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Zambarbieri J, Fusi E, Bassi J, Scarpa P. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a kitten, supported by immunoenzymatic measurement of feline intact parathyroid hormone. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:163-167. [PMID: 36625404 PMCID: PMC9999400 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221143463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A 6-mo-old, intact male, domestic shorthair cat was referred with a history of poor growth, reluctance to move, and deformation of the nasal profile. The kitten had been fed a diet composed almost exclusively of a complementary pet food and tuna, which was similar to an all-meat diet. We detected osteopenia and hypocalcemia associated with severe parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol increases; we measured PTH concentrations with an immunoenzymatic method that has been validated in cats. Dietary correction, consisting of a complete and balanced wet pet food formulated for growth, resulted in normalization of calcium and PTH concentrations within 2 mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Zambarbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fusi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Jessica Bassi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Scarpa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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2
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Zambarbieri J, Moretti P, Giordano A, Scarpa P. Analytical Validation of a New Immunoenzymatic Method for the Measurement of Feline Parathyroid Hormone in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113100. [PMID: 34827832 PMCID: PMC8614346 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is involved in many metabolic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and calcium disorders, and its measurement could be of clinical utility. However, available methods for the measurement of feline PTH are limited and not widely accessible. The aim of this study was to perform the analytical validation of a new method for PTH measurement in cats. Thirty-eight cats affected with CKD were included. The analytical protocol provided an evaluation of the precision, accuracy, and storage stability at different temperatures. The method investigated showed good precision and accuracy and good stability for 1 week of storage at freezing temperatures. The method was validated in cats, allowing its future use in diagnostic procedures. Abstract The determination of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in cats could be of clinical utility in many metabolic disorders, such as renal diseases, hypercalcemia, or nutritional imbalances. However, the available methods for the measurement of feline PTH are limited, not widely available, and need radioimmunoassays. The aim of this study was to perform the analytical validation of a new immunoenzymatic method for the measurement of feline PTH. Thirty-eight cats affected with chronic kidney disease (CKD) were included. PTH was measured using a two-site immunoenzymatic method validated in humans and dogs (ST AIA-PACK® Intact PTH, Tosoh Bioscience, Tessenderlo, Belgium). The analytical validation provided the evaluation of precision (intra-assay and inter-assay), accuracy (linearity under dilution (LUD) and spike recovery test (SRT)), and the storage stability of serum samples at 20 °C, 4 °C, and −20 °C. The method showed good precision (intra-assay CVs (coefficient of variations) 3.19–9.61%; inter-assay CVs 9.26–15.28%). In both the intra- and inter-assays, the highest imprecision was found with the low concentration pool (9.61% and 15.28%) and accuracy (LUD and SRT r2 = 0.99, p < 0.001), while the stability was optimal up until 7 days at −20 °C (−7.7%). The method was successfully validated in cats, allowing its future use in diagnostic procedures.
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3
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Xu X, He N. Application of adaptive pressure-driven microfluidic chip in thyroid function measurement. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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4
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Bean AD, Fisher PG, Reavill DR, Kiupel M. Hypercalcemia Associated with Lymphomas in the Ferret (Mustela Putorius Furo): Four Cases. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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van den Broek DHN, Geddes RF, Williams TL, Chang YM, Elliott J, Jepson RE. Calcitonin Response to Naturally Occurring Ionized Hypercalcemia in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:727-735. [PMID: 29469976 PMCID: PMC5867022 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercalcemia is commonly associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. Objectives To explore the calcitonin response to naturally occurring ionized hypercalcemia in cats with azotemic CKD, and to assess the relationship of plasma calcitonin with ionized calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and urinary calcium excretion. Animals Thirty‐three client‐owned cats with azotemic CKD and ionized hypercalcemia from first opinion practice. Methods Cohort study. Calcitonin was measured with an immunoradiometric assay in heparinized plasma. Simple correlations were assessed with Kendall's rank correlation, and the within‐subject correlations of calcitonin with ionized calcium and other clinicopathological variables were calculated with a bivariate linear mixed effects model. Results Calcitonin concentrations above the lower limit of detection (>1.2 pg/mL; range, 1.7–87.2 pg/mL) were observed in 11 of 33 hypercalcemic cats (responders). Blood ionized calcium concentration did not differ significantly between responders (median, 1.59 [1.46, 1.66] mmol/L) and nonresponders (median, 1.48 [1.43, 1.65] mmol/L; P = 0.22). No evidence was found for calcitonin and ionized calcium to correlate between cats (τb = 0.14; P = 0.31; n = 33), but significant positive correlation was evident within individual responders over time (within‐subject correlation coefficient [rwithin], 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–0.92). Calcitonin correlated negatively over time with plasma ALP (rwithin, −0.55; 95% CI, −0.79 to −0.16). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Calcitonin does not appear to have an important role in calcium metabolism in cats with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H N van den Broek
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R F Geddes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - T L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Y-M Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R E Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Finch NC. Hypercalcaemia in cats: The complexities of calcium regulation and associated clinical challenges. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 18:387-99. [PMID: 27143041 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16643248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Calcium is essential for many normal physiological processes within the body. Aberrations in calcium homeostasis leading to hypercalcaemia can result in clinical signs such as polyuriav and polydipsia, lethargy and weakness due to depressed excitability of muscle and nervous tissue, and gastrointestinal (GI) signs due to effects on GI smooth muscle. Hypercalcaemia in cats is mostly idiopathic, with chronic kidney disease and neoplasia also being common causes. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Hypercalcaemia can be a diagnostic challenge and a good understanding of the regulation of calcium homeostasis can aid in interpreting results of diagnostic tests. Furthermore, the management approach may depend on the underlying cause of hypercalcaemia, and also its severity and chronicity. AUDIENCE This review offers a comprehensive discussion of the regulation of calcium homeostasis, with a focus on the normal response to hypercalcaemia. It also discusses the diagnostic approach to, and management of, hypercalcaemia in cats, as well as specific aetiologies. This is relevant to all clinicians working with feline patients. EVIDENCE BASE The review draws evidence from peer-reviewed publications and also the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Finch
- Bristol Renal, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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Kohart NA, Elshafae SM, Breitbach JT, Rosol TJ. Animal Models of Cancer-Associated Hypercalcemia. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020021. [PMID: 29056680 PMCID: PMC5606604 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated hypercalcemia (CAH) is a frequently-occurring paraneoplastic syndrome that contributes to substantial patient morbidity and occurs in both humans and animals. Patients with CAH are often characterized by markedly elevated serum calcium concentrations that result in a range of clinical symptoms involving the nervous, gastrointestinal and urinary systems. CAH is caused by two principle mechanisms; humorally-mediated and/or through local osteolytic bone metastasis resulting in excessive calcium release from resorbed bone. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) is the most common mechanism and is due to the production and release of tumor-associated cytokines and humoral factors, such as parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), that act at distant sites to increase serum calcium concentrations. Local osteolytic hypercalcemia (LOH) occurs when primary or metastatic bone tumors act locally by releasing factors that stimulate osteoclast activity and bone resorption. LOH is a less frequent cause of CAH and in some cases can induce hypercalcemia in concert with HHM. Rarely, ectopic production of parathyroid hormone has been described. PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia is the most common mechanism of CAH in human and canine malignancies and is recognized in other domestic species. Spontaneous and experimentally-induced animal models have been developed to study the mechanisms of CAH. These models have been essential for the evaluation of novel approaches and adjuvant therapies to manage CAH. This review will highlight the comparative aspects of CAH in humans and animals with a discussion of the available animal models used to study the pathogenesis of this important clinical syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Kohart
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Said M Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha 13511, Egypt.
| | - Justin T Breitbach
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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8
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de Brito Galvão JF, Parker V, Schenck PA, Chew DJ. Update on Feline Ionized Hypercalcemia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017; 47:273-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Tanner E, Langley-Hobbs SJ. Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2 with characteristic radiographic changes in a 4-month-old kitten. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 7:307-11. [PMID: 16182185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the presenting signs, biochemical abnormalities, and radiographic changes in a 4-month-old kitten with vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2. Details of therapy are described and possible reasons for treatment failure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Tanner
- Margetts & Luck Veterinary Surgery, Unit 10, Egremont Road, Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent ME15 HLH, United Kingdom
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10
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Abstract
The three calcitropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitonin are together responsible for calcium homeostasis in the mammal. Feline PTH is an 84 amino acid, single chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of 9449, which is secreted by the parathyroid glands. The principle secretagogue for PTH is a low plasma ionised calcium concentration, although both 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and phosphate have significant roles in regulating PTH secretion. The ability to accurately measure circulating PTH in the cat has simplified the evaluation of disorders of calcium metabolism in this species. In primary parathyroid disorders the lesion is located within the parathyroid gland, with parathyroid secretion being inappropriate to the prevailing mineral balance. By contrast, in secondary conditions a pathological state out with the parathyroid gland alters mineral homeostasis and the parathyroid gland responds in an appropriate manner. The measurement of circulating PTH may then be used to determine if PTH secretion is appropriate to the prevailing calcium concentrations to differentiate primary from secondary disorders. Although primary hyper and hypoparathyroidism are generally considered rare endocrine conditions of the cat, the ability to measure PTH has led to their increasing recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penney J Barber
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, Small Animal Hospital, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L7 7EX, UK.
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Parker VJ, Gilor C, Chew DJ. Feline hyperparathyroidism: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of primary and secondary disease. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:427-39. [PMID: 25896242 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15581134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Hyperparathyroidism exists in primary and secondary forms. Primary hyperparathyroidism has typically been considered a disease that uncommonly affects cats, but this condition is more prevalent than previous diagnoses would suggest. Secondary hyperparathyroidism may be caused by either nutritional influences (ie, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism) or chronic kidney disease (ie, renal secondary hyperparathyroidism). Tertiary hyperparathyroidism has yet to be documented in veterinary medicine, but it is possible that this condition occurs in some cats following longstanding renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Diagnosis of this group of calcium metabolic disorders presents a number of challenges for the clinician. For example, clinical signs can be non-specific and, especially in the case of primary hyperparathyroidism, there is often a low index of suspicion for the disease; careful sample handling is required for testing of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ionized calcium levels; and there is currently no feline-specific assay for PTH, which has implications for test sensitivity and interpretation of results. AIMS This article briefly outlines PTH and calcium physiology by way of introduction to a review of PTH measurement and interpretation. Various forms of feline hyperparathyroidism are then described, encompassing diagnosis and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Parker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dennis J Chew
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Yuki M, Nitta M, Omachi T. Parathyroid hormone-related protein-induced hypercalcemia due to osteosarcoma in a cat. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:141-4. [PMID: 25614921 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A 15-year-old castrated male mixed-breed cat was presented with a history of sarcoma of the distal right hind limb. Biochemical analysis revealed increased concentrations of blood urea, creatinine, total calcium, ionized calcium, and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). The mass was removed surgically by amputation of the hind limb. Osteosarcoma was diagnosed based on histopathologic examination. All abnormal serum analyte concentrations improved immediately after surgery, including azotemia, total calcium, ionized calcium, and PTHrP. The biochemical results were attributed to osteosarcoma causing PTHrP-induced hypercalcemia.
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Hardy BT, de Brito Galvao JF, Green TA, Braudaway SR, DiBartola SP, Lord L, Chew DJ. Treatment of ionized hypercalcemia in 12 cats (2006-2008) using PO-administered alendronate. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:200-6. [PMID: 25619515 PMCID: PMC4858073 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long‐term treatment of cats with ionized hypercalcemia using alendronate has not been evaluated. Hypothesis/Objectives Alendronate is well tolerated in treatment of ionized hypercalcemia in cats. Animals A total of 12 cats with ionized hypercalcemia. Methods Prospective study of 12 cats with ionized hypercalcemia of idiopathic origin was identified by telephone and email communication with a convenience sample of consulting veterinarians. Cats were treated with alendronate at a dose of 5–20 mg per feline PO q7d. Serum ionized calcium concentration (iCa) was measured before beginning treatment with alendronate, and after 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment. Alendronate dosage was adjusted according to iCa. Evaluation included physical examination, CBC, biochemistry profile, and diagnostic imaging. The owners and referring veterinarians were questioned about any observed adverse effects. The Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed rank test was used to compare baseline iCa to iCa at different time periods. Results Alendronate treatment resulted in a decrease in iCa in all 12 cats. The median percentage change in iCa was −13.2%, −15.9%, and −18.1% (range, −29.6 to +7.6; −30.5 to −1.9; −45.8 to +1.5%) at the 1, 3, and 6 month time points, respectively. Baseline iCa was significantly different from 1 month (P = .0042), 3 months (P = .0005), and 6 months (P = .0015). No adverse effects were reported for any of the cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Alendronate was well tolerated and decreased iCa in most cats for the 6‐month period of observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Hardy
- Santa Cruz Veterinary Hospital, Santa Cruz, CA
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Watanabe S, Ito J, Baba T, Hiratsuka T, Kuse K, Ochi H, Anai Y, Hisasue M, Tsujimoto H, Nishigaki K. Notch2 transduction by feline leukemia virus in a naturally infected cat. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:553-7. [PMID: 24317268 PMCID: PMC4064141 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
induces neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases in cats. The transduction of cellular genes
by FeLV is sometimes observed and associated with neoplastic diseases including lymphoma
and sarcoma. Here, we report the first natural case of feline Notch2
transduction by FeLV in an infected cat with multicentric lymphoma and hypercalcemia. We
cloned recombinant FeLVs harboring Notch2 in the env
gene. Notch2 was able to activate expression of a reporter gene, similar
to what was previously reported in cats with experimental FeLV-induced thymic lymphoma.
Our findings suggest that the transduction of Notch2 strongly correlates
with FeLV-induced lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Abstract
Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs) are neoplasm-associated alterations in bodily structure or function or both that occur distant to the tumor. They are an extremely diverse group of clinical aberrations that are associated with the noninvasive actions of the tumor. In many situations, the PNS parallels the underlying malignancy, and therefore, successful treatment of the tumor leads to disappearance of the PNS. Alternatively, recurrence of the PNS after successful treatment signals recurrence of the tumor, and the return of the PNS often significantly precedes the detectable recurrence of the tumor. This is often the case with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia, often referred to as hypercalcemia of malignancy (HM). The most common cause of hypercalcemia in dogs is cancer. Neoplasia is diagnosed in approximately two-thirds of dogs with hypercalcemia vs. approximately one-third in cats. A variety of tumors have been associated with HM. Lymphoma is the most common cause of HM, and the most common anatomical site for dogs with lymphoma-associated HM is the cranial mediastinum. Other tumors associated with HM in dogs and cats include anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, multiple myeloma, bone tumors, thymoma, squamous cell carcinoma, mammary gland carcinoma/adenocarcinoma, melanoma, primary lung tumors, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, renal angiomyxoma, and parathyroid gland tumors. As HM is a potential medical emergency, the primary goal in cases of HM is the elucidation of the underlying cause and thereby instituting the appropriate specific therapy.
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Batchelor DJ, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, Elwood CM, Freiche V, Gualtieri M, Hall EJ, Den Hertog E, Neiger R, Peeters D, Roura X, Savary-Bataille K, German AJ. Mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting disorders in cats: a literature review. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:237-65. [PMID: 23403690 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12473466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vomiting is a common presenting complaint in feline practice. This article differs from previous reviews in that it is an evidence-based review of the mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting in the domestic cat. Published evidence was reviewed, and then used to make recommendations for clinical assessment, diagnosis, antiemetic drug treatment, dietary management and monitoring of cats presenting with vomiting. The strength of the evidence on which recommendations are made (and areas where evidence is lacking for cats) has been highlighted throughout.
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17
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Finch NC, Syme HM, Elliott J. Parathyroid hormone concentration in geriatric cats with various degrees of renal function. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:1326-35. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.10.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Respiratory and Thoracic Medicine. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158197 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Whitney JL, Barrs VR, Wilkinson MR, Briscoe KA, Beatty JA. Use of bisphosphonates to treat severe idiopathic hypercalcaemia in a young Ragdoll cat. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A 3-year-old Ragdoll cat was referred for investigation of polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, weight loss and hypercalcaemia. Serum biochemical abnormalities included total and ionised hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia. Following clinical investigations a diagnosis of idiopathic hypercalcaemia was made. Because of the severity of the hypercalcaemia and the associated clinical signs, treatment for hypercalcaemia was commenced with pamidronate. Major electrolyte abnormalities were detected but, remarkably, were accompanied by minimal clinical signs. The cat was subsequently treated with oral alendronate and is clinically normal 15 months later. Reports of the use of bisphosphonates in cats are limited and close monitoring of patients is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Whitney
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vanessa R.D. Barrs
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret R. Wilkinson
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Katherine A. Briscoe
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Julia A. Beatty
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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20
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Martin CK, Tannehill-Gregg SH, Wolfe TD, Rosol TJ. Bone-invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats: pathology and expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:302-12. [PMID: 20940448 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810384414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral tumor in cats. There is no effective treatment, and the average duration of survival after diagnosis is only 2 months. Feline OSCC is frequently associated with osteolysis; however, the mechanisms responsible are unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiology and pathology of bone-invasive OSCC in cats and to determine the expression of select bone resorption agonists. In sum, 451 cases of feline OSCC were evaluated. There was no sex or breed predisposition, although there were more intact cats in the OSCC group compared to the control group. Gingiva was the most common site, followed by the sublingual region and tongue. Cats with lingual OSCC were younger (mean, 11.9 years) compared to cats with gingival OSCC (mean, 13.6 years). In addition to osteolysis, there was periosteal new bone formation, osseous metaplasia of tumor stroma, and direct apposition of OSCC to fragments of bone, suggestive of bone-binding behavior. Eighty-two cases were selected for immunohistochemical detection of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). Specimens with osteolysis had increased PTHrP expression and nuclear localization, compared to OSCC without osteolysis. Thirty-eight biopsies of OSCC with osteolysis were evaluated for tumor necrosis factor α expression, and only 4 biopsies had such expression in a small proportion of tumor cells. Increased tumor expression of PTHrP and increased localization of PTHrP to the nucleus were associated with osteolysis and may play an important role in bone resorption and tumor invasion in cats with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Martin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43214, USA
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21
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Schoen K, Block G, Newell SM, Coronado GS. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy in a Cat With Bronchogenic Adenocarcinoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:265-7. [DOI: 10.5326/0460265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 16-year-old, neutered male, domestic shorthaired cat was presented with a history of progressive lethargy and decreased appetite. Serum biochemical profile demonstrated hypercalcemia, and thoracic radiographs and computed tomography were consistent with pulmonary neoplasia. A thoracotomy was performed, and a pulmonary mass was removed. Histopathology diagnosed a bronchogenic adenocarcinoma, and calcium levels returned to normal limits after excision of the mass. While bronchogenic adenocarcinoma has been a suspected cause for hypercalcemia in cats, to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first proven account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Schoen
- Departments of Surgery (Schoen, Coronado), Internal Medicine (Block), and Radiology (Newell), Ocean State Veterinary Specialists, 1480 South County Trail, East Greenwich, Rhode Island 02818
- From the
| | - Gary Block
- Departments of Surgery (Schoen, Coronado), Internal Medicine (Block), and Radiology (Newell), Ocean State Veterinary Specialists, 1480 South County Trail, East Greenwich, Rhode Island 02818
- From the
| | - Susan M. Newell
- Departments of Surgery (Schoen, Coronado), Internal Medicine (Block), and Radiology (Newell), Ocean State Veterinary Specialists, 1480 South County Trail, East Greenwich, Rhode Island 02818
- From the
| | - George S. Coronado
- Departments of Surgery (Schoen, Coronado), Internal Medicine (Block), and Radiology (Newell), Ocean State Veterinary Specialists, 1480 South County Trail, East Greenwich, Rhode Island 02818
- From the
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22
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Abstract
The clinical presentation and biologic behavior of thyroid tumors vary widely among dogs, cats, and human beings. Although thyroid tumors in dogs are rare, they are most likely to be malignant. Clinical signs are usually the result of impingement on surrounding structures, and clinical hyperthyroidism is rare. In contrast, hyperthyroidism resulting from benign thyroid proliferation is relatively common among older cats. Malignant tumors are extremely uncommon but have high metastatic potential. Irrespective of the tumor's ability to produce functional thyroid hormone, scintigraphy is often helpful in the diagnosis and staging of thyroid tumors in all three species. Treatment with surgery is a reasonable treatment option for noninvasive tumors. Iodine 131 is a well-established treatment for thyroid nodules in cats, but its effectiveness in dogs is controversial. In dogs, external beam radiation therapy has produced more consistent results in affording local tumor control when surgery is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Barber
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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23
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Unterer S, Gerber B, Glaus TM, Hässig M, Reusch CE. Evaluation of an electrolyte analyser for measurement of concentrations of ionized calcium and magnesium in cats. Vet Res Commun 2006; 29:647-59. [PMID: 16369879 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-3301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the Nova CRT 8 electrolyte analyser for determination of concentrations of ionized calcium (Ca(i)) and magnesium (Mg(i)) in cats, to determine the effects of sample handling and storage and to establish reference ranges. The precision and analytical accuracy of the Nova CRT 8 analyser were good. The concentrations of Ca(i) and Mg(i) were significantly lower in aerobically handled serum samples than in those handled anaerobically. The concentrations of Ca(i) and Mg(i) differed significantly among whole blood, plasma and serum. In anaerobically handled serum, the concentration of Ca(i) was stable for 8 h at 22 degrees C, for 5 days at 4 degrees C and for 1 week at -20 degrees C. The concentration of Mg(i) was stable for 4 h at 22 degrees C but for less than 24 h at 4 degrees C and for less than 1 week at -20 degrees C. In serum from 36 cats, the reference ranges were 1.20-1.35 mmol/L for Ca(i) and 0.47-0.59 mmol/L for Mg(i). The Nova CRT 8 electrolyte analyser is suitable for determination of Ca(i) and Mg(i) concentrations in cats. Anaerobically handled serum samples are recommended and, stored at room temperature, they yield accurate results when analysed within 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Reiter AM, Lyon KF, Nachreiner RF, Shofer FS. Evaluation of calciotropic hormones in cats with odontoclastic resorptive lesions. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1446-52. [PMID: 16173492 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess associations between epidemiologic and laboratory variables and calciotropic hormones in cats with odontoclastic resorptive lesions (ORLs). ANIMALS 182 client-owned cats older than 1 year of age with oral disease. PROCEDURE Information on medical history, behavior, living environment, and feeding management was assessed by use of a questionnaire. After induction of general anesthesia, oral examination was performed following standardized protocols and included dental probing and full-mouth radiography. Laboratory analyses included evaluation of FeLV-FIV status, serum biochemical analyses, CBC, urinalysis, and serum concentrations of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), free thyroxine (fT4), and ionized calcium (iCa). RESULTS ORLs were identified in 72.5% of cats. Mandibular third premolars were the most commonly affected teeth. Cats with ORLs were significantly older (mean, 9.2 years) than cats without ORLs (mean, 6.6 years). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that 25-OHD, urine specific gravity, jaw-opening reflex on probing, and missing teeth were significant variables, even after accounting for age. Cats with ORLs had significantly higher mean serum concentration of 25-OHD (112.4 nmol/L) and significantly lower mean urine specific gravity (1.0263), compared with cats without ORLs (89.8 nmol/L and 1.0366, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results did not indicate associations between iPTH, PTHrP, or fT4 and development of ORLs. In affected cats, the importance of high serum 25-OHD and low urine specific gravity has not been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Reiter
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
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25
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Sellers RS, Luchin AI, Richard V, Brena RM, Lima D, Rosol TJ. Alternative splicing of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA: expression and stability. J Mol Endocrinol 2004; 33:227-41. [PMID: 15291755 PMCID: PMC3049244 DOI: 10.1677/jme.0.0330227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a multifunctional protein that is often dysregulated in cancer. The human PTHrP gene is alternatively spliced into three isoforms, each with a unique 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR), encoding 139, 173 and 141 amino acid proteins. The regulation of PTHrP mRNA isoform expression has not been completely elucidated, but it may be affected by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). In this study, we examined differences in the PTHrP mRNA isoform expression in two squamous carcinoma cell lines (SCC2/88 and HARA), an immortalized keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), and spontaneous human lung cancer with adjacent normal tissue. In addition, the effect of TGF-beta1 on PTHrP mRNA isoform expression and stability was examined. Cell-type specific expression of PTHrP mRNA isoforms occurred between the various cell lines, normal human lung, and immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT). PTHrP isoform expression pattern was significantly altered between normal lung tissue and the adjacent lung cancer. In vitro studies revealed that TGF-beta1 differentially altered the mRNA steady-state levels and mRNA stability of the PTHrP isoforms. Protein-RNA binding studies identified different proteins binding to the 3'-UTR of the PTHrP isoforms (139) and (141), which may be important in the differential mRNA stability and response to cytokines between the PTHrP isoforms. The data demonstrate that there is cell-type specific expression of PTHrP mRNA isoforms, and disruption of the normal regulation during cancer progression may in part be associated with TGF-beta1-induced changes in PTHrP mRNA isoform expression and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sellers
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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