PMC3934035 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2013.38782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAS) in breast cancer patients in relation to ERβ expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of newly diagnosed consecutive female breast cancer patients (n = 41) and controls (n = 28) randomly selected from women with benign breast disease. TAS was determined with the ABTS reagent. Immunostaining for ERβ was performed using polyclonal antibodies. ERα, PgR and HER-2 were measured routinely (immunostaining for ERα and PgR with monoclonal antibodies and EnVision detection system; immunohistochemical method/FISH for HER-2 expression). RESULTS The plasma TAS was significantly decreased in the breast cancer patients in comparison to the controls independently of hormonal and lymph node status. The TAS level was not significantly different between breast cancer subgroups either in relation to the ERβ expression (ERβ+ vs. ERβ-) or considering the steroid receptor status (ERα+, ERβ+, Pg+ vs. ERα+, ERβ-, Pg+) even in the selected lymph node negative subgroup. Similarly, HER-2 expression did not significantly affect the TAS concentration. A tendency towards higher TAS level in all ERβ negative breast cancer subgroups was observed. CONCLUSIONS The results might confirm enhanced consumption of plasma antioxidants in breast cancer patients. The determination of ERβ isoforms along with parameters of redox status might enable better understanding of their mutual influence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawid Murawa
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Center in Poznań, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Department of General Surgery with Urological and Surgical Oncology Units, Medical Center in Pleszew, Poland
| | - Karol Połom
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Center in Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Litwiniuk
- Chemotherapy Department, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznan, Poland
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Yang L, Zahid M, Liao Y, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL, Davidson NE, Yager JD, Visvanathan K, Groopman JD, Kensler TW. Reduced formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts by sulforaphane or KEAP1 disruption in human mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2587-92. [PMID: 23843041 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a potent inducer of detoxication enzymes such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) via the Kelch-like erythroid-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. NQO1 reduces the carcinogenic estrogen metabolite, catechol estrogen-3,4-quinone, whereas GSTs detoxify it through conjugation with glutathione. These 3,4-quinones can react with DNA to form depurinating DNA adducts. Thus, SFN may alter estrogen metabolism and thus protect against estrogen-mediated DNA damage and carcinogenesis. Human breast epithelial MCF-10A cells were treated with either vehicle or SFN and either estradiol (E2) or its metabolite 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2). 4-Hydroxy-derived estrogen metabolites and depurinating DNA adducts formed from E2 and its interconvertable metabolite estrone (E1) were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Levels of the depurinated adducts, 4-OHE1/2-1-N3Adenine and 4-OHE1/2-1-N7Guanine, were reduced by 60% in SFN-treated cells, whereas levels of 4-OCH3E1/2 and 4-OHE1/2-glutathione conjugates increased. To constitutively enhance the expression of Nrf2-regulated genes, cells were treated with either scrambled or siKEAP1 RNA. Following E2 or 4-OHE2 treatments, levels of the adenine and guanine adducts dropped 60-70% in siKEAP1-treated cells, whereas 4-OHE1/2-glutathione conjugates increased. However, 4-OCH3E1/2 decreased 50% after siKEAP1 treatment. Thus, treatment with SFN or siKEAP1 has similar effects on reduction of depurinating estrogen-DNA adduct levels following estrogen challenge. However, these pharmacologic and genetic approaches have different effects on estrogen metabolism to O-methyl and glutathione conjugates. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway, especially elevated NQO1, may account for some but not all of the protective effects of SFN against estrogen-mediated DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Berstein LM. Cancer and heterogeneity of obesity: a potential contribution of brown fat. Future Oncol 2013; 8:1537-48. [PMID: 23231516 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has lately been drawing additional attention as a potential cancer risk and, with some exceptions as a prognostic factor. As obesity is a complex issue characterized by different variants, mechanisms and manifestations, its role in cancer development is also a complex problem exceeding the basic fact of the fat content rising above certain limits. Therefore, in the present paper obesity is viewed as a heterogeneous entity, which has distinct connections with cancer pathogenesis. Among other issues, emphasis is made on the state of white and brown adipose tissue, in particular the association of specific brown fat features and the so-called white fat browning with the functions of normal and mutated tumor suppressor genes, such as PTEN and BRCA1. These connections are considered from the viewpoint implying the existence of two types of hormonal carcinogenesis and of hormonal mediation of the genetic predisposition to tumor development, and should be accounted for in prevention and treatment of both obesity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev M Berstein
- Laboratory of Oncoendocrinology, N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg 197758, Russia.
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Marconett CN, Singhal AK, Sundar SN, Firestone GL. Indole-3-carbinol disrupts estrogen receptor-alpha dependent expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 and proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 363:74-84. [PMID: 22835548 PMCID: PMC3684449 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously established that Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C), a natural hydrolysis product of glucobrassicin in cruciferous vegetables, arrests the proliferation of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cells and induces protein degradation of Estrogen Receptor-alpha (ERα). We demonstrate in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells that I3C ablates expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor-1 (IGF1R) and Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS1), downstream effectors of the IGF1 signaling pathway. Exogenous ERα reversed the I3C mediated loss of IGF1R and IRS1 gene expression demonstrating that down-regulation of ERα is functionally linked to I3C control of IGF1R and IRS1 expression. I3C disrupted binding of endogenous ERα, but not Sp1, to ERE-Sp1 composite elements within the IGF1R/IRS1 promoters. Exogenous ERα abrogated, and combined expression of IGF1R and IRS1 attenuated, the I3C mediated cell cycle arrest. Therefore, I3C inhibits proliferation of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells through disruption of ERα-mediated transcription of cell signaling components within the IGF1 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gary L. Firestone
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. University of California, Berkeley Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition # 3200, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200; Tel (510) 642-8319; Fax (510) 643-6791;
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Motiani RK, Zhang X, Harmon KE, Keller RS, Matrougui K, Bennett JA, Trebak M. Orai3 is an estrogen receptor α-regulated Ca²⁺ channel that promotes tumorigenesis. FASEB J 2012; 27:63-75. [PMID: 22993197 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) encoded by Orai1 proteins is a ubiquitous Ca(2+)-selective conductance involved in cellular proliferation and migration. We recently described up-regulation of Orai3 channels that selectively mediate SOCE in estrogen receptor α-expressing (ERα(+)) breast cancer cells. However, the connection between ERα and Orai3 and the role of Orai3 in tumorigenesis remain unknown. Here, we show that ERα knockdown decreases Orai3 mRNA (by ∼63%) and protein (by ∼44%) with no effect on Orai1. ERα knockdown decreases Orai3-mediated SOCE (by ∼43%) and the corresponding Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) current (by ∼42%) in ERα(+) MCF7 cells. The abrogation of SOCE in MCF7 cells on ERα knockdown can be rescued by ectopic expression of Orai3. ERα activation increased Orai3 expression and SOCE in MCF7 cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and thrombin stimulate Ca(2+) influx into MCF7 cells through Orai3. Orai3 knockdown inhibited SOCE-dependent phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2; by ∼44%) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK; by ∼46%) as well as transcriptional activity of nuclear factor for activated T cells (NFAT; by ∼49%). Significantly, Orai3 knockdown selectively decreased anchorage-independent growth (by ∼58%) and Matrigel invasion (by ∼44%) of ERα(+) MCF7 cells with no effect on ERα(-) MDA-MB231 cells. Moreover, Orai3 knockdown inhibited ERα(+) cell tumorigenesis in immunodeficient mice (∼66% reduction in tumor volume). These data establish Orai3 as an ERα-regulated channel and a potential selective therapeutic target for ERα(+) breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender K Motiani
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Simanainen U, Gao YR, Walters KA, Watson G, Desai R, Jimenez M, Handelsman DJ. Androgen resistance in female mice increases susceptibility to DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Discov Oncol 2012; 3:113-24. [PMID: 22370991 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-012-0107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones, notably estrogens, are pivotal in the origins of breast cancer but androgenic effects, while supported by persistence of AR expression in breast cancers, remain controversial. This study determined the role of the androgen actions via androgen receptor (AR) in experimental mammary cancer. Androgen-resistant female and male mice (ARKO) were generated using Cre/loxP technique and featured a global AR inactivation. The effect of AR inactivation and influence of genetic background on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumorigenesis was confirmed using two separate ARKO models with different genetic backgrounds. The onset of palpable mammary tumors was significantly faster in ARKO females (median time 22 vs 34 weeks, respectively; (p = 0.0024; multivariate Cox regression) compared to WT and independent of the mouse genetic background. The cumulative incidence at 9 months was 81 ± 10% [mean ± SE] for ARKO compared to 50 ± 13% in WT females. The increased DMBA susceptibility of ARKO females was associated with a higher epithelial proliferation index but not with major structural or receptor (estrogen or progesterone) expression differences between the virgin WT or ARKO female mammary glands. AR inactivation allowed substantial ductal extension in ARKO males while WT males displayed only rudimentary epithelial branches or complete regression of epithelial structures. Yet, DMBA did not induce epithelial mammary tumors in WT or ARKO males, demonstrating that AR inactivation alone is insufficient to promote mammary tumors. These results demonstrate that AR inactivation accelerates mammary carcinogenesis in female mice exposed to the chemical carcinogen DMBA regardless of mouse genetic background but require prior exposure to endogenous ovarian hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Simanainen
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
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Desaulniers D, Leingartner K, Pelletier G, Xiao GH, Bowers WJ. Effects of Developmental Exposure to Mixtures of Environmental Contaminants on the Hepatic Metabolism of Estradiol-17β in Immature Female Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Toxicol 2012; 31:454-66. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581812457431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants induces the activation of cytochrome P450s (CYP) which lead to the hydroxylation of contaminants and endogenous hormones such as estrogens. The hydroxylation of estrogens forms catecholestrogens (CEs), one of them being the mutagenic 4-hydroxyestradiol-17β (4−OH−E2). Catecholestrogens are transformed by catechol -o-methyltransferases (COMTs) into nonreactive methoxyestrogens. To investigate the hepatic metabolism of estradiol-17β in female offspring at postnatal day (PND) 21, pregnant rats were dosed daily from gestation day 1 until PND 21 with 2 dose levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; 0.019 or 1.9 mg/kg per d), methylmercury (MeHg; 0.02 or 2 mg/kg per d), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; 0.011 or 1.1 mg/kg per d), or a mixture (M; 0.05 or 5 mg/kg per d) including all 3 groups of chemicals. Concentrations of organochlorines in the mixture M were based on their proportions in serum of the Canadian Arctic population. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of CYP and COMT were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). High-performance thin layer chromatography and phosphor imaging were used to measure the transformation of 14C substrates into estrogen metabolites. The low-dose treatments or the MeHg groups had no effect. The high-dose OCP, PCB, and M group increased the production of 2-OH-E2 and 6α-OH-E2, while only the PCB and M groups increased the 2-OH-CE/methoxyestrogen ratio. In all groups, the cytosolic COMT activity exceeded the microsomal production rate of 4-OH-E2. Although the M treatment included the PCB and OCP mixtures, it did not modify the estrogen metabolism more than did the PCB mixture alone. This endocrine disruption information contributes to our understanding of chemical interactions in the toxicology of chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Desaulniers
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Hazard Identification Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. Leingartner
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Hazard Identification Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - G. Pelletier
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Hazard Identification Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - G.-H. Xiao
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Hazard Identification Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - W. J. Bowers
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Hazard Identification Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Cheng L, Li J, Han Y, Lin J, Niu C, Zhou Z, Yuan B, Huang K, Li J, Jiang K, Zhang H, Ding L, Xu X, Ye Q. PES1 promotes breast cancer by differentially regulating ERα and ERβ. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2857-70. [PMID: 22820289 DOI: 10.1172/jci62676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of breast cancer is associated with increased expression of tumor-promoting estrogen receptor α (ERα) protein and decreased expression of tumor-suppressive ERβ protein. However, the mechanism underlying this process is unknown. Here we show that PES1 (also known as Pescadillo), an estrogen-inducible protein that is overexpressed in breast cancer, can regulate the balance between ERα and ERβ. We found that PES1 modulated many estrogen-responsive genes by enhancing the transcriptional activity of ERα while inhibiting transcriptional activity of ERβ. Consistent with this regulation of ERα and ERβ transcriptional activity, PES1 increased the stability of the ERα protein and decreased that of ERβ through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, mediated by the carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP). Moreover, PES1 transformed normal human mammary epithelial cells and was required for estrogen-induced breast tumor growth in nude mice. Further analysis of clinical samples showed that expression of PES1 correlated positively with ERα expression and negatively with ERβ expression and predicted good clinical outcome in breast cancer. Our data demonstrate that PES1 contributes to breast tumor growth through regulating the balance between ERα and ERβ and may be a better target for the development of drugs that selectively regulate ERα and ERβ activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. It is accepted that breast cancer is not a single disease, but instead constitutes a spectrum of tumor subtypes with distinct cellular origins, somatic changes, and etiologies. Molecular gene expression studies have divided breast cancer into several categories, i.e. basal-like, ErbB2 enriched, normal breast-like (adipose tissue gene signature), luminal subtype A, luminal subtype B, and claudin-low. Chances are that as our knowledge increases, each of these types will also be subclassified. More than 66% of breast carcinomas express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and respond to antiestrogen therapies. Most of these ER+ tumors also express progesterone receptors (PRs), the expression of which has been considered as a reliable marker of a functional ER. In this paper we will review the evidence suggesting that PRs are valid targets for breast cancer therapy. Experimental data suggest that both PR isoforms (A and B) have different roles in breast cancer cell growth, and antiprogestins have already been clinically used in patients who have failed to other therapies. We hypothesize that antiprogestin therapy may be suitable for patients with high levels of PR-A. This paper will go over the experimental evidence of our laboratory and others supporting the use of antiprogestins in selected breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lanari
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Giulianelli S, Vaqué JP, Soldati R, Wargon V, Vanzulli SI, Martins R, Zeitlin E, Molinolo AA, Helguero LA, Lamb CA, Gutkind JS, Lanari C. Estrogen Receptor Alpha Mediates Progestin-Induced Mammary Tumor Growth by Interacting with Progesterone Receptors at the Cyclin D1/MYC Promoters. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2416-27. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. The etiology and prevention of breast cancer. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. DISEASE MECHANISMS 2012; 9:e55-e69. [PMID: 26246832 PMCID: PMC4522944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of estrogens via the catechol estrogen pathway is characterized by a balanced set of activating and protective enzymes (homeostasis). Disruption of homeostasis, with excessive production of catechol estrogen quinones, can lead to reaction of these quinones with DNA to form depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts. Some of the mutations generated by these events can lead to initiation of breast cancer. A wealth of evidence, from studies of metabolism, mutagenicity, cell transformation and carcinogenicity, demonstrates that estrogens are genotoxic. Women at high risk for breast cancer, or diagnosed with the disease, have relatively high levels of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts compared to normal-risk women. The dietary supplements N-acetylcysteine and resveratrol can inhibit formation of catechol estrogen quinones and their reaction with DNA to form estrogen-DNA adducts, thereby preventing initiation of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercole L. Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eleanor G. Rogan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Vera-Ramirez L, Sanchez-Rovira P, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Granados-Principal S, Lorente JA, Quiles JL. Free radicals in breast carcinogenesis, breast cancer progression and cancer stem cells. Biological bases to develop oxidative-based therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 80:347-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Mollard S, Mousseau Y, Baaj Y, Richard L, Cook-Moreau J, Monteil J, Funalot B, Sturtz FG. How can grafted breast cancer models be optimized? Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12:855-64. [PMID: 22057217 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.12.10.18139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent spontaneous malignancy diagnosed in women and is characterized by a broad histological diversity. Progression of the disease has a metastasizing trend and can be resistant to hormonal and chemotherapy. Animal models have provided some understanding of these features and have allowed new treatments to be proposed. However, these models need to be revised because they have some limitations in predicting the clinical efficacy of new therapies. In this review, we discuss the biological criteria to be taken into account for a realistic animal model of breast cancer graft (tumor implantation site, animal immune status, histological diversity, modern imaging). We emphasize the need for more stringent monitoring criteria, and suggest adopting the human RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) criteria to evaluate treatments in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Mollard
- Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
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Hemachandra LP, Madhubhani P, Chandrasena R, Esala P, Chen SN, Main M, Lankin DC, Scism RA, Dietz BM, Pauli GF, Thatcher GRJ, Bolton JL. Hops (Humulus lupulus) inhibits oxidative estrogen metabolism and estrogen-induced malignant transformation in human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A). Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 5:73-81. [PMID: 21997247 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to estrogens including those in traditional hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the risk of developing hormone-dependent cancers. As a result, women are turning to over-the-counter (OTC) botanical dietary supplements, such as black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) and hops (Humulus lupulus), as natural alternatives to HRT. The two major mechanisms which likely contribute to estrogen and/or HRT cancer risk are: the estrogen receptor-mediated hormonal pathway; and the chemical carcinogenesis pathway involving formation of estrogen quinones that damage DNA and proteins, hence initiating and promoting carcinogenesis. Because, OTC botanical HRT alternatives are in widespread use, they may have the potential for chemopreventive effects on estrogen carcinogenic pathways in vivo. Therefore, the effect of OTC botanicals on estrogen-induced malignant transformation of MCF-10A cells was studied. Cytochrome P450 catalyzed hydroxylation of estradiol at the 4-position leads to an o-quinone believed to act as the proximal carcinogen. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of estradiol metabolites showed that 4-hydroxylation was inhibited by hops, whereas black cohosh was without effect. Estrogen-induced expression of CYP450 1B1 and CYP450 1A1 was attenuated by the hops extract. Two phenolic constituents of hops (xanthohumol, XH; 8-prenylnaringenin, 8-PN) were tested: 8-PN was a potent inhibitor, whereas XH had no effect. Finally, estrogen-induced malignant transformation of MCF-10A cells was observed to be significantly inhibited by hops (5 μg/mL) and 8-PN (50 nmol/L). These data suggest that hops extracts possess cancer chemopreventive activity through attenuation of estrogen metabolism mediated by 8-PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Hemachandra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
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Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. Unbalanced metabolism of endogenous estrogens in the etiology and prevention of human cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:169-80. [PMID: 21397019 PMCID: PMC4423478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the numerous small molecules in the body, the very few aromatic ones include the estrogens and dopamine. In relation to cancer initiation, the estrogens should be considered as chemicals, not as hormones. Metabolism of estrogens is characterized by two major pathways. One is hydroxylation to form the 2- and 4-catechol estrogens, and the second is hydroxylation at the 16α position. In the catechol pathway, the metabolism involves further oxidation to semiquinones and quinones, including formation of the catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, the major carcinogenic metabolites of estrogens. These electrophilic compounds react with DNA to form the depurinating adducts 4-OHE(1)(E(2))-1-N3Ade and 4-OHE(1)(E(2))-1-N7Gua. The apurinic sites obtained by this reaction generate the mutations that may lead to the initiation of cancer. Oxidation of catechol estrogens to their quinones is normally in homeostasis, which minimizes formation of the quinones and their reaction with DNA. When the homeostasis is disrupted, excessive amounts of catechol estrogen quinones are formed and the resulting increase in depurinating DNA adducts can lead to initiation of cancer. Substantial evidence demonstrates the mutagenicity of the estrogen metabolites and their ability to induce transformation of mouse and human breast epithelial cells, and tumors in laboratory animals. Furthermore, women at high risk for breast cancer or diagnosed with the disease, men with prostate cancer, and men with non-Hodgkin lymphoma all have relatively high levels of estrogen-DNA adducts, compared to matched control subjects. Specific antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine and resveratrol, can block the oxidation of catechol estrogens to their quinones and their reaction with DNA. As a result, the initiation of cancer can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercole L Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States.
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Pan SY, Chen SB, Dong HG, Yu ZL, Dong JC, Long ZX, Fong WF, Han YF, Ko KM. New perspectives on chinese herbal medicine (zhong-yao) research and development. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2011:403709. [PMID: 21785622 PMCID: PMC3135515 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic chemical drugs, while being efficacious in the clinical management of many diseases, are often associated with undesirable side effects in patients. It is now clear that the need of therapeutic intervention in many clinical conditions cannot be satisfactorily met by synthetic chemical drugs. Since the research and development of new chemical drugs remain time-consuming, capital-intensive and risky, much effort has been put in the search for alternative routes for drug discovery in China. This narrative review illustrates various approaches to the research and drug discovery in Chinese herbal medicine. Although this article focuses on Chinese traditional drugs, it is also conducive to the development of other traditional remedies and innovative drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Si-Bao Chen
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
| | | | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, China
| | - Ji-Cui Dong
- Department of Essential Medicines and Pharmaceutical Policies, World Health Organization, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wang-Fun Fong
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, China
| | - Yi-Fan Han
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
| | - Kam-Ming Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, China
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Polanco TA, Crismale-Gann C, Reuhl KR, Sarkar DK, Cohick WS. Fetal alcohol exposure increases mammary tumor susceptibility and alters tumor phenotype in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 34:1879-87. [PMID: 20662802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered fetal programming because of a suboptimal in utero environment has been shown to increase susceptibility to many diseases later in life. This study examined the effect of alcohol exposure in utero on N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary cancer risk during adulthood. METHODS Study 1: Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were fed a liquid diet containing 6.7% ethanol (alcohol-fed), an isocaloric liquid diet (pair-fed), or rat chow ad libitum (ad lib-fed) from day 11 to 21 of gestation. At birth, female pups were cross-fostered to ad lib-fed control dams. Adult offspring were given an I.P. injection of NMU at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Mammary glands were palpated for tumors twice a week, and rats were euthanized at 23 weeks postinjection. Study 2: To investigate the role of estradiol (E2), animals were exposed to the same in utero treatments but were not given NMU. Serum was collected during the preovulatory phase of the estrous cycle. RESULTS At 16 weeks postinjection, overall tumor multiplicity was greater in the offspring from the alcohol-fed group compared to the control groups, indicating a decrease in tumor latency. At study termination, 70% of all animals possessed tumors. Alcohol-exposed animals developed more malignant tumors and more estrogen receptor-α-negative tumors relative to the control groups. In addition, IGF-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) mRNA and protein were decreased in tumors of alcohol-exposed animals. Study 2 showed that alcohol-fed animals had significantly increased circulating E2 when compared to either control group. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that alcohol exposure in utero increases susceptibility to mammary tumorigenesis in adulthood and suggest that alterations in the IGF and E2 systems may play a role in the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Polanco
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Kim T, Park H, Yue W, Wang JP, Atkins KA, Zhang Z, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL, Mohammad KS, Kim S, Santen RJ, Aiyar SE. Tetra-methoxystilbene modulates ductal growth of the developing murine mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:779-89. [PMID: 21170676 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive data suggest that estradiol contributes to the development of breast cancer by acting as a mitogen and exerting direct genotoxic effects after enzymatic conversion to 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) via cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1). The mammary gland, ovary, and uterus all express CYP1B1. Overexpression of this enzyme has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and blockade might reduce this carcinogenic effect. For this reason, we conducted systematic in vitro and in vivo studies of a CYP1B1 inhibitor, TMS (2,3',4,5'-tetramethoxystilbene). We found that TMS blocked the enzymatic conversion of radiolabeled estradiol to both 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2) and 4-OHE2, but did not inhibit Cyp1b1 message formation. In vivo studies using mass spectrometry showed that TMS inhibited formation of 2-OHE2 and 4-OHE2 and the resulting estrogen-DNA adducts. To examine its biologic actions in vivo, we investigated whether TMS could block the hyperplastic changes that occur in the developing breast of aromatase-transfected mice. We found that TMS induced a significant reduction of ductal structures in mice less than 6 months in age. In older mice, no reduction in breast morphology occurred. These latter studies uncovered unexpected estrogen agonistic actions of TMS at high doses, including a paradoxical stimulation of breast ductal structures and the endometrium. These studies suggest that the enzyme inhibitory properties of TMS, as well as the effects on developing breast, could implicate a role for TMS in breast cancer prevention, but only in low doses and on developing breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Kastrati I, Edirisinghe PD, Wijewickrama GT, Thatcher GRJ. Estrogen-induced apoptosis of breast epithelial cells is blocked by NO/cGMP and mediated by extranuclear estrogen receptors. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5602-16. [PMID: 20943808 PMCID: PMC2999489 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen action, via both nuclear and extranuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), induces a variety of cellular signals that are prosurvival or proliferative, whereas nitric oxide (NO) can inhibit apoptosis via caspase S-nitrosylation and via activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase to produce cGMP. The action of 17β-estradiol (E(2)) at ER is known to elicit NO signaling via activation of NO synthase (NOS) in many tissues. The MCF-10A nontumorigenic, mammary epithelial cell line is genetically stable and insensitive to estrogenic proliferation. In this cell line, estrogens or NOS inhibitors alone had no significant effect, whereas in combination, apoptosis was induced rapidly in the absence of serum; the presence of inducible NOS was confirmed by proteomic analysis. The application of pharmacological agents determined that apoptosis was dependent upon NO/cGMP signaling via cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase and could be replicated by inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/serine-threonine kinase pathway prior to addition of E(2). Apoptosis was confirmed by nuclear staining and increased caspase-3 activity in E(2) + NOS inhibitor-treated cells. Apoptosis was partially inhibited by a pure ER antagonist and replicated by agonists selective for extranuclear ER. Cells were rescued from E(2)-induced apoptosis after NOS blockade, by NO-donors and cGMP pathway agonists; preincubation with NO donors was required. The NOS and ER status of breast cancer tissues is significant in etiology, prognosis, and therapy. In this study, apoptosis of preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells was triggered by estrogens via a rapid, extranuclear ER-mediated response, after removal of an antiapoptotic NO/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irida Kastrati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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