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Pompermayer E, Ysebaert MP, Vinardell T, Oikawa MA, Johnson JP, Fernandes T, David F. One-stage surgical case management of a two-year-old Arabian horse affected by male-pseudo hermaphroditism. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:105007. [PMID: 38237706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A two-year-old Arabian horse presented for abnormal external genitalia and dangerous stallion-like behavior was diagnosed with disorder of sexual development (DSD), also known as intersex/hermaphroditism. Standing 1-stage surgical procedure performed under sedation, and local anesthesia to concurrently eliminate stallion-like behavior, risk of neoplastic transformation of intraabdominal gonads, and to replace ambiguous external genital with a functional, and cosmetically more acceptable anatomy. Step-1) Laparoscopic abdominal exploration and gonadectomy; Step-2) Rudimentary penis resection and perineal urethrostomy. The horse tolerated surgery well (combined surgery time 185 min) with no complications. At macroscopic examination of the gonads, they resembled hypoplastic testis-like tissues. Microscopic examination confirmed presence of seminiferous tubules, Leydig and Sertoli/granulosa cells. Cytogenetic evaluation revealed a 64,XX karyotype, SRY-negative. The stallion-like behavior subsided within days post-operatively. Long-term follow-up revealed the genitoplasty site healed without urine scalding or urethral stricture. The owner satisfaction was excellent and the horse could be used post-surgery as an athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pompermayer
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center - Member of Qatar Foundation, Al Shaqab Street, Al Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | - M P Ysebaert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1601, USA
| | - T Vinardell
- Equine Care Group, Paalstraat 8, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - M-A Oikawa
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center - Member of Qatar Foundation, Al Shaqab Street, Al Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | - J P Johnson
- Equine & Camel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - T Fernandes
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center - Member of Qatar Foundation, Al Shaqab Street, Al Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | - F David
- EquiTom - Namur, member of the Equine Care Group, 15 Chaussée de Nivelles, 5032 Mazy, Belgium.
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Schneider XJ, Fraser NS, Hill J. Theriogenology Question of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1401-1405. [PMID: 31149879 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.12.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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da Silva MJ, de Araújo Vieira AP, Galvão Cipriano FM, Dos Santos Cândido MR, de Oliveira EHC, Gimenez Pinheiro T, da Silva EL. The Karyotype of Salvator merianae (Squamata, Teiidae): Analyses by Classical and Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques. Cytogenet Genome Res 2020; 160:94-99. [PMID: 32062647 DOI: 10.1159/000506140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the karyotype of Salvator merianae (Teiidae) from the Brazilian semiarid region using different cytogenetic markers. Chromosomes were examined by classical (Giemsa and AgNOR staining) and molecular (FISH with ribosomal, telomeric, and microsatellite probes) cytogenetic approaches. S. merianae showed a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 38 (10 biarmed macrochromosomes + 28 microchromosomes). No sex-linked chromosome heteromorphisms were observed. Clusters of 18S/28S rDNA were localized in the terminal region of the long arm of pair 2. In addition to the typical telomeric signals, (TTAGGG)n repeats were detected in the pericentromeric region of some macrochromosome pairs, which might indicate the occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements via chromosome fusions. Hybridization signals of the microsatellite probes (GA)n, (GAA)n, and (GAG)n were uniformly distributed across all chromosomes, while (CA)n, (CAA)n, and (CAC)n produced brighter signals in the telomeric and pericentromeric regions of specific chromosome pairs. The comparison with previous studies demonstrates that, despite the wide distribution of S. merianae, the macrostructure organization of the karyotype remained unchanged, showing stability in diploid number and chromosome morphology.
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Suárez P, Pinto Barroso ICG, Silva DDS, Milhomem SSR, Cabral-de-Mello DC, Martins C, Pieczarka JC, Nagamachi CY. Highest Diploid Number Among Gymnotiformes: First Cytogenetic Insights into Rhabdolichops (Sternopygidae). Zebrafish 2017; 14:272-279. [PMID: 28394248 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first comparative cytogenetic analysis of two species from electrogenic fish of genus Rhabdolichops (Sternopygidae, Gymnotiformes): Rhabdolichops troscheli and Rhabdolichops cf eastwardi. R. troscheli has 2n = 54 (fundamental number [FN] = 66), whereas R. cf. eastwardi has 2n = 74 (FN = 78). C-banding revealed centromeric constitutive heterochromatin in both species. Ag-NORs mapped on pair 6 in R. troscheli and pair 30 in R. cf eastwardi. Fluorescense in situ hybridization with 18S rDNA probes confirmed the Ag-NOR staining results and revealed additional (presumably silent) ribosomal genes on pairs 12, 13, 21, 23, 26, and 27 in R. cf eastwardi. 5S rDNA was found on the centromeres of pair 7 in both species. Telomeric probes showed only distal locations. Dispersed signal patterns were obtained using probes for retrotransposons Rex1 and Rex3. Histone H1 and H3 genes were found together on pair 6 in R. cf eastwardi. The high diploid number found in Rhabdolichops suggests that chromosome fission may have contributed to its chromosomal evolution, phylogenetic relationship of the Sternopygidae suggests that this increase in diploid number could be a synapomorphic characteristic of genus Rhabdolichops. Although both species are phylogenetically close related, their karyotype structure has undergone divergent evolutionary directions. All in all, our results strongly suggest that R. cf eastwardi experencied recent intense genome reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Suárez
- 1 Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, Brazil
- 2 Instituto de Biología Subtropical , CONICET-UNaM, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
| | - Inaê Cristina Guerreiro Pinto Barroso
- 1 Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Susana S R Milhomem
- 4 Instituto Federal de Educação , Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, Valparaiso de Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar Martins
- 6 Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho , Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Pieczarka
- 1 Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- 1 Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, Brazil
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Sember A, Bohlen J, Šlechtová V, Altmanová M, Symonová R, Ráb P. Karyotype differentiation in 19 species of river loach fishes (Nemacheilidae, Teleostei): extensive variability associated with rDNA and heterochromatin distribution and its phylogenetic and ecological interpretation. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:251. [PMID: 26573692 PMCID: PMC4647339 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loaches of the family Nemacheilidae are one of the most speciose elements of Palearctic freshwater ichthyofauna and have undergone rapid ecological adaptations and colonizations. Their cytotaxonomy is largely unexplored; with the impact of cytogenetical changes on this evolutionary diversification still unknown. An extensive cytogenetical survey was performed in 19 nemacheilid species using both conventional (Giemsa staining, C- banding, Ag- and Chromomycin A3/DAPI stainings) and molecular (fluorescence in situ hybridization with 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA, and telomeric (TTAGGG)n probes) methods. A phylogenetic tree of the analysed specimens was constructed based on one mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and two nuclear (RAG1, IRBP) genes. RESULTS Seventeen species showed karyotypes composed of 2n = 50 chromosomes but differentiated by fundamental chromosome number (NF = 68-90). Nemachilichthys ruppelli (2n = 38) and Schistura notostigma (2n = 44-48) displayed reduced 2n with an elevated number of large metacentric chromosomes. Only Schistura fasciolata showed morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes with a multiple system of the XY1Y2 type. Chromomycin A3 (CMA3)- fluorescence revealed interspecific heterogeneity in the distribution of GC-rich heterochromatin including its otherwise very rare association with 5S rDNA sites. The 45S rDNA sites were mostly located on a single chromosome pair contrasting markedly with a pattern of two (Barbatula barbatula, Nemacheilus binotatus, N. ruppelli) to 20 sites (Physoschistura sp.) of 5S rDNA. The cytogenetic changes did not follow the phylogenetic relationships between the samples. A high number of 5S rDNA sites was present in species with small effective population sizes. CONCLUSION Despite a prevailing conservatism of 2n, Nemacheilidae exhibited a remarkable cytogenetic variability on microstructural level. We suggest an important role for pericentric inversions, tandem and centric fusions in nemacheilid karyotype differentiation. Short repetitive sequences, genetic drift, founder effect, as well as the involvement of transposable elements in the dispersion of ribosomal DNA sites, might also have played a role in evolutionary processes such as reproductive isolation. These remarkable dynamics of their genomes qualify river loaches as a model for the study of the cytogenetic background of major evolutionary processes such as radiation, endemism and colonization of a wide range of habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jörg Bohlen
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Vendula Šlechtová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Symonová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestraße 9, A-5310, Mondsee, Austria.
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
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Wei J, Qi W, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Dong R, Zhou L, Wang D. Establishment and characterization of an ovarian cell line from Southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis). Fish Physiol Biochem 2014; 40:1383-1391. [PMID: 24671650 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An ovarian cell line was successfully developed from the juvenile ovary of Southern catfish (SCO1) (Silurus meridionalis), which was designated as SCO1. The cell line multiplied preferentially in L-15 medium with 15 % fetal bovine serum at 28 °C for more than 70 passages over a period of 420 days. SCO1 showed fibroblast-like morphology and predominantly retained a diploid karyotype of 58 chromosomes. From the gene expression patterns, SCO1 showed a characteristic of ovarian granulosa cells. After the cells were transfected with the green fluorescent protein expression vector, bright fluorescent signals could be observed in approximately 30 % cells. This cell line may be valuable for the evaluation of endocrine disruptors and studying interactions between somatic cells and germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
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Stefanova VN, Zenina MN. [Classifier of domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) automatic chromosome identification]. Tsitologiia 2014; 56:779-784. [PMID: 25711088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Automated chromosome classification is an essential task in cytogenetics of animals and plants. Until now the automatic karyotyping systems were obtained only for human chromosomes. The main aim of this study was to develop the automatic pig chromosome classifier using image processing software "VideoTest-Karyo 3.1". To solve this problem 1578 chromosomes from 47 metaphases were used. The constructed classifier was checked with the use of additional sample of metaphases classified in fully automatic regime: error rate was 8.2%, this corresponds to 3.12 ± 0.26 errors per metaphase plate (these values are within acceptable limits for such kind of studies). In further studies the extra sample of pig acrocentric chromosomes was added to classifier up to 1807 chromosomes. This addition reduced the error rate up to 6.1%, which correspondes to 2.78 ± 0.18 errors per metaphase plate. It should be underlined that the revealed errors can immediately be corrected by an operator on every stage of analysis. The classifier was also verified using the chromosomes of boar with rcp(1p-; 11p+) in fully automatic regime and routine stained metaphases of Siberian minipigs with rob(16;17) in semi automatic regime. In both cases the chromosomes were identified correctly. The area of application of obtained pig automatic chromosome classifier is discussed.
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Reimann-Berg N, Bullerdiek J, Murua Escobar H, Nolte I. Chromosome analyses in dogs. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2012; 40:191-196. [PMID: 22688796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetics is the study of normal and abnormal chromosomes. Every species is characterized by a given number of chromosomes that can be recognized by their specific shape. The chromosomes are arranged according to standard classification schemes for the respective species. While pre- and postnatal chromosome analyses investigate the constitutional karyotype, tumor cytogenetics is focused on the detection of clonal acquired, tumor-associated chromosome aberrations. Cytogenetic investigations in dogs are of great value especially for breeders dealing with fertility problems within their pedigrees, for veterinarians and last but not least for the dog owners. Dogs and humans share a variety of genetic diseases, including cancer. Thus, the dog has become an increasingly important model for genetic diseases. However, cytogenetic analyses of canine cells are complicated by the complex karyotype of the dog. Only just 15 years ago, a standard classification scheme for the complete canine karyotype was established. For chromosome analyses of canine cells the same steps of chromosome preparation are used as in human cytogenetics. There are few reports about cytogenetic changes in non-neoplastic cells, involving predominantly the sex chromosomes. Cytogenetic analyses of different entities of canine tumors revealed that, comparable to human tumors, tumors of the dog are often characterized by clonal chromosome aberrations, which might be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The integration of modern techniques (molecular genetic approaches, adaptive computer programs) will facilitate and complete conventional cytogenetic studies. However, conventional cytogenetics is still non-replaceable.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Reimann-Berg
- Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Kleintiere, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Wang N, Wang XL, Sha ZX, Tian YS, Chen SL. Establishment, characterization and virus susceptibility of a kidney-derived cell line from southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan & Gilbert. J Fish Dis 2011; 34:81-85. [PMID: 21210550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, China
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Hua S, Zhang Y, Song K, Song J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhang C, Cao J, Ma L. Development of bovine–ovine interspecies cloned embryos and mitochondria segregation in blastomeres during preimplantation. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 105:245-57. [PMID: 17399920 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) embryonic potential and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) segregation during preimplantation development. We generated bovine-ovine reconstructed embryos via iSCNT using bovine oocytes as recipient cytoplasm and ovine fetal fibroblast as donor cells. Chromosome composition, the total cell number of blastocyst and embryonic morphology were analyzed. In addition, mtDNA copy numbers both from donor cell and recipient cytoplasm were assessed by real-time PCR in individual blastocysts and blastomeres from 1- to 16-cell stage embryos. The results indicated the following: (1) cell nuclei of ovine fetal fibroblasts can dedifferentiate in enucleated bovine ooplasm, and the reconstructed embryos can develop to blastocysts. (2) 66% of iSCNT embryos had the same number of chromosome as that of donor cell, and the total cell number of iSCNT blastocysts was comparable to that of sheep parthenogenetic blastocysts. (3) RT-PCR analysis in individual blastomeres revealed that the ratio of donor cell mtDNA: recipient cytoplasm mtDNA remained constant (1%) from the one- to eight-cell stage. However, the ratio decreased from 0.6% at the 16-cell stage to 0.1% at the blastocyst stage. (4) Both donor cell- and recipient cytoplasm-derived mitochondria distributed unequally in blastomeres with progression of cell mitotic division. Considerable unequal mitochondrial segregation occurred between blastomeres from the same iSCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hua
- Institute of Bioengineering, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
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Zhang L, Bao Z, Wang S, Hu X, Hu J. FISH mapping and identification of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) chromosomes. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2008; 10:151-7. [PMID: 17955291 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-007-9045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome identification is the first step in genomic research of a species, but it remains a challenge in scallops. In the present study, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping of 19 fosmid clones was attempted and used for chromosome identification in Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston, 1904). Data showed that 10 clones were successfully mapped, including 7 without and 3 with C ( 0 ) t-1 DNA. Among them, 2 represented multiple signals and made no contribution to chromosome identification. Karyotypic analysis and cohybridization indicated that the remaining 8 clones realized the identification of 8 chromosomes. All 10 clones were sequenced at both ends, which could be developed as sequence-tagged sites and used for the unification of the cytological and genetic linkage maps. This study shows that fosmid clones can benefit chromosome identification and will undoubtedly be useful for cytogenetic research in Zhikong scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Division of Life Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
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Mao X, Nie W, Wang J, Su W, Ao L, Feng Q, Wang Y, Volleth M, Yang F. Karyotype evolution in Rhinolophus bats (Rhinolophidae, Chiroptera) illuminated by cross-species chromosome painting and G-banding comparison. Chromosome Res 2007; 15:835-48. [PMID: 17899409 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-007-1167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhinolophus (Rhinolophidae) is the second most speciose genus in Chiroptera and has extensively diversified diploid chromosome numbers (from 2n = 28 to 62). In spite of many attempts to explore the karyotypic evolution of this genus, most studies have been based on conventional Giemsa staining rather than G-banding. Here we have made a whole set of chromosome-specific painting probes from flow-sorted chromosomes of Aselliscus stoliczkanus (Hipposideridae). These probes have been utilized to establish the first genome-wide homology maps among six Rhinolophus species with four different diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 36, 44, 58, and 62) and three species from other families: Rousettus leschenaulti (2n = 36, Pteropodidae), Hipposideros larvatus (2n = 32, Hipposideridae), and Myotis altarium (2n = 44, Vespertilionidae) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. To facilitate integration with published maps, human paints were also hybridized to A. stoliczkanus chromosomes. Our painting results substantiate the wide occurrence of whole-chromosome arm conservation in Rhinolophus bats and suggest that Robertsonian translocations of different combinations account for their karyotype differences. Parsimony analysis using chromosomal characters has provided some new insights into the Rhinolophus ancestral karyotype and phylogenetic relationships among these Rhinolophus species so far studied. In addition to Robertsonian translocations, our results suggest that whole-arm (reciprocal) translocations involving multiple non-homologous chromosomes as well could have been involved in the karyotypic evolution within Rhinolophus, in particular those bats with low and medium diploid numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuguang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
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Ducos A, Berland HM, Bonnet N, Calgaro A, Billoux S, Mary N, Garnier-Bonnet A, Darré R, Pinton A. Chromosomal control of pig populations in France: 2002-2006 survey. Genet Sel Evol 2007; 39:583-97. [PMID: 17897598 PMCID: PMC2682807 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-39-5-583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal control of pig populations has been widely developed in France over the last ten years. By December 31st, 2006, 13 765 individuals had been karyotyped in our laboratory, 62% of these since 2002. Ninety percent were young purebred boars controlled before service in artificial insemination centres, and 3% were hypoprolific boars. So far, 102 constitutional structural chromosomal rearrangements (67 since 2002) have been described. Fifty-six were reciprocal translocations and 8 peri- or paracentric inversions. For the first time since the beginning of the programme and after more than 11 000 pigs had been karyotyped, one Robertsonian translocation was identified in 2005 and two others in 2006. The estimated prevalence of balanced structural chromosomal rearrangements in a sample of more than 7700 young boars controlled before service was 0.47%. Twenty-one of the 67 rearrangements described since 2002 were identified in hypoprolific boars. All were reciprocal translocations. Twelve mosaics (XX/XY in 11 individuals, XY/XXY in one individual) were also diagnosed. Two corresponded to hypoprolific boars, and three to intersexed animals. The results presented in this communication would justify an intensification of the chromosomal control of French and, on a broader scale, European and North-American pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ducos
- UMR INRA-ENVT 444 Génétique cellulaire, Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles - BP 87614, 31076 Toulouse cedex 3, France.
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Abstract
Five hundred young horses of the following breeds: Thoroughbred, Silesian, Malopolska, Wielkopolska, Polish Konik, Hutsul, Shetland Pony, Half-bred Anglo-Arabian, Noble Half-bred, Fjord and crosses were cytogenetically investigated. Chromosome preparations obtained after lymphocyte culture were analysed using conventional Giemsa staining and CBG-banding methods. In the case of abnormalities GTG-banding as well as FISH technique were applied. In ten mares different karyotypic abnormalities were diagnosed. One mare showed chromosome chimerism (64,XX/64,XY), eight had sex chromosomal aneuploidy (one in pure line 63,X and seven in mosaic form 63,X/64,XX) and one presented autosomal aneuploidy with mosaicism (64,XX/65,XX,+31). The influence of sex chromosome abnormalities on fertility and the possible utilisation of karyotypic control in any selection programme are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bugno
- Department of Immuno- and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Krakow, Poland.
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Leonor Teles-Grilo M, Duarte SM, Tato-Costa J, Gaspar-Maia A, Oliveira C, Rocha AA, Marques A, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Azevedo C. Molecular karyotype analysis of Perkinsus atlanticus (Phylum Perkinsozoa) by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Eur J Protistol 2007; 43:315-8. [PMID: 17822886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Perkinsus atlanticus is a pathogenic protist that infects the clam Ruditapes decussatus. Although it was recently proposed that the genus Perkinsus belongs to a new phylum, Perkinsozoa, in the infra-kingdom Alveolata, there remain different opinions about whether this genus should form a phylum on its own and consequently divergent views about its taxonomic characterization. In this work, we have identified nine chromosomes by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) combined with densitometry analysis. The obtained karyotype of Perkinsus atlanticus, like that of other early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage, displays a more conventional chromosome organization, different from that of most dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leonor Teles-Grilo
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Lg Abel Salazar no 2, P-4099-003, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Bugno M, Słota E. Application of arm-specific painting probes of horse X chromosome for karyotype analysis in an infertile Hutsul mare with 64,XX/65,XX+Xp karyotype: case report. Acta Vet Hung 2007; 55:309-14. [PMID: 17867458 DOI: 10.1556/avet.55.2007.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old infertile Hutsul mare was subjected to cytogenetic analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) using the equine Xp and Xq chromosome painting probes was carried out on chromosome preparations obtained after blood lymphocyte culture. These probes were generated by chromosome microdissection and a large number of spreads was analysed (525). The karyotype formula of the analysed mare was 64,XX/65,XX+Xp with the ratio of the two lines being 99.4 and 0.6, respectively. The goal of the study was to apply chromosome microdissection and the FISH technique for cytogenetic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bugno
- Department of Immuno- and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Krakowska 1, Poland.
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17
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Nieves M, Mendez G, Ortiz A, Mühlmann M, Mudry MD. Karyological diagnosis of Cebus (Primates, Platyrrhini) in captivity: detection of hybrids and management program applications. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 108:66-78. [PMID: 17719190 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic data are very important for conservation programs in wild population as well as in captive conditions. Primates in zoos or breeding centers are often maintained in groups without geographic origin or genetic heritage information. These lead to the incorrect assignment of species and introduce an artificial reproductive barrier, which in turn constitutes inadequate management of the colonies. A karyological analysis of specimens from a Primate Reproduction Center, considered as Cebus apella (Platyrrhini), was performed. Cell cultures were conducted from peripheral blood samples following standard cytogenetic methods. A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure was applied in mitotic metaphases using two probes: A specific probe of the extracentromeric heterochromatin (He+) of Cebus, and a human chromosome 21 probe. The latter was chosen due to the known homeology with the euchromatic region limiting with 11qHe+ of Cebus. The species status was determined for at least half of the animals and identified a hybrid specimen using this combined FISH protocol. This procedure is an accurate diagnostic methodology for taxonomic determinations and, therefore can be used for management of reproduction in colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nieves
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), Dpto. Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEyN-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428 EHA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Bugno M, Słota E, Pieńkowska-Schelling A, Schelling C. Detection of equine X chromosome mosaicism in a mare using an equine X whole chromosome painting probe (WCPP)--a case report. Acta Vet Hung 2007; 55:207-12. [PMID: 17555285 DOI: 10.1556/avet.55.2007.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An infertile mare with hypoplastic ovaries was subjected to cytogenetic analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) using the equine X whole chromosome painting probe (WCPP) was carried out on a chromosome preparation obtained from blood lymphocyte culture. The number of analysed spreads was high (235) and in the X chromosome aneuploidy in mosaic form was diagnosed. The karyotype formula was 63,X / 64,XX / 65,XXX. The ratio of the three lines was 15%, 82% and 3%, respectively. The application of the FISH technique with WCPP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bugno
- Department of Immuno- and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice/Kraków, Poland.
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19
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Volleth M, Müller S. Zoo-FISH in the European mole (Talpa europaea) detects all ancestral Boreo-Eutherian human homologous chromosome associations. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 115:154-7. [PMID: 17065797 DOI: 10.1159/000095236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoo-FISH with human whole-chromosome paint probes delineated syntenic association of human homologous chromosome segments 3-21, 14-15, 16-19, 4-8, 7-16 and 12-22 (twice) in the European mole (Talpa europaea, Talpidae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia). These segment associations represent shared ancestral Boreo-Eutherian traits, half of which were previously not described for Eulipotyphla. The karyotype of the European mole acquired a minimum of 19 translocations and six inversions compared to the presumed Boreo-Eutherian ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volleth
- Department of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg
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20
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Ao L, Gu X, Feng Q, Wang J, O'Brien PCM, Fu B, Mao X, Su W, Wang Y, Volleth M, Yang F, Nie W. Karyotype relationships of six bat species (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from China revealed by chromosome painting and G-banding comparison. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 115:145-53. [PMID: 17065796 DOI: 10.1159/000095235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vespertilionidae is the largest family in the order Chiroptera and has a worldwide distribution in the temperate and tropical regions. In order to further clarify the karyotype relationships at the lower taxonomic level in Vespertilionidae, genome-wide comparative maps have been constructed between Myotis myotis (MMY, 2n = 44) and six vesper bats from China: Myotis altarium (MAL, 2n = 44), Hypsugo pulveratus (HPU, 2n = 44), Nyctalus velutinus (NVE, 2n = 36), Tylonycteris robustula (TRO, 2n = 32), Tylonycteris sp. (TSP, 2n = 30)and Miniopterus fuliginosus (MFU, 2n = 46) by cross-species chromosome painting with a set of painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of Myotis myotis. Each Myotis myotis autosomal probe detected a single homologous chromosomal segment in the genomes of these six vesper bats except for MMY chromosome 3/4 paint which hybridized onto two chromosomes in the genome of M. fuliginosus. Our results show that Robertsonian translocation is the main mode of karyotype evolution in Vespertilionidae and that the addition of heterochromatic material also plays an important role in the karyotypic evolution of the genera Tylonycteris and Nyctalus. Two conserved syntenic associations (MMY9 + 23 and 18 + 19) could be the synapomorphic features for the genus Tylonycteris. The integration of our maps with the published maps has enabled us to deduce chromosomal homologies between human and these six vesper bats and provided new insight into the karyotype evolution of the family Vespertilionidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
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Ventura K, Silva MJJ, Fagundes V, Christoff AU, Yonenaga-Yassuda Y. Non-telomeric sites as evidence of chromosomal rearrangement and repetitive (TTAGGG)n arrays in heterochromatic and euchromatic regions in four species of Akodon (Rodentia, Muridae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 115:169-75. [PMID: 17065799 DOI: 10.1159/000095238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies among four species--Akodonazarae (2n = 38), A. lindberghi (2n = 42), A. paranaensis (2n = 44) and A. serrensis (2n = 46)--employing classic cytogenetics (C- and G-bands) and fluorescence in situ hybridization with telomeric (TTAGGG)n sequencesare reported here. Non-telomeric signals in addition to the regular telomeric sites were detected in three species:A. azarae, A. lindberghi and A. serrensis. One interstitial telomeric site (ITS) was observed proximally at the long arm of chromosome 1 of A. azarae. The comparison of G-banding patterns among the species indicated that the ITS was due to a tandem fusion/fission rearrangement. Non-telomeric signals of A. lindberghi and A. serrensis were not related to chromosomal rearrangements; instead, the sequences co-localized with (i) heterochromatic regions of all chromosomes in A. serrensis; (ii) some heterochromatic regions in A. lindberghi, and (iii) both euchromatic and heterochromatic regions in the metacentric pair of A. lindberghi. These exceptional findings revealed that ITS in Akodon can be related to chromosomal rearrangements and repetitive sequences in the constitutive heterochromatin and that the richness of TTAGGG-like sequences in the euchromatin could be hypothesized to be a result of amplification of the referred sequence along the chromosome arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ventura
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo Laboratório de Genética, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Hamta A, Adamovic T, Samuelson E, Helou K, Behboudi A, Levan G. Chromosome ideograms of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) based on high-resolution banding, and anchoring of the cytogenetic map to the DNA sequence by FISH in sample chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 115:158-68. [PMID: 17065798 DOI: 10.1159/000095237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed banded ideogram representation of the rat chromosomes was constructed based on actual G-banded prometaphase chromosomes. The approach yielded 535 individual bands, a significant increase compared to previously presented ideograms. The new ideogram was adapted to the existing band nomenclature. The gene locus positions in the rat draft DNA sequence were compared to the chromosomal positions as determined by dual-color FISH, using rat (RNO) chromosomes 6 and 15 and a segment of RNO4 as sample regions. It was found that there was generally an excellent correlation in the chromosome regions tested between the relative gene position in the DNA molecules and the sub-chromosomal localization by FISH and subsequent information transfer on ideograms from measurements of chromosomal images. However, in the metacentric chromosome (RNO15), the correlation was much better in the short arm than in the long arm, suggesting that the centromeric region may distort the linear relationship between the chromosomal image and the corresponding DNA molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamta
- CMB-Genetics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Di Berardino D, Nicodemo D, Coppola G, King AW, Ramunno L, Cosenza GF, Iannuzzi L, Di Meo GP, Balmus G, Rubes J. Cytogenetic characterization of alpaca ( Lama pacos, fam. Camelidae) prometaphase chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 115:138-44. [PMID: 17065795 DOI: 10.1159/000095234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study provides specific cytogenetic information on prometaphase chromosomes of the alpaca (Lama pacos, fam. Camelidae, 2n = 74) that forms a basis for future work on karyotype standardization and gene mapping of the species, as well as for comparative studies and future genetic improvement programs within the family Camelidae. Based on the centromeric index (CI) measurements, alpaca chromosomes have been classified into four groups: group A, subtelocentrics, from pair 1 to 10; group B, telocentrics, from pair 11 to 20; group C, submetacentrics, from pair 21 to 29; group D, metacentrics, from pair 30 to 36 plus sex chromosomes. For each chromosome pair, the following data are provided: relative chromosome length, centromeric index, conventional Giemsa staining, sequential QFQ/C-banding, GTG- and RBG-banding patterns with corresponding ideograms, RBA-banding and sequential RBA/silver staining for NOR localization. The overall number of RBG-bands revealed was 391. Nucleolus organizer-bearing chromosomes were identified as pairs 6, 28, 31, 32, 33 and 34. Comparative ZOO-FISH analysis with camel (Camelus dromedarius) X and Y painting probes was also carried out to validate X-Y chromosome identification of alpaca and to confirm close homologies between the sex chromosomes of these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Di Berardino
- Department of Animal Science and Food Inspection, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
CASE HISTORY An 8-month-old Labrador Retriever was referred with a history of ambiguous external genitalia. CLINICAL FINDINGS AND TREATMENT Clitoromegaly within apparent vulval folds, and an adjacent subcutaneous mass were noticed on external examination. An intra-abdominal testicle, with epididymis and suspected vas deferens ducts, was found during exploratory celiotomy. Incision over the subcutaneous mass revealed the accompanying testicle. Clitoridectomy was performed and an os clitoris removed. Normal juvenile testes were diagnosed on histology of the gonads. Chromosomal studies revealed a normal 78, XY male chromosomal constitution. Due to the combination of a male karyotype (78, XY), the presence of testicular tissue in the gonads, and the appearance of the external genitalia, a diagnosis of male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH) was made. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This case presents the first report of MPH in a Labrador Retriever, and highlights the diagnostic steps recommended when confronted with a dog with ambiguous external genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G J Wernham
- Veterinary Specialist Group, 97 Carrington Rd, UNITEC, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Bleul U, Theiss F, Rütten M, Kähn W. Clinical, cytogenetic and hormonal findings in a stallion with hypospadias--a case report. Vet J 2006; 173:679-82. [PMID: 16820309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes a three-year-old Friesian stallion with hypospadias. Physical examination revealed a ventrocaudal deviation of the shaft of the penis and an incomplete glans penis. The urethral opening was 4 cm in length, slit-like and had a mucous membrane covering. A short fold ran from the ventral aspect of the anus and ended with a non-pigmented hairless area of skin. A human choriongonadotropin (hCG)-stimulation test resulted in an increase in the plasma levels of estrogen sulfate and testosterone, indistinguishable from that of a normal stallion. The karyogram had a normal number of chromosomes at 2n=64. The stallion was castrated, and histological evaluation of the testicular tissue was unremarkable. In contrast to other animal species and human beings, hypospadias is a rare congenital abnormality in stallions, the cause of which could not be elucidated in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bleul
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Schulze U, Kuiper H, Doeleke R, Ulrich R, Gerdwilker A, Distl O. [Familial occurrence of diprosopus in German Holstein calves]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2006; 119:251-7. [PMID: 16729473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diprosopus was diagnosed in six German Holstein calves born on different dairy farms. The degree of facial duplication varied from a partial doubling of the nostrils and upper jaw to complete duplication of the face with formation of two mouths, four eyes and four ears. Further calves descending from the same parents or dams and calves from the same farms were not affected. A joint pedigree was ascertained for the calves with diprosopus. Furthermore, a previously reported case of diprosopus could be traced back to the same ancestors of this pedigree. Consequently, we detected the first time a familial accumulation of diprosopus. Since the ancestors showed no signs of diprosopus and the frequency of diprosopus in German Holsteins is presumably low, an oligogenic inheritance is likely. Recessive genes or a combination of recessive and dominant genes may cause this anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Schulze
- Institut für Tierzucht und Vererbungsforschung, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
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Abegg MA, Cella FL, Faganello J, Valente P, Schrank A, Vainstein MH. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Isolated from the Excreta of Psittaciformes in a Southern Brazilian Zoological Garden. Mycopathologia 2006; 161:83-91. [PMID: 16463091 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-005-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans, a major pathogen in immunocompromised patients, is a ubiquitous free-living fungus that can be isolated from soils, avian excreta and plant material. To further study potential saprophytic sources of this yeast in the Southern Brazilian State Rio Grande do Sul, we analyzed fecal samples from 59 species of captive birds kept in cages at a local Zoological Garden, belonging to 12 different orders. Thirty-eight environmental isolates of C. neoformans were obtained only from Psittaciformes (Psittacidae, Cacatuidae and Psittacula). Their variety and serotype were determined, and the genetic structure of the isolates was analyzed by use of the simple repetitive microsatellite specific primer M13 and the minisatellite specific primer (GACA)(4) as single primers in the PCR. The varieties were confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Thirty-three isolates (87%) were from the var. grubii, serotype A, molecular type VNI and five (13%) were Cryptococcus gattii, serotype B, molecular type VGI. All the isolates were mating type alpha. Isolates were screened for some potential virulence factors. Quantitative urease production by the environmental isolates belonging to the C. gattii was similar to the values usually obtained for clinical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwel Adriano Abegg
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, P. O. Box 15005, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Specimens of Hoplias malabaricus from Lagoa Carioca, an isolated lake of the Rio Doce State Park (state of Minas Gerais, Brazil), were cytogenetically studied. The diploid number was found to be constant, i.e., 2n = 42 chromosomes, although two karyotypic forms were found: karyotype A, characterized by 22M + 20SM chromosomes, observed only in a male specimen, and karyotype B, characterized by 24M + 16SM + 2ST and 24M + 17SM + 1ST chromosomes in female and male specimens, respectively. This sex difference found in karyotype B is related to an XX/XY sex chromosome system. Another female specimen of H. malabaricus, also carrying karyotype A, had previously been found in the same lake. The available data indicate that two sympatric cytotypes of H. malabaricus exist in the Lagoa Carioca, with cytotype A occurring at a lower frequency and differing from cytotype B by undifferentiated sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Born
- Departamento de Ciências Morfobiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, CEP 96200-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Hall VJ, Ruddock NT, Cooney MA, Korfiatis NA, Tecirlioglu RT, Downie S, Williamson M, French AJ. Production of a cloned calf using zona-free serial nuclear transfer. Theriogenology 2006; 65:424-40. [PMID: 15979134 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of generating cloned animals following somatic cell nuclear transfer appears to have reached a plateau, despite ongoing research to improve developmental outcomes. A major limitation appears in the restricted nature of the adult/donor cell to de-differentiate to form a totipotent nucleus. Serial nuclear transfer, a modified cloning technique, has increased the developmental competence of amphibian, murine and porcine cloned embryos. This procedure involves a second nuclear transfer step; pronuclear-like cloned nuclei are transferred into pronuclear stage zygotic cytoplasts. The present study reports on the development of a serial nuclear transfer technique in the bovine, based on a zona-free method (hand-made cloning), resulting in the birth of a cloned calf. Comparisons were made between embryos produced by hand-made cloning and serial nuclear transfer. There were no differences between in vitro development or differential cell counts in the blastocysts produced. Transfer of 16 serial hand-made cloned blastocysts resulted in the production of one healthy calf (6%), whereas hand-made cloning resulted in the birth of 1 calf from 23 transferred blastocysts (4%). One serial nuclear transfer pre-term fetus had renal and hepatic abnormalities (previously observed in clones from this cell line). Although it may not be as beneficial in the bovine as in other species, normal placentation (size, placentomes and umbilicus) was encouraging. Refinement of this technique may help to identify species-specific differences in zygotic competence that affect reprogramming of donor cell nuclei and that may improve efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Hall
- Monash University, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Centre for Early Human Development, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
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Buonocore F, Libertini A, Prugnoli D, Mazzini M, Scapigliati G. Production and characterization of a continuous embryonic cell line from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2006; 8:80-5. [PMID: 16249966 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-005-5032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous cell lines represent an important tool both for biological studies and for their applications in marine biotechnology. In this article we describe the production and characterization of a continuous adherent cell line, named DLEC, derived from early embryos of the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. (Actinopterygii, Moronidae). Cells were obtained by disrupting 2- to 12-hour-old embryos and culturing resulting cells at 18 degrees C in RPMI medium containing 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 10% supernatant fraction of the embryo homogenate. After 8 weeks culture medium was replaced with Liebovitz's L15 medium containing 10% FCS and DLEC cells started proliferation. Subsequently, they were continuously cultured until the 50th passage without evident changes in their morphology. DLEC cells show a fibroblast-like shape and a modal chromosome number of 48, as do the wild-type cells; conversely the constant presence of six to nine meta-submetacentric elements in the karyotype (vs. zero to two in the wild-type) indicates the occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements during stabilization. DLEC cells are sensitive to substances known to induce differentiation of mammalian cells such as retinoic acid and phorbol esters. They have been transfected using liposomes with a commercial plasmid vector containing a reporter gene, thus suggesting a possible importance as an alternative expression system of recombinant vertebrate proteins in teleost cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, I-0110, Viterbo, Italy.
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31
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de Carvalho RA, Dias AL. Karyotypic characterization of Iheringichthys labrosus (Pisces, Pimelodidae): C-, G- and restriction endonuclease banding. Genet Mol Res 2005; 4:663-7. [PMID: 16475110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Various chromosomal banding techniques were utilized on the catfish, Iheringichthys labrosus, taken from the Capivara Reservoir. C-banding regions were evidenced in telomeric regions of most of the chromosomes. The B microchromosome appeared totally heterochromatic. The restriction endonuclease AluI produced a banding pattern similar to C-banding in some chromosomes; the B microchromosome, when present, was not digested by this enzyme and remained stained. G-banding was conspicuous in almost all the chromosomes, with the centromeres showing negative G-banding. When the restriction endonuclease BamHI was used, most of the telomeres remained intact, while some centromeres were weakly digested. The B chromosome was also not digested by this enzyme. The first pair of chromosomes showed a pattern of longitudinal bands, both with G-banding and BamHI; this was more evident with G-banding. This banding pattern can be considered a chromosomal marker for this population of I. labrosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Augusto de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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Rafael MS, dos Santos-Junior IP, Tadei WP, Sallum MAM, Forattini OP. Karyotype of Brazilian Anopheles albitarsis sensu lato (Diptera:Culicidae). Genet Mol Res 2005; 4:684-90. [PMID: 16475113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis sensu lato is an important malaria vector in Brazil, especially in the Brazilian Amazon region. Chromosome preparations of fourth-instar larvae of A. albitarsis from Iranduba and Coari (AM) and Ilha Comprida (SP) were analyzed for karyotype determination and to improve cytogenetic identification of this species. Anopheles albitarsis possesses 2n = 6 chromosomes, with two pairs (submetacentric and metacentric) of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, with X-Y dimorphism. The sex pair is homomorphic and acrocentric in females and heteromorphic in males, with a punctiform Y chromosome. Somatic pairing was detected in the prometaphase and metaphase chromosomes of the three A. albitarsis populations. Apparently, sex chromosome evolution in the Culicidae does not function as does evolution in the Culicidae, since it occurs in the subfamily Anophelinae, which possesses heteromorphic sex chromosomes and is regarded as primitive, based on several criteria. These karyotype data on the albitarsis complex reinforce the hypothesis that sex chromosome evolution in the subfamily Anophelinae is conserved, and the variation revealed in the mean size of chromosomes in three populations indicates that selective pressure in these populations is occurring only at a genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Silva Rafael
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brasil.
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Abstract
We have previously reported the use of six- and seven-color paint sets in the analysis of canine soft tissue sarcomas. Here we combine this technique with flow sorting of translocation chromosomes, reverse painting, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the gene content of the reverse paint in order to provide a more detailed analysis of cytogenetic abnormalities in canine tumors. We examine two fibrosarcomas, both from female Labrador retrievers, and show abnormalities in chromosomes 11 and 30 in both cases. Evidence of involvement of TGFBR1 is presented for one tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Sargan
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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Lu F, Shi D, Wei J, Yang S, Wei Y. Development of embryos reconstructed by interspecies nuclear transfer of adult fibroblasts between buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos indicus). Theriogenology 2005; 64:1309-19. [PMID: 16139607 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of employing adult fibroblasts as donor cells in interspecies nuclear transfer (NT) between buffaloes and cattle. Buffalo and bovine oocytes matured in vitro for 22 h were enucleated by micromanipulation using the Spindle View system. An ear fibroblast, pretreated with 0.1 microg/mL aphidicolin for 24 h, followed by culture for 2-9 days in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Media+0.5% fetal bovine serum, was introduced into the cytoplast by microinjection. Reconstructed oocytes were activated by exposure to 5 microM ionomycin for 5 min and 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine for 3 h. When buffalo adult fibroblasts were used as donor cells, there were no differences (P < 0.75) in the cleavage rate (66.2% versus 64.0%) between bovine and buffalo recipient oocytes, but more embryos derived from bovine cytoplasts developed to blastocysts than from buffalo cytoplasts (13.3% versus 3.0%, P < 0.05). When bovine adult fibroblasts were used as donor nuclei, both cleavage rate (45.3%) and blastocyst yield (4.5%) of NT embryos derived from buffalo cytoplasts were lower than those of NT embryos derived from bovine cytoplasts (65.5 and 11.9%, P < 0.05). The proportion of parthenogenetic buffalo (29.1%) or bovine (35.6%) oocytes developing to blastocysts was higher than those of NT embryos (P < 0.01). Interspecies NT embryos were derived from the donor cells and 55.0-61.9% of them possessed a normal diploid karyotype. In conclusion, embryos reconstructed by interspecies NT of adult fibroblasts between buffaloes and cattle developed to blastocysts, but bovine cytoplasts may direct embryonic development more effectively than buffalo cytoplasts, regardless of donor cell species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Lu
- Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning 53005, PR China
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Andriaholinirina N, Rabarivola C, Hauwy M, Rumpler Y. Cytogenetic study of Lepilemur microdon. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2005; 76:238-41. [PMID: 16088193 DOI: 10.1159/000086027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Andriaholinirina
- Université d'Antananarivo, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Paléontologie et d'Anthropologie biologique, Tananarive, France
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36
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Abstract
The molecular background of the most frequent intersexuality syndrome in dogs (female-to-male sex reversal with the female karyotype and a lack of the SRY gene) is unknown. In this article, new cases of this syndrome are described in two unrelated American Staffordshire terrier dogs and one miniature pinscher dog subjected to cytogenetic and molecular analysis due to the presence of an enlarged clitoris. One dog was operated on and histological studies of the gonads revealed a testicular structure without signs of spermatogenesis, but the uterus wall appeared to be normal. All three dogs had female chromosome complements and lacked the Y-linked genes SRY and ZFY. Eight fragments, representing the vast majority of the coding sequence of the SOX9 gene, and two fragments of the 5' flanking region of this gene were analyzed. The studied fragments had identical DNA sequences when comparing the intersexual dogs with GenBank sequences (AY237827; NW139883). Thus a mutation in the coding sequence as well as the promoter region of the SOX9 gene might be excluded as a cause of this type of intersexuality. The importance of further studies of the 5' flanking region of this gene is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nowacka
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Agricultural University of Poznan, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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37
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Abstract
A 2-yr-old Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) was presented for evaluation of abnormal genitalia and infantile behavior. The oryx had a penis and a scrotum, but testes were not palpable within the scrotum or inguinal canal. The total serum testosterone for the individual was lower than in age-matched males of the same species. Surgical exploration showed markedly hypoplastic intra-abdominal gonads, which demonstrated both testicular and uterine tissue on histologic examination. After karyotype analysis, the individual was classified as an XY male pseudohermaphrodite. This condition resembles two human intersex syndromes: embryonic testicular regression syndrome and partial gonadal dysgenesis syndrome, which occur in familial lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Padilla
- Departments of Animal Health, St. Louis Zoo, 1 Government Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
The genus Centropyge is remarkable for species richness, composing a highly specialized fish group amongst members from family Pomacanthidae. However, cytogenetical reports are nearly absent in these animals. New data are provided from karyotypical studies carried out on Centropyge aurantonotus from the Brazilian coast of the Atlantic Ocean and C. ferrugatus from the Philippines Sea of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Both species present 2n = 48 but karyotypes are differentiated by fundamental number. C. aurantonotus has a great number of biarmed chromosomes (4 m + 14 sm + 16 st + 4 a), while C. ferrugatus presents only acrocentric chromosomes. Single nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are located at interstitial position of an acrocentric pair in C. ferrugatus and on short arms of a subtelocentric pair in C. aurantonotus, as confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA probes. Heterochromatin is distributed over NOR and centromeric regions in both species, but additional GC-rich heterochromatic blocks on short arms of up to eight chromosomal pairs can be detected in C. aurantonotus. 5S rDNA segments were located interstitially on two chromosomal pairs in C. ferrugatus and on nine pairs in C. aurantonotus, mostly equivalent to heterochromatic blocks on short arms of biarmed chromosomes. C. ferrugatus can be considered a species in which basal chromosomal features proposed for modern Teleosteans were conserved. The derived karyotype pattern of C. aurantonotus seems to be determined by pericentric inversions and heterochromatin addition which probably determined the notorious dispersion of 5S rRNA (pseudo)genes. It is demonstrated that, even within a group generally characterized by cytogenetical homogeneity as the family Pomacanthidae, diversified karyotypes can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Antunes de Mello Affonso
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Via Washington Luís, Km 235, Caixa Postal 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Nishikawa K, Matsui M, Kokuryo Y, Misawa Y. Karyotype of a Japanese salamander Hynobius katoi and its implication on breeding ecology (Amphibia: Caudata). Zoolog Sci 2005; 22:805-7. [PMID: 16082170 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.22.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Karyotype of a Japanese small salamander, Hynobius katoi, was first described. All individuals examined had 2n=58 chromosomes, consisting of nine pairs of biarmed macrochromosomes, four pairs of biarmed medium-sized chromosomes, six pairs of biarmed microchromosomes, and 10 pairs of uniarmed microchromosomes, although distinction of the second and the third groups of chromosome pairs was not clear. All pairs appeared homologous and no sexual dimorphism was found. Possession of 2n=58 chromosomes in H. katoi strongly suggests its lotic-breeding habits as was expected from the number and size of eggs and adult morphology. When compared morphology of chromosomes among lotic-breeders with 2n=58 chromosomes, metacentric nature of No. 10 seems to characterize the karyotype of H. katoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanto Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Li GP, Liu Y, White KL, Bunch TD. Cytogenetic analysis of diploidy in cloned bovine embryos using an improved air-dry karyotyping method. Theriogenology 2005; 63:2434-44. [PMID: 15910924 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Of the few published studies on the cytogenetic analyses of bovine nuclear transferred (NT) embryos, results differ between air-dry and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) procedures. A modified air-dry procedure is reported in this study that provides more metaphase plates for analysis. Day 5 and Day 7 bovine NT embryos were cultured in colcemid-containing CR1aa for 10-12 or 16-18 h, then treated in hypotonic sodium citrate for 3-5 min. The standard procedure of 5h in colcemid and 15-20 min in hypotonic solution was the control. A much higher (P<0.01) percent of mitotic nuclei was observed in the experimental groups. The 33 and 41% mitotic nuclei were obtained from 10 to 12 h and 16 to 18 h-colcemid-treated Day 5 embryos, respectively, which was higher (P<0.001) than the control (15%). The mitotic nuclei in Day 7 NT embryos were 24% in 10-12 h- and 28% in 16-18 h-colcemid-treated groups, which also was higher (P<0.05) than the control (10%). The majority of analyzable embryos were diploid. Analyses of mixoploid embryos showed on average that 70% of the cells were diploid. Day 5 mixoploid embryos contained numerically higher polyploid cells than Day 7 embryos, although statistically there were no differences. We concluded that the modified air-dry method provided a larger source of mitotic nuclei for chromosome analyses of cloned bovine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Peng Li
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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41
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Abstract
Previous research revealed that the karyotypes of Equus przewalskii (2n = 66) and Equus caballus (2n = 64) differ by one pair of metacentric chromosomes, present in ECA but not in EPR, and two pairs of acrocentric chromosomes found only in the EPR karyotype. The formation of a trivalent during meiosis in a male F1 hybrid and the homologies in G-banding patterns suggest that ECA 5 corresponds to two acrocentric EPR chromosomes resulting from a Robertsonian fusion or fission event. Chromosomal investigations of a female interspecies F1 hybrid including banded karyograms and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies focusing on the p and q arm of ECA 5 were conducted. Q- and G-banding patterns of E. caballus, E. przewalskii and the hybrid revealed interspecies homology between all chromosome pairs except for ECA 5, EPR 23 and EPR 24, which were unique for that particular species. Furthermore, they indicated homology between ECA 5p and EPR 23 as well as between ECA 5q and EPR 24. FISH revealed hybridization of the BACs laminin beta 3 (LAM B3) and laminin gamma 2 (LAM C2) to ECA 5p and EPR 23. However, nuclear factor I (NFIA) and immunoglobulin lambda (IGL@), primarily assigned to ECA 5q, mapped to ECA 7 and EPR 6 respectively. Thus the karyotypes of E. caballus and E. przewalskii differ solely by one Robertsonian translocation (ECA 5 =EPR 23 + EPR 24).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ahrens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Bovine embryonic stem (ES) cell lines reported to date vary in morphology and marker expression (e.g., alkaline phosphatase [ALPL], stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 [SSEA4], and OCT4) that normally are associated with the undifferentiated, pluripotent state. These observations suggest that the proper experimental conditions for consistently producing bovine ES cells have not been identified. Here, we report three bovine ES cell lines, one from in vitro-fertilized and two from nuclear transfer embryos. These bovine ES cells grew in large, multicellular colonies resembling the mouse ES and embryonic germ (EG) cells and human EG cells. Throughout the culture period, most of the cells within the colonies stained positive for ALPL and the cell surface markers SSEA4 and OCT4. The staining patterns of nuclear transfer ES cells were identical to those of the blastocysts generated in vitro yet different from most previously reported bovine ES cell lines, which were either negative or not detected. After undifferentiated culture for more than 1 yr, these cells maintained the ability to differentiate into embryoid bodies and derivatives of all three EG layers, thus demonstrating their pluripotency. However, unlike the mouse and human ES cells, following treatment with trypsin, type IV collagenase, or protease E, our bovine ES cells failed to self-renew and became spontaneously differentiated. Presumably, this resulted from an interruption of the self-renewal pathway. In summary, we generated pluripotent bovine ES cells with morphology similar to those of established ES cells in humans and mice as well as marker-staining patterns identical to those of the bovine blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
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Mantovani M, Abel LDDS, Moreira-Filho O. Conserved 5S and variable 45S rDNA chromosomal localisation revealed by FISH in Astyanax scabripinnis (Pisces, Characidae). Genetica 2005; 123:211-6. [PMID: 15954491 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-004-2281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and double FISH experiments were carried out to ascertain the chromosomal distribution pattern of the 45S and 5S ribosomal (r) DNAs in four populations of the characid fish Astyanax scabripinnis--a group considered to be a species complex for its wide karyotypical and morphological diversity. The results regarding the 45S rDNA agreed with this hypothesis, since these sites showed intra- and inter-populational, numerical and positional variations. However, the data obtained with the 5S rDNA probe revealed a highly conserved chromosomal distribution pattern of these sequences among individuals of each population, as well as among the populations analysed. We consider this contrasting situation as a functional divergence between 45S and 5S ribosomal DNAs, which may reflect the localisation of these sequences in distinct nuclear compartments, leading them to undergo differentiated evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Mantovani
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís Km 235, Caixa Postal 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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Shibusawa M, Nishibori M, Nishida-Umehara C, Tsudzuki M, Masabanda J, Griffin DK, Matsuda Y. Karyotypic evolution in the Galliformes: an examination of the process of karyotypic evolution by comparison of the molecular cytogenetic findings with the molecular phylogeny. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 106:111-9. [PMID: 15218250 DOI: 10.1159/000078570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the process of karyotypic evolution in the Galliformes on a molecular basis, we conducted genome-wide comparative chromosome painting for eight species, i.e. silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), Lady Amherst's pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae), ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), Chinese bamboo-partridge (Bambusicola thoracica) and common peafowl (Pavo cristatus) of the Phasianidae, and plain chachalaca (Ortalis vetula) of the Cracidae, with chicken DNA probes of chromosomes 1-9 and Z. Including our previous data from five other species, chicken (Gallus gallus), Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis) of the Phasianidae, guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) of the Numididae and California quail (Callipepla californica) of the Odontophoridae, we represented the evolutionary changes of karyotypes in the 13 species of the Galliformes. In addition, we compared the cytogenetic data with the molecular phylogeny of the 13 species constructed with the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and discussed the process of karyotypic evolution in the Galliformes. Comparative chromosome painting confirmed the previous data on chromosome rearrangements obtained by G-banding analysis, and identified several novel chromosome rearrangements. The process of the evolutionary changes of macrochromosomes in the 13 species was in good accordance with the molecular phylogeny, and the ancestral karyotype of the Galliformes is represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shibusawa
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Fujino Y, Ma Z, Satoh H, Mizuno T, Hisasue M, Baba K, Masuda K, Ohno K, Onishi T, Tsujimoto H. Characterization of a newly established nonproducer lymphoma cell line for feline leukemia virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 102:429-39. [PMID: 15541796 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A feline lymphoblastoid cell line (KO-1) was established from a 5-year-old neutered female cat with naturally occurring thymic lymphoma. KO-1 cells had a rearrangement of T-cell receptor beta-chain gene and a germ-line configuration of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, however, they were devoid of T-cell-specific surface phenotype. Cytogenetically, KO-1 cells showed a hyperploidy (2n = 41) due to the trisomy of B2, F2 and X chromosomes. Although KO-1 cells were shown to be clonally expanded cells integrated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) proviruses and expressed its structural proteins in their cytoplasm, they did not produce virus particles as shown by transmission electron microscopy and the absence of the viral protein and reverse transcriptase activity in the culture supernatant. The present study showed that the KO-1 cell line established here was a feline T-cell lymphoma cell line having a unique characteristic as an FeLV nonproducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Fujino
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Milne BS, Hoather T, O'Brien PCM, Yang F, Ferguson-Smith MA, Dobson J, Sargan D. Karyotype of canine soft tissue sarcomas: a multi-colour, multi-species approach to canine chromosome painting. Chromosome Res 2004; 12:825-35. [PMID: 15702421 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-005-5542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many canine tumour types represent useful models for tumours also found in humans. Studies of chromosomal abnormalities in canine tumours have been impeded by the complexity of the canine karyotype (2n = 78), which has made accurate identification of rearranged chromosomes difficult and laborious. To overcome this difficulty we have developed a seven-colour paint system for canine chromosomes, with six sets of chromosome paints covering all chromosomes except Y. Several pairs of canine autosomes co-locate in the flow karyotype. To distinguish these autosomes from each other, paint sets were supplemented with chromosomes of red fox and Japanese raccoon dog. Paints were used in fluorescence in-situ hybridization to analyse karyotypes in fourteen canine soft tissue sarcomas. Rearranged karyotypes were observed in seven tumours, but there was evidence for loss of rearrangement during tissue culture. Five tumours had rearrangements involving four chromosomes or fewer; one, a chondrosarcoma, had lost seven chromosomes whilst the last, a spindle cell sarcoma, had rearrangements involving eighteen chromosome pairs. The paint sets described here facilitate the complete cytogenetic analysis of balanced translocations and other inter-chromosomal rearrangements in canine tumours. We believe that this is the first canine tumour series to be subjected to this level of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Milne
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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47
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Abstract
A calico-colored domestic shorthair cat was examined because of possible cryptorchidism. The cat had a fully formed penis, prepuce, and scrotum, but no descended testes, and exploratory laparotomy revealed a grossly normal female internal genital tract (ie, 2 ovaries, 2 uterine horns, and uterine body). Chromosomal analysis revealed a normal female (38,XX) karyotype. Four months later, the cat was examined because of polyuria, polydipsia, and inappropriate urination. Serum cortisol and aldosterone concentrations were low, and results of an ACTH stimulation test were suggestive of decreased adrenal gland function. Serum ACTH, testosterone, androstenedione, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and deoxycorticosterone concentrations were high, and a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia secondary to 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency was made. Treatment with prednisone diminished clinical signs but had a variable effect on corticosteroids hormone concentrations. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a cat.
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Frost PA, Hubbard GB, Dammann MJ, Snider CL, Moore CM, Hodara VL, Giavedoni LD, Rohwer R, Mahaney MC, Butler TM, Cummins LB, McDonald TJ, Nathanielsz PW, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE. White monkey syndrome in infant baboons (Papio species). J Med Primatol 2004; 33:197-213. [PMID: 15271069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2004.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over 23 months, zinc toxicosis was diagnosed in 35 baboons aged 5-12 months in one galvanized metal and concrete cage complex with conditions that led to excessive exposure to environmental zinc. Clinical signs included reduced pigmentation of hair, skin, and mucous membranes (whiteness), alopecia, dehydration, emaciation, cachexia, dermatitis, diarrhea and, in six cases, severe gangrenous dermatitis of extremities. The syndrome was characterized by pancytopenia, elevated zinc and low copper serum concentrations, low vitamin D and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels, and atypical myelomonocytic proliferation of bone marrow. This syndrome emphasizes the importance of proper husbandry and cage design and indicates the potential of infant baboons as a model to study the effects of excessive zinc on development. This is the first report describing the epidemiologic and clinical presentation of zinc toxicosis in infant baboons in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Frost
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
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Papazoglou LG, Patsikas MN, Brellou G, Vlemmas J. What is your diagnosis? Male pseudohermaphroditism. J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45:433, 473-4. [PMID: 15460200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L G Papazoglou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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50
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Shibusawa M, Nishida-Umehara C, Tsudzuki M, Masabanda J, Griffin DK, Matsuda Y. A comparative karyological study of the blue-breasted quail ( Coturnix chinensis, Phasianidae) and California quail ( Callipepla californica, Odontophoridae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 106:82-90. [PMID: 15218246 DOI: 10.1159/000078569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted comparative chromosome painting and chromosome mapping with chicken DNA probes against the blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis, CCH) and California quail (Callipepla californica, CCA), which are classified into the Old World quail and the New World quail, respectively. Each chicken probe of chromosomes 1-9 and Z painted a pair of chromosomes in the blue-breasted quail. In California quail, chicken chromosome 2 probe painted chromosomes 3 and 6, and chicken chromosome 4 probe painted chromosomes 4 and a pair of microchromosomes. Comparison of the cytogenetic maps of the two quail species with those of chicken and Japanese quail revealed that there are several intrachromosomal rearrangements, pericentric and/or paracentric inversions, in chromosomes 1, 2 and 4 between chicken and the Old World quail. In addition, a pericentric inversion was found in chromosome 8 between chicken and the three quail species. Ordering of the Z-linked DNA clones revealed the presence of multiple rearrangements in the Z chromosomes of the three quail species. Comparing these results with the molecular phylogeny of Galliformes species, it was also cytogenetically supported that the New World quail is classified into a different clade from the lineage containing chicken and the Old World quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shibusawa
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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