1
|
Association Between Age of Achieving Gross Motor Development Milestones During Infancy and Body Fat Percentage at 6 to 7 Years of Age. Matern Child Health J 2021; 26:415-423. [PMID: 34655425 PMCID: PMC8813700 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The later achievement of gross motor milestones during infancy is associated with adiposity in early childhood. However, the associations between gross motor development and adiposity after entering primary school are unclear. This study examined the associations between the ages at which six gross motor milestones were achieved and adiposity during early school years. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in 2012 and 2013. Data were collected from 225 first-grade primary school children (mean age, 6.9 years; 39% girls). Adiposity was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and expressed as body fat percentage. Data describing the ages of achieving six gross motor milestones (holding head up, sitting, crawling, standing supported, walking supported, and independent walking) were obtained from the Maternal and Child Health Handbooks. RESULTS Mean body fat percentage was 21.7%. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that later ages of achieving crawling (p < .001 [95% confidence interval: 0.33-1.16]), standing supported (p < .001 [95% confidence interval: 0.64-1.65]), and walking supported [p = .013 (95% confidence interval: 0.13-1.07)] were associated with increased fat. However, the ages of achieving holding head up (p = .053), sitting (p = .175), and independent walking (p = .736) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Achieving crawling, standing supported, and walking supported later predict increased body fat when aged 6-7 years. The practice of observing gross motor milestone achievements may allow early targeted interventions to optimize body composition before beginning school and thereby, potentially prevent childhood obesity.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei X, Hu J, Yang L, Gao M, Li L, Ding N, Ma Y, Wen D. Bidirectional association of neurodevelopment with growth: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:203. [PMID: 33910531 PMCID: PMC8080371 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to use the cross-lagged model and utilize data from the Born in Shenyang Cohort Study to characterize the bidirectional associations of the term-born infants' neurodevelopment in five domains and physical growth in early life. METHOD This study consists of 688 mother-child dyads from the Born in Shenyang Cohort Study. Infants' anthropometric (weight and length) and development in neurological outcomes (Gesell Development Scale) were measured at the age of 6 and 12 months. Cross-lagged analyses and multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the longitudinal relationships in both directions. RESULTS In terms of longitudinal studies, the inverse associations between infants' two skills (gross motor and social behavior) at the age of 6 months with BMI Z -scores at the age of 12 months (gross motor: aβ = - 0.20, 95% CI: - 0.31 to- 0.09; social behavior: aβ = - 0.23, 95% CI: - 0.33 to- 0.13) were found. Conversely, a higher infant Z -scored BMI at the age of 6 months predicted a lower gross motor at the age of 12 months (aβ = - 0.08, 95% CI: - 0.12 to- 0.04). In cross-lagged analyses, an adverse association in both directions between gross motor and Z -scored BMI was observed. CONCLUSION We found bidirectional relationships between infants' neurodevelopment of gross motor with physical growth and suggested the term-born infants, who are on the edge of the developmental danger, should not be overlooked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wei
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning P.R. China
| | - Jiajin Hu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenyang Women and Children Health Care Centre, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Ming Gao
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Ning Ding
- Curriculum and Teaching Research Office, Research Center of Medical Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Deliang Wen
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hjern A, Bergström M, Kjaer Urhoj S, Nybo Andersen A. Early childhood social determinants and family relationships predict parental separation and living arrangements thereafter. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:247-254. [PMID: 32311778 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Parental separation has been associated with poor mental health in children with better outcomes in children living in joint physical custody compared with those living with one parent after the separation. In this study, we investigated socioeconomic and relational predictors in early childhood of later parental separation and family arrangements thereafter. METHODS This study included 34 768 children from the Danish National Birth Cohort, who were living with both parents at the 6 months' data collection and followed up in 2010-2014 at age 11 years. Questionnaire data from the two data collections were linked with population registers in Statistics Denmark about parental income, education and psychiatric care and analysed in logistic regression models. RESULTS Socioeconomic indicators of the family and parental psychiatric disorders before birth of the child and family relationships in infancy predicted parental separation at age 11 year. For children with separated parents, a high family income and a high parental educational level were the main predictors of living in joint physical custody at the 11-year follow-up. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic living conditions predict parental separation as well as living arrangements thereafter. Studies of consequences of living arrangements after parental separation should account for family factors preceding the separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hjern
- Centre for Health Equity Studies Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Medicine Clinical Epidemiology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Malin Bergström
- Centre for Health Equity Studies Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Medicine Clinical Epidemiology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stine Kjaer Urhoj
- Section of Epidemiology Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brouwer SI, Stolk RP, Bartels M, van Beijsterveld TC, Boomsma DI, Corpeleijn E. Infant Motor Milestones and Childhood Overweight: Trends over Two Decades in A Large Twin Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2366. [PMID: 32244434 PMCID: PMC7178093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor motor skill competence may influence energy balance with childhood overweight as a result. Our aim was to investigate whether the age of motor milestone achievement has changed over the past decades and whether this change may contribute to the increasing trend observed in childhood overweight. METHODS Motor skill competence was assessed in children from the Young Netherlands Twin Register born between 1987 and 2007. Follow-up ranged from 4 up to 10 years. Weight and height were assessed at birth, 6 months, 14 months, and 2, 4, 7, and 10 years. RESULTS Babies born in later cohorts achieved their motor milestones 'crawling', 'standing', and 'walking unassisted' later compared to babies born in earlier cohorts (N = 18,514, p < 0.001). The prevalence of overweight at age 10 was higher in later cohorts (p = 0.033). The increase in overweight at age 10 was not explained by achieving motor milestones at a later age and this persisted after adjusting for gestational age, sex, and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION Comparing children born in 1987 to those born in 2007, we conclude that children nowadays achieve their motor milestones at a later age. This does not however, explain the increasing trend in childhood overweight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia I. Brouwer
- Institute of Sportstudies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 17, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.P.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.P.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (T.C.E.M.v.B.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Toos C.E.M. van Beijsterveld
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (T.C.E.M.v.B.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (T.C.E.M.v.B.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.P.S.); (E.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brouwer SI, Stolk RP, Corpeleijn E. Later achievement of infant motor milestones is related to lower levels of physical activity during childhood: the GECKO Drenthe cohort. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:388. [PMID: 31656174 PMCID: PMC6816144 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate whether age of infant motor milestone achievement is related to levels of physical activity (PA), weight status and blood pressure at age 4-7 years of age. METHODS In the Dutch GECKO (Groningen Expert Center of Kids with Obesity) Drenthe cohort, the age of achieving the motor milestone 'walking without support' was reported by parents. Weight status and blood pressure were assessed by trained health nurses and PA was measured using the Actigraph GT3X between age 4 and 7 years. RESULTS Adjusted for children's age, sex and the mother's education level, infants who achieved walking without support at a later age, spent more time in sedentary behaviour during childhood and less time in moderate-to-vigorous PA. Later motor milestones achievement was not related to higher BMI Z-score, waist circumference Z-score, diastolic or systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that a later age of achieving motor milestone within the normal range have a weak relation to lower PA levels at later age. It is not likely that this will have consequences for weight status or blood pressure at 4-7 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia I. Brouwer
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Sportstudies, Zernikeplein 17, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shoaibi A, Neelon B, Østbye T, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Longitudinal associations of gross motor development, motor milestone achievement and weight-for-length z score in a racially diverse cohort of US infants. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024440. [PMID: 30782735 PMCID: PMC6340444 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate longitudinal associations between gross motor development, motor milestone achievement and weight-for-length z scores in a sample of infants. In a secondary aim, we explored potential bidirectional relationships, as higher weight-for-length z scores may impede motor development, and poor motor development may lead to obesity. DESIGN The design was an observational birth cohort. SETTING We used data from the Nurture study, a birth cohort of predominately black women and their infants residing in the Southeastern USA. PARTICIPANTS 666 women enrolled their infants in Nurture. We excluded infants with missing data on exposure, outcome or main covariates, leaving a total analytic sample of 425 infants. PRIMARY OUTCOME The outcome was weight-for-length z score, measured when infants were 3, 6, 9 12 months. RESULTS Among infants, 64.7% were black, 18.8% were white and 16.9% were other/multiple race. Mean (SD) breastfeeding duration was 17.6 (19.7) weeks. Just over one-third (38.5%) had an annual household income of < $20 000. After adjusting for potential confounders, higher motor development score was associated with lower weight-for-length z score (-0.004; 95% CI -0.001 to -0.007; p=0.01), mainly driven by associations among boys (-0.007; 95% CI -0.014 to -0.001; p=0.03) and not girls (0.001; 95% CI -0.005 to 0.008; p=0.62). Earlier crawling was the only milestone associated with a lower weight-for-length z score at 12 months (-0.328; 95% CI -0.585 to 0.072; p=0.012). However, this association appeared to be driven by male infants only (-0.461; 95% CI -0.825 to -0.096; p=0.01). Weight-for-length z score was unrelated to subsequent motor development score and was thus not bidirectional in our sample. CONCLUSIONS Higher motor development score and earlier crawling were associated with lower subsequent weight-for-length z score. However, this was primary true for male infants only. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence suggesting that delayed motor development may be associated with later obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azza Shoaibi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Neelon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Truls Østbye
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, UK
| | - Sara E Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Camargos ACR, Mendonça VA, Andrade CAD, Oliveira KSC, Lacerda ACR. Overweight and obese infants present lower cognitive and motor development scores than normal-weight peers. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 59:410-416. [PMID: 27728872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Compare the cognitive and motor development in overweight/obese infants versus normal-weight peers and investigate the correlation of body weight, body length and body mass index with cognitive and motor development. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with 28 overweight/obese infants and 28 normal-weight peers between 6 and 24 months of age. Both groups were evaluated with cognitive and motor scales of the Bayley-III infant development test. The t-test for independent samples was performed to compare the groups, and the Spearman correlation was used to verify the association between variables. RESULTS Overweight/obese infants showed lower cognitive and motor composite scores than their normal-weight peers. A significant negative association was found of body weight and body length with cognitive development and of body mass index with motor development. CONCLUSION This is the first study that found an effect on both cognitive and motor development in overweight/obese infants when compared with normal-weight peers between 6 and 24 months of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Resende Camargos
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves de Andrade
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cataldo R, Huang J, Calixte R, Wong AT, Bianchi-Hayes J, Pati S. Effects of overweight and obesity on motor and mental development in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:389-96. [PMID: 26487592 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A consequence of childhood obesity may be poor developmental outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the relationship between weight and developmental delays in young children. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort data. Logistic regression models quantified the association between different weight statuses (normal weight <85th, overweight ≥90th, obese ≥95th percentile for weight) and delays in motor and mental development. RESULTS Children classified as overweight in both waves had higher percentages of delays in wave 2 (motor [7.5 vs. 6.2-6.4%], mental [8.6 vs. 5.9-6.7%]), as well as wave 1 and/or wave 2 (motor [14.8 vs. 10.9-13.0%], mental [11.9 vs. 9.0-10.1%]), compared with other children. This association was also found in children who were obese at both time points in wave 2 (motor delay [8.9 vs. 4.9-7.3%], mental delay [10.3 vs. 6.0-7.2%]), as well as wave 1 and/or wave 2 (motor delay [14.5 vs. 10.9-12.9%], mental delay [14.1 vs. 9.4-10.1%]). In the adjusted models, children classified as always obese were more likely to have a mental delay in wave 2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-2.95) as well as wave 1 and/or wave 2 (aOR 1.56, 95% CI: 1.08-2.26). These children were also more likely to have motor delay (aOR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02-2.13) in wave 1 and/or wave 2. CONCLUSION Overweight children are more likely than their normal-weight peers to have motor and mental developmental delays. Preventing obesity during infancy may facilitate reducing developmental delays in young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Cataldo
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - J Huang
- Department of Applied Math and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - R Calixte
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - A T Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J Bianchi-Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - S Pati
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kacenelenbogen N, Dramaix-Wilmet M, Schetgen M, Roland M, Godin I. Parental separation: a risk for the psychomotor development of children aged 28 to 32 months? A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:89. [PMID: 27401899 PMCID: PMC4940882 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Western countries, about a quarter of children are affected by parental separation and a number of authors have previously investigated how familial structure impacts children's health. The purpose of the work: to analyze the psychomotor development of children aged 28 to 32 months based on family structure (parents together or separated), independently of the influence of socio-economic environment that is well documented. To analyse the psychomotor development of children younger than 3 years based on family structure (parents together or separated) independently of the influence of socio-economic environment that is well documented. METHODS Cross-sectional study by examination of 28 871 children as part of a free preventive medicine consultation. The data came from an assessment conducted 28 to 32 months after birth during which information was collected about the psychomotor development: to perform a standing jump, dress themselves, draw a vertical line and circle, use the "I" pronoun, build a three-word sentence, and say their first name RESULTS Ten percent of the children had separated parents. Compared to parents who were together, when adjusting for the socioeconomic environment, as well as all potential confounders, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95 % confidence interval [CI]) for children with separated parents, in terms of their ability to perform a standing jump, dress themselves, and draw a vertical line and circle were respectively 0.9 (0.7-1.1), 1.1 (0.9-1.2), 1.3 (1.1-1.4) and 1.2 (1.1-1.4). The adjusted ORs (95 % CI) for children's inability to say the "I" pronoun, build a three-word sentence, and say their first name were respectively 1.2 (1.1-1.3), 1.3 (1.2-1.5), and 1.2 (0.9-1.5). CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for sociocultural factors and other potential confounders, we observed that the children exhibited slower progression in psychomotor development, especially in language and graphic abilities when their parents were separated. While the implications of our study are somewhat limited, they do provide us with the necessary arguments enabling us to set up a prospective cohort study. Such a study should be able to better assess the impact of parental separation on the child's development, confirming our preliminary results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kacenelenbogen
- Département de Médecine Générale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Facultaire Erasme, Route de Lennik 808/612, Bruxelles, 1070, Belgium.
- , Avenue Molière 179, Bruxelles, 1190, Belgium.
| | - Michèle Dramaix-Wilmet
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de santé publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme CP598, Route de Lennik 808, Bruxelles, 1070, Belgium
| | - M Schetgen
- Département de Médecine Générale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Facultaire Erasme, Route de Lennik 808/612, Bruxelles, 1070, Belgium
| | - M Roland
- Département de Médecine Générale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Facultaire Erasme, Route de Lennik 808/612, Bruxelles, 1070, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Godin
- Service d'Information Promotion Education Santé-SIPES, Ecole de santé publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme CP598, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, B-1070, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|