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Sharma K, Sharma S, Dhanda S, Bangar Y, Kumar N, Chaubey KK. Meta-analysis of prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle using published estimates under serum and milk ELISA. Res Vet Sci 2024; 178:105366. [PMID: 39117472 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), poses significant challenges to the global livestock industry, particularly affecting bovine populations. To better understand the prevalence of paratuberculosis and its diagnostic nuances, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted. This analysis encompassed 21 studies involving 632,767 cows for milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 51 studies involving 256,409 cows for serum ELISA. The pooled prevalence estimate for paratuberculosis on a cow-basis was found to be 16% (95% CI: 14%; 18%) for milk ELISA and 8% (95% CI: 7%; 8%) for serum ELISA. Notably, higher confidence intervals (CI) were observed in milk ELISA, the Europe and Asia groups, suggesting variability in prevalence estimates within these regions. Conversely, lower CIs were noted in the USA and Canada groups, indicating greater consistency in prevalence estimates within these countries. However, serum ELISA exhibited high CI values across all regions, underscoring potential variability in diagnostic performance. These findings provide valuable insights for veterinarians, researchers, policymakers, and livestock producers in optimizing paratuberculosis detection and control strategies to mitigate its impact on bovine health and agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; Current affiliation: Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-Jammu), India.
| | - Shweta Dhanda
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Yogesh Bangar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh-281-401, India
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Wu Z, Li N, Li Z, Wang J, Liu M, Qi M, Wei S, Wu T, Guo Y, Zhu J, Jiang H, Xue R, Sun C, Feng X, Gu J, Han W, Li F, Lei L. Development and application of an indirect ELISA and nested PCR for the epidemiological analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae among pigs in China. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1329609. [PMID: 38260894 PMCID: PMC10803024 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1329609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an important opportunistic and zoonotic pathogen which is associated with many diseases in humans and animals. However, the pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae has been neglected and the prevalence of K. pneumoniae is poorly studied due to the lack of rapid and sensitive diagnosis techniques. Methods In this study, we infected mice and pigs with K. pneumoniae strain from a human patient. An indirect ELISA was established using the KHE protein as the coating protein for the detection of K. pneumoniae specific antibody in clinical samples. A nested PCR method to detect nuclei acids of K. pneumoniae was also developed. Results We showed that infection with K. pneumoniae strain from a human patient led to mild lung injury of pigs. For the ELISA, the optimal coating concentration of KHE protein was 10 µg/mL. The optimal dilutions of serum samples and secondary antibody were 1:100 and 1:2500, respectively. The analytical sensitivity was 1:800, with no cross-reaction between the coated antigen and porcine serum positive for antibodies against other bacteria. The intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibility coefficients of variation are less than 10%. Detection of 920 clinical porcine serum samples revealed a high K. pneumoniae infection rate by established indirect ELISA (27.28%) and nested PCR (19.13%). Moreover, correlation analysis demonstrated infection rate is positively correlated with gross population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and domestic tourists. Discussion In conclusion, K. pneumoniae is highly prevalent among pigs in China. Our study highlights the role of K. pneumoniae in pig health, which provides a reference for the prevention and control of diseases associated with K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengshuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Animal Disease Control Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengzhu Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shaopeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Animal Disease Control Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, China
| | - Junhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hexiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruixue Xue
- Animal Disease Control Center of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Badia-Bringué G, Canive M, Casais R, Blanco-Vázquez C, Amado J, Iglesias N, González A, Bascones M, Juste RA, Alonso-Hearn M. Evaluation of a droplet digital PCR assay for quantification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA in whole-blood and fecal samples from MAP-infected Holstein cattle. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:944189. [PMID: 36246323 PMCID: PMC9563315 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.944189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious disease that affects ruminants worldwide and is a burden on the dairy industry. PTB control measures include culling of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-infected animals from the herd and the enhancement of farm-biosecurity measures. Diagnostics tools for the direct detection of MAP are fecal real-time qPCR and bacteriological culture, the last one being considered the gold standard. However, both show limitations for detecting subclinical MAP-infected cattle with low bacterial load in feces and gut tissues. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is a third-generation PCR method that shows high reproducibility for the quantification of low DNA copy numbers. The objective of this study was to design a ddPCR assay to detect and quantify a fragment of the F57 MAP-specific sequence in samples of naturally MAP-infected Holstein cattle. DNA was isolated from whole-blood and fecal samples from control cows with a negative ELISA and qPCR result (N = 75) and from cows with PTB-associated focal (N = 32), multifocal (N = 21), and diffuse lesions (N = 17) in gut tissues. After ddPCR, the DNA extracted from fecal samples of cows with diffuse lesions showed higher mean copies per microliter (13,791.2 copies/μl) than samples from cows with multifocal lesions (78.8 copies/μl), focal lesions (177.1 copies/μl) or control cows (4.8 copies/μl) (P ≤ 0.05). Significant differences in mean DNA copies/μl were also observed in the blood samples from cows with focal lesions (47.7 copies/μl) when compared with cows with multifocal and diffuse lesions; 18.1 and 12.4 copies/μl, respectively. Using a principal component analysis, the results of the fecal ddPCR clustered together with the results of a commercial ELISA for the specific detection of MAP antibodies, fecal and tissue qPCR, and bacteriological culture results. In contrast, blood ddPCR results clustered together with the results of an ELISA for the detection of a biomarker of subclinical PTB, the ABCA13 transporter. Blood ddPCR was the most sensitive tool (sensitivity 71%, specificity 100%) of all the quantitative methods used in the study for the detection of subclinical cows with focal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Badia-Bringué
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Molecular Biology and Biomedicine, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Maria Canive
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Deva, Spain
| | - Cristina Blanco-Vázquez
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Deva, Spain
| | - Javier Amado
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratorio Regional de Sanidad Animal del Principado de Asturias, Gijón, Spain
| | - Natalia Iglesias
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Deva, Spain
| | - Aitor González
- Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
| | - Mertxe Bascones
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
| | - Ramon A. Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Alonso-Hearn
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Wherry TLT, Stabel JR. Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D 3: An Emerging Association in Johne's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1865. [PMID: 36144467 PMCID: PMC9500906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that plagues the dairy industry. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP which resides in host macrophages. Clinical stage disease is accompanied by dysfunctional immune responses and a reduction in circulating vitamin D3. The immunomodulatory role of vitamin D3 in infectious disease has been well established in humans, particularly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, significant species differences exist between the immune system of humans and bovines, including effects induced by vitamin D3. This fact highlights the need for continued study of the relationship between vitamin D3 and bovine immunity, especially during different stages of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Punati RD, Mallepaddi PC, Poonati R, Maity SN, Sohal JS, Polavarapu KKB, Polavarapu R. Development and evaluation of LAMP-coupled lateral flow device for the detection of MAP in livestock at point of care resource-limited areas. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:1105-1114. [PMID: 31541428 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), a systemic and chronic inflammation of intestine that affects bovine, small ruminants like goat and sheep. The disease has a greater economic importance in cattle and in small ruminants. But its effective control is impeded due to lack of rapid and accurate diagnostics. The present study is aimed at developing a LAMP-coupled lateral flow device (LFD) for rapid detection of paratuberculosis in livestock animal species such as cattle and in small ruminants at resource-limited areas. LAMP primers with biotin and FITC end tags were designed for IS900 gene specific for MAP. To determine sensitivity of LAMP assay, 10-fold serial dilutions were made from 10 ng/μl MAP stock DNA and were compared with PCR. The detection limits of LAMP-coupled LFD were defined and reactions were repeated for reproducibility. The specificity was evaluated using other infectious bacteria such as M. bovis, M. tuberculosis, Brucella abortus, Leptospira interrogan, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogens, and Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 95 samples turned positive for LAMP-coupled LFD out of 389 fecal samples. All the cultural-positive and PCR-positive samples showed positive in LAMP-coupled LFD. Nine samples with negative cultures turned positive in LAMP assay. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP-coupled LFD assays were 100% and 97.02% respectively in comparison with the culture as the gold standard method. The sensitivity detection limit of developed assay was 10 fg/μl and specificity was 100%. This assay successfully detected MAP not only by using bacterial DNA but also in clinical fecal samples. The clear band formation at control and test positions was observed on LAMP-coupled LFD. The developed assay is a simple, rapid, easy to perform, and is very useful in early diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at point of care resource-limited areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudrama Devi Punati
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 510, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, 5-36/207, Prashanthnagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 072, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, GenomixCARL Pvt. Ltd., Pulivendula, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516 390, India
| | - Prudhvi Chand Mallepaddi
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 510, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, 5-36/207, Prashanthnagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 072, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, GenomixCARL Pvt. Ltd., Pulivendula, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516 390, India
| | - Revathi Poonati
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 510, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, 5-36/207, Prashanthnagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 072, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, GenomixCARL Pvt. Ltd., Pulivendula, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516 390, India
| | - Soumendra Nath Maity
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, 5-36/207, Prashanthnagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 072, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, GenomixCARL Pvt. Ltd., Pulivendula, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516 390, India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- AMITY Center for Mycobacterial Division, AMITY University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302 001, India
| | - Kavi Kishor B Polavarapu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, 5-36/207, Prashanthnagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 072, India.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, GenomixCARL Pvt. Ltd., Pulivendula, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516 390, India.
| | - Rathnagiri Polavarapu
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 510, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, 5-36/207, Prashanthnagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 072, India
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, GenomixCARL Pvt. Ltd., Pulivendula, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516 390, India
- Genomix Biotech Inc, 2620 Braithwood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30345, USA
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Beaver A, Sweeney R, Hovingh E, Wolfgang D, Gröhn Y, Schukken Y. Longitudinal relationship between fecal culture, fecal quantitative PCR, and milk ELISA in Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis-infected cows from low-prevalence dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine milk from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 48:113-117. [PMID: 27865632 PMCID: PMC5221396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the IS900 region of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in bovine milk samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional PCR, and to study the agreement between these tests. A total of 121 bovine milk samples were collected from herds considered positive for MAP, from the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. MAP DNA was detected in 20 samples (16.5%) using conventional PCR and in 34 samples (28.1%) using qPCR. MAP DNA was detected in all of the 6 animal farms studied. Moderate agreement was found between qPCR and conventional PCR results, where the sensitivity and specificity of conventional PCR in relation to qPCR were 50% and 96.6%, respectively. Thus, the IS900 region of MAP was found in bovine milk samples from the State of Pernambuco. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MAP DNA found in bovine milk in Northeast Brazil. We also demonstrated the qPCR technique is more sensitive than conventional PCR with respect to detection of MAP in milk samples.
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Evaluation of the limitations and methods to improve rapid phage-based detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the blood of experimentally infected cattle. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:115. [PMID: 27305900 PMCID: PMC4910302 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disseminated infection and bacteraemia is an underreported and under-researched aspect of Johne’s disease. This is mainly due to the time it takes for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) to grow and lack of sensitivity of culture. Viable MAP cells can be detected in the blood of cattle suffering from Johne’s disease within 48 h using peptide-mediated magnetic separation (PMMS) followed by bacteriophage amplification. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the first detection of MAP in the blood of experimentally exposed cattle using the PMMS-bacteriophage assay and to compare these results with the immune response of the animal based on serum ELISA and shedding of MAP by faecal culture. Results Using the PMMS-phage assay, seven out of the 19 (37 %) MAP-exposed animals that were tested were positive for viable MAP cells although very low numbers of MAP were detected. Two of these animals were positive by faecal culture and one was positive by serum ELISA. There was no correlation between PMMS-phage assay results and the faecal and serum ELISA results. None of the control animals (10) were positive for MAP using any of the four detection methods. Investigations carried out into the efficiency of the assay; found that the PMMS step was the limiting factor reducing the sensitivity of the phage assay. A modified method using the phage assay directly on isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (without PMMS) was found to be superior to the PMMS isolation step. Conclusions This proof of concept study has shown that viable MAP cells are present in the blood of MAP-exposed cattle prior to the onset of clinical signs. Although only one time point was tested, the ability to detect viable MAP in the blood of subclinically infected animals by the rapid phage-based method has the potential to increase the understanding of the pathogenesis of Johne’s disease progression by warranting further research on the presence of MAP in blood.
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Laurin E, McKenna S, Chaffer M, Keefe G. Sensitivity of solid culture, broth culture, and real-time PCR assays for milk and colostrum samples from Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis-infectious dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8597-609. [PMID: 26476944 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) can be shed in feces, milk, and colostrum. The goal of this study was to assess assays that detect MAP in these sample types, including effects of lactation stage or season. Understanding the performance of these assays could improve how they are used, limiting the risk of infection to calves. Forty-six previously confirmed MAP-positive cows from 7 Atlantic Canadian dairy farms were identified for colostrum sampling and monthly sampling of milk and feces over a 12-mo period. Samples were assayed for MAP using solid culture, broth culture, and direct real-time PCR (qPCR). Across assay types, test sensitivity when applied to milk samples averaged 25% of that when applied to fecal samples. For colostrum samples, sensitivity depended on assay type, with sensitivity of qPCR being approximately 46% of that in feces. Across sample types, sensitivity of qPCR was higher than that of the other assays. Sensitivity of qPCR, when applied to milk samples, was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons. Summer was also the season with highest agreement between milk and fecal samples collected within the same month. Our results suggest that qPCR would detect more cows shedding MAP in their milk and colostrum than solid or broth culture assays, particularly during the summer, thus providing better management information to limit exposure of calves to this infectious organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Laurin
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Shawn McKenna
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Marcelo Chaffer
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Greg Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
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Mortier RAR, Barkema HW, De Buck J. Susceptibility to and diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in dairy calves: A review. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:189-98. [PMID: 26321657 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary objectives of paratuberculosis control programs are reducing exposure of calves to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), reducing herd infection pressure and regular testing of cattle >36 months of age. Although control programs based on these principles have reduced prevalence of MAP infection in dairy herds, they have generally not eliminated the infection. Recent infection trial(s) have yielded new knowledge regarding diagnostic testing and age- and dose-dependent susceptibility to MAP infection. Calves up to 1 year of age are still susceptible to MAP infection; therefore, control programs should refrain from referring to specific ages with respect to susceptibility and prevention of new infections. Notwithstanding, lesions were more severe when calves were inoculated at 2 weeks versus 1 year of age. Furthermore, a high inoculation dose resulted in more pronounced lesions than a low inoculation dose, especially in young calves. Consequently, keeping infection pressure low should decrease the incidence of new MAP infections and severity of JD in cattle that do acquire the infection. It was also evident that early diagnosis of MAP infection was possible and could improve efficacy of control programs. Although its use will still need to be validated in the field, a combination of antibody ELISA and fecal culture in young stock, in addition to testing cattle >36 months of age when screening a herd for paratuberculosis, was expected to improve detection of dairy cattle infected with MAP. Although calves were inoculated using a standardized method in a controlled environment, there were substantial differences among calves with regards to immune response, shedding and pathology. Therefore, we inferred there were genetic differences in susceptibility. Important insights were derived from experimental infection trials. Therefore, it was expected that these could improve paratuberculosis control programs by reducing severity and incidence of JD by lowering infection pressure on-farm, and reducing exposure of young calves and older cattle. Furthermore, an earlier diagnosis could be achieved by combining ELISA and fecal shedding in young stock, in addition to testing cattle >36 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienske A R Mortier
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Dam Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection status does not predetermine calves for future shedding when raised in a contaminated environment: a cohort study. Vet Res 2015; 46:70. [PMID: 26091807 PMCID: PMC4474464 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by calves in the first days of life from colostrum, milk and faeces is regarded an important moment of transmission. The objective of this study was to quantify the association between the MAP status of dams as determined by the presence of MAP DNA and antibody in colostrum and that of DNA in faeces and the environment with subsequent MAP shedding of their daughters. A cohort of 117 dam-daughter pairs giving birth/being born on eight commercial dairy farms with endemic paratuberculosis was followed where colostrum, faecal and environmental samples (dust) were analysed for the presence of MAP using an IS900 real-time PCR. Antibodies in colostrum were measured by ELISA. Analysis of dust samples showed that on all farms environmental MAP exposure occurred continuously. In significantly more colostrum samples (48%) MAP DNA was detected compared to faecal samples (37%). MAP specific antibodies were present in 34% of the colostrum samples. In total MAP DNA was present in faecal samples of 41% of the daughters at least once during the sampling period. The association between faecal shedding in the offspring and the dam MAP status defined by MAP PCR on colostrum, MAP PCR on faeces or ELISA on colostrum was determined by an exact cox regression analysis for discrete data. The model indicated that the hazard for faecal shedding in daughters born to MAP positive dams was not significantly different compared to daughters born to MAP negative dams. When born to a dam with DNA positive faeces the HR was 1.05 (CI 0.6; 1.8) and with DNA positive colostrum the HR was 1.17 (CI 0.6; 2.3). When dam status was defined by a combination of both PCR outcomes (faeces and colostrum) and the ELISA outcome the HR was 1.26 (CI 0.9; 1.9). Therefore, this study indicates that neither the presence of MAP DNA in colostrum, MAP DNA in faeces nor the presence of MAP antibodies in colostrum of the dam significantly influences the hazard of MAP shedding in their subsequent daughters up to the age of two years when raised in a contaminated environment.
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Laurin EL, Chaffer M, McClure JT, McKenna SLB, Keefe GP. The association of detection method, season, and lactation stage on identification of fecal shedding in Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infectious dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:211-20. [PMID: 25465628 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative organism of Johne's disease. Although fecal culture is considered the standard diagnostic test, the long incubation times, costs, and intermittent shedding of MAP hinder efficient screening programs based on culture results. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the detection ability of solid culture, broth culture, and real-time PCR (qPCR) for MAP in fecal samples and to assess how shedding patterns of MAP in feces vary with lactation stage and season. This knowledge could improve the use of these diagnostic assays in Johne's management programs. For this study, 51 MAP-infectious cows from 7 Atlantic Canadian dairy farms had fecal samples collected monthly over a 12-mo period. Samples were analyzed for MAP bacterial load via solid culture, broth culture, and qPCR. For all fecal samples, 46% [95% confidence interval (CI): 40 to 51%] were positive by solid culture, 55% (95% CI: 50 to 60%) by broth culture, and 78% (95% CI: 73 to 82%) by qPCR. Sensitivity of qPCR was numerically higher in the dry and postpartum lactation periods, and qPCR detection in summer and fall was 85% of that in winter and spring. Furthermore, culture-determined moderate or light shedding categories generally corresponded to qPCR cycle threshold values <35, but heavy shedding categories corresponded to qPCR values <29. Direct fecal qPCR is a MAP detection method that is quick and less costly than culture techniques, and it avoids the use of decontamination steps that could decrease numbers of bacteria in a sample below the detection limit. This study indicates that, for known MAP-positive cows, fecal qPCR had high sensitivity of MAP detection, thereby supporting the use of direct fecal qPCR as part of a Johne's herd control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Laurin
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Marcelo Chaffer
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Shawn L B McKenna
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Greg P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
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Brito BP, Aly SS, Anderson RJ, Fossler CP, Garry FB, Gardner IA. Association between caudal fold tuberculin test responses and results of an ELISA for Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis and mycobacterial culture of feces in tuberculosis-free dairy herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:582-7. [PMID: 24548233 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.5.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE--To evaluate associations between Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) and caudal fold tuberculin (CFT) test results in cattle. DESIGN--Longitudinal and cross-sectional evaluations. ANIMALS--1 California (approx 3,600 cows) and 3 Colorado (approx 640, 1,190, and 1,480 cows) dairy herds considered free of Mycobacterium bovis infection. PROCEDURES--In the California herd, the association between CFT response and MAP status was determined with ELISA and mycobacterial culture of feces within 1 year before and after CFT testing. The association between CFT and MAP status in all herds was modeled with mixed-effects logistic regression. RESULTS--In the California herd, significantly higher odds of being classified as suspect by CFT were found for cows with results of MAP ELISA negative before and positive after CFT testing (OR, 5.6) and cows positive before and after CFT testing (OR, 8.1). Higher odds were found for cows positive for mycobacterial culture of feces before and negative for culture after CFT testing (OR, 4.6) and cows negative for mycobacterial culture of feces before and positive for culture after CFT testing (OR, 13.2). All herds had higher odds of being classified as suspect by CFT testing for cows with positive results for ELISA (OR, 2.9) or mycobacterial culture of feces (OR, 5.0), compared with cows with negative results of the same tests. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE--A strong association was found between positive MAP test results and being classified as a suspect by CFT testing. Within-herd MAP prevalence may affect specificity of CFT testing for tuberculosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara P Brito
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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14
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Khol JL, Pinedo PJ, Buergelt CD, Neumann LM, Rae DO. Lymphatic fluid for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cows by PCR, compared to fecal sampling and detection of antibodies in blood and milk. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:301-8. [PMID: 24930984 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), can cause considerable economic losses in affected herds. Early diagnosis of JD is hampered by the chronic nature of the disease with a slow subclincal progression. The aim of the present study was to challenge the hypothesis that lymphatic fluid is of diagnostic value in the early stages of the disease. Lymphatic fluid from 122 animals was collected and tested for MAP by nested PCR for IS900 and compared to the results of testing for MAP in feces (culture), blood and milk (ELISA) in 110 of these samples. MAP was detected by PCR in 27.1% of the lymph samples. Agreement between the tests was poor: 6.9% of the lymph positive cows were also positive in all other tests applied, and 69.0% had negative results in fecal culture, blood and milk ELISA. Resampling of 25 cows after 8 to 12 and 16 to 20 months revealed 20.0% lymph positive animals at the first, 5.5% at the second and 27.8% at the third sampling, respectively. Only one cow showed positive lymph-PCR results at more than one sampling date. Lymph-positive cows had a 7.2 times greater likelihood of being culled within 8 to 12 months after sampling, compared to negative cows, mainly due to other health issues than JD. It can be concluded, that lymphatic fluid might be promising for the detection of early MAP-infection in cows, but further studies to elucidate the potential of this diagnostic approach are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Khol
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Pablo J Pinedo
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University System, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Claus D Buergelt
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laura M Neumann
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D Owen Rae
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Donat K, Schlotter K, Erhardt G, Brandt HR. Prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle and control measures within the herd influence the performance of ELISA tests. Vet Rec 2014; 174:119. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Donat
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund; Thuringian Animal Health Service; Victor-Goerttler-Str. 4 Jena D-07745 Germany
| | - K. Schlotter
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund; Thuringian Animal Health Service; Victor-Goerttler-Str. 4 Jena D-07745 Germany
- Bavarian Animal Health Service e. V.; Senator-Gerauer-Straße 23 Grub/Poing D-85586 Germany
| | - G. Erhardt
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; Justus Liebig University; Ludwigstraße 21b Gießen D-35390 Germany
| | - H. R. Brandt
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; Justus Liebig University; Ludwigstraße 21b Gießen D-35390 Germany
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16
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Khol J, Wassertheurer M, Sodoma E, Revilla-Fernández S, Damoser J, Österreicher E, Dünser M, Kleb U, Baumgartner W. Long-term detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in individual and bulk tank milk from a dairy herd with a low prevalence of Johne’s disease. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3517-24. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Long A, Polinski MP, Call DR, Cain KD. Validation of diagnostic assays to screen broodstock for Flavobacterium psychrophilum infections. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:407-419. [PMID: 22486267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the frequency of bacterial coldwater disease outbreaks can be reduced through the detection of the aetiologic agent, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, in broodstock followed by culling of eggs from heavily infected broodstock. Before a culling programme can be instituted, however, it is necessary to determine the sensitivity and specificity of existing assays for the detection of F. psychrophilum. In this study, tissue and ovarian fluid samples were collected from 224 fish at five hatcheries and screened using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test (MF-FAT), bacteriological culture and nested PCR. Latent class analysis was used to estimate sensitivity and specificity of kidney culture, kidney ELISA, nested PCR and MF-FAT. Analytical sensitivity of the ELISA varied but was greatest when bacteria were cultured under iron-limiting conditions. Diagnostic sensitivity estimates ranged from 0.02 (kidney culture) to 0.97 (kidney ELISA). Specificity estimates ranged from 0.02 (MF-FAT) to 0.98 (kidney ELISA). In a separate challenge experiment, the ELISA confirmed the presence of F. psychrophilum in sub-clinically infected fish. Results from this study demonstrate that the ELISA is an appropriate tool to screen broodstock and provides an indication of infection severity, which is crucial for implementation of a screening/culling programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Long
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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18
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Münster P, Völkel I, Wemheuer W, Schwarz D, Döring S, Czerny CP. A longitudinal study to characterize the distribution patterns of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in semen, blood and faeces of a naturally infected bull by IS 900 semi-nested and quantitative real-time PCR. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:175-87. [PMID: 22571476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and has been recognized as an important bacterial infection in ruminants. Although MAP has been detected in semen and within the reproductive organs of bulls, the bacterial distribution and shedding patterns are currently not well characterized. Our investigation was performed to detect and quantify MAP in faeces, semen and blood samples repeatedly drawn from a naturally infected but asymptomatic 18-month-old German Simmental breeding bull candidate over a period of 3 years (June 2007-November 2010). Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to correlate the presence and matrix-specific amounts of MAP. In total, 65 sampling dates were selected. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was detected intermittently in all matrices with MAP-free intervals of up to 18 weeks by an IS900 semi-nested PCR. The number of MAP-positive results from semen and blood samples was higher than from faecal samples. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction detected the highest MAP contents in faeces (10(3) -10(6) MAP/g), while lower amounts were found in semen and blood samples (10(2) -10(5) MAP/ml). Although no significant agreement was calculated between the presence of MAP in faeces and blood, a statistically significant positive correlation between its occurrence in semen and blood was determined (r = 0.38, P < 0.05, n = 29). The present study contributes to a more detailed understanding of MAP distribution patterns in faeces, semen and blood of a subclinically infected breeding bull candidate. It highlights the possible role of breeding bulls as a source of MAP transmission and indicates the need for further monitoring and hygienic measures to prevent the spread of the infection via semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Münster
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University, Burckhardtweg, Göttingen, Germany
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Logar K, Kopinč R, Bandelj P, Starič J, Lapanje A, Ocepek M. Evaluation of combined high-efficiency DNA extraction and real-time PCR for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in subclinically infected dairy cattle: comparison with faecal culture, milk real-time PCR and milk ELISA. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:49. [PMID: 22551054 PMCID: PMC3423054 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Johne’s disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) and it is one of the most important diseases in cattle worldwide. Several laboratory tests for Map detection are available; however, these are limited by inadequate sensitivity and specificity when used in subclinically infected populations. To identify Map shedders in subclinically infected cattle, we used a new, high-yield method for DNA-extraction from Map in faeces combined with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for amplification of the insertion sequence IS900 of Map (HYDEqPCR). Evaluation of HYDEqPCR was carried out in comparison with faecal culture, milk qPCR, and milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), on 141 faecal and 91 milk samples, from 141 subclinically infected dairy cattle. Results The qPCR proved to be highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 2 IS900 DNA copies/μl in 67 % of the reactions. It also showed 100 % specificity, as determined from 50 Map and non-Map strains, and by the sequencing of qPCR amplicons. The detection limit of HYDEqPCR was 90 Map/g Map-spiked faeces, which corresponds to 2.4 colony forming units/g Map-spiked faeces, with an estimated efficiency of 85 % (±21 %). When tested on the field samples, HYDEqPCR showed 89 % of the samples as positive for Map, whereas faecal culture, milk qPCR, and milk ELISA detected 19 %, 36 % and 1 %, respectively. Fisher’s exact tests only show statistical significance (p ≤0.05) for the correlation between HYDEqPCR and faecal culture. The agreement between HYDEqPCR and milk qPCR and milk ELISA was poor, slight, and non-significant. Conclusions This study highlights the advantages of HYDEqPCR for detection of Map in subclinically infected populations, in comparison with faecal culture, milk qPCR and milk ELISA. HYDEqPCR can detect low-level Map shedders that go undetected using these other methods, which will thus underestimate the proportions of Map-shedders in herds. Identification of these shedding animals is extremely important for prevention of the spread of Map infection in an animal population. Due to the relatively high sensitivity and specificity of HYDEqPCR, it can be applied to test for Map at the herd or individual level, regardless of animal age or production stage. HYDEqPCR will allow early detection and control of Map in any population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Logar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk at dairy cattle farms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Microbiol 2011; 157:253-63. [PMID: 22245166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in milk for human consumption is a concern due to its possible relationship with Crohn's disease in humans. Pasteurization effectively reduces the MAP load by four to five logs, but the efficacy depends on the MAP concentration, which depends on the prevalence among contributing herds and individuals. Considerable variation of MAP in bulk tank milk (BTM) and individual cow's milk (IM) is reported, but factors associated with MAP occurrence in milk at farm level have not been described. This study systematically reviewed published studies aiming at estimating the occurrence of MAP in on-farm BTM and IM by meta-analysis. A total of 692 articles were identified through electronic databases and initially screened using title and abstract. The quality of the 61 potentially relevant articles was assessed using full text and 31 articles were eventually included in the meta-analysis. The apparent prevalence (AP) of MAP in BTM and IM on farm were summarized in relation to strata defined by the test used to identify MAP and the infection status of the herds/animals. There was considerable inconsistency in the reporting, resulting in missing information potentially explaining the dispersion in the estimated AP. The overall AP and 95% confidence intervals based on PCR and culture of MAP were summarized to 0.10 (0.04-0.22) in BTM and 0.20 (0.12-0.32) in IM. Quantifying the MAP load in test-positive milk samples was not possible because very few articles provided quantitative information on individual samples.
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Khol JL, Pinedo PJ, Buergelt CD, Neumann LM, Baumgartner W, Rae DO. The collection of lymphatic fluid from the bovine udder and its use for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the cow. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:23-31. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility of lymph collection from the bovine udder and to investigate if the lymphatic fluid might be of diagnostic value in cows infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis. Lymph fluid collection was attempted from 58 cows, and the reactions of the cows as well as the level of difficulty of the procedure were recorded in 56 animals. Lymph samples (51 in total) were tested for the presence of MAP by nested polymerase chain reaction. Collection of the lymphatic fluid caused no or mild signs of discomfort in 94.6% of the cows; in 51.8% of cows, lymphatic fluid was attained on the first attempt, while sample collection was unsuccessful in 12.1%. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in 43.1% of all lymph samples. The bacterium was present in 66.7% of cows with clinical Johne’s disease, in 42.8% of asymptomatic cows with a positive or suspicious enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) result in blood, and in 38.7% of cows with a negative ELISA result in blood. The present study shows that the procedure was well tolerated by most cows and can easily be performed on farm. The current report of the isolation of MAP from lymph fluid suggests that the present approach could be used for the early detection of Johne’s disease in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Khol
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Pablo J. Pinedo
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Claus D. Buergelt
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Laura M. Neumann
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Walter Baumgartner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - D. Owen Rae
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Meikle V, Bianco MV, Blanco FC, Gioffré A, Garbaccio S, Vagnoni L, Di Rienzo J, Canal A, Bigi F, Cataldi A. Evaluation of pathogenesis caused in cattle and guinea pig by a Mycobacterium bovis strain isolated from wild boar. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:37. [PMID: 21745408 PMCID: PMC3152892 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many regions of the world, wild mammals act as reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis, a situation that prevents the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. In order to observe whether a strain isolated from a wild boar, previously tested as highly virulent in a mice model, is also virulent in cattle, we performed cattle experimental inoculation with this strain RESULTS Groups of Friesian calves were either infected with the wild boar strain M. bovis 04-303 or with the bovine strain NCTC10772 as a control. We found that antigen-specific IFN-γ release in whole blood samples occurred earlier in animals infected with M. bovis 04-303. Both M. bovis strains resulted in a positive skin test, with animals infected with the wild boar isolate showing a stronger response. These results and the presence of more severe organ lesions, with granuloma and pneumonic areas in cattle demonstrate that the wild boar isolate is more virulent than the NCTC10772 strain. Additionally, we tested the infectivity of the M. bovis strains in guinea pigs and found that M. bovis 04-303 had the highest pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS M. bovis strains isolated from wild boars may be pathogenic for cattle, producing TB lesions.
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Fernández-Silva JA, Abdulmawjood A, Bülte M. Diagnosis and Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from Dairy Cows in Colombia. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:352561. [PMID: 21785685 PMCID: PMC3135014 DOI: 10.4061/2011/352561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was the serological, bacteriological and molecular diagnosis, as well as the molecular characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in adult cows of five Colombian dairy herds. Serum samples were tested by an indirect absorbed enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-C). All fecal samples were tested by pooled culture. After that, fecal samples of Map positive pools were tested individually by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In one herd, slurry and tissue samples from one animal were also taken and tested by PCR and culture. Map isolates were analyzed by the Multilocus Short Sequence Repeat (MLSSR) and the Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) methods. ELISA produced positive results in 1.8% (6/329) of the animals and 40% (2/5) of the herds. Four fecal, two tissue, and two slurry samples from a herd were Map positive by culture and PCR. MLSSR and MIRU-VNTR revealed two different strain profiles among eight Map isolates recovered.
This study reports the first molecular characterization of Map in one dairy herd in Colombia, the limitations for individual diagnosis of subclinical Map infections in cattle, and the usefulness of pooled fecal samples and environmental sampling for Map diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fernández-Silva
- Institute of Veterinary Food Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Straße 92, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Click RE, Van Kampen CL. Comparison of ante-mortem assays to assess progression/regression of paratuberculosis in individual dairy animals. Virulence 2011; 1:134-44. [PMID: 21178432 DOI: 10.4161/viru.1.3.10896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is becoming increasingly widespread on dairy farms worldwide, due in part, to the absence of vaccine/drug or curative modalities. This spread is of concern since MAP is at the center of a controversy as to its role in Crohn's disease. None of the methods presently available to define paratuberculosis in cattle have been examined for their ability to assess progression/regression of any treatment or intervention of this disease The research presented herein, therefore was designed to assess the reliability and accuracy of available ante-mortem assays to predict disease change of individual animals undergoing a probiotic, potentially therapeutic, treatment. Paratuberculosis positive (n = 75) and negative (n = 10) animals were longitudinally monitored over their natural lifetimes with specific serum antibody and fecal shedding assays, and for development of end-stage clinical disease. Longitudinal, increasing/decreasing serum ELISA values were associated with, and predictive of, progression/regression of disease. Changes in fecal shedding and serum AGID were of value at only specific stages. Documentation that ELISA-positive animals were positive for paratuberculosis was done by a compilation of ELISA-independent assays--succumbing with end-stage clinical disease, autopsy, AGID, and MAP fecal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Click
- University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI, USA.
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Kralik P, Slana I, Kralova A, Babak V, Whitlock RH, Pavlik I. Development of a predictive model for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in faeces by quantitative real time PCR. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Van Brandt L, Coudijzer K, Herman L, Michiels C, Hendrickx M, Vlaemynck G. Survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in yoghurt and in commercial fermented milk products containing probiotic cultures. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1252-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Over K, Crandall PG, O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC. Current perspectives on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Johne's disease, and Crohn's disease: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011; 37:141-56. [PMID: 21254832 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2010.532480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes the disease of cattle, Johne's. The economic impact of this disease includes early culling of infected cattle, reduced milk yield, and weight loss of cattle sold for slaughter. There is a possible link between MAP and Crohn's disease, a human inflammatory bowel disease. MAP is also a potential human food borne pathogen because it survives current pasteurization treatments. We review the current knowledge of MAP, Johne's disease and Crohn's disease and note directions for future work with this organism including rapid and economical detection, effective management plans and preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Over
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, 2650 N. Young Ave., Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
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Dzieciol M, Volgger P, Khol J, Baumgartner W, Wagner M, Hein I. A novel real-time PCR assay for specific detection and quantification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk with the inherent possibility of differentiation between viable and dead cells. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:251. [PMID: 20925922 PMCID: PMC3020660 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in ruminants and is suggested to be one of the etiologic factors in Crohn's disease in humans. Contaminated milk might expose humans to that pathogen. The aim of the present study was to develop a novel real-time PCR assay providing the additional possibility to detect viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) based on the MAP-specific Mptb52.16 target. The design included an internal amplification control to identify false negative results. Findings Inclusivity and exclusivity tested on 10 MAP strains, 22 non-MAP mycobacteria, and 16 raw milk microflora strains achieved 100%. The detection limit in artificially contaminated raw milk was 2.42 × 101 MAP cells/ml milk. In a survey of naturally contaminated samples obtained from dairy herds with a known history of paratuberculosis, 47.8% pre-milk and 51.9% main milk samples tested positive. Real-time PCR-derived MAP-specific bacterial cell equivalents (bce) ranged from 1 × 100 to 5.1 × 102 bce/51 ml; the majority of samples had less than one bce per ml milk. Expression of the chosen target was detected in artificially contaminated raw milk as well as inoculated Dubos broth, thus confirming the real-time PCR assay's potential to detect viable MAP cells. Conclusions Concentrating the DNA of a large sample volume in combination with the newly developed real-time PCR assay permitted quantification of low levels of MAP cells in raw milk and pasteurized milk. The selected target - Mptb52.16 - is promising with regard to the detection of viable MAP. Future studies integrating quantitative DNA- and RNA-based data might provide important information for risk assessment concerning the presence of MAP in raw milk and pasteurized milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dzieciol
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Assessment of food as a source of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). J Food Prot 2010; 73:1357-97. [PMID: 20615354 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods assessed the importance of food as a source of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is the causative agent of Johne's disease, which affects primarily the small intestine of all ruminants. The significance of MAP as a human pathogen is unknown and is being investigated by several research groups. This document also reviews the efficacy of current detection methods, processing interventions, and MAP inactivation. Research needs related to MAP are provided. The Committee reached the following conclusions: current methods for detection of MAP have significant limitations, and a standard method for the detection of viable MAP cells is needed. Aside from MAP-infected domestic ruminant animals, the organism is found infrequently. If MAP in cattle is controlled, the source of MAP in other animals, food, and water may largely be eliminated. Milk, particularly raw milk, may be a likely food source for human exposure to MAP. Given the prevalence of MAP in U.S. cattle herds, ground beef may be a potential source of MAP. Although humans may be exposed to MAP through a variety of routes, including food and the environment, the frequency and amount of exposure will require additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
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- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, Washington, DC 20250-3700, USA
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Rapid detection methods for viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in milk and cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 141 Suppl 1:S87-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Favila-Humara LC, Chávez-Gris GG, Carrillo-Casas EM, Hernández-Castro R. Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisDetection in Individual and Bulk Tank Milk Samples from Bovine Herds and Caprine Flocks. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:351-5. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía C. Favila-Humara
- National Center of Disciplinary Investigations in Animal Microbiology, National Institute of Forest, Agricultural, and Cattle Investigations, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto G. Chávez-Gris
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Diagnostic and Verification Services Unity, Teaching Investigation and Extension Center for Animal Production in the Altiplane, Tequisquiapan, Mexico
| | - Erika M. Carrillo-Casas
- Direction of Education and Investigation, Department of Ecology and Pathogenic Agents, Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Direction of Education and Investigation, Department of Ecology and Pathogenic Agents, Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
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Pinedo PJ, Buergelt CD, Donovan GA, Melendez P, Morel L, Wu R, Langaee TY, Rae DO. Candidate gene polymorphisms (BoIFNG, TLR4, SLC11A1) as risk factors for paratuberculosis infection in cattle. Prev Vet Med 2009; 91:189-96. [PMID: 19525022 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) imposes a significant problem to the world dairy and beef industries and today is considered a potential zoonosis. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and is characterized by progressive weight loss and profuse diarrhoea. Susceptibility to infection is suspected to have a genetic component, and moderated values for heritability of infection have been reported. Interferon gamma is an inducible cytokine with a crucial role in the innate host response to intracellular bacteria. Toll-like receptors are trans-membrane structures responsible for coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses. The solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1, formerly NRAMP1) gene plays an important role in innate immunity, preventing bacterial growth in macrophages during the initial stages of infection. The objective of this candidate gene case-control study was to characterize the distribution of polymorphisms in three candidate genes related to the immune function; interferon gamma (BoIFNG), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and SLC11A1 genes and to test their role as potential risk factors for paratuberculosis infection in cattle. The statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences in allelic frequencies between cases and controls for BoIFNG-SNP(1)2781 and SLC11A1 microsatellites, indicating a significant association between infection and variant alleles. In the analysis of genotypes, a significant association was also found between infection status and BoIFNG-SNP(1)2781 and SLC11A1-275-279-281 microsatellites. However, when variables such as breed and age were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a tendency toward statistical significance for the effect of polymorphisms in the odds of infection was only found for alleles SLC11A1-275 and 279.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J Pinedo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA
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Soumya MP, Pillai RM, Antony PX, Mukhopadhyay HK, Rao VN. Comparison of faecal culture and IS900 PCR assay for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine faecal samples. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:781-91. [PMID: 19440851 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparative efficacy of faecal culture and IS900 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay of faecal samples was investigated in 40 clinically suspected cases of Johne's disease in dairy cattle. The sensitivity of faecal culture and PCR assay in this study was 52.5% (21/40) and 90% (36/40) respectively. All isolates appeared only on the mycobactin J supplemented Herrold's egg yolk medium (HEYM) at 8-16 weeks post-inoculation, were acid-fast and were positive for IS900 PCR yielding a single amplicon of 217 bp. A total of 28 faecal samples out of 40 were positive by IS900 primary PCR assay for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) yielding an expected product of size 217 bp. Twelve faecal samples, which gave negative results in the primary PCR, were subjected to secondary PCR assay. Of the 12 samples, 8 gave positive results in the IS900 nested PCR (nPCR), which yielded a PCR product of 167 bp, proving better sensitivity of nPCR assay than single amplification PCR. PCR could detect additionally 15 samples as positive which were negative by faecal culture. The chi-square analysis showed a highly significant difference between the tests (P< 0.01). This study suggests that IS900-PCR-based detection of Map could be used as a potential diagnostic tool for rapid and effective Johne's disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Soumya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kurumbapet, Puducherry, 605009, India.
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Slana I, Liapi M, Moravkova M, Kralova A, Pavlik I. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cow bulk tank milk in Cyprus detected by culture and quantitative IS900 and F57 real-time PCR. Prev Vet Med 2009; 89:223-6. [PMID: 19349086 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) plays some role in the development of Crohn's disease in humans is attracting attention to milk and milk products originating from infected animals. In this study, we focused on the detection of MAP in 220 bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from all dairy cattle herds in Cyprus. In total, 63 (28.6%) BTM milk samples were found to be positive for MAP using quantitative real-time PCR assays for IS900 and F57. The presence of MAP in BTM was low, and was assessed to be several tens of MAP cells per one ml of BTM. Milk samples examined by cultivation were found to be negative for MAP in all 220 BTM. In two BTM samples cultivation and subsequent sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed two isolates of M. fortuitum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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