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Valberg SJ, Velez-Irizarry D, Williams ZJ, Pagan JD, Mesquita V, Waldridge B, Maresca-Fichter H. Novel Expression of GLUT3, GLUT6 and GLUT10 in Equine Gluteal Muscle Following Glycogen-Depleting Exercise: Impact of Dietary Starch and Fat. Metabolites 2023; 13:718. [PMID: 37367876 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses have a slow rate of muscle glycogen repletion relative to other species for unknown reasons. Our aim was to determine the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT) and genes impacting GLUT4 expression and translocation in the gluteal muscle. Five fit Thoroughbred horses performed glycogen-depleting exercises on high-starch (HS, 2869 g starch/day) and low-starch, high-fat diets (LS-HF, 358 g starch/d) with gluteal muscle biopsies obtained before and after depletion and during repletion. Muscle glycogen declined by ≈30% on both diets with little increase during repletion on LS-HF. Transcriptomic analysis identified differential expression (DE) of only 2/12 genes impacting GLUT4 translocation (two subunits of AMP protein kinase) and only at depletion on LS-HF. Only 1/13 genes encoding proteins that promote GLUT4 transcription had increased DE (PPARGC1A at depletion LS-HF). GLUT4 comprised ≈30% of total GLUT mRNA expression at rest. Remarkably, by 72 h of repletion expression of GLUT3, GLUT6 and GLUT10 increased to ≈25% of total GLUT mRNA. Expression of GLUT6 and GLUT10 lagged from 24 h of repletion on HS to 72 h on LS-HF. Lacking an increase in GLUT4 gene expression in response to glycogen-depleting exercise, equine muscle increases GLUT3, GLUT6 and GLUT10 expression potentially to enhance glucose transport, resembling responses observed in resistance trained GLUT4-null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Valberg
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson RD, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Deborah Velez-Irizarry
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson RD, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zoe J Williams
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson RD, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Joe D Pagan
- Kentucky Equine Research, 3910 Delany Ferry Rd., Versailles, KY 40383, USA
| | - Vanesa Mesquita
- Kentucky Equine Research, 3910 Delany Ferry Rd., Versailles, KY 40383, USA
| | - Brian Waldridge
- Kentucky Equine Research, 3910 Delany Ferry Rd., Versailles, KY 40383, USA
| | - Hailey Maresca-Fichter
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson RD, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Mowry KC, Thomson-Parker TL, Morales C, Fikes KK, Stutts KJ, Leatherwood JL, Anderson MJ, Smith RX, Suagee-Bedore JK. Effects of Crude Rice Bran Oil and a Flaxseed Oil Blend in Young Horses Engaged in a Training Program. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213006. [PMID: 36359130 PMCID: PMC9653641 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran oil and flaxseed oil contain omega-3 fatty acids with the potential to reduce post-exercise inflammation and muscle damage. This study measures plasma interleukin-1β and creatine kinase and fatty acid profiles in lightly worked, young horses (Equus caballus) undergoing an exercise test after 60 days (d) of oil consumption, where the oil replaced 25% of concentrate calories. Treatments consisted of CON (no oil), FLAX (flaxseed oil blend), and RICE (crude rice bran oil). Blood was collected pre-exercise, and again at 1 min, 30 min, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-IET. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Plasma creatine kinase activity was not different in CON during the study, greater (p < 0.05) in RICE from pre-exercise to 30 min post-exercise across all exercise tests, and lesser (p < 0.05) in FLAX at 30 min post-exercise on d 30 compared to d 0. Plasma interleukin-1β was greater (p < 0.01) in CON on d 60, but no differences were observed in FLAX and RICE throughout the study. Plasma alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids were greatest (p < 0.05) in FLAX after 30 d of inclusion, while CON horses had greater (p < 0.05) EPA across all exercise tests and DHA after 60 d. These results indicate that 60 d of inclusion of crude rice bran oil or a flaxseed oil blend may benefit lightly worked, young horses by reducing training-program-related increases in interleukin-1β, while a flaxseed oil blend may reduce exercise-induced increases in creatine kinase. Additionally, the flaxseed oil blend has the potential to increase plasma omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Replacing 25% of concentrate calories with flaxseed or rice bran oil has potential benefits for young horses in training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla C. Mowry
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Timber L. Thomson-Parker
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Cruz Morales
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Kalley K. Fikes
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Kyle J. Stutts
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Jessica L. Leatherwood
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College State, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mark J. Anderson
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Rachelle X. Smith
- Sam Houston State University Analytical Laboratory, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| | - Jessica K. Suagee-Bedore
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering Technology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-540-231-2232
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Rice bran in old horse’s nutrition and their influence on condition, blood biochemical parameters, total feces bacteria and methanogen population. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to verify whether the inclusion of 0.5 kg full-fat rice bran per day in the diet of geriatric horses will improve their condition, increase the population of methanogens in the cecum, and thus affect the biochemical blood parameters. The experiment assumed 2 research periods: 6 healthy, non-working horses over 20 years of age (480 ± 20 kg of body weight) were fed only hay (±8.86 kg/day/head) in the first period and hay (±8.00 kg/day/head) and rice bran (0.5 kg/day/head) in the second one. Each of these periods lasted 4 months. The Body Condition Scoring (BCS) assessment was performed at the beginning and end of the experiment. Blood and feces samples were collected on the first and last day of each period. After feeding with the addition of rice bran, BCS increased by 1.17 units on a 9-point scale. The experiment showed an increase in the total number of bacteria and methanogens inhabiting the cecum of horses. This can lead to better digestion of carbohydrates, absorption of nutrients, and, consequently, increased body weight. No differences occurred in the hematology and serum biochemistry indices of horses fed a diet including rice bran, except for the amount of serum globulin and the albumin to globulin ratio. Rice bran affected essential serum fatty acid profile (increased PUFA and decreased MUFA) which confirmed the possibility to use diet as a serum fatty acids profile modulator.
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Valberg SJ, Iglewski H, Henry ML, Schultz AE, McKenzie EC. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type Composition and Citrate Synthase Activity in Fit and Unfit Warmbloods and Quarter Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104123. [PMID: 36096315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Selective breeding and discipline specific training has led to equine breeds adept at various athletic disciplines. Breed-specific skeletal muscle adaptations have been studied in many breeds but not Warmbloods (WB). We evaluated gluteal muscle contractile muscle fiber types and citrate synthase activity (CS), a marker for mitochondrial volume density, in WB trained for dressage (second level-Grand Prix) contrasted with Quarter Horses (QH). Gluteus medius muscle biopsies from 14 unfit/18 fit dressage-trained WB and 20 unfit/16 fit reining/working cow QH were analyzed fluorometrically and fiber types determined by ATPase activity. Comparisons were made by one-way ANOVA. Unfit and fit WB had significantly higher % type 1 and lower % type 2X fibers than QH. Unfit WB had significantly higher CS than unfit QH but CS did not differ between fit WB and fit QH. CS was only significantly higher in fit versus unfit QH, not fit versus unfit WB. In conclusion, WB gluteal muscle has an inherently high % type 1/low % type 2X fibers and high mitochondrial content whether unfit or trained for dressage, contrasting QH with an inherently low % type 1/high % type 2X and low mitochondrial content, that was enhanced in fit QH. Similar CS activity in fit WB versus QH despite a two-fold difference in % type 2X fibers indicates that mitochondrial volume density cannot accurately be predicted from contractile fiber type composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Valberg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI.
| | - Hailey Iglewski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI
| | - Marisa L Henry
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI
| | - Abigail E Schultz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI
| | - Erica C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University 227 Magruder Hall, OR
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Valberg SJ, Williams ZJ, Finno CJ, Schultz A, Velez‐Irizarry D, Henry ML, Gardner K, Petersen JL. Type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses is a novel glycogen storage disease causing exertional rhabdomyolysis. Equine Vet J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Valberg
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Zoë J. Williams
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- University of California‐Davis, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine Davis CA USA
| | - Abigail Schultz
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Deborah Velez‐Irizarry
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Marisa L. Henry
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
| | - Keri Gardner
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing MI USA
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Buckley P, Buckley DJ, Freire R, Hughes KJ. Pre-race and race management impacts serum muscle enzyme activity in Australian endurance horses. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:895-904. [PMID: 34601756 PMCID: PMC9545901 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Marked increases in serum muscle enzyme activity can occur in endurance horses but the diagnostic certainty in predicting cases of myopathy is unclear. Improved understanding of horse management effects on serum muscle enzyme activity as markers of muscle health would assist interpretation of serum muscle enzyme activity and guide management to reduce myopathy risk. Objectives To investigate associations between serum muscle enzyme activity and management factors in endurance horses. Study design Cross‐sectional study. Methods One hundred endurance horses competing in four endurance events (offering distances of 20‐120 km) in south‐eastern Australia were observed. Data were collected from official horse logbooks, pre‐and post‐race serum samples, an owner questionnaire of pre‐race and race management of horses and the Australian Endurance Riders Association results database. Multivariable linear regression modelling tested associations between management factors and serum muscle enzyme activity. Results First leg speed, distance raced, number of rest days pre‐race, and pre‐race activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) explained 47.3% of the variance in post‐race CK. As first leg speed increased by 1 km/h, CK activity increased by 25.8% (95% CI 11%‐35%). Race distances >80 km increased post‐race CK activity by 124% (95% CI 116%‐145%). Each additional pre‐race rest day increased post‐race CK activity by 30.5% (95% CI 11%‐42%). Modelling a 10% increase in pre‐race CK and pre‐race AST activity was associated with post‐race CK activity increasing by 7.3% (95% CI 3%‐14.4%) and 8.5% (95% CI 0.3%‐14.2%) respectively. Horses experiencing training distances >40 km and a greater number of rest days prior to race day developed increased pre‐race AST and CK activity respectively. Main limitations Owner questionnaires may be subject to bias. Limited data were available to model ride terrain, horse fitness, ration detail and myopathy. Muscle biopsies were not used to confirm myopathy. Conclusions Nearly half of the variation in post‐race CK activity observed can be attributed to management factors unrelated to myopathy, suggesting increased CK activity may not be pathognomonic for myopathy. We advise caution in relying solely on serum muscle enzyme activity for diagnosis of myopathy until the strength of association between CK and myopathy is further ascertained in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Buckley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Buckley
- Clinical Governance Unit, Murrumbidgee Local Health District, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rafael Freire
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Urschel KL, McKenzie EC. Nutritional Influences on Skeletal Muscle and Muscular Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:139-175. [PMID: 33820605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle comprises 40% to 55% of mature body weight in horses, and its mass is determined largely by rates of muscle protein synthesis. In order to support exercise, appropriate energy sources are essential: glucose can support both anaerobic and aerobic exercise, whereas fat can only be metabolized aerobically. Following exercise, ingestion of nonfiber carbohydrates and protein can aid muscle growth and recovery. Muscle glycogen replenishment is slow in horses, regardless of dietary interventions. Several heritable muscle disorders, including type 1 and 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, can be managed in part by restricting dietary nonstructural carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, 612 W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Erica C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, 700 Southwest 30th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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8
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Laforêt P, Oldfors A, Malfatti E, Vissing J. 251st ENMC international workshop: Polyglucosan storage myopathies 13-15 December 2019, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:466-477. [PMID: 33602551 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Laforêt
- Neurology Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Edoardo Malfatti
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
There are 5 single-gene mutations that are known to cause muscle disease in horses. These mutations alter the amino acid sequence of proteins involved in cell membrane electrical conduction, muscle energy metabolism, muscle contraction, and immunogenicity. The clinical signs depend on the pathway affected. The likelihood that an animal with a mutation will exhibit clinical signs depends on the mode of inheritance, environmental influences, and interactions with other genes. Selection of a genetic test for use in diagnostic or breeding decisions requires a knowledge of clinical signs, mode of inheritance, breeds affected, and proper scientific test validation.
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Williams ZJ, Bertels M, Valberg SJ. Muscle glycogen concentrations and response to diet and exercise regimes in Warmblood horses with type 2 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203467. [PMID: 30183782 PMCID: PMC6124783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1) is a glycogen storage disorder of known cause whereas the basis for type 2 PSSM (PSSM2) is unknown. The same diet and exercise regime prescribed for PSSM1 is recommended for PSSM2; however, the benefit of these recommendations for PSSM2 is undocumented. The objectives of this study were to determine traits of PSSM2 Warmblood horses (WB), determine the changes in exercise responses that occur with a recommended low-starch/fat-supplemented diet and exercise regime, and determine if glycogen concentrations correspond to the severity of signs. Owners of PSSM2 WB (2008-2016), completed a retrospective questionnaire regarding their horse. Glycogen concentrations were analyzed in skeletal muscle of PSSM2 WB (n = 36) obtained prior to recommendations and in control WB with no evident myopathy (n = 23). Chi-square, Fisher's exact, McNemar's tests with Bonferroni correction and Mann Whitney testing were utilized. Abnormal exercise responses reported by owners, began at approximately 6 years of age and included a decline in performance, a reluctance to collect and reluctance to go forward in over 50% of horses. With the recommended diet and exercise regime, 80% of PSSM2 WB owners reported an overall improvement with significant decreases in the proportion of horses showing a decline in performance and rhabdomyolysis. However, 53% of PSSM2 WB were still not advancing as expected with reluctance to go forward and collect persisting in approximately one third of horses. Median muscle glycogen concentrations did not differ between PSSM2 WB and WB with no evident myopathy. PSSM2 WB with the highest glycogen concentrations were significantly more likely to show a decline in performance than those with lower glycogen concentrations. In conclusion, diet and exercise recommendations ideal for PSSM1 improve but do not eliminate the decline in performance and reluctance to go forward under saddle characteristic of PSSM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë J. Williams
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Megan Bertels
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephanie J. Valberg
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Li Y, Yu C, Li J, Zhang L, Gao F, Zhou G. Effects of dietary energy sources on early postmortem muscle metabolism of finishing pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1764-1772. [PMID: 28728385 PMCID: PMC5666181 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of different dietary energy sources on early postmortem muscle metabolism of finishing pigs. METHODS Seventy-two barrow (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire, DLY) pigs (65.0±2.0 kg) were allotted to three iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets: A (44.1% starch, 5.9% crude fat, and 12.6% neutral detergent fibre [NDF]), B (37.6% starch, 9.5% crude fat, and 15.4% NDF) or C (30.9% starch, 14.3% crude fat, and 17.8% NDF). After the duration of 28-day feeding experiment, 24 pigs (eight per treatment) were slaughtered and the M. longissimus lumborum (LL) samples at 45 min postmortem were collected. RESULTS Compared with diet A, diet C resulted in greater adenosine triphosphate and decreased phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations, greater activity of creatine kinase and reduced percentage bound activities of hexokinase (HK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) in LL muscles (p<0.05). Moreover, diet C decreased the phosphor-AKT level and increased the hydroxy-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) level, as well as decreased the bound protein expressions of HK II, PKM2, and lactate dehydrogenase A (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Diet C with the lowest level of starch and the highest levels of fat and NDF could enhance the PCr utilization and attenuate glycolysis early postmortem in LL muscle of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Changning Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Lewis SS, Nicholson AM, Williams ZJ, Valberg SJ. Clinical characteristics and muscle glycogen concentrations in warmblood horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1305-1312. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.11.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Quinlivan R, Andreu AL, Marti R. 211th ENMC International Workshop:: Development of diagnostic criteria and management strategies for McArdle Disease and related rare glycogenolytic disorders to improve standards of care. 17-19 April 2015, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:1143-1151. [PMID: 29079393 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ros Quinlivan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ramon Marti
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Druml T, Grilz-Seger G, Brem G. Effect of the glycogen synthase 1 (<i>GYS1)</i> mutation on performance traits in 169 Noriker draft horse stallions – a retrospective study. Arch Anim Breed 2016. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-59-453-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation on performance traits in Noriker draft horse stallions. Individual scores of 32 performance traits and the final performance score were obtained from 169 stallions that took part in the standardized stationary 30-day performance test throughout the years 2002 to 2014. In 2014 the stallions have been genotyped for the GYS1 mutation resulting in 105 non-mutation-carriers, 57 heterozygous, and 7 homozygous animals. The mean frequency of animals carrying the mutation was 38 % (64 of 169). The final performance score and 32 single performance traits were analyzed using a linear model including the GYS1 mutation genotype, the testing year and age as fixed effects. For the final performance score no effect of the GYS1 mutation was found. In three single traits – driving ability, drafting manner, and kindness in the discipline heavy-load lodging – significantly lower scores for heterozygous horses than for non-carrier animals were obtained. Homozygous animals did not differ significantly from both groups. Our results from this retrospective study suggest no effect of the GYS1 mutation on performance traits and on the final performance score.
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Firshman AM, Valberg SJ, Bender JB, Annandale EJ, Hayden DW. Comparison of Histopathologic Criteria and Skeletal Muscle Fixation Techniques for the Diagnosis of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy in Horses. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:257-69. [PMID: 16672572 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-3-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study reported here was to determine the effect of three methods of fixation of skeletal muscle biopsy specimens on the histopathologic appearance of muscle sections and to determine criteria that were most consistently associated with a diagnosis of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in horses. Surgically excised semimembranosus muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from nine horses previously diagnosed with PSSM and from 15 control horses. Portions of each specimen were fixed in formalin, frozen immediately, and chilled for 24 hours prior to freezing. Sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and amylase-PAS were scored for histopathologic criteria by three investigators blinded to the sample origin. The presence of amylase-resistant, abnormal polysaccharide was found to be the most sensitive and specific diagnostic indicator for PSSM, and was readily detected regardless of the fixation technique or investigator. Other less-specific features associated with PSSM included atrophy and cytoplasmic and subsarcolemmal vacuoles; however, their histologic scores varied among fixation technique and investigators. Scores for subsarcolemmal and cytoplasmic amylase-sensitive glycogen in horses with PSSM were similar to those for control horses and varied among fixation techniques. In conclusion, PSSM is most accurately diagnosed in muscle biopsy specimens on the basis of appearance of amylase-resistant, abnormal polysaccharide, not amylase-sensitive glycogen, regardless of fixation technique. In general, frozen sections appeared to be better suited for studying myopathies because many histopathologic features of skeletal muscle were obscured by formalin fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Firshman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Harris PA, Rivero JLL. Nutritional considerations for equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Harris
- Equine Studies Group; WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition; Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire UK
| | - J. L. L. Rivero
- Laboratory of Muscular Biopathology; Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; University of Cordoba; Spain
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Valberg SJ, McKenzie EC, Eyrich LV, Shivers J, Barnes NE, Finno CJ. Suspected myofibrillar myopathy in Arabian horses with a history of exertional rhabdomyolysis. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:548-56. [PMID: 26234161 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Although exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is common in Arabian horses, there are no dedicated studies describing histopathological characteristics of muscle from Arabian horses with ER. OBJECTIVES To prospectively identify distinctive histopathological features of muscle from Arabian endurance horses with a history of ER (pro-ER) and to retrospectively determine their prevalence in archived samples from Arabian horses with exertional myopathies (retro-ER). STUDY DESIGN Prospective and retrospective histopathological description. METHODS Middle gluteal muscle biopsies obtained from Arabian controls (n = 14), pro-ER (n = 13) as well as archived retro-ER (n = 25) muscle samples previously classified with type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy (15/25), recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (7/25) and no pathology (3/25) were scored for histopathology and immunohistochemical staining of cytoskeletal proteins. Glutaraldehyde-fixed samples (2 pro-ER, one control) were processed for electron microscopy. Pro-ER and retro-ER groups were compared with controls using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Centrally located myonuclei in mature myofibres were found in significantly more (P<0.05) pro-ER (12/13) and retro-ER (21/25) horses than controls (4/14). Degenerating myofibres were not evident in any biopsies. Retro-ER horses had amylase-resistant polysaccharide (6/25, P<0.05) and higher scores for cytoplasmic glycogen, rimmed vacuoles and rod-like bodies. A few control horses (3/14) and significantly (P<0.05) more pro-ER (12/13) and retro-ER (18/25) horses had disrupted myofibrillar alignment and large desmin and αβ-crystallin positive cytoplasmic aggregates. Prominent Z-disc degeneration and focal myofibrillar disruption with regional accumulation of β-glycogen particles were identified on electron microscopy of the 2 pro-ER samples. CONCLUSIONS In a subset of Arabian horses with intermittent episodes of exertional rhabdomyolysis, ectopic accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins and Z-disc degeneration bear a strong resemblance to a myofibrillar myopathy. While many of these horses were previously diagnosed with type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy, pools of glycogen forming within disrupted myofibrils appeared to give the false appearance of a glycogen storage disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Valberg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA
| | - E C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - L V Eyrich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - J Shivers
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA
| | - N E Barnes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA
| | - C J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Schröder U, Licka TF, Zsoldos R, Hahn CN, MacIntyre N, Schwendenwein I, Schwarz B, Van Den Hoven R. Effect of Diet on Haflinger Horses With GYS1 Mutation (Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Type 1). J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.03.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Naylor
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory; Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; London UK
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Abstract
Horses are remarkable athletes and a fascinating species in which to study the genetic bases of athletic performance, skeletal muscle biology, and neuromuscular disease. Genetic selection in horses has resulted in many breeds that possess anatomical, physiological, and metabolic variations linked to speed, power, and endurance that are beginning to be defined at the molecular level. Along with the concentration of positive traits, equine breeding programs have also inadvertently concentrated heritable muscle diseases for which mutations impacting electrical conduction, muscle contraction, and energy metabolism within and across breeds have been characterized. The study of heritable muscle diseases in horses has provided exciting insights into the normal structure and function of muscle and important diagnostic tools for veterinarians. Results empower breeders and breed associations to make difficult decisions about how to use this information to improve the overall health and well-being of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Mickelson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; ,
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Stefánsdóttir GJ, Ragnarsson S, Gunnarsson V, Jansson A. Physiological response to a breed evaluation field test in Icelandic horses. Animal 2014; 8:431-9. [PMID: 24387835 PMCID: PMC3942816 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the response in terms of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), haematocrit (Htc), rectal temperature (RT), and some plasma variables in Icelandic horses of different sexes and ages performing the riding assessment in a breed evaluation field test (BEFT). The study was conducted in Iceland on 266 horses (180 mares and 86 stallions, divided into four age groups; 4, 5, 6 and ≥7 years old). RT and RR were recorded and blood samples were taken before the warm-up and after the riding assessment. Horse HR, velocity and distance were recorded during the warm-up, the riding assessment and a 5-min recovery period. The distance covered in the BEFT was 2.9 ± 0.4 km (range: 1.8 to 3.8 km, n=248), the duration was 9:37 ± 1:22 min:s (range: 5:07 to 15:32 min:s, n=260) and the average speed was 17.8 ± 1.4 km/h (range: 13.2 to 21.3 km/h, n=248). Average HR was 184 ± 13 b.p.m. (range: 138 to 210 b.p.m., n=102) and peak HR 224 ± 9 b.p.m. (range: 195 to 238 b.p.m., n=102), and 36% of the BEFT was performed at HR ≥200 b.p.m. Post-exercise plasma lactate concentration (Lac) was 18.0 ± 6.5 mmol/l (range: 2.1 to 34.4 mmol/l, n=266), and there was an increase in total plasma protein, plasma creatine kinase and aspartate amino transferase concentration, as well as RR, RT and Htc. Stallions covered a longer total distance (in the warm-up and BEFT) (P<0.05), at a faster speed during BEFT (P<0.001) than mares and had higher Htc and lower HR and post-exercise Lac values. There were few effects of age, but the 4- and 5-year-old horses had lower Htc than older horses and 4-year-old horses had higher post-exercise RR than older horses, although they were ridden for a shorter distance, shorter duration and at lower peak velocity (P<0.1). The results showed that the riding assessment in the BEFT is a high-intensity exercise. The results also showed that aerobic fitness was higher in stallions and that age had a limited effect on the physiological response. It is suggested that these results should be used as a guide for the development of training programmes and fitness tests in Icelandic horses that would improve both performance and welfare of the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Stefánsdóttir
- Department of Equine Science, Hólar University College, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7024, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S. Ragnarsson
- Department of Equine Science, Hólar University College, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - V. Gunnarsson
- Department of Equine Science, Hólar University College, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - A. Jansson
- Department of Equine Science, Hólar University College, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7024, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Oliveira KD, Santos VPD, Costa C, Faustino MG, Sá JCD, Heinrichs R, Meirelles PRDL. Parâmetros sanguíneos de cavalos alimentados com concentrados lipídicos submetidos a treinos aeróbicos montados. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402013000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o fornecimento de concentrados com baixo e alto teor de óleo de soja a cavalos atletas, submetidos a duas intensidades de treinos aeróbicos montados, sobre a resposta metabólica de parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue, de importância ao desempenho esportivo. Foram utilizados quatro cavalos, em delineamento experimental quadrado latino, com tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x2 (duas inclusões de óleo de soja e duas rotinas de treinos aeróbicos). Os tratamentos foram compostos por teores de 5 e 15% de óleo de soja nos concentrados e duas intensidades de treinos montados por 40 e 60min, classificadas como aeróbicas. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas após o último treino de 40 ou 60min, de cada período experimental. Monitorou-se, após o exercício, os parâmetros bioquímicos, triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total (CT), glicose (GLI) e lactato (LAC). Houve redução no teor TG (P<0,05) para cavalos consumindo 15% de óleo e treinados aerobicamente por 60 min., o CT elevou-se em função do aumento da inclusão de óleo (P<0,05), incremento LAC (P<0,05) em cavalos treinados por 60min., independente do nível de óleo ingerido (1,48mmol/L), bem como não se verificou efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre GLI. Concluiu-se que, para cavalos atletas em atividade aeróbica, o oferecimento de concentrado com alto teor óleo de soja deve ser associado ao treino montado de maior intensidade.
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Secombe CJ, Lester GD. The role of diet in the prevention and management of several equine diseases. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Stewart-Hunt L, Pratt-Phillips S, McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ. Dietary energy source and physical conditioning affect insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in horses. Equine Vet J 2011:355-60. [PMID: 21059030 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Starch rich (S) feeds reduce insulin sensitivity in untrained horses when compared to high fat (F) feeds, but insulin sensitivity is not affected when S or F are fed during exercise training. The effects of S vs. F on training-associated alterations in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of dietary energy source on training-associated changes in insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein and hexokinase (HK) and glycogen synthase (GS) activities in horses. METHODS After a baseline period on an all forage diet (Phase 1), horses were adapted to high starch (S) or high fat (F) diets (n = 7/group) for 6 weeks (Phase 2) and then completed 7 weeks of exercise training (Phase 3) on the same diets. To measure insulin sensitivity (SI), minimal model analysis of a frequently-sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test was performed at the end of each phase. Middle gluteal muscle biopsies to measure GLUT-4 protein content, muscle glycogen and HK and GS activities were taken before and after euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps administered after each phase. Data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS In S, SI was 36% lower (P < 0.05) after Phase 2 when compared to Phase 1 but was unchanged in F. After Phase 3, SI was increased (P < 0.01) in S and F compared to Phase 2 and did not differ (P > 0.05) between diets. Middle gluteal muscle GLUT-4 protein and post clamp HK activity were increased (P < 0.05) in S after Phase 3, with higher (P < 0.01) GLUT4 in S than in F. GS activities were unchanged in both diets. CONCLUSIONS Adaptation to S resulted in decreased SI mitigated by moderate physical conditioning. Increased GLUT-4 protein content and HK activity in S may have contributed to higher SI after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stewart-Hunt
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Johlig L, Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Klukowska J, Reusser HR, Straub R, Gerber V. Epidemiological and genetic study of exertional rhabdomyolysis in a Warmblood horse family in Switzerland. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:240-5. [PMID: 21592222 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) and its familial basis in Warmblood horses is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES To describe the case details, clinical signs and management of ER-affected Warmblood horses from a family with a high prevalence of ER, to determine if histopathological signs of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) and the glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation are associated with ER in this family, and to investigate potential risk factors for development of ER. METHODS A family consisting of a sire with ER and 71 of his descendants was investigated. History of episodes of ER, husbandry, feeding and use was assessed by interviewing horse owners using a standardised questionnaire. All horses were genotyped for GYS1. In 10 ER-affected horses, muscle histopathology was evaluated. RESULTS Signs of ER were reported in 39% of horses and 51% of the entire family possessed the GYS1 mutation. Horses possessing the GYS1 mutation had a 7.1-times increased risk for developing ER compared to those with the normal genotype (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.37-21.23, P = 0.0005). All muscle samples from horses in the family with ER showed polysaccharide accumulation typical for PSSM, amylase-resistant in 9/10 cases. There was evidence (odds ratio 5.6, CI 1.00-31.32, P = 0.05) that fat or oil feeding improved clinical signs of ER. No other effects of environmental factors associated with clinical signs of ER were identified. CONCLUSION AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE PSSM associated with the GYS1 mutation is one identifiable cause of ER in Warmblood horses. Signs of ER are not always manifest in GYS1 positive horses and there are also other causes for ER in Warmblood horses. Breeding animals with the GYS1 mutation results in a high prevalence of ER due to its dominant mode of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Johlig
- Equine Clinic, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Borgia L, Valberg S, McCue M, Watts K, Pagan J. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to feeding hay with different non-structural carbohydrate content in control and polysaccharide storage myopathy-affected horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:798-807. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Baird JD, Valberg SJ, Anderson SM, McCue ME, Mickelson JR. Presence of the glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1
) mutation causing type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in continental European draught horse breeds. Vet Rec 2010; 167:781-4. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Baird
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - S. J. Valberg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - S. M. Anderson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - M. E. McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - J. R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul MN 55108 USA
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McCue ME, Anderson SM, Valberg SJ, Piercy RJ, Barakzai SZ, Binns MM, Distl O, Penedo MCT, Wagner ML, Mickelson JR. Estimated prevalence of the Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy mutation in selected North American and European breeds. Anim Genet 2010; 41 Suppl 2:145-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zeyner A, Hoffmeister C, Einspanier A, Gottschalk J, Lengwenat O, Illies M. Glycaemic and insulinaemic response of Quarter Horses to concentrates high in fat and low in soluble carbohydrates. Equine Vet J 2010:643-7. [PMID: 17402498 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Quarter Horses are particularly susceptible to polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). Nutritional therapy and possibly prophylaxis includes fat-supplemented diets whilst starch supply should be kept to a minimum. OBJECTIVES To investigate the glycaemic and insulinaemic response of clinically normal Quarter Horses to concentrates high in fat and low in starch. METHODS Twelve Quarter Horses were studied. The precondition for inclusion in the study population was that the horses had not shown clinical signs of myopathy. The Quarter Horses were fed according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design haylage plus isocaloric concentrates based on barley and oats as control (CO), sugar beet pulp, grass meal and soybean oil (SB), rice bran and grass meal (RB) and rice bran, grass meal, sugar beet pulp and soybean oil (CP), each over 2 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. At the end of each period, 1 kg of concentrate was fed and blood sampled 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min post prandial (ppr.). Creatine kinase (CK; 0 min ppr. only), glucose and insulin were analysed. Glycaemic and insulinaemic index was calculated from each concentrates area under the curve (AUC) relative to CO. RESULTS Rice bran containing concentrates were partially refused at the beginning of the trial periods. CK activity, and glucose and insulin patterns (ppr. mean, peak, AUC, index) were highest with CO (P<0.05). The correlation between glucose and insulin (P<0.001) ranged from r = 0.570 (CO) to r = 0.364 (RB). Basal CK was highly correlated (P<0.001) to the mean ppr. plasma glucose. CONCLUSION Rice bran, sugar beet pulp, grass meal and soybean oil are suitable to include in concentrates that induce low glycaemic and insulinaemic response. Its acceptance seems to be a question of habituation. Although the mechanism is not completely understood, glucose patterns and basal CK activity are highly positively correlated. Both were affected by the type of concentrate used. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Results support the suggestion that low-starch and high-fat feeding may be helpful not only in the nutrition of affected horses, but also to prevent future PSSM associated discomfort in particularly susceptible horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zeyner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutritional Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Borgia LA, Valberg SJ, McCue ME, Pagan JD, Roe CR. Effect of dietary fats with odd or even numbers of carbon atoms on metabolic response and muscle damage with exercise in Quarter Horse–type horses with type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:326-36. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.3.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stanley RL, McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Mayhew IG, McGowan C, Hahn CN, Patterson-Kane JC, Piercy RJ. A glycogen synthase 1 mutation associated with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and exertional rhabdomyolysis occurs in a variety of UK breeds. Equine Vet J 2009; 41:597-601. [PMID: 19803057 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x407611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY A glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation has been described in horses with histopathological evidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in the USA. It is unknown whether the same mutation is present in horses from the UK. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the GYS1 mutation occurs in UK horses with histopathological evidence of PSSM and exertional rhabdomyolysis. HYPOTHESIS The R309H GYS1 mutation is present in a variety of UK horse breeds and that the mutation is commonly associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis. METHODS DNA was extracted from 47 muscle or blood samples from UK horses with histories of exertional rhabdomyolysis in which muscle biopsy diagnosis had been pursued. The proportions of GYS1 mutation positive cases were compared among histopathologically defined groups. In addition, breeds that carried the GYS1 mutation were identified from a total of 37 grade 2 (amylase-resistant) PSSM cases. RESULTS Of 47 horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis in which a muscle biopsy diagnosis was pursued, 10 (21%) carried the GYS1 mutation. The mutation was only found in horses with grade 2 PSSM (i.e. not in horses with normal, idiopathic myopathy or grade 1 PSSM biopsy samples). In total, the GYS1 mutation was found in 24/37 (65%) of grade 2 PSSM cases. A variety of breeds, including Quarter Horse, Appaloosa, Warmblood, Connemara-cross, Cob, Polo Pony and Thoroughbred cross carried the mutation. CONCLUSIONS The GYS1 mutation is an important cause of exertional rhabdomyolysis of UK horse breeds but does not account for all forms of PSSM. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Genotyping is recommended in cases of exertional rhabdomyolysis, prior to or in combination with, muscle biopsy. However a significant proportion of horses with histopathological evidence of PSSM and/or exertional rhabdomyolysis have different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Stanley
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Pagan JD, Essén-Gustavsson B, Roe CR. Effect of triheptanoin on muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1043-52. [PMID: 19645587 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.8.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare effects of corn oil or a 7-carbon fat (triheptanoin) on acylcarnitine, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism in plasma or muscle of exercising horses. ANIMALS 8 Thoroughbred geldings. PROCEDURES Horses received isocaloric diets containing 650 mL of oil (triheptanoin or corn oil)/d for 18 or 25 days in a crossover design with a 26-day washout period. On day 17 or 24 of each feeding period, the respective oil (217 mL) was nasogastrically administered; 120 minutes later, horses performed a 90-minute submaximal exercise test (SET). Blood and muscle samples were obtained before oil administration and immediately before (blood only), during (blood only), immediately after, and 24 hours after SETs. RESULTS Compared with values before oil administration, triheptanoin administration increased plasma insulin and C7:0-, C5:0- and C3:0-acylcarnitine concentrations, whereas corn oil administration increased plasma NEFA concentrations. During SETs, plasma C7:0-, C5:0-, and C3:0-acylcarnitine concentrations were higher when triheptanoin, rather than corn oil, was administered to horses. Plasma glucose, NEFA, and C2:0-, C18:1-, and C18:2-acylcarnitine concentrations increased during SETs similarly for both oils. Respiratory quotient and muscle lactate, citrate, malate, glycogen, and ATP concentrations changed similarly from before to after SETs for both oils. Compared with muscle concentrations immediately after SETs, those for glucose-6-phosphate and citrate 24 hours after SETs were lower and for glycogen were similar to values before SETs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fatigue was not associated with depletion of citric acid cycle intermediates for either oil. Triheptanoin induced a significantly higher insulin secretion and did not appear to enhance muscle glycogen repletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Optimal Diet of Horses with Chronic Exertional Myopathies. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2009; 25:121-35, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Finno CJ, Spier SJ, Valberg SJ. Equine diseases caused by known genetic mutations. Vet J 2009; 179:336-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Jackson M, Borgia L, Lucio M, Mickelson JR. Polysaccharide storage myopathy phenotype in quarter horse-related breeds is modified by the presence of an RYR1 mutation. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 19:37-43. [PMID: 19056269 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined a family of Quarter Horses with Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) with a dominant mutation in the skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GYS1) gene. A subset of horses within this family had a more severe and occasionally fatal PSSM phenotype. The purpose of this study was to identify a modifying gene(s) for the severe clinical phenotype. A genetic association analysis was used to identify RYR1 as a candidate modifying gene. A rare, known equine RYR1 mutation, associated with malignant hyperthermia (MH), was found to segregate in this GYS1 PSSM family. Retrospective analysis of patient records (n=179) demonstrated that horses with both the GYS1 and RYR1 mutations had a more severe clinical phenotype than horses with the GYS1 mutation alone. A treadmill trial (n=8) showed that serum creatine kinase activity was higher and exercise intolerance greater in horses with both mutations compared to the GYS1 mutation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 VMC, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Herszberg B, McCue ME, Larcher T, Mata X, Vaiman A, Chaffaux S, Chérel Y, Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Guérin G. A GYS1 gene mutation is highly associated with polysaccharide storage myopathy in Cob Normand draught horses. Anim Genet 2008; 40:94-6. [PMID: 18822097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases or glycogenoses are inherited diseases caused by abnormalities of enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of glycogen. Deleterious mutations in many genes of the glyco(geno)lytic or the glycogenesis pathways can potentially cause a glycogenosis, and currently mutations in fourteen different genes are known to cause animal or human glycogenoses, resulting in myopathies and/or hepatic disorders. The genetic bases of two forms of glycogenosis are currently known in horses. A fatal neonatal polysystemic type IV glycogenosis, inherited recessively in affected Quarter Horse foals, is due to a mutation in the glycogen branching enzyme gene (GBE1). A second type of glycogenosis, termed polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM), is observed in adult Quarter Horses and other breeds. A severe form of PSSM also occurs in draught horses. A mutation in the skeletal muscle glycogen synthase gene (GYS1) was recently reported to be highly associated with PSSM in Quarter Horses and Belgian draught horses. This GYS1 point mutation appears to cause a gain-of-function of the enzyme and to result in the accumulation of a glycogen-like, less-branched polysaccharide in skeletal muscle. It is inherited as a dominant trait. The aim of this work was to test for possible associations between genetic polymorphisms in four candidate genes of the glycogen pathway or the GYS1 mutation in Cob Normand draught horses diagnosed with PSSM by muscle biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Herszberg
- INRA, UR339, Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Lucio M, Mickelson JR. Glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation in diverse breeds with polysaccharide storage myopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1228-33. [PMID: 18691366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A missense mutation in the GYS1 gene was recently described in horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). OBJECTIVES The first objective was to determine the prevalence of the GYS1 mutation in horses with PSSM from diverse breeds. The second objective was to determine if the prevalence of the GYS1 mutation differed between horses diagnosed with PSSM based on grade 1 (typically amylase-sensitive) or grade 2 (typically amylase-resistant) polysaccharide. ANIMALS Eight hundred and thirty-one PSSM horses from 36 breeds. PROCEDURES Horses with PSSM diagnosed by histopathology of skeletal muscle biopsy samples were identified from the Neuromuscular Disease Laboratory database. Eight hundred and thirty-one cases had blood or tissue that was available for DNA isolation; these 831 cases were genotyped for the GYS1 mutation by restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS The PSSM mutation was identified in horses from 17 different breeds. The prevalence of the GYS1 mutation in PSSM horses was high in Draft- (87%) and Quarter Horse-related breeds (72%) and lower in Warmbloods (18%) and other light horse breeds (24%), when diagnosis was based on grade 2 diagnostic criteria. Overall, the PSSM mutation was present in 16% of grade 1 and 70% of grade 2 PSSM horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE GYS1 mutation causes PSSM in diverse breeds and is the predominant form of PSSM in Draft- and Quarter Horse-related breeds. False-positive diagnosis, as well as the possibility of a second glycogenosis in horses with neuromuscular disease (type 2 PSSM), might explain the absence of the GYS1 mutation in horses diagnosed with excessive glycogen accumulation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, USA.
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Glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation causes a novel skeletal muscle glycogenosis. Genomics 2008; 91:458-66. [PMID: 18358695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a novel glycogenosis in horses characterized by abnormal glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle and muscle damage with exertion. It is unlike glycogen storage diseases resulting from known defects in glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis that have been described in humans and domestic animals. A genome-wide association identified GYS1, encoding skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GS), as a candidate gene for PSSM. DNA sequence analysis revealed a mutation resulting in an arginine-to-histidine substitution in a highly conserved region of GS. Functional analysis demonstrated an elevated GS activity in PSSM horses, and haplotype analysis and allele age estimation demonstrated that this mutation is identical by descent among horse breeds. This is the first report of a gain-of-function mutation in GYS1 resulting in a glycogenosis.
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of many equine conditions such as pars intermedia dysfunction, equine metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipaemia, laminitis, endotoxaemia and osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD); whereas polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses and equine motor neuron disease (EMD) have been associated with increased insulin sensitivity. However, it is clear that there is not one ideal test, in terms of both practicality and accuracy, for evaluating insulin sensitivity in horses and improved diagnostic techniques are required. This review sets out the background to the subject and identifies current knowledge regarding the measurement of insulin sensitivity by tolerance testing and clamping techniques. Factors affecting insulin sensitivity, such as breed, pregnancy, lactation, obesity and nutritional factors are discussed. In addition, the relationship with training, nutritional supplementation and drug administration are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Firshman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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McCue ME, Valberg SJ. Estimated prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy among overtly healthy Quarter Horses in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:746-50. [PMID: 17764437 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.5.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) among Quarter Horses in the United States and evaluate possible relationships between muscle glycogen concentration, turnout time, and exercise level. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 164 overtly healthy Quarter Horses > 2 years old from 5 states. PROCEDURES Horses with a history of exertional rhabdomyolysis or any other muscular disease were excluded. Muscle biopsy specimens were examined histologically for evidence of PSSM and were submitted for determination of muscle glycogen concentration. A diagnosis of PSSM was made if amylase-resistant inclusions that stained with periodic acid-Schiff stain were detected. RESULTS Prevalences of PSSM on the 2 farms with a history of PSSM were 20% (1/5) and 40.7% (11/27); mean prevalence for the other 4 farms was 6.1% (8/132). Sex was not significantly associated with a diagnosis of PSSM, and age was not significantly different between horses with and without PSSM. Total histologic score, serum creatine kinase activity, and muscle glycogen concentration were significantly higher in horses with PSSM than in horses without. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that the prevalence of PSSM among overtly healthy Quarter Horses in the United States is likely to be between 6% and 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Bröjer JT, Essén-Gustavsson B, Annandale EJ, Valberg SJ. Proglycogen, macroglycogen, glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations in skeletal muscles of horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy performing light exercise. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1589-94. [PMID: 16948606 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.9.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine concentrations of proglycogen (PG), macroglycogen (MG), glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in skeletal muscle of horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) before and after performing light submaximal exercise. ANIMALS 6 horses with PSSM and 4 control horses. PROCEDURES Horses with PSSM completed repeated intervals of 2 minutes of walking followed by 2 minutes of trotting on a treadmill until muscle cramping developed. Four untrained control horses performed a similar exercise test for up to 20 minutes. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured before and 4 hours after exercise. Concentrations of total glycogen (G(t)), PG, MG, G-6-P, free glucose, and lactate were measured in biopsy specimens of gluteal muscle obtained before and after exercise. RESULTS Mean serum CK activity was 26 times higher in PSSM horses than in control horses after exercise. Before exercise, muscle glycogen concentrations were 1.5, 2.2, and 1.7 times higher for PG, MG, and G(t), respectively, in PSSM horses, compared with concentrations in control horses. No significant changes in G(t), PG, MG, G-6-P, and lactate concentrations were detected after exercise. However, free glucose concentrations in skeletal muscle increased significantly in PSSM horses after exercise. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of the results suggests that glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is augmented in horses with PSSM after light exercise. There is excessive storage of PG and MG in horses with PSSM, and high concentrations of the 2 glycogen fractions may affect functional interactions between glycogenolytic and glycogen synthetic enzymes and glycosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan T Bröjer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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