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Bugno-Poniewierska M, Jankowska M, Raudsepp T, Kowalska K, Pawlina-Tyszko K, Szmatola T. Molecular cytogenetic screening of sex chromosome abnormalities in young horse populations. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:786-795. [PMID: 38785417 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal abnormalities occur in the equine population at a rate of approximately 2%. The use of molecular cytogenetic techniques allows a more accurate identification of chromosomal abnormalities, especially those with a low rate of abnormal metaphases, demonstrating that the actual incidence in equine populations is higher. OBJECTIVES Estimation of the number of carriers of karyotypic abnormalities in a sample from a population of young horses of various breeds, using molecular cytogenetic techniques. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Venous blood samples were collected from 500 young horses representing 5 breeds (Purebred Arabian, Hucul, Polish primitive horse [Konik], Małopolska, Coldblood, Silesian). Chromosomes and DNA were obtained from blood lymphocytes and evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and PCR, using probes and markers for the sex chromosomes and select autosomes. RESULTS Nineteen horses, 18 mares and 1 stallion, were diagnosed with different chromosomal abnormalities: 17 cases of mosaic forms of sex chromosome aneuploidies with a very low incidence (0.6%-4.7%), one case of a SRY-negative 64,XY sex reversal mare, and one mare with X-autosome translocation. The percentage of sex chromosomal aberrations was established as 3.8% in the whole population, 6.08% in females and 0.49% in males. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited sample size, confined to horses from Poland. CONCLUSIONS The rate of sex chromosomal abnormalities we identified was almost double that reported in previous population studies that used classical chromosome staining techniques. FISH allowed the detection of aneuploid cell lines which had a very low incidence. The FISH technique is a faster and more precise method for karyotype examination; however, it is usually focused on only one or two chromosomes while banding karyotyping includes the entire chromosome set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jankowska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kowalska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Klaudia Pawlina-Tyszko
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szmatola
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
- Centre of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Cieslak J, Mackowski M, Skrzetuska W, Fidos-Tama E, Siwinska N, Szczerbal I. A case of non-mosaic X trisomy (65,XXX) in a Thoroughbred mare confirmed by cytogenetic and molecular analysis. J Appl Genet 2024; 65:395-398. [PMID: 38368284 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
A 9-year-old Thoroughbred mare with normal external genitalia and regular oestrus symptoms was gynecologically examined prior to insemination. This primary examination revealed the presence of a hypoplastic uterus and the lack of normal ovaries, and the mare was therefore subjected to more detailed diagnostics, including endocrinological, genetic, and clinical tests. Diagnostic imaging with the use of ultrasonography and endoscopy confirmed the underdevelopment of internal genitalia. Analysis of circulating sex hormones revealed very low concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol. Finally, cytogenetic analysis showed the presence of non-mosaic X trisomy (65,XXX), an aneuploidy of sex chromosomes that is rarely detected in horses. This finding was also confirmed by molecular methods, including highly sensitive droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and microsatellite markers genotyping. Our study reveals the need for gynaecological and genetic evaluation of broodmares, even if their phenotype (including developed external genitalia and oestrus symptoms) shows no signs of potential abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Cieslak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Mackowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Skrzetuska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Siwinska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
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Arroyo E, Patiño C, Ciccarelli M, Raudsepp T, Conley A, Tibary A. Clinical and Histological Features of Ovarian Hypoplasia/Dysgenesis in Alpacas. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:837684. [PMID: 35400100 PMCID: PMC8990812 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.837684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpacas have a high incidence of congenital reproductive tract abnormalities, including ovarian hypoplasia/dysgenesis. Diagnosis of this condition is often challenging. The present study describes the clinical, ultrasonographic, and histologic features of ovarian hypoplasia/dysgenesis syndrome in 5 female alpacas. Additionally, serum AMH levels were compared between female alpacas diagnosed with ovarian hypoplasia/dysgenesis and a group of reproductively sound females (n = 11). The syndrome was suspected based on the presence of an infantile uterus and lack of ovaries by ultrasonography and laparoscopy. All females had normal female karyotype (n = 74 XX), but one presented a minute chromosome. The ovaries from these cases showed 3 main histological classifications: hypoplasia (n = 2), dysgenesis (n = 2), and dysplasia (n = 1). Serum AMH levels in affected females were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of reproductively sound control females. In conclusion, Serum AMH level may be helpful in the rapid diagnosis of ovarian hypoplasia/dysgenesis syndrome in alpacas. Furthermore, this syndrome in alpacas presents a variety of histological features. Different mechanisms may be involved in the derangement of ovarian differentiation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the causes of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Arroyo
- Comparative Theriogenology Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Cristian Patiño
- Comparative Theriogenology Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michela Ciccarelli
- Comparative Theriogenology Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, United States
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alan Conley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ahmed Tibary
- Comparative Theriogenology Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, United States
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ahmed Tibary
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Horse Clinical Cytogenetics: Recurrent Themes and Novel Findings. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030831. [PMID: 33809432 PMCID: PMC8001954 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical cytogenetic studies in horses have been ongoing for over half a century and clearly demonstrate that chromosomal disorders are among the most common non-infectious causes of decreased fertility, infertility, and congenital defects. Large-scale cytogenetic surveys show that almost 30% of horses with reproductive or developmental problems have chromosome aberrations, whereas abnormal karyotypes are found in only 2-5% of the general population. Among the many chromosome abnormalities reported in the horse, most are unique or rare. However, all surveys agree that there are two recurrent conditions: X-monosomy and SRY-negative XY male-to-female sex reversal, making up approximately 35% and 11% of all chromosome abnormalities, respectively. The two are signature conditions for the horse and rare or absent in other domestic species. The progress in equine genomics and the development of molecular tools, have qualitatively improved clinical cytogenetics today, allowing for refined characterization of aberrations and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms. While cutting-edge genomics tools promise further improvements in chromosome analysis, they will not entirely replace traditional cytogenetics, which still is the most straightforward, cost-effective, and fastest approach for the initial evaluation of potential breeding animals and horses with reproductive or developmental disorders.
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Peretti V, Satué K, Ciotola F, Cristarella S, De Majo M, Biondi V, D’Anza E, Albarella S, Quartuccio M. An Unusual Case of Testicular Disorder in Sex Development of Arabian Mare (64,XX SRY-Negative). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111963. [PMID: 33113813 PMCID: PMC7693820 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An interesting case of a horse with an XX, SRY-negative disorder of sexual development (DSD) is reported in this paper. In particular, the animal showed the development of both male and female portions of reproductive organs. The possible genetic background of this abnormality is also discussed. Abstract A 3-year-old Arabian mare underwent medical examinations due to the presence of abnormalities of the reproductive apparatus and stallion behavior (nervous temperament, aggressiveness, masculine attitude). During the clinical visit, an anovulvar distance shorter than normal was observed; moreover, vulvar lips were dorsally fused except for the lower neckline, showing a blind ending from which a penis-like structure protruded. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of a cervix and corpus of a uterus, hypoplastic uterine horns, and small gonads with an echogenicity similar to a testis. Blood testosterone levels ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/mL. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal female karyotype (2n = 64,XX), while PCR amplification of SRY and ZFY genes revealed the absence of a Y chromosome. At necroscopic examination, internal genitalia arising from the genital ridge in the form of masculine type structures were found, while those deriving from the Mullerian ducts were of feminine type. In addition, an infundibular portion of the salpinx at the cranial pole of the gonads was found. This is the first case in equine species of DSD 2n = 64,XX SRY-negative, with the simultaneous presence of male (hypoplastic testicles, epididymal portions, and a penis-like structure) and female (cervix, horn and body of a hypoplastic uterus) genital structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Peretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (E.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (E.D.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536502; Fax: +39-081-292981
| | - Santo Cristarella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (M.D.M.); (V.B.); (M.Q.)
| | - Massimo De Majo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (M.D.M.); (V.B.); (M.Q.)
| | - Vito Biondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (M.D.M.); (V.B.); (M.Q.)
| | - Emanuele D’Anza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (E.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (E.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Marco Quartuccio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (M.D.M.); (V.B.); (M.Q.)
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Abstract
Reproductive disorders are genetically heterogeneous and complex; available genetic tests are limited to chromosome analysis and 1 susceptibility gene. Cytogenetic analysis should be the first test to confirm or rule out chromosomal aberrations. No causative genes/mutations are known. The only available genetic test for stallion subfertility is based on a susceptibility gene FKBP6. The ongoing progress in equine genomics will improve the status of genetic testing. However, because subfertile phenotypes do not facilitate collection of large numbers of samples or pedigrees, and clinical causes of many cases remain unknown, further progress requires constructive cross-talk between geneticists, clinicians, breeders, and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Research Building Room 306, 588 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA.
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Witarski W, Kij B, Nowak A, Bugno-Poniewierska M. Premature centromere division (PCD) identified in a hucul mare with reproductive difficulties. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 55:248-251. [PMID: 31834942 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A hucul mare with reproductive abnormalities was examined during karyotype analysis. The karyotype was analysed based on evaluation of 860 metaphase plates in chromosome preparations. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an X chromosome painting probe showed premature X chromosome separation in 9.5% cases of examined chromosome spreads. In this report, we present the first identify premature centromere division (PCD) as a possible cause of abnormal X chromosome morphology in horses and as a probable cause of reproductive difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Witarski
- Department of Animal Genetics, National Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Barbara Kij
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nowak
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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8
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Neuhauser S, Handler J, Schelling C, Pieńkowska-Schelling A. Fertility and 63,X Mosaicism in a Haflinger Sibship. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:127-133. [PMID: 31203976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities are notable causes of infertility in horses. Mares show various degrees of estrous behavior, and ultrasound examination often reveals an underdeveloped genital tract. This article reports investigations on fertility in a Haflinger sibship with a healthy, normally developed, fertile mare with at least three healthy offspring. Chromosomal analysis performed incidentally and blinded for this mare revealed 63,X/64,XX/65,XXX mosaicism. Two closely related mares were also mosaics (63,X/64,XX), and one of them was a carrier of a marker chromosome. Repeated examinations of the mare and seven relatives (four mares and three stallions) did not provide evidence for sub- or in-fertility. They had no developmental abnormalities or conspicuous body conditions. Peripheral blood samples were collected for analysis of the karyotype and molecular analyses. Chromosomes were Giemsa stained and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole banded to identify numerical or structural aberrations of chromosomes and identification of sex chromosomes, respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed with an equine Y-chromosome painting probe to identify and count the sex chromosomes, and polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to test for the presence of the SRY gene and investigating chimerism. The present article demonstrates the necessity of further studies analyzing chromosomal X0 mosaics to improve the predictive value of chromosomal aberrations on fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Handler
- Pferdezentrum Bad Saarow, Freie Universität Berlin, Bad Saarow, Germany.
| | - Claude Schelling
- Klinik für Reproduktionsmedizin und Zentrum für Klinische Studien, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Universität Zürich, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Aldona Pieńkowska-Schelling
- Klinik für Reproduktionsmedizin und Zentrum für Klinische Studien, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Universität Zürich, Lindau, Switzerland; Institut für Genetik, Vetsuisse Fakultät Bern, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Parma P, Veyrunes F, Pailhoux E. Sex Reversal in Non-Human Placental Mammals. Sex Dev 2016; 10:326-344. [PMID: 27529721 DOI: 10.1159/000448361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonads are very peculiar organs given their bipotential competence. Indeed, early differentiating genital ridges evolve into either of 2 very distinct organs: the testis or the ovary. Accumulating evidence now demonstrates that both genetic pathways must repress the other in order for the organs to differentiate properly, meaning that if this repression is disrupted or attenuated, the other pathway may completely or partially be expressed, leading to disorders of sex development. Among these disorders are the cases of XY male-to-female and XX female-to-male sex reversals as well as true hermaphrodites, in which there is a discrepancy between the chromosomal and gonadal sex. Here, we review known cases of XY and XX sex reversals described in mammals, focusing mostly on domestic animals where sex reversal pathologies occur and on wild species in which deviations from the usual XX/XY system have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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10
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Anaya G, Moreno-Millán M, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Pawlina K, Membrillo A, Molina A, Demyda-Peyrás S. Sex reversal syndrome in the horse: Four new cases of feminization in individuals carrying a 64,XY SRY negative chromosomal complement. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 151:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Venhoranta H, Pausch H, Wysocki M, Szczerbal I, Hänninen R, Taponen J, Uimari P, Flisikowski K, Lohi H, Fries R, Switonski M, Andersson M. Ectopic KIT copy number variation underlies impaired migration of primordial germ cells associated with gonadal hypoplasia in cattle (Bos taurus). PLoS One 2013; 8:e75659. [PMID: 24086604 PMCID: PMC3784456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired migration of primordial germ cells during embryonic development causes hereditary gonadal hypoplasia in both sexes of Northern Finncattle and Swedish Mountain cattle. The affected gonads exhibit a lack of or, in rare cases, a reduced number of germ cells. Most affected animals present left-sided gonadal hypoplasia. However, right-sided and bilateral cases are also found. This type of gonadal hypoplasia prevails in animals with white coat colour. Previous studies indicated that gonadal hypoplasia is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion with incomplete penetrance. In order to identify genetic regions underlying gonadal hypoplasia, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and a copy number variation (CNV) analysis were performed with 94 animals, including 21 affected animals, using bovine 777,962 SNP arrays. The GWAS and CNV results revealed two significantly associated regions on bovine chromosomes (BTA) 29 and 6, respectively (P=2.19 x 10-13 and P=5.65 x 10-6). Subsequent cytogenetic and PCR analyses demonstrated that homozygosity of a ~500 kb chromosomal segment translocated from BTA6 to BTA29 (Cs29 allele) is the underlying genetic mechanism responsible for gonadal hypoplasia. The duplicated segment includes the KIT gene that is known to regulate the migration of germ cells and precursors of melanocytes. This duplication is also one of the two translocations associated with colour sidedness in various cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Venhoranta
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Hubert Pausch
- Chair of Animal Breeding, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Michal Wysocki
- Chair of Animal Breeding, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of GeneticsandAnimal Breeding, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Reetta Hänninen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juhani Taponen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Pekka Uimari
- Agrifood Research Finland, MTT, Biotechnology and Food Research, Jokioinen, Finland
| | | | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruedi Fries
- Chair of Animal Breeding, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of GeneticsandAnimal Breeding, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magnus Andersson
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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12
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Sato F, Hirota K, Tozaki T, Ito K, Dhakal P, Taya K, Endo Y, Murase H, Nambo Y. A case of ambiguous external genitalia in a Thoroughbred male horse with the 63,XO/64,XY mosaic karyotype. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1327-31. [PMID: 22672839 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A Thoroughbred colt with ambiguous external genitalia was presented for clinical and histological examinations. The colt had a short penis that faced backward between his hind limbs. The measurements of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and ir-inhibin showed a tendency to increase gradually from April. Both the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome and amelogenin gene fragments were detected by the PCR method. A cytogenetic analysis revealed the 63,XO/64,XY mosaic karyotype (ratio 83:17). In autopsy, immature symmetrical subcutaneous testes were found in the inguinal regions. The testes and other accessory sex organs were histologically normal. These results add to our knowledge of chromosomal abnormality and information concerning disorders of sex development in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Sato
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Nishicha, Urakawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
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13
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Lear T, McGee R. Disorders of Sexual Development in the Domestic Horse, Equus caballus. Sex Dev 2012; 6:61-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000334048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Villagómez D, Lear T, Chenier T, Lee S, McGee R, Cahill J, Foster R, Reyes E, St John E, King W. Equine Disorders of Sexual Development in 17 Mares Including XX, SRY-Negative, XY, SRY-Negative and XY, SRY-Positive Genotypes. Sex Dev 2011; 5:16-25. [DOI: 10.1159/000322811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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15
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Raudsepp T, Durkin K, Lear TL, Das PJ, Avila F, Kachroo P, Chowdhary BP. Molecular heterogeneity of XY sex reversal in horses. Anim Genet 2010; 41 Suppl 2:41-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Mäkinen A, Hasegawa T, Syrjä P, Katila T. Infertile mares with XO and XY sex chromosome deviations. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bugno M, Słota E, Pieńkowska-schelling A, Schelling C. Identification of chromosome abnormalities in the horse using a panel of chromosome-specific painting probes generated by microdissection. Acta Vet Hung 2009; 57:369-81. [PMID: 19635709 DOI: 10.1556/avet.57.2009.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using a panel of molecular probes for all chromosome pairs obtained by chromosome microdissection of the domestic horse ( Equus caballus ) was used to diagnose karyotype abnormalities in 35 horses (32 mares, 2 stallions and 1 intersex), which were selected for the study due to infertility (23 horses), reduced fertility (10 horses) and developmental anomalies (2 horses). The use of the FISH technique with probes for each horse chromosome pair enabled the diagnosis of many different chromosome aberrations in this population. Among the horses analysed, 21 animals had normal karyotype - 64,XX (19 mares) and 64,XY (2 stallions). Fourteen animals, constituting 40% of the population studied, showed the following chromosome abnormalities: 63,X (1 mare); 63,X/64,XX (6 mares); 63,X/64,XX/65,XXX (3 mares); 63,X/65,XXX (1 mare); 64,XX/65,XX+Xp (1 mare); 63,X/64,XX/65,XX+Xq (1 mare), and 63,X/64,XX/65,XX+delY (1 intersex). When only the mares studied because of complete infertility were taken into consideration, this proportion exceeded 56%. Due to the increased frequency of the above-mentioned aberrations in the mosaic form of two or more lines, it was necessary to analyse a large number (100-300) of metaphase spreads. The use of specific molecular probes obtained by chromosome microdissection made these diagnoses much easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bugno
- 1 National Research Institute of Animal Production Department of Immuno- and Cytogenetics Krakowska 1 32-083 Balice/Kraków Poland
| | - Ewa Słota
- 1 National Research Institute of Animal Production Department of Immuno- and Cytogenetics Krakowska 1 32-083 Balice/Kraków Poland
| | | | - Claude Schelling
- 3 Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Department of Veterinary Medicine Zurich Switzerland
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18
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Ducos A, Revay T, Kovacs A, Hidas A, Pinton A, Bonnet-Garnier A, Molteni L, Slota E, Switonski M, Arruga MV, van Haeringen WA, Nicolae I, Chaves R, Guedes-Pinto H, Andersson M, Iannuzzi L. Cytogenetic screening of livestock populations in Europe: an overview. Cytogenet Genome Res 2008; 120:26-41. [PMID: 18467823 DOI: 10.1159/000118738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical animal cytogenetics development began in the 1960's, almost at the same time as human cytogenetics. However, the development of the two disciplines has been very different during the last four decades. Clinical animal cytogenetics reached its 'Golden Age' at the end of the 1980's. The majority of the laboratories, as well as the main screening programs in farm animal species, presented in this review, were implemented during that period, under the guidance of some historical leaders, the first of whom was Ingemar Gustavsson. Over the past 40 years, hundreds of scientific publications reporting original chromosomal abnormalities generally associated with clinical disorders (mainly fertility impairment) have been published. Since the 1980's, the number of scientists involved in clinical animal cytogenetics has drastically decreased for different reasons and the activities in that field are now concentrated in only a few laboratories (10 to 15, mainly in Europe), some of which have become highly specialized. Currently between 8,000 and 10,000 chromosomal analyses are carried out each year worldwide, mainly in cattle, pigs, and horses. About half of these analyses are performed in one French laboratory. Accurate estimates of the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in some populations are now available. For instance, one phenotypically normal pig in 200 controlled in France carries a structural chromosomal rearrangement. The frequency of the widespread 1;29 Robertsonian translocation in cattle has greatly decreased in most countries, but remains rather high in certain breeds (up to 20-25% in large beef cattle populations, even higher in some local breeds). The continuation, and in some instances the development of the chromosomal screening programs in farm animal populations allowed the implementation of new and original scientific projects, aimed at exploring some basic questions in the fields of chromosome and/or cell biology, thanks to easier access to interesting biological materials (germ cells, gametes, embryos ...).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ducos
- INRA-ENVT, UMR 444 Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France.
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19
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Chowdhary BP, Paria N, Raudsepp T. Potential applications of equine genomics in dissecting diseases and fertility. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 107:208-18. [PMID: 18524508 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the recent development of high-resolution gene maps and generation of several basic tools and resources to use them in analyzing traits that are economically important to horse owners, genome analysis in horses is witnessing a shift towards developing an ability to analyze complex traits. The likelihood of this happening in the very near future is great, mainly because of the recent availability of the whole genome sequence in the horse. The latter has triggered the development of novel tools like SNP-chip and expression arrays that will permit rapid genome-wide analysis. While these tools will be used for a range of multi-factorial disease traits, attempts are underway to develop focused tools that can target reproduction, fertility and sex determination. For this, a catalog of sex and reproduction related (SRR) genes is being developed in horses. A recently developed dense map of the horse Y chromosome will provide genes that are expressed exclusively in males and, therefore, have an impact on stallion fertility. Overall, these advances in equine genome analysis hold promise for improved diagnosis and treatment of various conditions in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P Chowdhary
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA.
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20
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Lear T, Bailey E. Equine clinical cytogenetics: the past and future. Cytogenet Genome Res 2008; 120:42-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000118739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Bugno M, Słota E. Application of arm-specific painting probes of horse X chromosome for karyotype analysis in an infertile Hutsul mare with 64,XX/65,XX+Xp karyotype: case report. Acta Vet Hung 2007; 55:309-14. [PMID: 17867458 DOI: 10.1556/avet.55.2007.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old infertile Hutsul mare was subjected to cytogenetic analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) using the equine Xp and Xq chromosome painting probes was carried out on chromosome preparations obtained after blood lymphocyte culture. These probes were generated by chromosome microdissection and a large number of spreads was analysed (525). The karyotype formula of the analysed mare was 64,XX/65,XX+Xp with the ratio of the two lines being 99.4 and 0.6, respectively. The goal of the study was to apply chromosome microdissection and the FISH technique for cytogenetic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bugno
- Department of Immuno- and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Krakowska 1, Poland.
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22
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Bugno M, Słota E, Pieńkowska-Schelling A, Schelling C. Detection of equine X chromosome mosaicism in a mare using an equine X whole chromosome painting probe (WCPP)--a case report. Acta Vet Hung 2007; 55:207-12. [PMID: 17555285 DOI: 10.1556/avet.55.2007.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An infertile mare with hypoplastic ovaries was subjected to cytogenetic analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) using the equine X whole chromosome painting probe (WCPP) was carried out on a chromosome preparation obtained from blood lymphocyte culture. The number of analysed spreads was high (235) and in the X chromosome aneuploidy in mosaic form was diagnosed. The karyotype formula was 63,X / 64,XX / 65,XXX. The ratio of the three lines was 15%, 82% and 3%, respectively. The application of the FISH technique with WCPP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bugno
- Department of Immuno- and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice/Kraków, Poland.
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23
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Switonski M, Chmurzynska A, Szczerbal I, Lipczynski A, Yang F, Nowicka-Posłuszna A. Sex reversal syndrome (64,XY; SRY-positive) in a mare demonstrating masculine behaviour. J Anim Breed Genet 2005; 122 Suppl 1:60-3. [PMID: 16130458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2005.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old Thoroughbred mare was subjected to cytogenetic and molecular analysis because of infertility and masculine behaviour. Chromosome studies, including painting with the whole X chromosome specific probe, revealed a male chromosome complement (64,XY). The PCR amplification of the SRY and ZFY genes showed the presence of both those genes, while the endocrinological study demonstrated a high level of testosterone (9.7 nmol/l). Sequencing of the SRY gene (1121 bp), comprising also 5'- and 3'-UTRs, did not reveal any differences when compared with the sequence of normal stallions. It was proposed that this mare represents the androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznan, Poznan, Poland/
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24
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Iannuzzi L, Di Meo GP, Perucatti A, Incarnato D, Di Palo R, Zicarelli L. Reproductive disturbances and sex chromosome abnormalities in two female river buffaloes. Vet Rec 2004; 154:823-4. [PMID: 15260445 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.26.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Iannuzzi
- National Research Council, Institute of Animal Husbandry in Mediterranean Environments, Via Argine 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy
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25
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Raudsepp T, Lee EJ, Kata SR, Brinkmeyer C, Mickelson JR, Skow LC, Womack JE, Chowdhary BP. Exceptional conservation of horse-human gene order on X chromosome revealed by high-resolution radiation hybrid mapping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2386-91. [PMID: 14983019 PMCID: PMC356960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308513100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a dense map of the horse genome is key to efforts aimed at identifying genes controlling health, reproduction, and performance. We herein report a high-resolution gene map of the horse (Equus caballus) X chromosome (ECAX) generated by developing and typing 116 gene-specific and 12 short tandem repeat markers on the 5,000-rad horse x hamster whole-genome radiation hybrid panel and mapping 29 gene loci by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The human X chromosome sequence was used as a template to select genes at 1-Mb intervals to develop equine orthologs. Coupled with our previous data, the new map comprises a total of 175 markers (139 genes and 36 short tandem repeats, of which 53 are fluorescence in situ hybridization mapped) distributed on average at approximately 880-kb intervals along the chromosome. This is the densest and most uniformly distributed chromosomal map presently available in any mammalian species other than humans and rodents. Comparison of the horse and human X chromosome maps shows remarkable conservation of gene order along the entire span of the chromosomes, including the location of the centromere. An overview of the status of the horse map in relation to mouse, livestock, and companion animal species is also provided. The map will be instrumental for analysis of X linked health and fertility traits in horses by facilitating identification of targeted chromosomal regions for isolation of polymorphic markers, building bacterial artificial chromosome contigs, or sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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26
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Bugno M, Slota E, Wieczorek M, Yang F, Buczynski J, Switonski M. Nonmosaic X trisomy, detected by chromosome painting, in an infertile mare. Equine Vet J 2003; 35:209-10. [PMID: 12638800 DOI: 10.2746/042516403776114207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bugno
- Department of Immuno- and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice/Kraków, Poland
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27
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Kubien EM, Tischner M. Reproductive success of a mare with a mosaic karyotype: 64,XX/65,XX,+30. Equine Vet J 2002; 34:99-100. [PMID: 11817560 DOI: 10.2746/042516402776181240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E M Kubien
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Agricultural University, Kraków, Poland
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28
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Mäkinen A, Suojala L, Niini T, Katila T, Tozaki T, Miyake Y, Hasegawa T. X chromosome detection in an XO mare using a human X paint probe, and PCR detection of SRY and amelogenin genes in 3 XY mares. Equine Vet J 2001; 33:527-30. [PMID: 11558752 DOI: 10.2746/042516401776254844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mäkinen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Animal Science, Finland
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29
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Iannuzzi L, Di Meo GP, Perucatti A, Di Palo R, Zicarelli L. 50,XY gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome) in a female river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Vet Rec 2001; 148:634-5. [PMID: 11394803 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.20.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Iannuzzi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
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30
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Hasegaw T, Sato F, Ishida N, Fukushima Y, Mukoyama H. Sex determination by simultaneous amplification of equine SRY and amelogenin genes. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:1109-10. [PMID: 11073085 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A quick method for sex determination of horses was developed. Simultaneous amplification of the equine sex-determining region of the Y chromosome gene (SRY) and amelogenin gene (AMEL) accomplished the determination of the presence of both the Y chromosome and SRY gene. In agarose gel electrophoresis, a normal stallion showed 1 SRY band and 3 AMEL (AMELX, AMELY, and AMELX/AMELY heteroduplex) bands, and a normal mare showed a single AMELX band. In XY-mares, 3 AMEL bands were detected as in a normal stallion, but no SRY band. The present method enables a quick diagnosis for XY-mare prior to cytogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegaw
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Utsunomiya
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