1
|
Politi C, Grillone K, Nocera D, Colao E, Bellisario ML, Loddo S, Catino G, Novelli A, Perrotti N, Rodolfo I, Malatesta P. Non-Invasive Prenatal Test Analysis Opens a Pandora's Box: Identification of Very Rare Cases of SRY-Positive Healthy Females, Segregating for Three Generations Thanks to Preferential Inactivation of the XqYp Translocated Chromosome. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:103. [PMID: 38254992 PMCID: PMC10815901 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The translocation of the testis-determining factor, the SRY gene, from the Y to the X chromosome is a rare event that causes abnormalities in gonadal development. In all cases of males and females carrying this translocation, disorder of sex development is reported. In our study, we described a peculiar pedigree with the first evidence of four healthy females from three generations who are carriers of the newly identified t(X;Y)(q28;p11.2)(SRY+) translocation with no evidence of ambiguous genitalia or other SRY-dependent alterations. Our study was a consequence of a Non-Invasive Prenatal Test (NIPT) showing a sexual chromosomal abnormality (XXY) followed by a chorionic villus analysis suggesting a normal karyotype 46,XX and t(X;Y) translocation detected by FISH. Here, we (i) demonstrated the inheritance of the translocation in the maternal lineage via karyotyping and FISH analysis; (ii) characterised the structural rearrangement via chromosomal microarray; and (iii) demonstrated, via Click-iT® EdU Imaging assay, that there was an absolute preferential inactivation of the der(X) chromosome responsible for the lack of SRY expression. Overall, our study provides valuable genetic and molecular information that may lead personal and medical decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Politi
- Medical Genetics, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, Viale T. Campanella 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (K.G.); (D.N.); (E.C.); (M.L.B.); (N.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Katia Grillone
- Medical Genetics, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, Viale T. Campanella 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (K.G.); (D.N.); (E.C.); (M.L.B.); (N.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Donatella Nocera
- Medical Genetics, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, Viale T. Campanella 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (K.G.); (D.N.); (E.C.); (M.L.B.); (N.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Emma Colao
- Medical Genetics, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, Viale T. Campanella 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (K.G.); (D.N.); (E.C.); (M.L.B.); (N.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Michelle Li Bellisario
- Medical Genetics, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, Viale T. Campanella 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (K.G.); (D.N.); (E.C.); (M.L.B.); (N.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Sara Loddo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.L.); (G.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Giorgia Catino
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.L.); (G.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.L.); (G.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Medical Genetics, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, Viale T. Campanella 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (K.G.); (D.N.); (E.C.); (M.L.B.); (N.P.); (P.M.)
- Department of Human Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus S. Venuta, Viale Europa, Località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Iuliano Rodolfo
- Medical Genetics, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, Viale T. Campanella 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (K.G.); (D.N.); (E.C.); (M.L.B.); (N.P.); (P.M.)
- Department of Human Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus S. Venuta, Viale Europa, Località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paola Malatesta
- Medical Genetics, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, Viale T. Campanella 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (K.G.); (D.N.); (E.C.); (M.L.B.); (N.P.); (P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bambi M, Galla G, Donati C, Rovero F, Hauffe HC, Barelli C. Gut microbiota variations in wild yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) are associated with sex and habitat disturbance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:869. [PMID: 38195759 PMCID: PMC10776872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Although male and female mammals differ in biological traits and functional needs, the contribution of this sexual dimorphism to variations in gut bacteria and fungi (gut microbiota) in relation to habitat type has not been fully examined. To understand whether the combination of sex and habitat affects gut microbiota variation, we analyzed 40 fecal samples of wild yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) living in contrasting habitat types (intact, well-protected vs. fragmented, less protected forests) in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. Sex determination was performed using the marker genes SRY (Sex-determining Region Y) and DDX3X-DDX3Y (DEAD-Box Helicase 3). Samples were attributed to 34 individuals (19 females and 15 males) belonging to five social groups. Combining the results of sex determination with two amplicon sequencing datasets on bacterial (V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene) and fungal (ITS2) gut communities, we found that overall, baboon females had a significantly higher gut bacterial richness compared to males. Beta diversity estimates indicated that bacterial composition was significantly different between males and females, and this was true for individuals from both well- and less protected forests. Our results highlight the combined role of sex and habitat type in shaping variation in gut microbial communities in wild non-human primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bambi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Conservation Genomics Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Giulio Galla
- Conservation Genomics Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio Donati
- Computational Biology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Conservation Genomics Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Claudia Barelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen H, Liu Y, Wang C, Wang R, Di Z, Huang X, Zhang H, Liu M. Prenatal diagnosis of 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development with SRY-positive: A case report and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 289:140-144. [PMID: 37660509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.08.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of a fetus with 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development detected prenatally. This fetus was found abnormally due to non-invasive prenatal testing. Amniocentesis revealed SRY gene on the X chromosome of the fetus. The related literature was reviewed, and the advantages and limitations of various prenatal diagnostic techniques were discussed. The combination of non-invasive prenatal testing and various prenatal diagnostic techniques has enabled more fetuses with sex reversal to be detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Ruijing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Zhixin Di
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Haomiao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Meimei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tonekaboni FR, Narenjisani R, Staji H, Ahmadi-Hamedani M. Comparison of Cell-Free Fetal DNA Plasma Content Used to Sex Determination Between Three Trimesters of Pregnancy in Torkaman Pregnant Mare. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 95:103273. [PMID: 33276922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to compare the cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) plasma present in three trimesters of pregnancy in Torkaman pregnant mare. Peripheral blood samples of 32 pregnant mares in three trimesters of pregnancy were collected in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at three time points. Circulating cffDNA was extracted from 3 mL of maternal plasma. Using outer and inner primers, a conventional polymerase chain reaction was performed for the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene present in the Y chromosome. Of the total 32 Torkaman pregnant mares, 24 were carrying male fetuses and eight were carrying female fetuses. In total, the accuracy of the test was 48.75%, 68.75%, and 75% in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. The sensitivities were 25%, 58.32%, and 66.66%, respectively, whereas their specificities were 100% in all trimesters. In conclusion, the SRY gene can permit the detection of equine fetal sex with good accuracy through cffDNA analysis in maternal plasma just in the third trimester of pregnancy, although specificity in all duration of pregnancy was 100%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Narenjisani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Hamid Staji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Ahmadi-Hamedani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang P, Ma XY, Huang DT, Yang XY. The capacity of goat epidermal adult stem cells to reconstruct the damaged ocular surface of total LSCD and activate corneal genetic programs. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:277-286. [PMID: 32388840 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal adult stem cells (EpiASCs) have the potential for unlimited proliferation and differentiation, however, the ability of these stem cells to activate corneal genetic programs in response to corneal stroma stimulation needs to be further validated. Herein, a feasible strategy was developed to reconstruct the damaged corneal surface in a goat model with total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) by transplanting EpiASCs, which had been explanted and cultured from the skin of an adult ram goat and were then purified by selecting single cell-derived clones and cultivating them on a denuded human amniotic membrane (HAM). These artificial tissues were then successfully transplanted into ewe goats with total LSCD. Binding of EpiASCs to the base membrane of an EpiASCs-HAM-Sheet (EHS) indicated their proliferating status. After transplantation, the EpiASCs could survive in the host tissue and they reconstructed the damaged ocular surface of total LSCD. The crystal reconstructed corneal epithelium expressed CK3 and Pax-6 similar to normal corneal epithelium and expressed the Sry gene after transplantation. These results demonstrated that EpiASCs could be induced to differentiate into corneal epithelial cell types in a corneal microenvironment and had the ability to activate corneal genetic programs. This work offer a foundation for promoting tissue-engineered cornea into clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China
| | - Xi-Ya Ma
- Department of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China
| | - Dian-Tong Huang
- Department of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China
| | - Xue-Yi Yang
- Department of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sigurdardottir HL, Lanzenberger R, Kranz GS. Genetics of sex differences in neuroanatomy and function. Handb Clin Neurol 2020; 175:179-193. [PMID: 33008524 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences are observed at many distinct biologic levels, such as in the anatomy and functioning of the brain, behavior, and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. Previously, these differences were believed to entirely result from the secretion of gonadal hormones; however, recent research has demonstrated that differences are also the consequence of direct or nonhormonal effects of genes located on the sex chromosomes. This chapter reviews the four core genotype model that separates the effects of hormones and sex chromosomes and highlights a few genes that are believed to be partly responsible for sex dimorphism of the brain, in particular, the Sry gene. Genetics of the brain's neurochemistry is discussed and the susceptibility to certain neurologic and psychiatric disorders is reviewed. Lastly, we discuss the sex-specific genetic contribution in disorders of sexual development. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are currently not entirely known. An increased knowledge and understanding of the role of candidate genes will undeniably be of great aid in elucidating the molecular basis of sex-biased disorders and potentially allow for more sex-specific therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Sigurdardottir
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang XB, Liang YL, Zhu ZJ, Zhu Y, Li P, Cao JP, Zhang QY, Liu Q, Li Z. A de novo frameshift mutation of the SRY gene leading to a patient with 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis. Asian J Androl 2019; 21:522-524. [PMID: 30785124 PMCID: PMC6732898 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_123_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Wang
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yu-Long Liang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou 313199, China
| | - Zi-Jue Zhu
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jia-Ping Cao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou 313199, China
| | - Qun-Ying Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou 313199, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Albu CC, Albu DF, Muşat AR, Stancu IG, Albu ŞD, Pătraşcu A, Gogănău AM. The crucial role of SRY gene in the determination of human genetic sex: 46,XX disorder of sex development. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2019; 60:1311-1316. [PMID: 32239110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of disorder of sex development (DSD) is very rare and is estimated to occur in 1∕2500 pregnancies. A group of DSDs are the 46,XX testicular DSD. Today, the incidence of 46,XX testicular DSD is estimated at 1∕20 000 newborn males. A majority of males with DSD have an unbalanced X;Y exchange involving the pseudoautosomal region, with translocation of the sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) gene onto Xp23.3. We present a rare case of very early prenatal diagnosis and management of a fetus with SRY-positive 46,XX testicular DSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Crenguţa Albu
- Department of Genetics, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the pathogenesis of a 46,XY female with sex reversal. METHODS Peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patient were subjected to G-banding karyotype analysis. Sex chromosomes were analyzed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). SRY gene was analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The whole exome of the patient was subjected to next generation sequencing. Copy number variations (CNVs) of the NR0B1, SF1, SRY, SOX9 and WNT4 genes were validated by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). RESULTS The patient had a 46,XY karyotype. FISH analysis showed that her sex chromosomes were X and Y. No mutation was found in the SRY gene, and no pathogenic mutation was detected in her exome. However, a duplication spanning approximately 67.31 kb encompassing the MAGEB1, MAGEB3, MAGEB4 and NR0B1 genes at Xp21, was predicted by software analysis. MLPA confirmed duplication of the NR0B1 gene in the patient and her mother. CONCLUSION A duplication fragment of Xp21 encompassing the NR0B1 gene in the 46,XY female with sex reversal is transmitted from her asymptomatic carrier mother. Attention should be paid towards the insidious nature and high morbidity of this duplication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengfang Qin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610045, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kaduskar P, Suryanarayana KM, Babu P, Mysorekar V. 46 XX, SRY Negative Ovotesticular DSD. J Assoc Physicians India 2018; 66:84-85. [PMID: 31315334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
46 XX ovotesticular DSD is a rare disorder. It presents with cryptorchidism, hypospadias or ambiguous genitalia at birth, gynaecomastia in adolescent stage or infertility in adult age. We report here a 20 year old phenotypically male who presented with gynaecomastia and found to have testis on right side and left inguinoscrotal swelling consisting of ovary, uterus and fallopian tubes. Evaluation revealed SRY negative 46 XX karyotype. He underwent surgical removal of ovary and mullerian structures. The highlight of case is development of testicular tissue in absence of SRY gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - K M Suryanarayana
- Senior Professor and HOD, Department of Endocrinology, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka
| | - Prakash Babu
- Associate Professor, Department of Urology,MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka
| | - Vijaya Mysorekar
- Professor, Department of Pathology, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
A fundamental biological question that has puzzled, but also fascinated mankind since antiquity is the one pertaining to the differences between sexes. Ancient cultures and mythologies poetically intended to explain the origin of the two sexes; philosophy offered insightful albeit occasionally paradoxical perceptions about men and women; and society as a whole put forward numerous intuitive observations about the traits that distinguish the two sexes. However, it was only through meticulous scientific research that began in the 16th century, and gradual technical improvements that followed over the next centuries, that the study of sex determination bore fruit. Here, we present a brief history of sex determination studies from ancient times until today, by selectively interviewing some of the milestones in the field. We complete our review by outlining some yet unanswered questions and proposing future experimental directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Stévant
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marilena D Papaioannou
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garcia-Moreno SA, Plebanek MP, Capel B. Epigenetic regulation of male fate commitment from an initially bipotential system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 468:19-30. [PMID: 29410272 PMCID: PMC6084468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental goal in biology is to understand how distinct cell types containing the same genetic information arise from a single stem cell throughout development. Sex determination is a key developmental process that requires a unidirectional commitment of an initially bipotential gonad towards either the male or female fate. This makes sex determination a unique model to study cell fate commitment and differentiation in vivo. We have focused this review on the accumulating evidence that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the bipotential state of the fetal gonad and to the regulation of chromatin accessibility during and immediately downstream of the primary sex-determining switch that establishes the male fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Blanche Capel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen H, Ren Z, Zhao J, Zhang C, Yang X. Y-chromosome polymorphisms of the domestic Bactrian camel in China. J Genet 2018; 97:3-10. [PMID: 29666320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), microsatellites and copy number variation (CNV) were studied on the Y chromosome to understand the paternal origin and phylogenetic relationships for resource protection, rational development and utilization of the domestic Bactrian camel in China. Our sample set consisted of 94 Chinese domestic Bactrian camels from four regions (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang), we screened 29 Y-chromosome-specific loci for SNPs, analysed 40 bovine-derived microsatellite loci and measured CNVs of HSFY and SRY through Sanger sequencing, automated fluorescence-based microsatellite analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. A multicopy gene, SRY, was first found, and sequence variation was only detected in SRY in a screen of 29 loci in 13 DNA pools of individual camels. In addition, a TG repeat in the USP9Y gene was identified as the first polymorphic microsatellite in the camel Y chromosome, whereas microsatellite based on bovine sequences were not detected. The frequency of each allele varied among different populations. For the Nanjiang, Hexi and Alashan populations, a 243-bp allele was found. For the Sunite population, 241-bp, 243-bp and 247-bp alleles were detected, and the frequencies of these alleles were 22.2%, 44.5% and 33.3%, respectively; 241-bp and 243-bp alleles were found in other populations. Finally, CNVs in two Y-chromosomal genes were detected; CNV for HSFY and SRY ranged from 1 to 3 and from 1 to 9, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ho B, Greenlaw K, Al Tuwaijri A, Moussette S, Martínez F, Giorgio E, Brusco A, Ferrero GB, Linhares ND, Valadares ER, Svartman M, Kalscheuer VM, Rodríguez Criado G, Laprise C, Greenwood CMT, Naumova AK. X chromosome dosage and presence of SRY shape sex-specific differences in DNA methylation at an autosomal region in human cells. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:10. [PMID: 29463315 PMCID: PMC5819645 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual dimorphism in DNA methylation levels is a recurrent epigenetic feature in different human cell types and has been implicated in predisposition to disease, such as psychiatric and autoimmune disorders. To elucidate the genetic origins of sex-specific DNA methylation, we examined DNA methylation levels in fibroblast cell lines and blood cells from individuals with different combinations of sex chromosome complements and sex phenotypes focusing on a single autosomal region--the differentially methylated region (DMR) in the promoter of the zona pellucida binding protein 2 (ZPBP2) as a reporter. RESULTS Our data show that the presence of the sex determining region Y (SRY) was associated with lower methylation levels, whereas higher X chromosome dosage in the absence of SRY led to an increase in DNA methylation levels at the ZPBP2 DMR. We mapped the X-linked modifier of DNA methylation to the long arm of chromosome X (Xq13-q21) and tested the impact of mutations in the ATRX and RLIM genes, located in this region, on methylation levels. Neither ATRX nor RLIM mutations influenced ZPBP2 methylation in female carriers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that sex-specific methylation differences at the autosomal locus result from interaction between a Y-linked factor SRY and at least one X-linked factor that acts in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ho
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Abeer Al Tuwaijri
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sanny Moussette
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), 1001 Decarie Blvd., Bloc E, Room EM03226, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Francisco Martínez
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Natália D Linhares
- Setor de Citogenética, Laboratório Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eugênia R Valadares
- Departamento de Propedêutica Complementar, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Ambulatório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marta Svartman
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Catherine Laprise
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Saguenay, Lac-Saint-Jean, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de santé et de services sociaux de Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, Canada
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna K Naumova
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), 1001 Decarie Blvd., Bloc E, Room EM03226, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Katsura Y, Kondo HX, Ryan J, Harley V, Satta Y. The evolutionary process of mammalian sex determination genes focusing on marsupial SRYs. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29338681 PMCID: PMC5771129 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maleness in mammals is genetically determined by the Y chromosome. On the Y chromosome SRY is known as the mammalian male-determining gene. Both placental mammals (Eutheria) and marsupial mammals (Metatheria) have SRY genes. However, only eutherian SRY genes have been empirically examined by functional analyses, and the involvement of marsupial SRY in male gonad development remains speculative. RESULTS In order to demonstrate that the marsupial SRY gene is similar to the eutherian SRY gene in function, we first examined the sequence differences between marsupial and eutherian SRY genes. Then, using a parsimony method, we identify 7 marsupial-specific ancestral substitutions, 13 eutherian-specific ancestral substitutions, and 4 substitutions that occurred at the stem lineage of therian SRY genes. A literature search and molecular dynamics computational simulations support that the lineage-specific ancestral substitutions might be involved with the functional differentiation between marsupial and eutherian SRY genes. To address the function of the marsupial SRY gene in male determination, we performed luciferase assays on the testis enhancer of Sox9 core (TESCO) using the marsupial SRY. The functional assay shows that marsupial SRY gene can weakly up-regulate the luciferase expression via TESCO. CONCLUSIONS Despite the sequence differences between the marsupial and eutherian SRY genes, our functional assay indicates that the marsupial SRY gene regulates SOX9 as a transcription factor in a similar way to the eutherian SRY gene. Our results suggest that SRY genes obtained the function of male determination in the common ancestor of Theria (placental mammals and marsupials). This suggests that the marsupial SRY gene has a function in male determination, but additional experiments are needed to be conclusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Katsura
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko X. Kondo
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Janelle Ryan
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vincent Harley
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yoko Satta
- Department of Evolutionary Study of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (GD) constitutes a rare group of disorders characterized by the presence of dysfunctional testes in genotypic males. The molecular etiology is not known in about 2 thirds of instances. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic cause in patients with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. Based on clinical, cytogenetic, and biochemical screening, 10 patients with 46,XY GD were recruited. Direct sequencing of SRY, NR5A1, SOX9, DAX1, DHH, DMRT1 genes was carried out for molecular analysis. Among 10 patients, 5 were diagnosed with complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD), 3 with partial gonadal dysgenesis (PGD), and 3 with testicular agenesis. Molecular analysis revealed 12 heterozygous genetic changes, 4 of which were novel. One (c.416T>A) was observed in evolutionary conserved region of DMRT1 gene in a patient with CGD and was found to be probably damaging on in silico analysis. Other 3 were identified in NR5A1 gene (c.990+22 C>A, c.1387+1403T>A and p.131P), but their association with gonadal dysgenesis is not evident from our study. These genetic changes were absent in parents and 50 healthy control samples, which were also studied. With targeted sequencing approach, a molecular diagnosis was made in only one patient with 46,XY GD. The application of new genomic technologies is required for the precise evaluation of these rare genetic defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhera Chauhan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Viveka P Jyotsna
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Jain
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Khadgawat
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
In the genetic sex determination of vertebrates, the gonadal sex depends on the combination of sex chromosomes that a zygote possesses. Despite the discovery of the sex-determining gene (SRY/Sry) in mammals in 1990s, the sex-determining gene in non-mammalian vertebrates remained an enigma for over a decade. In most mammals, the male-inducing master sex-determining gene is located on the Y chromosome and is therefore absent from XX females. A second sex-determining gene, Dmy, was described in the Oryzias latipes in 2002 and has a DNA-binding motif that is different from the motif in the mammalian sex-determining gene SRY or Sry. Dmy is also located on the Y chromosome and is therefore absent in XX females. Seven other sex-determining genes, including candidate genes, are now known in birds, a frog species, and 5 fish species. These findings over the past twenty years have increased our knowledge of sex-determining genes and sex chromosomes among vertebrates. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of sex-determining genes and genetic sex determination systems in fish, especially those of the Oryzias species, which are described in detail. The facts suggest some patterns of how new sex-determining genes emerged and evolved. We believe that these facts are common not only in Oryzias but also in other fish species. This knowledge will help to elucidate the conserved mechanisms from which various sex-determining mechanisms have evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Matsuda
- Center for Bioscience Research & Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Sakaizumi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gurbuz F, Ceylaner S, Erdogan S, Topaloglu AK, Yuksel B. Sertoli cell only syndrome with ambiguous genitalia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:849-52. [PMID: 27124672 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Sertoli cell only syndrome (SCOS) is a rare genetic disorder with a variable phenotype ranging from a severe ambiguous genitalia to a normal male phenotype with infertility. SCOS is diagnosed on testicular histopathology as germ cells are absent without histological impairment of Sertoli or Leydig cells. The SRY positive XX male syndrome is usually diagnosed in adulthood during infertility investigations. Here, we report a rare case of 46,XX maleness with ambiguous genitalia due to Sertoli cell only syndrome (SCOS).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 46, XX Testicular Disorders of Sex Development/diagnosis
- 46, XX Testicular Disorders of Sex Development/genetics
- 46, XX Testicular Disorders of Sex Development/physiopathology
- Chromosomes, Human, X
- Chromosomes, Human, Y
- Consanguinity
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Genes, sry
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Male
- Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome/etiology
- Translocation, Genetic
- Turkey
Collapse
|
19
|
Nemescu D, Ursu RG, Nemescu ER, Negura L. Heterogeneous Distribution of Fetal Microchimerism in Local Breast Cancer Environment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147675. [PMID: 26808509 PMCID: PMC4726590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal cells enter maternal circulation during pregnancy and persist in the woman’s body for decades, achieving a form of physiological microchimerism. These cells were also evidenced in tumors. We investigated the frequency and concentration of fetal microchimerism in the local breast cancer environment. From 19 patients with confirmed breast neoplasia, after breast surgical resection, we collected three fresh specimens from the tumor core, breast tissue at tumor periphery, and adjacent normal breast tissue. The presence of male DNA was analyzed with a quantitative PCR assay for the sex determining region gene (SRY) gene. In the group of women who had given birth to at least one son, we detected fetal microchimerism in 100% of samples from tumors and their periphery and in 64% (9 of 14) of those from normal breast tissue. The tissues from the tumor and its periphery carry a significantly increased number of SRY copies compared to its neighboring common breast tissue (p = 0.005). The median of the normalized SRY-signal was about 77 (range, 3.2–21467) and 14-fold (range, 1.3–2690) greater in the tumor and respectively in the periphery than in the normal breast tissue. In addition, the relative expression of the SRY gene had a median 5.5 times larger in the tumor than in its periphery (range, 1.1–389.4). We found a heterogeneous distribution of fetal microchimerism in breast cancer environment. In women with sons, breast neoplasia harbors male cells at significantly higher levels than in peripheral and normal breast tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Nemescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr.T.Popa", Iasi, Romania
- “Cuza Voda” Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ramona Gabriela Ursu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr.T.Popa", Iasi, Romania
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena Roxana Nemescu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr.T.Popa", Iasi, Romania
| | - Lucian Negura
- Department of Immunology and Oncogenetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr.T.Popa", Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Listernick R. A Well-Appearing 5-Year-Old Girl with Heart Murmur and Hypertension. Pediatr Ann 2015; 44:405-6, 409-10. [PMID: 26473419 DOI: 10.3928/00904481-20151012-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence. A mammalian body contains more than two-hundred different types of cells, all derived from a single fertilized egg. Epigenetic gene regulation mechanisms essentially contribute to various processes of mammalian development. The essence of epigenetic regulation is the modulation of gene activity through changes in chromatin structure. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the major epigenetic mechanisms. Sex determination is the process of establishing a gender. Sry, the sex-determining gene in therian mammals, initiates testis differentiation. Recent studies have provided evidence that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to Sry regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tachibana
- Department of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Sex determination refers to the developmental decision that directs the bipotential genital ridge to develop as a testis or an ovary. Genetic studies on mice and humans have led to crucial advances in understanding the molecular fundamentals of sex determination and the mutually antagonistic signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the current molecular mechanisms of sex determination by focusing on the known critical sex determining genes and their related signaling pathways in mammalian vertebrates from mice to humans. We also discuss the underlying delicate balance between testis and ovary sex determination pathways, concentrating on the antagonisms between major sex determining genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- The Sperm LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kopsida E, Lynn PM, Humby T, Wilkinson LS, Davies W. Dissociable effects of Sry and sex chromosome complement on activity, feeding and anxiety-related behaviours in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73699. [PMID: 24009762 PMCID: PMC3751882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst gonadal hormones can substantially influence sexual differentiation of the brain, recent findings have suggested that sex-linked genes may also directly influence neurodevelopment. Here we used the well-established murine ‘four core genotype’ (FCG) model on a gonadally-intact, outbred genetic background to characterise the contribution of Sry-dependent effects (i.e. those arising from the expression of the Y-linked Sry gene in the brain, or from hormonal sequelae of gonadal Sry expression) and direct effects of sex-linked genes other than Sry (‘sex chromosome complement’ effects) to sexually dimorphic mouse behavioural phenotypes. Over a 24 hour period, XX and XY gonadally female mice (lacking Sry) exhibited greater horizontal locomotor activity and reduced food consumption per unit bodyweight than XX and XY gonadally male mice (possessing Sry); in two behavioural tests (the elevated plus and zero mazes) XX and XY gonadally female mice showed evidence for increased anxiety-related behaviours relative to XX and XY gonadally male mice. Exploratory correlational analyses indicated that these Sry-dependent effects could not be simply explained by brain expression of the gene, nor by circulating testosterone levels. We also noted a sex chromosome complement effect on food (but not water) consumption whereby XY mice consumed more over a 24hr period than XX mice, and a sex chromosome complement effect in a third test of anxiety-related behaviour, the light-dark box. The present data suggest that: i) the male-specific factor Sry may influence activity and feeding behaviours in mice, and ii) dissociable feeding and anxiety-related murine phenotypes may be differentially modulated by Sry and by other sex-linked genes. Our results may have relevance for understanding the molecular underpinnings of sexually dimorphic behavioural phenotypes in healthy men and women, and in individuals with abnormal sex chromosome constitutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kopsida
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe M. Lynn
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Humby
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - William Davies
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Helszer Z, Dmochowska A, Szemraj J, Słowikowska-Hilczer J, Wieczorek M, Jędrzejczyk S, Kałużewski B. A novel mutation (c. 341A>G) in the SRY gene in a 46,XY female patient with gonadal dysgenesis. Gene 2013; 526:467-70. [PMID: 23624391 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
SRY (sex-determining region Y) gene, MIM 480000, NM_005634) is crucial for sex differentiation which encodes the protein responsible for initiating testis differentiation. SRY mutations are associated with the presence of XY gonadal dysgenesis symptoms. We studied a 46,XY female patient with primary amenorrhoea and negative family history. The clinical, endocrine, histopathologic and cytogenetic data are consistent with gonadal dysgenesis. Using a molecular analysis, a novel (c.341A>G, p. N65D) missense mutation within the HMGbox of SRY gene was detected. Escherichia coli expression of SRY study showed reduced expression of the mutated protein and gel retardation assay method revealed lowered DNA-binding ability in N65D variant of SRY. The novel mutation detected in the SRY gene may be an aetiopathogenic factor in clinically defined 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD). Because of an increased risk of gonadoblastoma, proper early diagnosis and treatment prevent development of malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Helszer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sukumaran A, Desmangles JC, Gartner LA, Buchlis J. Duplication of dosage sensitive sex reversal area in a 46, XY patient with normal sex determining region of Y causing complete sex reversal. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 26:775-9. [PMID: 23612644 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sex chromosome composition of the primordial gonad, either 46XX or 46XY, determines its differentiation as ovaries or testes. Local hormones secreted by developing gonads and tissue specific transcription factors influence the differentiation of external and internal genital structures. Dosage sensitive sex reversal adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region (DAX1) on Xp21 is a gene which is expressed in the developing adrenals, gonads, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Duplication of this area causes dosage sensitive male-to-female sex reversal while mutation or deletion leads to adrenal hypoplasia congenita with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in affected males. AIM To report a case with duplication of the X chromosome segment within the region of Xp21.1-22.2 resulting in 46 XY sex reversal and a literature review on DAX1 and dosage sensitive sex reversal (DSS). METHODS AND RESULTS We present the clinical history, physical findings, laboratory, and imaging study results in a newborn baby. This infant was sex assigned as female at birth and had normal female external genitalia. Chromosome analysis was done due to multiple minor malformations and showed a karyotype of 46 Xp+Y. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis revealed the duplication in the DSS area. CONCLUSION Duplication of the DAX1 gene on the X chromosome with normal sex determining region of Y (SRY) results in 46 XY sex reversal. This was inherited from the mother who had normal ovarian function. Additional problems include growth failure, mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies. The baby did not have a mutation or deletion of DAX1, which would have caused adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadism.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lavery R, Chassot AA, Pauper E, Gregoire EP, Klopfenstein M, de Rooij DG, Mark M, Schedl A, Ghyselinck NB, Chaboissier MC. Testicular differentiation occurs in absence of R-spondin1 and Sox9 in mouse sex reversals. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003170. [PMID: 23300469 PMCID: PMC3531470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, male sex determination is governed by SRY-dependent activation of Sox9, whereas female development involves R-spondin1 (RSPO1), an activator of the WNT/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Genetic analyses in mice have demonstrated Sry and Sox9 to be both required and sufficient to induce testicular development. These genes are therefore considered as master regulators of the male pathway. Indeed, female-to-male sex reversal in XX Rspo1 mutant mice correlates with Sox9 expression, suggesting that this transcription factor induces testicular differentiation in pathological conditions. Unexpectedly, here we show that testicular differentiation can occur in XX mutants lacking both Rspo1 and Sox9 (referred to as XX Rspo1KOSox9cKO), indicating that Sry and Sox9 are dispensable to induce female-to-male sex reversal. Molecular analyses show expression of both Sox8 and Sox10, suggesting that activation of Sox genes other than Sox9 can induce male differentiation in Rspo1KOSox9cKO mice. Moreover, since testis development occurs in XY Rspo1KOSox9cKO mice, our data show that Rspo1 is the main effector for male-to-female sex reversal in XY Sox9cKO mice. Thus, Rspo1 is an essential activator of ovarian development not only in normal situations, but also in sex reversal situations. Taken together these data demonstrate that both male and female sex differentiation is induced by distinct, active, genetic pathways. The dogma that considers female differentiation as a default pathway therefore needs to be definitively revised. Mammalian sex determination is controlled by the paternal transmission of the Y-linked gene, SRY. Using mouse models, it has been shown that the main, if not the only, role of Sry is to activate the transcription factor Sox9, and these two genes are necessary and sufficient to allow male development. Indeed, defects in Sry and/or Sox9 expression result in male-to-female sex reversal of XY individuals. In XX individuals, Rspo1 is important for ovarian development as evidenced by female-to-male sex reversal of XX Rspo1 mutants. Since testicular differentiation appears concomitantly with Sox9 expression, it was assumed that Sox9 is the inducer of testicular differentiation in XX Rspo1 mutants. Our genetic study shows that i) neither Sry nor Sox9 are required for female-to-male sex reversals; ii) other masculinizing factors like Sox8 and Sox10 are activated in sex reversal conditions; iii) Rspo1 is the main effector of male-to-female sex reversal in the XY Sox9 mutants. Together these data suggest that male and female genetic pathways are both main effectors involved in sex determination and that the long-standing dogma of a default female pathway should definitively be revised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Lavery
- University of Nice–Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Nice, France
- INSERM U1091, CNRS UMR7277, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Anne-Amandine Chassot
- University of Nice–Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Nice, France
- INSERM U1091, CNRS UMR7277, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Eva Pauper
- University of Nice–Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Nice, France
- INSERM U1091, CNRS UMR7277, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Elodie P. Gregoire
- University of Nice–Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Nice, France
- INSERM U1091, CNRS UMR7277, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Muriel Klopfenstein
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104–INSERM U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Dirk G. de Rooij
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Mark
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104–INSERM U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Andreas Schedl
- University of Nice–Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Nice, France
- INSERM U1091, CNRS UMR7277, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Norbert B. Ghyselinck
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104–INSERM U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chaboissier
- University of Nice–Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Nice, France
- INSERM U1091, CNRS UMR7277, iBV, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cai Y, Yang ZN, Yang MH, Liang SH, Tang Z. [SRY gene analysis for a case with sex reversal syndrome]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2012; 29:573-575. [PMID: 23042397 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanism of sex reversal in a 46,XY female patient. METHODS Clinical data was collected. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured for G-banding chromosomal analysis and DNA extraction. Sex-determining region of Y-chromosome (SRY) gene was analyzed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing . RESULTS Although the patient has a female appearance, he has a karyotype of 46,XY. The SRY gene can be detected in all samples. The 6th base of SRY gene coding region was deleted, resulting in a frameshifting mutation and premature termination of protein translation. CONCLUSION The sex reversal of the patient is probably due to abnormal embryonic development caused by the SRY gene mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Chang Q, Yan L, Wang CZ, Zhang WH, Hu YZ, Wu BY. In vivo transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells accelerates repair of injured gastric mucosa in rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 2012; 125:1169-1174. [PMID: 22613549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult stem cells provide a promising alternative for the treatment of injured tissues. We aimed to investigate the effect of in vivo transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) on injured gastric mucosa in rats. METHODS The gastric ulcer in rats was induced by indomethacin. BMMSCs from male rats, labeled with the fluorescent cell linker 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA SE), were transplanted into the female rats via tail vein injection. The healing process of gastric ulcers was monitored by HE staining. The protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the injured gastric mucosa were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS At 48 and 72 hours after BMMSCs transplantation, the CFDA SE labeled cells were found scattered in the injured gastric mucosa, but not in the gastric mucosa of control rats. At 72 hours after BMMSCs transplantation, the mean ulcer index was 12.67 ± 2.16 in the BMMSCs transplanted group and 17.33 ± 1.97 in vehicle-treated controls (P < 0.01). Both VEGF and EGFR protein expression levels were significantly higher in the gastric section from the rats that received BMMSCs transplantation as compared to rats without BMMSCs transplantation. CONCLUSION Autologous BMMSCs transplantation can accelerate gastric ulcer healing in injured gastric mucosa in a rodent model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southern Building, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ambulkar PS, Waghmare JE, Tarnekar AM, Shende MR, Ghosh SK, Pal AK. SRY-positive 46, XY male with vanishing testis syndrome, feminization and gynecomastia. Nepal Med Coll J 2012; 14:1-4. [PMID: 23441485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The vanishing testis with maleness is a rare syndrome with frequency of 1 in 20,000 males. Here, we report about a 30 years old male subject with vanishing testis syndrome, feminization and gynecomastia. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Leutinizing hormone (LH) levels were elevated whereas testosterone was below normal and anti-mullerian-hormone level was undetectable in the patient. The chromosomal analysis and DNA analysis of SRY and ZFY, DAX-I, AZFa, AZFb, AZFc and heterochromatic region of Y chromosome with STS primer (sY160) were done to detect any genetic changes at specified sites (both at chromosomal and molecular level). Karyotyping confirmed patient as 46, XY male, with no evidence of mosaicism in blood cells. PCR amplification of SRY gene indicated that the SRY gene of the patient was normal. PCR amplification of SRY, ZFY, DAX-I, AZFa, AZFb, AZFc gene and Y chromosome heterochromatic region using STS primer sY(160) did not reveal any microdeletions. The anti-mullerian-hormone level was undetectable indicating that the patient didn't have any testicular tissue in scrotum. Increased levels of FSH, LH and reversed androgen: estrogen ratio might have given rise to gynecomastia in the patient. SRY-positive 46,XY male with vanishing testis might be due to torsion of testis during descent in fetal period. The torsion of testis might have caused vascular occlusion and thereby regression of testicular tissue occurred, but the exact genetic condition yet to understand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Ambulkar
- Human Molecular Genetics Division, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha-442102 (MS), India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Y, Lu J, Yang Q, Bai Y, Ge Q. An emulsion based microarray method to detect the toxin genes of toxin-producing organisms. Molecules 2011; 16:7365-76. [PMID: 21876483 PMCID: PMC6264708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins produced by bacteria and fungi are one of the most important factors which may cause food contamination. The study of detection methods with high sensitivity and throughput is significant for the protection of food safety. In the present study, we coupled microarray with emulsion PCR and developed a high throughput detection method. Thirteen different gene sites which encode the common toxins of several bacteria and fungi were assayed in parallel in positive and maize samples. Conventional PCR assays were carried out for comparison. The results showed that the developed microarray method had high specificity and sensitivity. Two zearalenone-related genes were investigated in one of the ten maize samples obtained with this present method. The results indicated that the emulsion based microarray detection method was developed successfully and suggested its potential application in multiple gene site detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jiafeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qinyu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-25-83792396; Fax: +86-25-83792396
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tashima S, Kaneko Y, Anezaki T, Baba M, Yachimori S, Abramov AV, Saveljev AP, Masuda R. Phylogeographic Sympatry and Isolation of the Eurasian Badgers (Meles, Mustelidae, Carnivora): Implications for an Alternative Analysis using Maternally as Well as Paternally Inherited Genes. Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:293-303. [PMID: 21466348 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tashima
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang HJ, Yang XY, Jin BF, Zhou ZM. [46, XX testicular disorder of sex development: report of 2 cases and review of the literature]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2010; 16:345-348. [PMID: 20626165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the phenotype, pathogenesis and molecular biological features of 46, XX testicular disorder of sex development. METHODS We obtained the history of 2 patients with 46, XX testicular disorder of sex development, examined the cavitas pelvis by type-B ultrasonography, analyzed the karyotype of the chromosome, and detected the genes SRY, YRRM1, DYS240 and DAZ by PCR amplification. RESULTS Microrchidia, azoospermia and maldevelopment of secondary sex characteristics were observed in both of the patients, but ultrasonography revealed no female internal genitals. Their chromosome gender was karyotyped as 46, XX, with the SRY gene positive in both, but the YRRM1 gene positive in only one of the cases. CONCLUSION Chromosome karyotyping and detection of the SRY gene for patients with abnormal sex development can give us an insight into the genetic pathogenesis and provide us with scientific evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of the condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Andrology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pérez-Solis MA, Macías H, Acosta-MontesdeOca A, Pasapera AM, Fierro R, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Gutiérrez-Sagal R. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the FSH receptor gene promoter from the volcano mouse (Neotomodon alstoni alstoni). Endocrine 2010; 37:98-105. [PMID: 19862645 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insights on the genetic divergence and the species-specific characteristics of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), we cloned 946 bp of the 5'-flanking region of the FSHR gene from the volcano mouse (Neotomodon alstoni alstoni), and compared its features with those from other mammalian species. The sequence of neotomodon FSHR (nFSHR) gene from the translation initiation site to -946 is 74, 71, 64, and 59% homologous to rat, mouse (129/J), human, and sheep, respectively. The nFSHR 5'-flanking region exhibits new interesting putative cis-regulatory elements including those for the SRY transcription factor, which had not been previously related to the FSHR gene. The transcriptional regulation properties of nFSHR gene were studied in mouse Sertoli (MSC-1) and non-Sertoli (H441) cell lines, and compared with those obtained with similar 129/J constructs. All constructs tested were more active in H441 than in MSC-1 cells. The low transcription levels detected in MSC-1 cells probably reflect the recruitment of Sertoli cells-specific nuclear factors that repress transcription of the FSHR gene. In H441 cells, 129/J constructs were more active than their neotomodon counterparts, indicating important species-specific differences in their transcription pattern. Functional analysis of a series of progressive 5'-deletion mutants identified regions involved in positive and negative transcriptional regulation as well as the strongest minimal promoter spanning 260 bp upstream the translation initiation site. The identification of inhibitory nuclear transcription factors, which are apparently expressed in MSC-1 cells, may contribute to a better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of the FSHR gene.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 5' Flanking Region/genetics
- AT Rich Sequence
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arvicolinae/genetics
- Arvicolinae/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Genes, Reporter
- Genes, sry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, FSH/chemistry
- Receptors, FSH/genetics
- Receptors, FSH/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Sertoli Cells/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Allán Pérez-Solis
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No 4, Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Apartado Postal 99-065, Unidad Independencia, CP 10101 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We demonstrated that the Sry gene complex on the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) Y chromosome is a candidate locus for hypertension that accounts for the SHR Y chromosome blood pressure effect. All rat strains examined to date share six Sry loci, and a seventh Sry locus (Sry3) appears to be unique to SHR male rats. Previously, we showed that Sry1 increased activity of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter in transfected PC12 cells, and Sry1 delivered to adrenal gland of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats increased blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity. The objective of this study was to determine whether renin-angiotensin system genes participate in Sry-mediated effects. METHOD Sry expression vectors were co-transfected into CHO cells with luciferase reporter constructs containing promoters of angiotensinogen (Agt -1430/+22), renin (Ren -1050/-1), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (ACE -1677/+21) and ACE2 (ACE2 -1091/+83). RESULTS Sry1, Sry2 and Sry3 differentially upregulated activity of the promoters of angiotensinogen, renin and ACE genes and downregulated ACE2 promoter activity. The largest effect was seen with Sry3, which increased activity of angiotensinogen promoter by 1.7-fold, renin promoter by 1.3-fold, ACE promoter by 2.6-fold and decreased activity of ACE2 promoter by 0.5-fold. The effect of Sry1 on promoter activity was significantly less than that of Sry3. Sry2 activated promoters at a significantly lower level than Sry1 did. The result of either an additive effect of Sry regulation of multiple genes in the renin-angiotensin system or alterations in expression of a single gene could favor increased levels of Ang II and decreased levels of Ang-(1-7). CONCLUSION These actions of Sry could result in increased blood pressure in males and contribute to sex differences in blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Milsted
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Deng B, Quan Y, Pan X, Zhang B, Liao D, Jiang K, Ma Z, Zhou J, Liu J, Rong W. [Study on evaluating sex determining region of the Y as an engrafting track of BMSCs transplantation for repairing osteonecrosis of the femoral head of rabbit]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2009; 23:1118-1123. [PMID: 19817302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate sex determining region of the Y (Sry) as a engrafting track of the transplanted BMSCs survival and new bone formation in the osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) of rabbit. METHODS Forty-nine 4-5-month-old New Zealand White rabbits were included, weighing 2.0-2.5 kg, 48 females and 1 male. BMSCs of the rabbits were isolated by density gradient separation method, the third passage cells were marked by 1, 1'-dioctadecyl-3, 3, 3', 3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) and the concentration of cell suspension was 2.5 x 10(8)/mL. The animal model of ONFH were established with 48 female rabbits by injecting liquid nitrogen, and femoral head was not dislocated. The animal model were divided into 3 groups, 16 rabbits in each group. Group A only established animal model as control. Autologous BMSCs (4 microL) marked by DiI was transplanted in the ONFH models of the group B. Allogenic BMSCs (4 microL) marked by DiI was transplanted in ONFH models of the group C. The femoral head were observed by X-ray, HE staining and Masson staining, and the regenerating trabecular volume percentages was determined at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after operation respectively. The examples of the heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney were obtained. The transplanted BMSCs were traced by fluorescence microscope, the Sry gene expression was detected by PCR for cells survival. RESULTS All rabbits survived till the end of experiment. The X-ray showed gradual necrosis in the femoral head of group A. HE and Masson staining results indicated that compared with the group A, the recovery condition of the necrotic femoral head in the groups B and C was better. At each time of groups B and C, the regenerating trabecular volume percentages were higher than that of the group A significantly (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between groups B and C (P > 0.05). The cells marked by DiI were not founded in the tissues of the heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney in groups B and C at each time. PCR showed that the expression of Sry gene were not observed at the heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney of three groups at each time. The expression of Sry gene was clearly identified in the femoral head of all 16 rabbits in the group C at each time point. CONCLUSION Allografting of BMSCs transplanted into the femoral head can survive and induce new bone formation without redistribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Deng
- General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu Sichuan, 610083, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ravel C, Lakhal B, Elghezal H, Braham R, Saad A, Bashamboo A, Siffroi JP, McElreavey K, Christin-Maitre S. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: SRY. Disease: XY sex reversal. Hum Genet 2009; 126:333. [PMID: 19694000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Ravel
- EA1533 Faculté de médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The discovery of cell-free fetal DNA in the plasma and serum of pregnant women has opened a new window for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Robust detection and quantification have been achieved when the fetal DNA sequence of interest does not have a maternal counterpart (e.g., Y chromosomal DNA, RhD gene when the mother is RhD negative) by techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, detection of subtle fetal mutations is difficult due to the overwhelming maternal DNA background. A method combining PCR, base extension reaction, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allowing DNA detection with single base specificity and single DNA molecule sensitivity is described. DNA sequence is amplified by PCR first. Then, a third primer (extension primer) is designed to anneal to the region immediately upstream of the mutation site. Depending on the specific mutation and the ddNTP/dNTP mixtures used, either one or two bases are added to the extension primer to produce two extension products from the wild-type DNA and the mutant DNA. Last, the two extension products are detected by high-throughput MALDI-TOF MS. In addition, with an improved base extension method called single allele base extension reaction, fetal DNA can be robustly detected even when overwhelming maternal background DNA is present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Ding
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yan L, Han Y, Wang J, Liu J, He Y, Wang H, Fan D. Peripheral blood monocytes from the decompensated liver cirrhosis could migrate into nude mouse liver with human hepatocyte-markers expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:635-8. [PMID: 18435910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells provide a promising alternative for the treatment of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Our previous study showed that peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) from decompensated liver cirrhosis could differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro. We here aimed to investigate the differential potential of the PBMCs under liver environment. PBMCs were isolated from one cirrhotic patient, who was mobilized by the recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor for consecutive 3days, and then PBMCs were transplanted into nude mice by tail vein after labeled with PKH26-GL. The location of the transplanted PBMCs was identified by PKH26-GL staining and PRINS for human SRY gene. The expressions of human hepatocyte-markers were detected by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. Our results demonstrated that PBMCs from decompensated liver cirrhosis could migrate into the liver of nude mice with human hepatocyte-markers expression, indicating that autologous PBMCs transplantation might be one alternative therapy for the decompensated liver cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
In the present study, 73 cases with a clinical diagnosis of Turner syndrome, or with primary or secondary amenorrhoea without frank Turner phenotype, were evaluated for presence of low level Y chromosome mosaicism using molecular methods. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization for centromere and q arm of the Y chromosome and nested polymerase chain reaction for the sex determining region on Y (SRY) gene were performed in peripheral blood, buccal cells and gonadal biopsies. The overall frequency of Y chromosome mosaicism was found to be 18% (13/73 cases). Four cases (16%) of Turner syndrome had Y chromosome mosaicism, seven cases (28%) with primary amenorrhoea and two cases (9%) with secondary amenorrhoea had Y chromosome mosaicism. Histologically detectable gonadoblastoma was observed in one of seven cases (14%) that had Y chromosome mosaicism. This frequency is lower than that reported previously, underscoring the need for large prospective investigations to determine the frequency of Y chromosome mosaicism and occurrence of gonadoblastoma in cases of Turner syndrome and other forms of amenorrhoea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Modi
- Cell Biology Department, Research Society, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Parel, Mumbai, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xia XY, Cui YX, Lu HY, Yang B, Wang GH, Pan LJ, Hou BS, Ge YF, Shao Y, Yao B, Huang YF. [Clinical, molecular and cytogenetic studies on 4 patients with 46, XX (SRY positive) male syndrome]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2007; 13:1094-1097. [PMID: 18284058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical, molecular and cytogenetic features of 46, XX (SRY positive) male syndrome. METHODS The clinical features of 4 patients with 46, XX (SRY positive) male syndrome were analyzed retrospectively. Karyotyping, FISH, PCR amplification of the SRY gene, and Y-chromosome microdeletion were performed to study their molecular cytogenetic features. RESULTS The Four patients were all sociopsychologically males of short stature and came to hospital for infertility. Physical examination revealed that their testes were small in volume and soft in texture, but their penes were normal. Semen analyses showed complete azoospermia. Detection of serum sexual hormone suggested hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. All were karyotyped as 46, XX. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of the SRY gene and absence of AZFa, b and c of the Y chromosome. FISH analysis showed that SRY genes were translocated to Xp in 3 of the patients. CONCLUSION Phenotypically 46, XX (SRY positive) male patients are males generally, for the presence of the SRY gene in the whole genome and azoospermia due to the deletion of AZF. The clinical characteristics of the patient include testis dysgenesis, infertility and short stature. The long arm of the Y chromosome might contain the gene associated with body height. Extensive molecular and cytogenetic studies on 46, XX male syndrome may help to elucidate its genotype-phenotype relation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Xia
- Department of Reproduction & Genetics, PLA Research Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine Nanjing University Medical College, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cortés-Ortiz L, Duda TF, Canales-Espinosa D, García-Orduña F, Rodríguez-Luna E, Bermingham E. Hybridization in large-bodied New World primates. Genetics 2007; 176:2421-5. [PMID: 17603105 PMCID: PMC1950642 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.074278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-documented cases of natural hybridization among primates are not common. In New World primates, natural hybridization has been reported only for small-bodied species, but no genotypic data have ever been gathered that confirm these reports. Here we present genetic evidence of hybridization of two large-bodied species of neotropical primates that diverged approximately 3 MYA. We used species-diagnostic mitochondrial and microsatellite loci and the Y chromosome Sry gene to determine the hybrid status of 36 individuals collected from an area of sympatry in Tabasco, Mexico. Thirteen individuals were hybrids. We show that hybridization and subsequent backcrosses are directionally biased and that the only likely cross between parental species produces fertile hybrid females, but fails to produce viable or fertile males. This system can be used as a model to study gene interchange between primate species that have not achieved complete reproductive isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Cortés-Ortiz
- Museum of Zoology, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sheikh AY, Lin SA, Cao F, Cao Y, van der Bogt KE, Chu P, Chang CP, Contag CH, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Molecular imaging of bone marrow mononuclear cell homing and engraftment in ischemic myocardium. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2677-84. [PMID: 17628019 PMCID: PMC3657503 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) therapy shows promise as a treatment for ischemic heart disease. However, the ability to monitor long-term cell fate remains limited. We hypothesized that molecular imaging could be used to track stem cell homing and survival after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We first harvested donor BMMCs from adult male L2G85 transgenic mice constitutively expressing both firefly luciferase (Fluc) and enhanced green fluorescence protein reporter gene. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed approximately 0.07% of the population to consist of classic hematopoietic stem cells (lin-, thy-int, c-kit+, Sca-1+). Afterward, adult female FVB recipients (n = 38) were randomized to sham surgery or acute I/R injury. Animals in the sham (n = 16) and I/R (n = 22) groups received 5 x 10(6) of the L2G85-derived BMMCs via tail vein injection. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was used to track cell migration and survival in vivo for 4 weeks. BLI showed preferential homing of BMMCs to hearts with I/R injury compared with sham hearts within the first week following cell injection. Ex vivo analysis of explanted hearts by histology confirmed BLI imaging results, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (for the male Sry gene) further demonstrated a greater number of BMMCs in hearts with I/R injury compared with the sham group. Functional evaluation by echocardiography demonstrated a trend toward improved left ventricular fractional shortening in animals receiving BMMCs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that molecular imaging can be used to successfully track BMMC therapy in murine models of heart disease. Specifically, we have demonstrated that systemically delivered BMMCs preferentially home to and are retained by injured myocardium. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Y. Sheikh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shu-An Lin
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Feng Cao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Cao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Koen E.A. van der Bogt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Chu
- Department of Comparative Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Pin Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert C. Robbins
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Female long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) living in multimale and multifemale societies show a swelling and reddening of the sexual skin around the anogenital region when they approach ovulation. These swellings are limited to the base of the tail in many local populations. We recently observed another type of sexual swelling in long-tailed macaques inhabiting localities north of the Isthmus of Kra, Thailand. This swelling was located in the inguinal region in pubertal females. These swellings develop bilaterally into a globular structure, which so strongly resembles the male scrotum that it is difficult to reliably identify an individual's sex at a distance using only the standard phenotypic features of differential presence of clitoris or scrotum. The sex of the monkeys possessing the scrotum-like swelling was examined at the chromosomal and gonadal levels by determining the presence of two sex-related genes (the SRY and the AMEL), and sex-steroid hormone levels, respectively. For chromosomal sex, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays suggested the absence of the Y-linked SRY and AMEL loci but the presence of the X-linked AMEL locus in the scrotum-like monkeys, consistent with them being XX and not XY. Plasma testosterone levels of the monkeys possessing the inguinal sex skin swelling did not differ from those of ordinary females and was significantly lower than that of subadult and adult males. However, plasma estradiol levels were higher than those of both ordinary adult males and ordinary adult females. Together, the data strongly support the suggestion that these are XX females. Indeed, most of the tissue components of the scrotum-like swelling were in fact adipose cells. Upon our latest survey in Thailand, the scrotum-like swellings were observed only in long-tailed macaques inhabiting the Indochinese region, above the Isthmus of Kra. To understand whether the scrotum-like swelling is related to geographical distribution, further study is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wu HH, Lee TH, Chen CD, Yeh KT, Chen M. Delineation of an isodicentric Y chromosome in a mosaic 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(qter-p11.3::p11.3-qter) fetus by SRY sequencing, G-banding, FISH, SKY and study of distribution in different tissues. J Formos Med Assoc 2007; 106:403-10. [PMID: 17561477 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors such as genetic, developmental and hormonal are involved in mammalian sex determination. The relative importance and the mutual interactions among those factors are obscure. Study of cytogenetic mosaicism involving sex chromosomes may help to further unravel the mysterious process. We report a fetus with a mosaic karyotype, 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(qter-p11.3::p11.3-qter), with unambiguous male external genitalia and a defect in the interventricular septum of the heart. Genotype of this fetus was extensively studied by technologies including sequencing of SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene, G-banding, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and SKY (spectral karyotyping). A markedly higher percentage of Y-containing cells was observed in the gonads (55%) than in the amniotic fluid (17%) and placental villi (11%), which was considered to be the major reason why the fetus did not have ambiguous genitalia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Hsuan Wu
- Center for Health Promotion and Department of Family Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shyu MK, Yuan RH, Shih JC, Wu MZ, Chen HL, Kuo YC, Chien CL, Chow LP, Chen HL, Hsieh FJ. Kinetics and functional assay of liver repopulation after human cord blood transplantation. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39:455-65. [PMID: 17379589 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To evaluate donor cell engraftment and the kinetics of cell repopulation in the injured mouse liver following human umbilical cord blood cell transplantation. METHODS Nonobese diabetic/severe immunodeficient mice were treated with allyl alcohol to induce liver injury. Twenty-four hours later, umbilical cord blood derived mononuclear cells were transplanted by intra-splenic injection. Mice were sacrificed from 1 to 180 days after transplantation. Temporal changes in the ratio of human cells and fluorescence counts of human sex-determining region Y alleles in mouse liver were determined to evaluate the kinetics of cell repopulation. Mouse liver and sera were examined for the presence of human albumin. RESULTS Human cell repopulation was extremely rapid in the first week following transplantation, with a doubling time of 1.16-1.39 days apparent. Thereafter cell doubling rate slowed significantly. Cells displaying characteristics of human hepatocytes were still evident at 180 days. Human albumin was detected in mouse liver and sera. CONCLUSION These findings confirm those from previous studies demonstrating that cells derived from human umbilical cord blood have the capacity to differentiate into cells with human hepatocyte characteristics in mouse liver following injury. Moreover, the detailed information collected regarding the kinetics of human cell repopulation in mouse liver will be of relevance to future studies examining the use of umbilical cord blood cells in liver transplantation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-K Shyu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Turner ME, Martin C, Martins AS, Dunmire J, Farkas J, Ely DL, Milsted A. Genomic and expression analysis of multiple Sry loci from a single Rattus norvegicus Y chromosome. BMC Genet 2007; 8:11. [PMID: 17408480 PMCID: PMC1852568 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sry is a gene known to be essential for testis determination but is also transcribed in adult male tissues. The laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, has multiple Y chromosome copies of Sry while most mammals have only a single copy. DNA sequence comparisons with other rodents with multiple Sry copies are inconsistent in divergence patterns and functionality of the multiple copies. To address hypotheses of divergence, gene conversion and functional constraints, we sequenced Sry loci from a single R. norvegicus Y chromosome from the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat strain (SHR) and analyzed DNA sequences for homology among copies. Next, to determine whether all copies of Sry are expressed, we developed a modification of the fluorescent marked capillary electrophoresis method to generate three different sized amplification products to identify Sry copies. We applied this fragment analysis method to both genomic DNA and cDNA prepared from mRNA from testis and adrenal gland of adult male rats. Results Y chromosome fragments were amplified and sequenced using primers that included the entire Sry coding region and flanking sequences. The analysis of these sequences identified six Sry loci on the Y chromosome. These are paralogous copies consistent with a single phylogeny and the divergence between any two copies is less than 2%. All copies have a conserved reading frame and amino acid sequence consistent with function. Fragment analysis of genomic DNA showed close approximations of experimental with predicted values, validating the use of this method to identify proportions of each copy. Using the fragment analysis procedure with cDNA samples showed the Sry copies expressed were significantly different from the genomic distribution (testis p < 0.001, adrenal gland p < 0.001), and the testis and adrenal copy distribution in the transcripts were also significantly different from each other (p < 0.001). Total Sry transcript expression, analyzed by real-time PCR, showed significantly higher levels of Sry in testis than adrenal gland (p, 0.001). Conclusion The SHR Y chromosome contains at least 6 full length copies of the Sry gene. These copies have a conserved coding region and conserved amino acid sequence. The pattern of divergence is not consistent with gene conversion as the mechanism for this conservation. Expression studies show multiple copies expressed in the adult male testis and adrenal glands, with tissue specific differences in expression patterns. Both the DNA sequence analysis and RNA transcript expression analysis are consistent with more than one copy having function and selection preventing divergence although we have no functional evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monte E Turner
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908 USA
| | - Carey Martin
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908 USA
- Cuyahoga County Coroner's Office, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Almir S Martins
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, ICB, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Dunmire
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908 USA
| | - Joel Farkas
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908 USA
| | - Daniel L Ely
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908 USA
| | - Amy Milsted
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908 USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nowacka-Woszuk J, Nizanski W, Klimowicz M, Switonski M. Normal male chromosome complement and a lack of the SRY and SOX9 gene mutations in a male pseudohermaphrodite dog. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 98:371-6. [PMID: 16737788 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this report we present a case of the male-to-female sex reversal syndrome in a Dachshund bitch. The animal was subjected for examination due to the enlargement of clitoris and male-type behaviour. The cytogenetic analysis (Giemsa staining and FISH with sex chromosome specific probes) revealed a normal male chromosome complement (78,XY). The molecular analysis of the SRY and SOX9 genes with the use of SSCP technique did not reveal any polymorphism. Blood testosterone concentration was low (0.75 ng/ml), thus the androgen insensitivity syndrome could be excluded. We suggest that this case may represent a persistent Müllerian duct syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Agricultural University of Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Matsuda M, Shinomiya A, Kinoshita M, Suzuki A, Kobayashi T, Paul-Prasanth B, Lau EL, Hamaguchi S, Sakaizumi M, Nagahama Y. DMY gene induces male development in genetically female (XX) medaka fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3865-70. [PMID: 17360444 PMCID: PMC1820675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611707104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the sex-determining gene SRY/Sry has been identified in mammals, homologues and genes that have a similar function have yet to be identified in nonmammalian vertebrates. Recently, DMY (the DM-domain gene on the Y chromosome) was cloned from the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome of the teleost fish medaka (Oryzias latipes). DMY has been shown to be required for the normal development of male individuals. In this study, we show that a 117-kb genomic DNA fragment that carries DMY is able to induce testis differentiation and subsequent male development in XX (genetically female) medaka. In addition, overexpression of DMY cDNA under the control of the CMV promoter also caused XX sex reversal. These results demonstrate that DMY is sufficient for male development in medaka and suggest that the functional difference between the X and Y chromosomes in medaka is a single gene. Our data indicate that DMY is an additional sex-determining gene in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Matsuda
- *Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Solution-Oriented Research for Science and Technology (SORST), JST, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ai Shinomiya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; and
| | - Aya Suzuki
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Solution-Oriented Research for Science and Technology (SORST), JST, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tohru Kobayashi
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Bindhu Paul-Prasanth
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Solution-Oriented Research for Science and Technology (SORST), JST, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - En-lieng Lau
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Solution-Oriented Research for Science and Technology (SORST), JST, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sakaizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagahama
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Solution-Oriented Research for Science and Technology (SORST), JST, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|