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Hughes K, Moore C, Woods S, Wilkes E. Precision and accuracy of a point of care glucometer for detection of hypoglycaemia in horses. Vet J 2024; 305:106109. [PMID: 38599544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) glucometry is commonly used in horses; however, measurement error with this method when analysing hypoglycaemic samples (<4mmol/L) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the precision and accuracy of glucometry in hypoglycaemic horses in comparison to a laboratory method of glucose measurement (LAB). Repeatability coefficients were 0.47mmol/L for POC and 0.09mmol/L for LAB, and coefficients of variation were 10% and 2.11%, for the POC and LAB methods, respectively. Systemic bias with the POC method was present, with a mean bias of -0.26mmol/L (95% limits of agreement: -0.88 - 0.37) in comparison to LAB, and <70% of measurements were within 20% of paired LAB results. Prior to use of glucometers, assessment of the diagnostic performance of the equipment is necessary, including determination of acceptable criteria and reference ranges for hypoglycaemic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Hughes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia.
| | - Claire Moore
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Sophie Woods
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Edwina Wilkes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia
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2
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Kemp KL, Skinner JE, Bertin F. Effect of phenylbutazone on insulin secretion in horses with insulin dysregulation. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1177-1184. [PMID: 38363029 PMCID: PMC10937495 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylbutazone is often prescribed to manage pain caused by hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis, but in diabetic people nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase insulin secretion and pancreatic activity. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Investigate the effect of phenylbutazone administration on insulin secretion in horses. It was hypothesized that phenylbutazone will increase insulin secretion in horses with insulin dysregulation (ID). ANIMALS Sixteen light breed horses, including 7 with ID. METHODS Randomized cross-over study design. Horses underwent an oral glucose test (OGT) after 9 days of treatment with phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg IV q24h) or placebo (5 mL 0.9% saline). After a 10-day washout period, horses received the alternative treatment, and a second OGT was performed. Insulin and glucose responses were compared between groups (ID or controls) and treatments using paired t test and analyses of variance with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS In horses with ID, phenylbutazone treatment significantly decreased glucose concentration (P = .02), glucose area under the curve (2429 ± 501.5 vs 2847 ± 486.1 mmol/L × min, P = .02), insulin concentration (P = .03) and insulin area under the curve (17 710 ± 6676 vs 22 930 ± 8788 μIU/mL × min, P = .03) in response to an OGT. No significant effect was detected in control horses. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Phenylbutazone administration in horses with ID decreases glucose and insulin concentrations in response to an OGT warranting further investigation of a therapeutic potential of phenylbutazone in the management of hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis beyond analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Kemp
- School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of QueenslandGatton, QueenslandAustralia
| | - Jazmine E. Skinner
- School of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Southern QueenslandDarling Heights, QueenslandAustralia
| | - François‐René Bertin
- School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of QueenslandGatton, QueenslandAustralia
- College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest‐LafayetteIndianaUSA
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3
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Pinnell EF, Hostnik LD, Watts MR, Timko KJ, Thriffiley AA, Stover MR, Koenig LE, Gorman OM, Toribio RE, Burns TA. Effect of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase agonists on insulin and glucose dynamics in experimentally induced insulin dysregulation in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:102-110. [PMID: 38088223 PMCID: PMC10800176 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonists, particularly resveratrol (RES), have not been extensively evaluated for their effect on insulin dysregulation (ID) in horses. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the effects of treatment with RES (10 mg/kg PO q12h), metformin (MET; 30 mg/kg PO q12h), and aspirin (ASP; 20 mg/kg PO q24h) on experimentally induced ID. ANIMALS Thirty-three healthy, adult, light-breed horses. METHODS Unblinded, placebo-controlled, experimental trial evaluating effects of AMPK agonists (RES, MET, and ASP) on experimentally induced ID. Horses were randomly assigned to a treatment group (RES, MET/ASP, RES/ASP, RES/MET/ASP, or placebo [CON]) after induction of ID with dexamethasone (0.08 mg/kg PO q24h for 7 days). Frequently sampled insulin-modified IV glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTT) and oral sugar tests (OST) were performed at baseline, 7 days after ID, and ID plus 7 days of treatment. Minimal model and OST variables were compared between (1-way ANOVA) and within (1-way ANOVA for repeated measures) groups over time to determine effects of treatment on ID. RESULTS Administration of dexamethasone for 14 days resulted in significantly altered insulin and glucose dynamics (SI, DI, basal [glucose], and [insulin]) and produced clinical signs of laminitis in 5 out of 33 (15%) of horses included in the study. Combination therapy with RES, MET, and ASP did not significantly improve insulin and glucose dynamics in horses with experimentally induced ID. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Metabolic testing before glucocorticoid administration should be considered in horses with clinical signs of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F. Pinnell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State University College of Veterinary MedicinePullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Laura D. Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Mauria R. Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kathryn J. Timko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Allison A. Thriffiley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Mercedes R. Stover
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Lauren E. Koenig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Olivia M. Gorman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Teresa A. Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
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Warnken T, Schaub C, Delarocque J, Frers F, Feige K, Sonntag J, Reiche DB. Palatability, glycemic, and insulinemic responses to various carbohydrate formulations: Alternatives for the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation in horses? Vet Med (Auckl) 2023; 37:282-291. [PMID: 36625459 PMCID: PMC9889704 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral glycemic challenge (GC) tests are recommended for diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (ID). Various protocols are used, but all have limitations in terms of palatability, ease of use, variable composition, geographic availability, or some combination of these. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To evaluate newly developed formulations with defined carbohydrate composition for use as oral GCs. ANIMALS Thirty-four horses and ponies in various metabolic states. METHODS Our objectives were carried out in 2 separate cross-over experiments. First, the palatability and acceptance of various GCs (2 syrups, 1 granulate) offered for free intake were compared to glucose mixed in a chaff-based diet. Subsequently, syrups were administered by syringe and compared to an oral glucose test using naso-gastric tubing (tube OGT) to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic responses. Second, these variables were compared in the best performing GC-formulations (granulate further optimized to pelleted formulation and 1 syrup) and a tube OGT. All GCs were administered with equivalent amounts of 0.5 g glycemic carbohydrates per kg body weight. RESULTS Only the GC pellets were consumed completely by all horses (consumption time 5 ± 2 min). When administered by syringe, the GC syrup also was well accepted. The insulin concentrations at 120 min correlated significantly between tube OGT and GC pellets (r = .717; P < .001) or GC syrup (r = .913; P < .001). The new GC syrup and GC pellets discriminate between healthy and ID horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The GC pellets (DysChEq)™ and GC syrup can be used as palatable and well-accepted oral GC tests for assessment of ID in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Claudia Schaub
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Florian Frers
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Johanna Sonntag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 17355216 Ingelheim am RheinGermany
| | - Dania Birte Reiche
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 17355216 Ingelheim am RheinGermany
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de Laat MA, Warnken T, Delarocque J, Reiche DB, Grob AJ, Feige K, Carslake HB, Durham AE, Sillence MN, Thane KE, Frank N, Brojer J, Lindase S, Sonntag J. Carbohydrate pellets to assess insulin dysregulation in horses. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 37:302-314. [PMID: 36583553 PMCID: PMC9889680 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A glycemic challenge test is used for the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (ID) in horses and ponies. Different forms of the test exist where the administrative route and dose of glucose vary, which makes interpretation of results challenging. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the palatability of, and blood glucose and insulin responses to, carbohydrate pellets fed as an oral glucose test (OGT), and to establish the diagnostic threshold for ID when using the pellets. ANIMALS University and privately-owned horses and ponies (n = 157) comprised of 31 breeds and both sexes. METHODS Multicenter cohort study. A custom-produced glycemic pellet was offered for free intake at 0.5 g/kg BW soluble carbohydrate and serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations measured before and after (60, 120, and 180 minutes) the pellets were offered. Pellet acceptance and intake time (those that finished within 10 minutes) were determined to assess palatability. RESULTS The pellets were palatable to 132/157 animals, and ponies found the pellets more (P = .004) palatable than horses. The median intake time (4 [3-6] minutes) was positively correlated with acceptance grade (r = .51; P < .0001). Consumption of the pellets elicited peak blood glucose (6.6 [5.8-7.8] mmol/L) and serum insulin (40.5 [19-99.8] μIU/mL) responses at 120 minutes. At 120 minutes the optimal cut-off was 83 μIU/mL (95% CI: 70-99 μIU/mL) for the IMMULITE 2000XPi assay. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The pellets were palatable and a suitable, novel carbohydrate source for the OGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A. de Laat
- Faculty of ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Tobias Warnken
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbHIngelheimGermany,Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | | | | | - Anne J. Grob
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - Harry B. Carslake
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Martin N. Sillence
- Faculty of ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kristen E. Thane
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyCummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nicholas Frank
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyCummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Johan Brojer
- Department of Clinical SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Sanna Lindase
- Department of Clinical SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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Kinsella HM, Hostnik LD, Toribio RE. Energy endocrine physiology, pathophysiology, and nutrition of the foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:S83-S93. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Most homeostatic systems in the equine neonate should be functional during the transition from intra- to extrauterine life to ensure survival during this critical period. Endocrine maturation in the equine fetus occurs at different stages, with a majority taking place a few days prior to parturition and continuing after birth. Cortisol and thyroid hormones are good examples of endocrine and tissue interdependency. Cortisol promotes skeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, thyroid gland, adrenomedullary, and pancreatic differentiation. Thyroid hormones are essential for cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, skeletal, adrenal, and pancreatic function. Hormonal imbalances at crucial stages of development or in response to disease can be detrimental to the newborn foal. Other endocrine factors, including growth hormone, glucagon, catecholamines, ghrelin, adipokines (adiponectin, leptin), and incretins, are equally important in energy homeostasis. This review provides information specific to nutrition and endocrine systems involved in energy homeostasis in foals, enhancing our understanding of equine neonatal physiology and pathophysiology and our ability to interpret clinical and laboratory findings, therefore improving therapies and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Kinsella
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Laura D. Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Williams NJ, Furr M, Navas de Solis C, Campolo A, Davis M, Lacombe VA. Investigating the Relationship Between Cardiac Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Horses: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:899951. [PMID: 35873691 PMCID: PMC9305457 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.899951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome in humans is commonly associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, including atrial fibrillation and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Although many differences exist between human and equine metabolic syndrome, both of these conditions share some degree of insulin resistance. The aims of this pilot study were to investigate the relationship between insulin sensitivity and cardiac function. Seven horses (five mares, two geldings, aged 17.2 ± 4.2 years, weight 524 ± 73 kg) underwent insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance testing to determine insulin sensitivity (mean 2.21 ± 0.03 × 10−4 L/min/mU). Standard echocardiograms were performed on each horse, including two-dimensional, M-mode, and pulse-wave tissue Doppler imaging. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were used to determine the association of insulin sensitivity with echocardiographic measures of cardiac function in 5 horses. Insulin sensitivity was found to be significantly correlated with peak myocardial velocity during late diastole (r = 0.89, P = 0.0419), ratio between peak myocardial velocity in early and late diastole (r = −0.92, P = 0.0263), isovolumetric relaxation time (r = −0.97, P = 0.0072), and isovolumetric contraction time (ρ = −0.90, P = 0.0374). These preliminary data suggest that decreased insulin sensitivity is correlated with alterations in both systolic and diastolic function, as measured with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Due to the small sample size of this study, the relationship between insulin sensitivity and myocardial function in horses requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J. Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Natasha J. Williams
| | - Martin Furr
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Cristobal Navas de Solis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Allison Campolo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Michael Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Véronique A. Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Lovett AL, Gilliam LL, Sykes BW, McFarlane D. Thromboelastography in obese horses with insulin dysregulation compared to healthy controls. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1131-1138. [PMID: 35429197 PMCID: PMC9151488 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with hypercoagulability in people, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and thromboembolic events. Whether hypercoagulability exists in obese, insulin-dysregulated horses is unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine if coagulation profiles differ between healthy horses and those with obesity and insulin dysregulation. ANIMALS Fifteen healthy horses (CON) and 15 obese, insulin-dysregulated horses (OBID). Individuals were university or client owned. METHODS Case-control study. Obesity was defined as a body condition score (BCS) ≥7.5/9 (modified Henneke scale). Insulin dysregulation status was assessed by an oral sugar test (OST). Kaolin-thromboelastography and traditional coagulation variables were compared between groups. The direction and strength of the association between coagulation variables and BCS and OST results were determined using Spearman's correlation. RESULTS Thromboelastography variables MA (OBID: 69.5 ± 4.5 mm; CON: 64.8 ± 4.3 mm; P = .007) and G-value (OBID: 11749 ± 2536 dyn/m2 ; CON: 9319 ± 1650 dyn/m2 ; P = .004) were higher in OBID compared to CON. Positive correlations between MA and BCS (R = 0.45, P = .01) and serum insulin (T0 : R = 0.45, P = .01; T60 : R = 0.39, P = .03), and G-value and BCS (R = 0.46, P = .01), and serum insulin (T0 : R = 0.48, P = .007; T60 : R = 0.43, P = .02; T90 : R = 0.38, P = .04) were present. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Obese, insulin-dysregulated horses are hypercoagulable compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Lovett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
School of Veterinary SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Lyndi L. Gilliam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Benjamin W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary SciencesMassey UniversityStillwaterPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Dianne McFarlane
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
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Kinsella HM, Hostnik LD, Snyder HA, Mazur SE, Kamr AM, Burns TA, Mossbarger JC, Toribio RE. Comparison of insulin sensitivity between healthy neonatal foals and horses using minimal model analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262584. [PMID: 35030228 PMCID: PMC8759699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The equine neonate is considered to have impaired glucose tolerance due to delayed maturation of the pancreatic endocrine system. Few studies have investigated insulin sensitivity in newborn foals using dynamic testing methods. The objective of this study was to assess insulin sensitivity by comparing the insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (I-FSIGTT) between neonatal foals and adult horses. This study was performed on healthy neonatal foals (n = 12), 24 to 60 hours of age, and horses (n = 8), 3 to 14 years of age using dextrose (300 mg/kg IV) and insulin (0.02 IU/kg IV). Insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), glucose effectiveness (Sg), and disposition index (DI) were calculated using minimal model analysis. Proxy measurements were calculated using fasting insulin and glucose concentrations. Nonparametric statistical methods were used for analysis and reported as median and interquartile range (IQR). SI was significantly higher in foals (18.3 L·min-1· μIU-1 [13.4–28.4]) compared to horses (0.9 L·min-1· μIU-1 [0.5–1.1]); (p < 0.0001). DI was higher in foals (12 × 103 [8 × 103−14 × 103]) compared to horses (4 × 102 [2 × 102−7 × 102]); (p < 0.0001). AIRg and Sg were not different between foals and horses. The modified insulin to glucose ratio (MIRG) was lower in foals (1.72 μIUinsulin2/10·L·mgglucose [1.43–2.68]) compared to horses (3.91 μIU insulin2/10·L·mgglucose [2.57–7.89]); (p = 0.009). The homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA-BC%) was higher in horses (78.4% [43–116]) compared to foals (23.2% [17.8–42.2]); (p = 0.0096). Our results suggest that healthy neonatal foals are insulin sensitive in the first days of life, which contradicts current literature regarding the equine neonate. Newborn foals may be more insulin sensitive immediately after birth as an evolutionary adaptation to conserve energy during the transition to extrauterine life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Kinsella
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Laura D. Hostnik
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hailey A. Snyder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Mazur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ahmed M. Kamr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Teresa A. Burns
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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10
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Malik CE, Wong DM, Dembek KA, Wilson KE. Comparison of two glucose-monitoring systems for use in horses. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:222-228. [PMID: 35038307 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.05.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of 2 interstitial glucose-monitoring systems (GMSs) for use in horses compared with a point-of-care (POC) glucometer and standard laboratory enzymatic chemistry method (CHEM). ANIMALS 8 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURES One of each GMS device (Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 14-day) was placed on each horse, and blood glucose concentration was measured via POC and CHEM at 33 time points and compared with simultaneous GMS readings. An oral glucose absorption test (OGAT) was performed on day 2, and glucose concentrations were measured and compared. RESULTS Glucose concentrations were significantly correlated with one another between all devices on days 1 to 5. Acceptable agreement was observed between Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 14-day when compared with CHEM on days 1, 3, 4, and 5 with a combined mean bias of 10.45 mg/dL and 1.53 mg/dL, respectively. During dextrose-induced hyperglycemia on day 2, mean bias values for Dexcom G6 (10.49 mg/dL) and FreeStyle Libre 14-day (0.34 mg/dL) showed good agreement with CHEM. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Serial blood glucose measurements are used to diagnose or monitor a variety of conditions in equine medicine; advances in near-continuous interstitial glucose monitoring allow for minimally invasive glucose assessment, thereby reducing stress and discomfort to patients. Data from this study support the use of the Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 14-day interstitial glucose-monitoring systems to estimate blood glucose concentrations in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Malik
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - David M Wong
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Katarzyna A Dembek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Katherine E Wilson
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
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Wong D, Malik C, Dembek K, Estell K, Marchitello M, Wilson K. Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system in neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1995-2001. [PMID: 34096103 PMCID: PMC8295665 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monitoring blood glucose concentrations is common in critically ill neonatal foals, especially septic foals and those receiving naso‐esophageal feedings or IV parenteral nutrition. Glucose typically is measured using a point‐of‐care (POC) glucometer but requires repeated restraint and blood collections, which may cause irritation at venipuncture sites and increased demands on nursing staff. Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) may provide an accurate alternative for monitoring blood glucose concentration. Objectives To determine the correlation and accuracy of a CGMS to monitor neonatal foals' blood glucose concentrations as compared to a POC glucometer and laboratory chemistry analysis (CHEM). Animals Samples from 4 healthy and 4 ill neonatal foals. Methods A CGMS was placed on each foal, and glucose measurements acquired from this device were compared to simultaneous measurements of blood glucose concentration using a POC glucometer and CHEM. Results Two‐hundred matched glucose measurements were collected from 8 neonatal foals. The mean bias (95% limits of agreement) between CGMS and CHEM, CGMS and POC glucometer, and POC glucometer and CHEM was 3.97 mg/dL (−32.5 to 40.4), 18.2 mg/dL (−28.8 to 65.2), and 22.18 mg/dL (−9.3 to 53.67), respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was significantly correlated among all devices: GCMS and CHEM (r = 0.81), CGMS and POC glucometer (r = 0.77) and POC glucometer‐CHEM (r = 0.92). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Within the blood glucose concentration ranges in this study (78‐212 mg/dL), CGMS measurements were significantly correlated with CHEM, suggesting that it is an acceptable method to provide meaningful, immediate, and continuous glucose concentration measurements in neonatal foals while eliminating the need for repeated restraint and blood collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wong
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Caitlin Malik
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Katarzyna Dembek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Krista Estell
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Megan Marchitello
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Katie Wilson
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Perrault JR, Arendt MD, Schwenter JA, Byrd JL, Tuxbury KA, Stacy NI. Comparison of 2 glucose analytical methodologies in immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles: dry chemistry of plasma versus point-of-care glucometer analysis of whole blood. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:595-599. [PMID: 33739180 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood glucose measurements provide important diagnostic information regarding stress, disease, and nutritional status. Glucose analytical methodologies include dry chemistry analysis (DCA) of plasma and point-of-care (POC) glucometer analysis of whole blood; however, these 2 methods differ in cost, required sample volume, and processing time. Because POC glucometers use built-in equations based on features of mammalian blood to convert whole blood measurements to plasma equivalent units, obtained glucose data must be compared and validated using gold-standard chemistry analytical methodology in reptiles. For in-water, trawl-captured, immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) from Georgia, USA, we observed significant, positive agreement between the 2 glucose determination methods; however, the glucometer overestimated glucose concentrations by 1.4 mmol/L on average in comparison to DCA and produced a wider range of results. The discordance of these results suggests that POC glucometer glucose data should be interpreted in the context of methodology- and brand-specific reference intervals along with concurrent packed cell volume data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Arendt
- Marine Resources Division, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC
| | - Jeffrey A Schwenter
- Marine Resources Division, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC
| | - Julia L Byrd
- South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, North Charleston, SC
| | - Kathryn A Tuxbury
- Animal Health Department, New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA
| | - Nicole I Stacy
- Aquatic, Amphibian, and Reptile Pathology Program, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Fujiyama M, Jones T, Duke-Novakovski T. Evaluation of the perioperative stress response from dexmedetomidine infusion alone, with butorphanol bolus or remifentanil infusion compared with ketamine and morphine infusions in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:344-355. [PMID: 33741263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate perioperative stress-related hormones in isoflurane-anesthetized horses administered infusions of dexmedetomidine alone or with butorphanol or remifentanil, compared with ketamine-morphine. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective, nonblinded clinical study. ANIMALS A total of 51 horses undergoing elective surgical procedures. METHODS Horses were premedicated with xylazine, anesthesia induced with ketamine-diazepam and maintained with isoflurane and one of four intravenous infusions. Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) was achieved with dexmedetomidine (1.0 μg kg-1 hour-1; group D; 12 horses); dexmedetomidine (1.0 μg kg-1 hour-1) and butorphanol bolus (0.05 mg kg-1; group DB; 13 horses); dexmedetomidine (1.0 μg kg-1 hour-1) and remifentanil (3.0 μg kg-1 hour-1; group DR; 13 horses); or ketamine (0.6 mg kg-1 hour-1) and morphine (0.15 mg kg-1, 0.1 mg kg-1 hour-1; group KM; 13 horses). Infusions were started postinduction; butorphanol bolus was administered 10 minutes before starting surgery. Blood was collected before drugs were administered (baseline), 10 minutes after ketamine-diazepam, every 30 minutes during surgery and 1 hour after standing. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse rate, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose and insulin concentrations were compared using linear mixed models. Significance was assumed when p < 0.05. RESULTS Within D, cortisol was lower at 120-180 minutes from starting surgery compared with baseline. Cortisol was higher in KM than in D at 60 minutes from starting surgery. Within all groups, glucose was higher postinduction (except DR) and 60 minutes from starting surgery, and insulin was lower during anesthesia and higher after standing compared with baseline. After standing, NEFA were higher in KM than in DB. In KM, MAP increased at 40-60 minutes from starting surgery compared with 30 minutes postinduction. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dexmedetomidine suppressed cortisol release more than dexmedetomidine-opioid and ketamine-morphine infusions. Ketamine-morphine PIVA might increase catecholamine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujiyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Teela Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, McGowan CM. Equine metabolic syndrome in UK native ponies and cobs is highly prevalent with modifiable risk factors. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:923-934. [PMID: 33128277 PMCID: PMC8451835 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is poorly described. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of EMS in native UK ponies and cobs in England and Wales and identify associated risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Breeders registered with UK native pony breed societies and registered riding schools and livery yards within a set radius were invited to participate. All native UK ponies and cobs aged 3-14 years and not diagnosed or being treated for conditions likely to affect insulin regulation at participating premises were eligible. Animals underwent a clinical examination and an oral glucose test while their owner or keeper completed a questionnaire by face-to-face interview. Data were analysed by multilevel uni- and multivariable modelling using insulin concentration and EMS diagnosis as outcomes. RESULTS A total of 354 animals were examined at 64 properties (19 studs, 19 livery yards, 26 riding schools). The overall prevalence of EMS adjusted for clustering within yard was 23.3% (95%CI 17.9%-29.8%). Risk factors associated with a diagnosis of EMS included age, being female, more sedentary main activity, obesity, and shorter periods on pasture during the summer. Compared to the Welsh section A, the other Welsh, Connemara and cob breeds all had decreased odds of EMS. Clinical manifestations of hoof growth ring and supraorbital fat scores of 3/3 were more frequent in EMS ponies and animals with a history of laminitis within the last 5 years (9.7%) were 14.4 (95% CI 5.9-35.3) times more likely to be positive for EMS than those without. MAIN LIMITATIONS Results may not be transferable to other breeds or age groups. CONCLUSIONS Equine metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in UK native ponies and cobs with modifiable risk factors including obesity and sedentary activities. Modifying risk factors could help reduce the risk of laminitis in susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Carslake
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK
| | - Catherine M McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK
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Krueger CR, Hackett ES, Hess AM, Mama KR. Evaluation of the Element point-of-care blood gas analyzer for use in horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:279-285. [PMID: 32187439 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the Element point-of-care (POC) portable blood gas analyzer with a laboratory-based bench-top reference analyzer using whole blood samples obtained from horses presenting to a referral center with various disorders in order to determine agreement between these analyzers. DESIGN Prospective clinical study. SETTING The study was conducted at a university teaching hospital at moderate altitude. ANIMALS One hundred paired samples from 80 horses >1 year of age were collected after obtaining informed client consent. Fifty paired samples were from patients admitted for elective procedures and considered to be healthy, and 50 paired samples were emergency admissions and considered to be critically ill. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Paired whole blood samples were evaluated on both the Element POC and Radiometer ABL 800 FLEX analyzers simultaneously, and results were compared. Pearson correlation coefficients between analyzers were calculated. To assess agreement, scatter and Bland-Altman plots were evaluated, and mean difference and 95% limits of agreement were calculated for each analyte. Correlation was either good (0.8-0.92) or excellent (>0.93) for the majority of analytes. All analytes apart from hemoglobin had acceptable agreement, with ≥80% of individual results within agreement targets. Precision targets were acceptable for most analytes, with partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) and calcium (Ca2+ ) exceeding precision targets. CONCLUSIONS The portable Element POC system had acceptable agreement with the ABL 800 FLEX bench-top analyzer currently in use at the study center when evaluating the majority of analytes from equine whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa R Krueger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Eileen S Hackett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Ann M Hess
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Khursheed R Mama
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Cunneen A, Wood KA, Mathison K, Herndon AM, Bertin FR. Comparison of a continuous indwelling glucometer with a point-of-care device in healthy adult horses. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e21. [PMID: 32179578 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood glucose is tightly regulated in horses; however, since hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia are associated with poor prognosis, close monitoring is warranted. This study aimed at evaluating a continuous indwelling glucometer (CIG) by comparing performance with a point-of-care glucometer (POC). METHODS Ten horses were equipped with CIG and an intravenous catheter. Interstitial glucose concentrations were determined by CIG every 5 min at rest, during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and dextrose-induced hyperglycaemia, and compared with blood glucose determined by POC. Glucose concentrations were compared by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and weighted kappa with Bland-Altman plots to determine agreement between assays. RESULTS Horses tolerated CIG well; however, five devices had to be replaced. There were no statistically significant differences between assays at rest or during hyperglycaemia; however, during hypoglycaemia, glucose concentrations determined by CIG were significantly higher (P=0.01). The mean bias (95% limits of agreement) between assays ranged from -0.03 (-2.46 to 2.52) mmol/l (hyperglycaemia) to 0.97 (-1.23 to 3.16) mmol/l (hypoglycaemia). Assay agreement was 'good' with observed agreements of 87.04% (κ=0.67). CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY CIG has acceptable accuracy in horses as compared with POC but overestimates glucose concentrations during hypoglycaemia and requires frequent replacement, limiting its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cunneen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kelly A Wood
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie Mathison
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron M Herndon
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francois R Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Kunze PE, Perrault JR, Chang YM, Manire CA, Clark S, Stacy NI. Pre-/analytical factors affecting whole blood and plasma glucose concentrations in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229800. [PMID: 32126109 PMCID: PMC7053744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood glucose is vital for many physiological pathways and can be quantified by clinical chemistry analyzers and in-house point-of-care (POC) devices. Pre-analytical and analytical factors can influence blood glucose measurements. This project aimed to investigate pre-analytical factors on whole blood and plasma glucose measurements in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) by evaluating the effects of storage (refrigeration) up to 48h after sampling and of packed cell volume (PCV) on whole blood glucose analysis by POC glucometer (time series n = 13); and by evaluating the effects of storage (room temperature and refrigeration) on plasma glucose concentrations using a dry slide chemistry analyzer (DCA) at various conditions: immediate processing and delayed plasma separation from erythrocytes at 24h and 48h (time series n = 14). The POC glucometer had overall strong agreement with the DCA (CCC = 0.76, r = 0.84, Cb = 0.90), but consistently overestimated glucose concentrations (mean difference: +0.4 mmol/L). The POC glucometer results decreased significantly over time, resulting in a substantial decline within the first 2h (0.41±0.47 mmol/L; 8±9%) that could potentially alter clinical decisions, thereby highlighting the need for immediate analysis using this method. The effects of PCV on glucose could not be assessed, as the statistical significance was associated with one outlier. Storage method significantly affected plasma glucose measurements using DCA, with room temperature samples resulting in rapid decreases of 3.57±0.89 mmol/L (77±9%) over the first 48h, while refrigerated samples provided consistent plasma glucose results over the same time period (decrease of 0.26±0.23 mmol/L; 6±5%). The results from this study provide new insights into optimal blood sample handling and processing for glucose analysis in sea turtles, show the suitability of the POC glucometer as a rapid diagnostic test, and confirm the reliability of plasma glucose measurements using refrigeration. These findings emphasize the need to consider pre-/analytical factors when interpreting blood glucose results from loggerhead sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. Kunze
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin R. Perrault
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, Juno Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A. Manire
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, Juno Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samantha Clark
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, Juno Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nicole I. Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, Aquatic, Amphibian, and Reptile Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Owens TG, Barnes M, Gargano VM, Julien L, Mansilla WD, Devries TJ, Mcbride BW, Merkies K, Shoveller AK. Nutrient content changes from steaming or soaking timothy-alfalfa hay: effects on feed preferences and acute glycemic response in Standardbred racehorses1. J Anim Sci 2020; 97:4199-4207. [PMID: 31400277 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soaking hay and steaming hay are strategies that are used to reduce respirable dust particles for horses but may result in variable nutrient losses, including nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and minerals. Since these losses have not been quantified in Canadian hay yet, the first aim of this study was to identify nutrient losses from first-cut timothy-alfalfa hay grown in southern Ontario, Canada, after soaking for 30 min or steaming for 60 min. It is uncertain whether horses prefer hay when it is dry, soaked, or steamed. To address this, 13 Standardbred racehorses were offered 2 of these hays side by side for 30 min on 6 consecutive occasions until all possible combinations had been offered. Quantity of hay eaten was determined and horses were video recorded during feedings to assess time spent eating and investigating hay. Additionally, consumption of feeds with differing NSC levels has been observed to influence glycemic response in horses; however, this has not been measured in horses consuming steamed hay before and the results from soaked hay studies have been inconclusive. As such, the final aim of this study was to examine acute glycemic response in horses after being fed dry, soaked, and steamed hays. Blood glucose was measured every 30 min from 9 Standardbred racehorses for 6 h following a meal of 0.5% of their body weight of treatment hay on a dry matter basis (DMB). Soaked, but not steamed, hay had lower concentrations of soluble protein, NSC, and potassium in contrast to the same dry hay (P < 0.05). Peak glucose, average blood glucose, total area under the curve, and time to peak did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). We conclude that acute glycemic response of racehorses was not influenced by soaking or steaming hay. Horses also consumed less soaked hay (DMB) than dry or steamed hay (P < 0.05) and spent less time eating soaked hay than dry or steamed hay (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana G Owens
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Madeline Barnes
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Vanessa M Gargano
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Louise Julien
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wilfredo D Mansilla
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Trevor J Devries
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian W Mcbride
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Centre for Nutrition Modelling, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Katrina Merkies
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Centre for Nutrition Modelling, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Rings LM, Swink JM, Dunbar LK, Burns TA, Toribio RE. Enteroinsular axis response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy newborn foals. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2752-2764. [PMID: 31664736 PMCID: PMC6872622 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The enteroinsular axis (EIA) comprises intestinal factors (incretins) that stimulate insulin release after PO ingestion of nutrients. Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) are the main incretins. The EIA has not been investigated in healthy neonatal foals but should be important because energy demands are high in healthy foals and dysregulation is frequent in sick foals. Objectives and Hypothesis To evaluate the EIA response to carbohydrates or fasting in newborn foals. We hypothesized that incretin secretion would be higher after PO versus IV carbohydrate administration or fasting. Animals Thirty‐six healthy Standardbred foals ≤4 days of age. Methods Prospective study. Blood was collected before and after a PO glucose test (OGT; 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg), an IV glucose test (IVGT; 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg), a PO lactose test (OLT; 1000 mg/kg), and fasting. Foals were muzzled for 240 minutes. Blood was collected over 210 minutes glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP‐1 concentrations were measured. Results Only PO lactose caused a significant increase in blood glucose concentration (P < .05). All IV glucose doses induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Concentrations of GIP and GLP‐1 decreased until foals nursed (P < .05), at which time rapid increases in glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP‐1 concentrations occurred (P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Healthy newborn foals have a functional EIA that is more responsive to milk and lactose than glucose. Non‐carbohydrate factors in mare's milk may be important for EIA activity. Constant exposure of intestinal cells to nutrients to maintain EIA activity could be relevant to management of sick foals. Foals can be fasted for 4 hours without experiencing hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Rings
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacob M Swink
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Laura K Dunbar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Teresa A Burns
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Legere RM, Taylor DR, Davis JL, Bello K, Parker C, Judd RL, Wooldridge AA. Pharmacodynamic Effects of Pioglitazone on High Molecular Weight Adiponectin Concentrations and Insulin Response After Oral Sugar in Equids. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 82:102797. [PMID: 31732109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic insulin dysregulation is challenging to manage with pharmaceuticals in horses. Pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity in humans, and the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone have been evaluated in horses. The objectives of this study were to assess the pharmacodynamic effects of oral pioglitazone on morphometric parameters, hepatic enzyme activity and function, adipokines, and enteroinsular response to oral sugar. A prospective pilot study was performed using fifteen adult equids (8 ponies, 7 horses) to evaluate the effects of short-term pioglitazone administration (2 mg/kg PO q 24 hours, 28 days). Oral sugar tests (OST) were performed before and after treatment. Adipokines were measured at day 0, 14, and 28 of administration. Plasma drug concentrations were measured at day 14 and 28 of administration. The subjects were grouped into horses, ponies, and insulin dysregulated (ID) animals. Baseline values for all parameters were compared with values obtained at day 14 and 28 using one-way or two-way analysis of variance. Mild changes were noted in morphometric parameters and hepatic enzymes. No differences were found in leptin concentrations or the blood glucose response to the OST. Significant decreases were found in the insulin response to OST at 90 and 120 minutes time points and the area under the curve after pioglitazone treatment in the pony and ID groups. High-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin concentrations were significantly increased in all groups after pioglitazone treatment. Decreased insulin concentrations in response to oral sugar and increased HMW adiponectin concentrations indicate positive effects of pioglitazone for treatment of metabolic derangements in equine metabolic syndrome, which warrant future clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Legere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Debra R Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Kaitlyn Bello
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Caroline Parker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Robert L Judd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Anne A Wooldridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
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Rendle DI, Armstrong SK, Heller J, Hughes KJ. Precision and accuracy of a point-of-care glucometer in horses and the effects of sample type. Vet J 2019; 252:105359. [PMID: 31554585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care glucometry is used commonly in clinical and research settings; however, accuracy and precision of this method are concerns. The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy of glucometry in adult horses and the precision of duplicate measurements. Blood samples were collected from 62 horses into one plain syringe, one EDTA tube and three fluoride oxalate (FO) tubes. Immediately after collection, glucose concentrations in whole blood were determined, in duplicate, by glucometry from the syringe (plain whole blood [WB] group), EDTA tube (EDTA group) and one FO tube (FO group). One FO sample was used to measure plasma glucose concentration by a laboratory chemistry analyser (LAB group) ≤1 h after collection. The third FO tube was used to measure plasma glucose concentration by glucometry after 3 h storage (FO3hr group). Adequate precision was present for all groups (coefficient of variation: 0.7-3.5%) except WB (5.5-9.4%). Between groups, correlations were significant (P < 0.05; except for WB-EDTA), varied with group comparison, and tended to be lowest for comparisons involving WB. Mean bias was lowest for WB-LAB and greatest for FO-LAB and FO3hr-LAB; however, the limits of agreement were ≥4.65 mmol/L for WB-LAB and ≤2.75 mmol/L for most other comparisons. For the glucometer used, performance was influenced by sample type: WB was unsuitable, while FO or EDTA samples resulted in adequate precision and accuracy, provided under-estimation of glucose concentrations is accounted for by using method-specific reference ranges. Glucometer performance and optimal sample type(s) should be determined prior to use in horses.
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Olley RB, Carslake HB, Ireland JL, McGowan CM. Comparison of fasted basal insulin with the combined glucose-insulin test in horses and ponies with suspected insulin dysregulation. Vet J 2019; 252:105351. [PMID: 31554591 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fasting horses for measurement of basal serum insulin concentration (fasting insulin; FI) has been recommended to standardise testing for insulin dysregulation (ID), yet limited data exist comparing it to dynamic tests. This study aimed to compare FI with the combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) in horses suspect for ID. We hypothesised that FI would have poor sensitivity for detecting ID compared to CGIT using conventional cut-offs. Records were retrieved from CGITs performed in horses fasted for approximately 8h. Serum insulin and glucose concentrations were measured before and for 150min following an IV bolus of glucose followed by insulin. Correlations between FI and CGIT values were assessed. Youden's index analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off for FI. Logistic regression and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine factors affecting the results. CGITs (n=130) from 62 horses were evaluated. Compared to CGIT, sensitivity and specificity of FI for diagnosis of ID were 14.6% and 100% at a cut-off of 20μIU/mL and 63.4% and 87.2% at a cut-off of 5.2μIU/mL, respectively. FI was significantly correlated with insulin at 45min (rs=0.66) and 75min (rs=0.72); area under the curve for insulin (AUCinsulin; rs=0.67); glucose at 45min (rs=0.53); and AUCglucose (rs=0.50). Obesity was significantly associated with increased odds of a positive CGIT and horses with a positive CGIT were significantly older (P<0.05). In conclusion, FI correlated well with CGIT results and had adequate sensitivity and specificity at lower cut-offs, despite poor sensitivity at conventional cut-off values. Further research to derive cut-off values relevant to the fasting period is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Olley
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - H B Carslake
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J L Ireland
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
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Azeredo LMM, Silva Ximenes M, Alves Pereira K, Aguiar Fracasso MP, Serramo Lopez LC. Body mass index and glucose variations during the night in free-ranging Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Zoologia 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.36.e28027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Body condition is an important measure to estimate the energy reserve of an organism. Scientists frequently use body condition indices (BCIs) with morphometric measures but direct measurements, such as blood glucose, seem to be more reliable. We observed oscillations in the body condition and glucose indexes of individuals of Artibeusplanirostris (Spix, 1823) during 13 nights in the field. We assume that if glucose levels are proportional to feeding state and body condition is a measure of energy reserve, blood glucose and BCI should be positively correlated and both are expected to increase during the night as the bats leave their diurnal roost to feed. To test this, we examined the relationship between blood glucose levels, BCI and reproductive phase of free flying male bats (n = 70) for 12 hours after sunset for 13 nights. Bats were captured in Reserva Biológica de Guaribas (Paraíba, Brazil) using mist nets. Blood glucose was analyzed with a portable glucometer. Supporting our assumptions, the number of hours after sunset and BCI presented significant positive correlations with glucose levels in A.planirostris. Reproductive phase did not present a significant correlation with any other variables. As we predicted, glucose level can be used as proxy for morphometric BCI and it can be measured with a simple portable glucometer. The increase both in glucose and BCI around the night can be explained by the efficient assimilation of nutrients present in fruits ingested by bats and the quick metabolism that increases the levels of glucose (an other nutrients) in blood, increasing the body mass.
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Capasso M, Girolamo ND, Silvestre P, Laricchiuta P. Performance of two portable blood glucose meters for measuring blood glucose concentration in tigers ( Panthera tigris) and lions ( Panthera leo). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 254:399-408. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anderson J, Phelan MM, Clegg PD, Peffers MJ, Rubio-Martinez LM. Synovial Fluid Metabolites Differentiate between Septic and Nonseptic Joint Pathologies. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2735-2743. [PMID: 29969035 PMCID: PMC6092013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), osteochondrosis (OC), and synovial sepsis in horses cause loss of function and pain. Reliable biomarkers are required to achieve accurate and rapid diagnosis, with synovial fluid (SF) holding a unique source of biochemical information. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy allows global metabolite analysis of a small volume of SF, with minimal sample preprocessing using a noninvasive and nondestructive method. Equine SF metabolic profiles from both nonseptic joints (OA and OC) and septic joints were analyzed using 1D 1H NMR spectroscopy. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify differential metabolite abundance between groups. Metabolites were annotated via 1H NMR using 1D NMR identification software Chenomx, with identities confirmed using 1D 1H and 2D 1H 13C NMR. Multivariate analysis identified separation between septic and nonseptic groups. Acetate, alanine, citrate, creatine phosphate, creatinine, glucose, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, phenylalanine, pyruvate, and valine were higher in the nonseptic group, while glycylproline was higher in sepsis. Multivariate separation was primarily driven by glucose; however, partial-least-squares discriminant analysis plots with glucose excluded demonstrated the remaining metabolites were still able to discriminate the groups. This study demonstrates that a panel of synovial metabolites can distinguish between septic and nonseptic equine SF, with glucose the principal discriminator.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
R. Anderson
- Institute
of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, U.K.
| | - Marie M. Phelan
- Institute
of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
- HLS
Technology Directorate, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, U.K.
| | - Peter D. Clegg
- Institute
of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, U.K.
| | - Mandy J. Peffers
- Institute
of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, U.K.
| | - Luis M. Rubio-Martinez
- Institute
of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neson CH64 7TE, U.K.
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Cantarelli C, Dau SL, Stefanello S, Azevedo MS, De Bastiani GR, Palma HE, Brass KE, De La Côrte FD. Evaluation of oral sugar test response for detection of equine metabolic syndrome in obese Crioulo horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 63:31-37. [PMID: 29287187 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the high prevalence of obesity in Crioulo horses, information allowing early diagnosis of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and prevention of the associated laminitis is of great value. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of EMS and the response to an oral sugar test (OST) in obese Crioulo horses. Twenty-two Crioulo horses were allocated into 3 groups according to their body condition score (BCS out of 9) and presence or absence of laminitis as follows: CON (6/22), BCS < 7; OB (8/22), BCS ≥ 7; and LAM (8/22), BCS ≥7 with clinical and/or radiographic signs of laminitis. A complete clinical history was obtained, followed by a physical examination, morphometric measurements, radiographic evaluation of front feet, and ultrasonography measurements of subcutaneous body fat. For the OST, animals were fasted overnight, and blood samples were collected for glucose and insulin concentration before and after sugar administration. Morphometric and metabolic differences (P < 0.05) were observed between CON animals and obese ones, with horses from the LAM group presenting the highest morphometric measurements and insulin plasma concentrations. A delayed peak glucose response for OST was observed in the majority of obese animals, indicating that sampling between 60 and 90 min after sugar administration without glycemic curve follow-up, as previously used for hyperinsulinism detection, can be inadequate. The observed delay in the return to glucose baseline levels, combined with high insulin levels, supports the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation. These results indicate that there are clear obesity-related differences in the glucose and insulin responses of Crioulo horses to an OST.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cantarelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - S L Dau
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M S Azevedo
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G R De Bastiani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - H E Palma
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - K E Brass
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - F D De La Côrte
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Li H, Han D, Pauletti GM, Steckl AJ. Engineering a simple lateral flow device for animal blood coagulation monitoring. Biomicrofluidics 2018; 12:014110. [PMID: 29430275 PMCID: PMC5780276 DOI: 10.1063/1.5017496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of animals are diagnosed with thromboembolism, requiring anticoagulation treatment to prevent thrombotic events. Frequent and periodic coagulation monitoring is critical to ensure treatment effectiveness and patient safety by limiting blood coagulation ability within the desired therapeutic range. Point-of-care diagnostics is an ideal candidate for frequent coagulation monitoring due to rapid test results and no need for laboratory setting. This article reports the first utilization of no-reaction lateral flow assay (nrLFA) device for simple and low-cost animal blood coagulation monitoring in resource-limited setting. The nrLFA device consists of sample pad, analytical membrane and wicking pad, without conjugate pad, reagent printing or membrane drying. Citrated and heparinized animal blood were utilized to mimic different blood coagulation abilities in vitro by adding reversal agents CaCl2 and protamine sulfate. The travel distance of red blood cells (RBCs) on the nrLFA after a pre-determined test time serves as endpoint marker. Upon adding 500 mM CaCl2 solution to citrated bovine, canine, rabbit and equine blood, the average travel distance decreases from 10.9 to 9.4 mm, 8.8 to 5.7 mm, 12.6 to 9 mm, and 15.3 to 11.3 mm, respectively. For heparinized bovine and rabbit blood, the average distance decreases from 14.5 to 11.4 mm and from 9.8 to 7.2 mm, respectively, when adding 300 mg/l protamine sulfate solution. The effect of hematocrit on RBC travel distance in the nrLFA was also investigated. The nrLFA device will potentially improve treatment efficiency, patient safety, quality of life, and satisfaction for both animal patients and their owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Daewoo Han
- Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Giovanni M Pauletti
- Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Andrew J Steckl
- Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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Johnson RA, Johnson PJ, Megarani DV, Patel SD, Yaglom HD, Osterlind S, Grindler K, Vogelweid CM, Parker TM, Pascua CK, Crowder SM. Horses Working in Therapeutic Riding Programs: Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Glucose, and Behavior Stress Indicators. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mizen K, Woodman J, Boysen SR, Wagg C, Greco-Otto P, Léguillette R, Roy MF. Effect of Dexamethasone on Resting Blood Lactate Concentrations in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:164-169. [PMID: 28019037 PMCID: PMC5259638 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood lactate concentration is a marker of tissue perfusion and helps guide therapeutic interventions in critically ill horses. In both humans and dogs, administration of corticosteroids can increase blood lactate concentration, leading to type B hyperlactatemia. This effect could be a consequence of the impact of corticosteroids on glucose metabolism. Objectives To investigate the effects of daily IM dexamethasone administration on blood lactate and glucose concentrations in horses. Animals Nine healthy adult horses. Methods A randomized, blinded, controlled, cross‐over study design was used. Horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups, either receiving 0.05 mg/kg of dexamethasone IM or an equivalent volume of saline, daily for 7 days. Blood was collected to determine lactate and glucose concentrations at baseline, 2 hours after the daily injections and 24 hours after the last injection. Results Dexamethasone treatment had a statistically significant effect on lactate (P = .006) and glucose (P = .033) concentrations. The least squares mean lactate concentration was 0.93 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.87–0.99) in the dexamethasone group compared to 0.71 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.70–0.73) for the saline group. A positive relationship between blood lactate and glucose concentrations was identified, with a 0.07 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.05–0.09) increase in lactate concentration per unit increase in glucose (P < .0001) concentration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dexamethasone induces statistically significant increases in blood lactate and glucose concentrations in healthy horses. Awareness of the potential for corticosteroids to induce type B hyperlactatemia might be important in the management of critically ill horses receiving dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mizen
- Northside Veterinary Clinic, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - J Woodman
- Alpine Pet Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S R Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C Wagg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - P Greco-Otto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M-F Roy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Dunbar LK, Mielnicki KA, Dembek KA, Toribio RE, Burns TA. Evaluation of Four Diagnostic Tests for Insulin Dysregulation in Adult Light-Breed Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:885-91. [PMID: 27013065 PMCID: PMC4913564 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several tests have been evaluated in horses for quantifying insulin dysregulation to support a diagnosis of equine metabolic syndrome. Comparing the performance of these tests in the same horses will provide clarification of their accuracy in the diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between basal serum insulin concentrations (BIC), the oral sugar test (OST), the combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT), and the frequently sampled insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT). ANIMALS Twelve healthy, light-breed horses. METHODS Randomized, prospective study. Each of the above tests was performed on 12 horses. RESULTS Minimal model analysis of the FSIGTT was considered the reference standard and classified 7 horses as insulin resistant (IR) and 5 as insulin sensitive (IS). In contrast, BIC and OST assessment using conventional cut-off values classified all horses as IS. Kappa coefficients, measuring agreement among BIC, OST, CGIT, and FSIGTT were poor to fair. Sensitivity of the CGIT (positive phase duration of the glucose curve >45 minutes) was 85.7% and specificity was 40%, whereas CGIT ([insulin]45 >100 μIU/mL) sensitivity and specificity were 28.5% and 100%, respectively. Area under the glucose curve (AUCg0-120 ) was significantly correlated among the OST, CGIT, and FSIGTT, but Bland-Altman method and Lin's concordance coefficient showed a lack of agreement. CONCLUSIONS Current criteria for diagnosis of insulin resistance using BIC and the OST are highly specific but lack sensitivity. The CGIT displayed better sensitivity and specificity, but modifications may be necessary to improve agreement with minimal model analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dunbar
- Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - K A Mielnicki
- Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - K A Dembek
- Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - R E Toribio
- Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - T A Burns
- Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
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Gerber KL, Freeman KP. ASVCP guidelines: quality assurance for portable blood glucose meter (glucometer) use in veterinary medicine. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:10-27. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Gerber
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
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Morgan RA, Keen JA, McGowan CM. Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome: A clinical case series. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:422-6. [PMID: 25808563 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is essential to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of laminitis. Calorie restriction and increased exercise are the mainstays of treatment but there is potential for poor owner compliance. OBJECTIVES To determine whether significant weight loss accompanied by improvements in measures of insulin sensitivity can be achieved in horses and ponies with EMS managed by their owners in their normal environment under veterinary guidance. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical case series. METHODS Horses and ponies attending 2 university hospitals for investigation and treatment of suspected EMS were eligible for inclusion in the study. Animals underwent a clinical examination, basal and dynamic endocrine testing; those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) were excluded. Owners were given individually tailored diet and exercise programmes to follow for between 3 and 6 months. After the treatment period, clinical examination and endocrine tests were repeated and results compared to the initial assessment. RESULTS Nineteen animals were recruited to the study, 17 with a history of laminitis. All animals showed a reduction in body condition score (P<0.001) and 18/19 had a reduction in bodyweight (P<0.001) between assessments. There were significant (P<0.05) reductions in basal insulin, insulin at 45 min during a combined glucose insulin tolerance test (CGIT), time for blood glucose concentration to return to baseline during a CGIT and mean area under the glucose curve. CONCLUSIONS A diet and exercise programme tailored to the needs of the individual animal and implemented by the owner results in weight loss accompanied by improvements in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Morgan
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - J A Keen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK
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Radcliffe RM, Buchanan BR, Cook VL, Divers TJ. The clinical value of whole blood point-of-care biomarkers in large animal emergency and critical care medicine. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:138-51. [PMID: 25590562 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the current medical literature and provide a clinical perspective of whole blood point-of-care (POC) biomarkers in large animal emergency and critical care practice. DATA SOURCES Original studies, reviews, and textbook chapters in the human and veterinary medical fields. SUMMARY POC biomarkers are tests used to monitor normal or disease processes at or near the patient. In both human and veterinary medicine these tools are playing an increasingly important role in the management of critical diseases. The most important whole blood POC biomarkers available for veterinary practitioners include l-lactate, cardiac troponin I, serum amyloid A, triglyceride, creatinine, and glucose, although many other tests are available or on the horizon. CONCLUSION Whole blood POC biomarkers enable clinicians to provide improved management of critical diseases in large animals. These tools are especially useful for establishing a diagnosis, guiding therapy, and estimating disease risk and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolfe M Radcliffe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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35
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Mélo SKM, Santiago TA, Duarte TDL, Abreu JMG, Manso Filho HC. A Proton-Pump Inhibitor Modifies the Concentration of Digestion Biomarkers in Healthy Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Selleri P, Di Girolamo N, Novari G. Performance of two portable meters and a benchtop analyzer for blood glucose concentration measurement in rabbits. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:87-98. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
This article presents an overview of key factors that should alert the practitioner toward referral of a colic patient to a facility capable of surgical exploration or intensive medical management. Discussion includes a review of important aspects of colic history, signalment, physical examination findings, and diagnostic test results that indicate that a more serious medical or surgical condition exists, and advanced therapy is necessary.
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38
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Banse HE, McFarlane D. Comparison of Three Methods for Evaluation of Equine Insulin Regulation in Horses of Varied Body Condition Score. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Duarte PC, Souza RF, Almeida RM, Balsamão GM, Ferraz GC, Teixeira Neto AR. Evaluation of energetic metabolism of horses in long-distance exercise: Accutrend® Plus versus laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:311-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wong DM, Sponseller BA, Alcott CJ, Agbedanu PN, Wang C, Hsu WH. Effects of intravenous administration of polymyxin B in neonatal foals with experimental endotoxemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:874-81. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.6.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Austin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; Equine Primary Care; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Illinois; USA
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Petritz OA, Antinoff N, Chen S, Kass PH, Paul-Murphy JR. Evaluation of portable blood glucose meters for measurement of blood glucose concentration in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:350-4. [PMID: 23327177 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement of 3 models of portable blood glucose meters (PBGMs; 2 designed for use with human samples and 1 designed for veterinary use) with a laboratory analyzer for measurement of blood glucose concentrations in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). DESIGN Evaluation study. ANIMALS 52 ferrets. PROCEDURES Samples were analyzed with 4 PBGMs (whole blood) and a laboratory analyzer (plasma). Two PBGMs of the model designed for veterinary use were tested; each was set to a code corresponding to canine or feline sample analysis throughout the study. Agreement and bias between measurements obtained with the PBGMs and the laboratory analyzer were assessed with Bland-Altman plots. Linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate associations with venipuncture site by comparison of central (jugular) and peripheral (lateral saphenous or cephalic) venous blood samples. RESULTS Plasma glucose concentrations measured with the laboratory analyzer ranged from 41 to 160 mg/dL. Results from the PBGM for veterinary use coded to test a canine blood sample had the greatest agreement with the laboratory analyzer (mean bias, 1.9 mg/dL); all other PBGMs significantly underestimated blood glucose concentrations. A PBGM designed for use with human samples had the least agreement with the laboratory analyzer (mean bias, -34.0 mg/dL). Blood glucose concentration was not significantly different between central and peripheral venous blood samples for any analyzer used. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Significant underestimation of blood glucose concentrations as detected for 3 of the 4 PBGMs used in the study could have a substantial impact on clinical decision making. Verification of blood glucose concentrations in ferrets with a laboratory analyzer is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Petritz
- Gulf Coast Avian & Exotics, Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, 1111 W Loop S, Ste 110, Houston, TX 77027, USA
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Wong DM, Giguère S, Wendel MA. Evaluation of a point-of-care portable analyzer for measurement of plasma immunoglobulin G, total protein, and albumin concentrations in ill neonatal foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:812-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.6.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McGowan CM, Dugdale AH, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM. Dietary restriction in combination with a nutraceutical supplement for the management of equine metabolic syndrome in horses. Vet J 2012; 196:153-9. [PMID: 23141962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effect of dietary restriction in horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). This study aimed to determine improvements in insulin sensitivity following dietary restriction for 6 weeks, and to determine if the improvement would be greater in horses receiving short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (sc-FOS). Dietary management involved feeding grass hay, restricted to 1.25% of body mass (BM) as daily dry matter intake and soaked in cold water prior to feeding, with the addition of a vitamin and mineral nutraceutical supplement with or without the addition of sc-FOS (10 g/100 kg). Soaking the hay resulted in a significant reduction in non-structural carbohydrates (38%, P = 0.01), digestible energy (6.78%, P = 0.01) and water soluble minerals. Following 6 weeks of dietary restriction with soaked grass hay and nutraceutical supplement, horses lost an average of 6.8% BM and showed reductions in body condition score (BCS) and belly circumference. Sensitivity to insulin improved overall, as determined by the total insulin response during the combined glucose insulin test. The magnitude of improvement in insulin sensitivity was associated with the degree of insulin resistance recorded at outset, and the extent of overall losses in BM and BCS, but was independent of the addition of sc-FOS. The nutraceutical supplement was highly palatable and no adverse effects were noted. From the findings of this study a strict dietary program in combination with a specifically designed vitamin and mineral nutraceutical supplement can be recommended to obtain rapid improvements in BM, BCS and insulin sensitivity of animals presenting with EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M McGowan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Slough T, Gunkel C, Murray L, Drouillard J. A comparison of methodologies for measuring glucose concentrations in the horse1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 27:204-14. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Rapid evaluation and intervention is a requirement and a characteristic of patient management in neonatal intensive care units, and this applies for equine neonates also. Appropriate interventions are based on solid knowledge of age, maturity, and species-specific differences in reference ranges. Point-of-care (POC) testing devices speedup decision making regarding treatments and interventions. However, there are potential limitations of these devices when applied to age groups and species beyond those they were specifically developed for. This article discusses the age-specific differences in the reference ranges and the potential limitations of POC devices currently used, which may affect delivery of care.
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