1
|
Jeong HW, Menciotti G. Insulation break of the ventricular lead in a dog with a pacemaker. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 50:63-68. [PMID: 37931345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
A 10-year-old female spayed mixed breed dog that had a transvenous pacemaker implanted four years prior was presented for the evaluation of episodes of transient loss of consciousness without any history of trauma that were unresponsive to anticonvulsant therapies. Intermittent failure to capture coupled with low impedance and high capture threshold were noted upon interrogation of the pacemaker. Radiography and fluoroscopy demonstrated a possible break in the insulation of the lead. After the placement of another transvenous pacemaker, the dog had no additional syncopal episodes, and anticonvulsants were tapered off. The dog developed an implant infection from the newly placed pacemaker, which prompted the removal of the infected pacemaker and the implantation of an epicardial pacemaker. However, the epicardial lead dislodged seven days after placement, and the dog was euthanized. During necropsy, the first transvenous lead was removed, and the insulation break was visually confirmed. Although an insulation break is a rare delayed complication of pacemaker implantation, this report shows how the diagnosis, suspected by typical interrogation findings, can be aided by radiographic and fluoroscopic investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H W Jeong
- Department Small Animal Clinical Science, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - G Menciotti
- Department Small Animal Clinical Science, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kajin F, Meyerhoff N, Charalambous M, Volk HA. "Resistance Is Futile": A Pilot Study into Pseudoresistance in Canine Epilepsy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3125. [PMID: 37835731 PMCID: PMC10571656 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder in veterinary practice, complicated by frequent occurrence of medication-resistant epilepsy. In human medicine, it has been noted that some patients with medication-resistant epilepsy have in fact other reasons for their apparent medication-resistance. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the issue of pseudoresistance using as an example a population of dogs presented with presumed medication-resistant epilepsy and provide an in-depth review of what is known in human medicine about pseudoresistant epilepsy. One-hundred fifty-two cases were identified with medication-resistant epilepsy, of which 73% had true medication-resistant epilepsy and 27% patients had pseudoresistance. Low serum anti-seizure medication levels were the most common cause of pseudoresistance, present in almost half of the cases (42%), followed by inadequate choice of drugs or dosages (22%), misclassification (22%) or misdiagnosis (9%) of epilepsy and poor compliance (9%). All cases of pseudoresistance, except for one, responded to a modification of the initial therapy protocol. Pseudoresistance can bias clinical trials, misinform the clinical decision-making process, delay diagnosis and treatment, and misinform owners about their pets' prognosis. A substantial proportion of these cases can have improvement of their seizure frequency or achieve seizure freedom upon modification of their therapeutic protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kajin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.); (N.M.); (M.C.)
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Meyerhoff
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.); (N.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.); (N.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.K.); (N.M.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spalla I, Smith GW, Chang YM, Luis Fuentes V, Connolly DJ. Paroxysmal high-grade second-degree and persistent third-degree atrioventricular block in cats. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:20-31. [PMID: 34051641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both paroxysmal high-grade second-degree and persistent third-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) are recognised in cats. Our aim was to document the presentation, echocardiographic data, comorbidities and outcome in affected cats from a single referral hospital, including those that underwent epicardial pacemaker implantation (EPI). ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 64 cats diagnosed with persistent third-degree or paroxysmal high-grade AVB, for which detailed patient history was available. Non-parametric testing, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard testing were performed. RESULTS Atrioventricular block was persistent in 43 cats (67%) and paroxysmal in 21 (33%). Forty-seven cats (74%) were referred for cardiac complaints (e.g. collapse, arrhythmia, tachypnea), 6 (9%) had non-specific complaints and AVB was an incidental finding in 11 cats (17%). Median duration of clinical signs prior to presentation was 21 days (1-1138 days). Thirty-nine (63%) cats had echocardiographic abnormalities; 13 (20%) presented with congestive heart failure. Forty-five (70%) cats had one or more comorbidities. Fifteen cats underwent EPI with immediate resolution of signs in 12 cats. Following EPI, two and four cats experienced major and minor complications, respectively. Forty-seven cats died; median survival time was 799 days (all-cause mortality). Cardiac-related death occurred in 17 cats (36%); median survival in these cats was 132 days. Heart failure on presentation was the only independent risk factor for cardiac death (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Outcome in cats with AVB was variable, although most had good medium- to long-term survival. Cardiac death occurred in a minority of cats. Pacemaker implantation was effective in relieving clinical signs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Spalla
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; Ospedale Veterinario San Francesco, via Isaac Newton 2, 20148 Milano, Italy.
| | - G W Smith
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Y-M Chang
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - V Luis Fuentes
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - D J Connolly
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Colpitts ME, Fonfara S, Monteith G, Pires AR, Wong A, Raheb S, Lynne O'Sullivan M. Characteristics and outcomes of cats with and without pacemaker placement for high-grade atrioventricular block. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 34:37-47. [PMID: 33548737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Available information on characteristics and outcome in cats with high-grade atrioventricular block (AVB) that receive a pacemaker is limited. ANIMALS Twenty-two privately owned cats presenting with high-grade AVB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records were retrospectively examined. Cats were grouped as having received a pacemaker (PACE group) or not having received a pacemaker (non-PACE group). Clinical characteristics and outcomes of groups were evaluated. RESULTS There were 10 cats in the PACE group and 12 cats in the non-PACE group. At presentation, syncope or seizure-like behavior (p = 0.004) and bradycardia (p = 0.043) were more common in the PACE than the non-PACE group. Historical lethargy (p = 0.015) and dull mentation (p = 0.045) were more common in the non-PACE group, as was clinically relevant systemic disease. Pacemaker placement improved syncope or seizure-like behavior in 100% of cats. The degree of AVB at presentation was not associated with pacemaker placement nor the future degree of AVB. The major complication rate of pacemaker placement was 40%. Intergroup survival was not significantly different (PACE group 1278 days, 95% confidence interval: 0-2145 days; non-PACE group 213 days, confidence interval: 1-not available, p = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS Pacemaker placement improved clinical signs in cats with high-grade AVB. A difference in survival time could not be demonstrated between cats that received and did not receive a pacemaker in this retrospective study. High-grade AVB can be transient and accompanied by systemic disease in some cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Colpitts
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave W, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S Fonfara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave W, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - G Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave W, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A R Pires
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave W, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Wong
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave W, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S Raheb
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave W, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M Lynne O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 28 College Ave W, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luis Fuentes V, Abbott J, Chetboul V, Côté E, Fox PR, Häggström J, Kittleson MD, Schober K, Stern JA. ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1062-1077. [PMID: 32243654 PMCID: PMC7255676 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of myocardial disorders of mostly unknown etiology, and they occur commonly in cats. In some cats, they are well‐tolerated and are associated with normal life expectancy, but in other cats they can result in congestive heart failure, arterial thromboembolism or sudden death. Cardiomyopathy classification in cats can be challenging, and in this consensus statement we outline a classification system based on cardiac structure and function (phenotype). We also introduce a staging system for cardiomyopathy that includes subdivision of cats with subclinical cardiomyopathy into those at low risk of life‐threatening complications and those at higher risk. Based on the available literature, we offer recommendations for the approach to diagnosis and staging of cardiomyopathies, as well as for management at each stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark D Kittleson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karsten Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iwasa N, Nishii N, Takashima S, Kobatake Y, Nomura S, Iwasa K, Iwasa T, Suzuki T, Machida N, Kitagawa H. Long-term management of high-grade atrioventricular block using cilostazol in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919878913. [PMID: 31673397 PMCID: PMC6804363 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919878913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 12-year-old neutered female domestic shorthair cat was admitted for syncope. Clinical signs and electrocardiography revealed high-grade atrioventricular (AV) block. Treatment with cilostazol ameliorated the clinical signs and arrhythmia. However, the high-grade AV block recurred on several occasions. After 640 days, the cat presented again with clinical deterioration owing to reoccurrence of the arrhythmia and it died 11 days later. Histopathological examination revealed a loss of conduction cells within the His bundle. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, this is the first report of high-grade AV block treated with cilostazol in a cat. Treatment with cilostazol prolonged survival for 650 days without pacemaker implantation. Histological findings suggested that the AV block was related to fibrosis of the impulse conduction system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Iwasa
- Hashima Animal Hospital, Gifu, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Naohito Nishii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Saki Nomura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Noboru Machida
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Indications for permanent pacing in dogs and cats. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 22:20-39. [PMID: 30709617 PMCID: PMC7185536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pacemaker implantation is considered as a standard procedure for treatment of symptomatic bradycardia in both dogs and cats. Advanced second-degree and third-degree atrioventricular blocks, sick sinus syndrome, persistent atrial standstill, and vasovagal syncope are the most common rhythm disturbances that require pacing to either alleviate clinical signs or prolong survival. Most pacemakers are implanted transvenously, using endocardial leads, but rarely epicardial leads may be necessary. To decide whether a patient is a candidate for pacing, as well as which pacing modality should be used, the clinician must have a clear understanding of the etiology, the pathophysiology, and the natural history of the most common bradyarrhythmias, as well as what result can be achieved by pacing patients with different rhythm disturbances. The goal of this review was, therefore, to describe the indications for pacing by evaluating the available evidence in both human and veterinary medicine. We described the etiology of bradyarrhythmias, clinical signs and electrocardiographic abnormalities, and the choice of pacing modality, taking into account how different choices may have different physiological consequences to selected patients. It is expected that this review will assist veterinarians in recognizing arrhythmias that may require permanent pacing and the risk-benefit of each pacing modality and its impact on outcome.
Collapse
|
8
|
Oxford EM, Giacomazzi FB, Moïse NS, Santilli RA. Clinical and electrocardiographic presentations of transient trifascicular block in three cats. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:204-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
9
|
Blades Golubovic S, Rossmeisl JH. Status epilepticus in dogs and cats, part 1: etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnosis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:278-287. [PMID: 28445615 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review current knowledge of the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and consequences of status epilepticus (SE) in veterinary patients. DATA SOURCES Human and veterinary literature, including clinical and laboratory research and reviews. ETIOPATHOGENESIS Status epilepticus is a common emergency in dogs and cats, and may be the first manifestation of a seizure disorder. It results from the failure of termination of an isolated seizure. Multiple factors are involved in SE, including initiation and maintenance of neuronal excitability, neuronal network synchronization, and brain microenvironmental contributions to ictogenesis. Underlying etiologies of epilepsy and SE in dogs and cats are generally classified as genetic (idiopathic), structural-metabolic, or unknown. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis of convulsive SE is usually made based on historical information and the nature of the seizures. Patient specific variables, such as the history, age of seizure onset, and physical and interictal neurological examination findings can help hone the rule out list, and are used to guide selection and prioritization of diagnostic tests. Electroencephalographic monitoring is routinely used in people to diagnose SE and guide patient care decisions, but is infrequently performed in veterinary medicine. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus has been recognized in veterinary patients; routine electroencephalography would aid in the diagnosis of this phenomenon in dogs and cats. CLINICAL SEQUELAE Status epilepticus is a medical emergency that can result in life-threatening complications involving the brain and systemic organs. Status epilepticus often requires comprehensive diagnostic testing, treatment with multiple anticonvulsant agents, and intensive supportive care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blades Golubovic S, Rossmeisl JH. Status epilepticus in dogs and cats, part 2: treatment, monitoring, and prognosis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:288-300. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Blacksburg VA 24061
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dutton E, Dukes-McEwan J, Cripps P. Serum cardiac troponin I in canine syncope and seizures. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Holger A. Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHawkshead LaneNorth Mymms, HatfieldHertfordshireAL9 7TAUK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pakozdy A, Halasz P, Klang A. Epilepsy in cats: theory and practice. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:255-63. [PMID: 24438024 PMCID: PMC4857998 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The veterinary literature on epilepsy in cats is less extensive than that for dogs. The present review summarizes the most important human definitions related to epilepsy and discusses the difficulties in applying them in daily veterinary practice. Epileptic seizures can have a wide range of clinical signs and are not necessarily typical in all cases. Whether a seizure event is epileptic can only be suspected based on clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings as electroencephalography diagnostic techniques have not yet been developed to a sufficiently accurate level in veterinary medicine. In addition, the present review aims to describe other diagnoses and nonepileptic conditions that might be mistaken for epileptic seizures. Seizures associated with hippocampal lesions are described and discussed extensively, as they seem to be a special entity only recognized in the past few years. Furthermore, we focus on clinical work‐up and on treatment that can be recommended based on the literature and summarize the limited data available relating to the outcome. Critical commentary is provided as most studies are based on very weak evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pakozdy
- University Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
A 12-month-old female neutered crossbreed was referred for investigation of seizure-like episodes occurring only at intense exercise. Thorough medical, neurological and cardiac investigations were performed and excluded the most commonly known causes of seizure-like activity. The dog was fitted with an ambulatory electrocardiography device and underwent another exercise-induced seizure. The electrocardiogram during the episode revealed a sinus tachycardia at approximately 300 beats/minute. A video recording of the episode revealed generalised tonic clonic limb activity with jaw chomping and frothing at the mouth typical of seizure activity. Antiepileptic medications were not prescribed and the owner was advised not to exercise the dog intensely. The dog responded well and did not seizure after 12 months of mild-moderate off-lead exercise. As all the seizures in this case were triggered by intense physical activity, it is suggested that this may be a new form of reflex seizure activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Motta
- ChesterGates Animal Referral Hospital, Unit F, Telford Court, Chester, Cheshire CH1 6LT
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brauer C, Kästner SBR, Kulka AM, Tipold A. Activation procedures in the electroencephalograms of healthy and epileptic cats under propofol anaesthesia. Vet Rec 2012; 170:360. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Brauer
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Germany, Bünteweg 9, D - 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - S. B. R. Kästner
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Germany, Bünteweg 9, D - 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - A. M. Kulka
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Germany, Bünteweg 9, D - 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - A. Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Germany, Bünteweg 9, D - 30559 Hannover Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brauer C, Kästner SBR, Rohn K, Schenk HC, Tünsmeyer J, Tipold A. Electroencephalographic recordings in dogs suffering from idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsy: diagnostic value of interictal short time EEG protocols supplemented by two activation techniques. Vet J 2011; 193:185-92. [PMID: 22099183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic value of interictal short time electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in epileptic dogs under general anaesthesia with propofol and the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide was investigated. Two activation techniques, namely photic stimulation and hyperventilation, were evaluated for their potential to enhance the diagnostic validity of these recordings. Sixty-one dogs suffering from idiopathic epilepsy and 28 dogs suffering from symptomatic epilepsy were included. Electroencephalograms were recorded using five subdermal EEG electrodes (F3, F4, Cz, O1 and O2). All 89 EEGs were analysed visually and 61 were also evaluated quantitatively with fast Fourier transformation. Interictal paroxysmal epileptiform activity was found in 25% of idiopathic and in 29% of symptomatic epileptic dogs. Quantitative analysis of the EEGs (qEEGs) detected significant differences of frequency analysis in single reading points without any continuous changes of frequency bands. A comparison between healthy and affected brain hemispheres in seven dogs with focal lesions of one hemisphere did not show any significant differences in qEEG analysis. qEEG was not more sensitive than visual evaluation. Despite the use of activation techniques, the results showed that short time EEG recordings in epileptic dogs can detect interictal epileptic activity in less than one third of all seizuring dogs and is not a useful screening method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Brauer
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|