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Jaradat N, Barkat A, Khasati A, Abualhasan M. Variations of the chemical components and biological activities of Thymus capitatus essential oil from three regions in Palestine. Sci Rep 2025; 15:16305. [PMID: 40348869 PMCID: PMC12065897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-92835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Thymus capitatus is a widely utilized medicinal plant in Palestine. The main goal of this study was to assess the phytochemical content of T. capitatus essential oils (EOs) from three Palestinian regions using hydro-distillation. Furthermore, the EO extracted from the plant was subjected to biological tests. GC-MS spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the elements in the EOs examined. The DPPH assay and the β-carotene-linoleic acid assay were utilized to determine the levels of antioxidant activity. The plant's anti-lipase activity was carried out using a pancreatic lipase inhibition assay. α-amylase inhibitory activity of the EOs samples was studied compared with the hypoglycemic drug, Acarbose. An antimicrobial assay was conducted against seven common bacteria and fungi types. Additionally, Hep-G2 cells were used to assess the anticancer activity. The EO components were mainly monoterpenes, thymol, and carvacrol. Chemical components of the EOs varied between districts (Ramallah: carvacrol (31.25%), γ-terpinene (30.94%), Jenin: γ-terpinene (67%), cis-b-terpineol (12.91%), Hebron: thymol (40.35%), b-Caryophyllene (13.23%) were the main components of the EOs in the districts. The antioxidant activity of T. capitatus EOs was shown to be dose-dependent. The results showed that the three districts had nearly the same IC50, a fourth-fold of gallic acid. The Hebron sample of T. capitatus EO showed antibacterial activity with MIC values between 0.1953 and 1.5625 µg/mL. All samples showed anti-lipase activity higher than Orlistat at concentrations equal to or above 200 µg/ml. Furthermore, all three EO samples inhibited α-amylase concentration-dependently. All samples showed promising cytotoxicity results against Hep-G2, with an average percent inhibition of 85% at a concentration of 62.5 µg/mL. The chemical composition of the EO of T. capitatus is related to the plant's origin, soil components, genetic variables, and climatic conditions, which in turn reflect the plant's biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Jaradat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine.
| | - Alaa Barkat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine
| | - Ahmad Khasati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine
| | - Murad Abualhasan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine.
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Beyaz H, Kavaz D, Rizaner N. Chitosan nanoparticle encapsulation of thymus capitatus essential oil: in vitro release, antioxidant, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells. Pharm Dev Technol 2025; 30:385-399. [PMID: 40163347 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2025.2487255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Thymus capitatus (Th. Ca) is known to treat mouth ulcers and respiratory infections in Cyprus. However, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic potential of Th. Ca. EO on MDA-MB-231 cells and its' encapsulation into nanoparticles has not been well studied. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic potential, loading efficiency, and in vitro release profile of both Th. Ca. EO and Chitosan Nanoparticle (Ch. Np) - Th. Ca. EO. GC-MS analysis revealed 53.97% carvacrol, 14.53% borneol, and 12.09% sabinene presence in EO. The loading efficiency of Th. Ca. EO into Ch. Np. was calculated as 35.27% and the in vitro release profile reached a maximum of 68% in pH 7 for two weeks. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay showed that E. coli had an MIC50 of 0.3215 mg/ml while B. subtilis had an MIC50 of 0.5304 mg/ml. The antioxidant activity of the EO was assessed by performing a DPPH assay with an IC50 = 440 μg/ml. Trypan Blue Assay revealed that 60 µg/ml Th. Ca. EO significantly reduced the cell viability of MDA-MB-231 cells by 10.7% at 48h and 20.06% at 72h. Overall, Ch. Np. - Th. Ca. EO has shown a promising formulation for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Beyaz
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cyprus International University, Turkey
| | - Doga Kavaz
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cyprus International University, Turkey
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Nahit Rizaner
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cyprus International University, Turkey
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Turkey
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Aanniz T, Elouafy Y, Bouyahya A, Aguerd O, Chamkhi I, Ullah R, Ali EA, Akhazzane M, Gallo M, Benali T. Characterization of Volatile Compounds and Biological Effects Capacities of Moroccan Thymus capitatus L., Essential Oils: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Chem Biodivers 2025:e202403501. [PMID: 40119874 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202403501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2025] [Accepted: 03/21/2025] [Indexed: 03/24/2025]
Abstract
The present study investigated the phytochemical composition of Thymus capitatus L. essential oil (TCEO) harvested in Morocco using GC-MS-MS analysis. Both in vitro and in silico approaches were combined to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, dermatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties of TCEO as well as to identify the main compounds responsible of the promising properties. The TCEO was dominated by oxygenated monoterpene (63.33%) and monoterpene hydrocarbon (23.25%). In total, 20 volatile compounds were identified, and of them, carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, caryophyllene, and linalool are the major compounds. Then, the study of the antioxidant activity revealed that TCEO exhibits a good activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays as the obtained values were 67.34 ± 1.54, 96.88 ± 2.76, and 99.07 ± 1.57 µg/mL, respectively, compared to those of Trolox (35.38 ± 0.91, 60.40 ± 1.55, and 52.13 ± 1.56 µg/mL, respectively). The antibacterial activity revealed that TCEO was the most active toward the two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125% each compared to Gram-negative ones (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) with MIC of 0.25% and 0.5%, respectively. For the antidiabetic tests, TCEO displayed markedly lower IC50 values, 111.79 ± 2.88 µg/mL for α-amylase and 70.42 ± 1.68 µg/mL for α-glucosidase than those of acarbose (389.04 ± 1.65 and 187.82 ± 2.62 µg/mL, respectively). For anti-elastase activity, TCEO exhibited an IC50 value of 42.58 ± 1.72 µg/mL, indicating moderate inhibitory potency, whereas quercetin demonstrated a significantly stronger effect with an IC50 of 11.81 ± 0.90 µg/mL. In terms of anti-tyrosinase activity, TCEO showed an IC50 of 85.55 ± 2.51 µg/mL, which is notably more effective than quercetin's IC50 of 242.99 ± 2.67 µg/mL. The study of neuroprotection ability revealed that TCEO exerted a good effect as the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was 12.36 ± 0.93 mg GALAE/g, whereas that of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was 3.59 ± 0.64 mg GALAE/g. On the basis of these findings, it is believed that TCEO can serve as a readily available reservoir of natural antioxidants and antibacterial chemicals. TCEO could also provide considerable benefits for health, including antidiabetic, dermatoprotection, and neuroprotection capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Aanniz
- Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Elouafy
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment LMNE, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Oumayma Aguerd
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Imane Chamkhi
- Agrobiosciences Program, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Bioresources, and Coastal Geomorphology, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
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Kang S, Chen Q, Ma H, Ding J, Hao C, Shu Q, Liu Y. Ultrasonic preparation, structural characterization and functional enhancement of thyme essential oil-loaded microcapsules based on mannosylerythritol lipid-A. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2025; 114:107265. [PMID: 39933309 PMCID: PMC11867519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2025] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/13/2025]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipid-A (MEL-A) is a kind of novel biosurfactant and has great potential to apply into food and pharmaceutical field with its outstanding physicochemical and biological property. In this study, Thyme essential oil (TEO) microcapsules based on MEL-A were prepared through ultrasonic emulsification and characterized by size, morphology, structure, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The results showed the optimal preparation condition was the duration of 15 min and power intensities of 400 W/cm2 through ultrasound treatment, improving the solubility and applicability of TEO. Further experiment explored the physicochemical properties and biological activity of TEO microcapsules, measuring a particle size of 276.19 ± 1.72 nm with good dispersibility. FT-IR, X-ray, and TEM confirmed the successful encapsulation of the essential oil within the microcapsules. Meanwhile, the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of microcapsules were assayed and microcapsules with 7 % MEL-A exhibited better antioxidant properties, while those containing 13 % MEL-A showed better antibacterial performance. In conclusion, MEL-A showed obvious structural stability and functional enhancement in TEO-loaded microcapsules, indicating that its potential applications in food preservation and food machinery sterilization are numerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjie Kang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haorui Ma
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiwei Ding
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changchun Hao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Shu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
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Amakran A, Hamoudane M, Pagniez F, Lamarti A, Picot C, Figueredo G, Nhiri M, Le Pape P. Chemical Composition, Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Hemolytic Activities of Moroccan Thymus capitatus Essential Oil. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202300563. [PMID: 38880770 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to define the chemical composition of Moroccan Thymus capitatus essential oil, and to investigate its in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities against human pathogenic fungi. Chemical analysis using GC-FID and GC-MS system revealed 28 constituents, representing 99 % of total compounds. Oxygenated monoterpenes represented the highest proportion (79.79 %), among which carvacrol (75.73 %) was the predominant compound, followed by linalol (2.26 %). Monoterpene hydrocarbons represented the second major fraction (16.29 %): within them, the predominant constituents were γ-terpinene (5,55 %), ρ-cymene (5,50 %), and β-caryophyllene (2.73 %). Antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH scavenging, β-carotene bleaching inhibition, and ferric reducing power. T. capitatus revealed pronounced DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50=110.53 μg mL-1), strong ferric reducing ability (EC50=644.4 μg mL-1), and a remarkable degree of protection against lipid peroxidation during β-carotene bleaching inhibition (IC50=251.76 μg mL-1). Antifungal activity was carried out against Candida, Aspergillus, and Rhizopus species by microdilution method. T. capitatus exhibited potent anticandidal activity (MIC=125-500 μg mL-1) and strong inhibition against filamentous fungi (MIC=250-500 μg mL-1). Its hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes had a low toxic effect at concentrations lower than 1250 μg mL-1. The useful antioxidant properties and broad antifungal effect of T. capitatus EO confirm its considerable potential for the food industry and for phytopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Amakran
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tanger, Maroc
| | - Meriem Hamoudane
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tanger, Maroc
| | - Fabrice Pagniez
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Ahmed Lamarti
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et d'Amélioration des Plantes, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tétouan, Maroc
| | - Carine Picot
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Figueredo
- Laboratoire d'Analyse des Extraits Végétaux et des Aromes (LEXVA-Analytique), Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Rue Henri Mondor, 63360, Sain-Beauzire, France
| | - Mohamed Nhiri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tanger, Maroc
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
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Ben Selma W, Alibi S, Ferjeni M, Ghezal S, Gallala N, Belghouthi A, Gargouri A, Marzouk M, Boukadida J. Synergistic activity of Thymus capitatus essential oil and cefotaxime against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2936-2946. [PMID: 37952172 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2280149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the interaction between Tunisian Thymus capitatus essential oil (EO) and cefotaxime against Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae hospital strains. GC-MS revealed that the major component of EO was found to be carvacrol (69.28%). The EO exerts an advanced bactericidal effect against all strains. Synergy between EO and cefotaxime was obtained by combined disk diffusion and checkerboard techniques. Combined use of EO and cefotaxime reduced the MIC of imipenem by 8- to 128-fold for all strains (fractional inhibitory concentration index ˂ 0.5, synergy). The time kill curve assay confirmed the advanced activity of combinatory effects of EO and cefotaxime, with total reduce of bacterial number (CFU/mL) after 6 h of culture. Synergistic activity of the combination between EO and cefotaxime constitute an important strategy as therapeutical option to combat infections caused by ESBLs producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ben Selma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of biological and genetic markers studying for early diagnosis and follow-up of neurological diseases (LR18ES47), Sousse, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Sana Alibi
- Research Unit Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ferjeni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of biological and genetic markers studying for early diagnosis and follow-up of neurological diseases (LR18ES47), Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Samira Ghezal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Najla Gallala
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Amir Belghouthi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Biotechnology center of Sfax, Laboratory of Molecular biology, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Marzouk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of biological and genetic markers studying for early diagnosis and follow-up of neurological diseases (LR18ES47), Sousse, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jalel Boukadida
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of biological and genetic markers studying for early diagnosis and follow-up of neurological diseases (LR18ES47), Sousse, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Zernadji W, Jebri S, Rahmani F, Amri I, Aissaoui D, Trabelsi MH, Yahya M, Amri I, Hmaied F. Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus in Packaged Ready-to-Eat Salads Treated with Biological Extracts. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100232. [PMID: 38278487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Providing pathogen-free ready-to-eat (RTE) salads is critical for all consumers, especially individuals with weakened immunity. In this study, the efficacy of γ-irradiation on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in freshly packaged salads (4.24 log CFU/g) treated with essential oil (EO) and myrtle juice during 10 days of storage and their impact on organoleptic properties were investigated. EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Myrtle juice was prepared from fresh fruits. The cytotoxic effects of Thymus capitatus (T. capitatus) EO against a normal human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) were assessed. GC/FID and GC-MS analysis of the thyme EO revealed the presence of 13 compounds, including carvacrol (79.55%) and p-cymene (7.93%) as major components. The EO was found to be noncytotoxic, with concentrations lower than 0.16 µL/mL. A reduction of more than 3 log CFU/g and a total inactivation of S. aureus were achieved with the combination of gamma irradiation at 0.5 kGy with myrtle juice at 6 µL/mL and EO at 0.08 µL/mL, respectively. The treatment of fresh RTE salads with thyme and myrtle juice was evaluated as acceptable by the sensory panel. The combined effect showed a synergistic potential on the inactivation of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widad Zernadji
- University of Carthage, Higher School of Food Industries, 1003 Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Technologie Nucléaire, CNSTN, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia.
| | - Sihem Jebri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Technologie Nucléaire, CNSTN, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia.
| | - Faten Rahmani
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Technologie Nucléaire, CNSTN, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia.
| | - Ismail Amri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Technologie Nucléaire, CNSTN, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia.
| | - Dorra Aissaoui
- Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
| | | | - Mariem Yahya
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Technologie Nucléaire, CNSTN, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia.
| | - Islem Amri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Technologie Nucléaire, CNSTN, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia.
| | - Fatma Hmaied
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Technologie Nucléaire, CNSTN, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia.
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Tamma N, Benchikha N, Messaoudi M, Caruso G, Emran TB, Atoki AV, Adeniyi AI. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study. OPEN CHEM 2024; 22. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2023-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Lamiaceae family contains bioactive medicinal compounds mostly used as ornamental plants and traditional medicine, as well as in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors. Common uses include treating high cholesterol, diabetes, respiratory diseases, heart disease, and food poisoning. These medicinal uses were linked to their components and numerous biological properties, including antimicrobial and antioxidants. The goal of this study was to investigate the phytochemicals and biological activities of the petroleum ether extract of Thymus capitatus plant from two different regions of eastern Algeria (Souk ahras and Guelma), as well as to extract volatile oils using a Clevenger device and then analyze by using GC-MS. The results revealed that the total amount of phenolic compounds was better in the phenolic extract of Souk Ahras (3.41 mg GAE g−1), while the amount of flavonoid compounds was higher in the region of Guelma (26.31 mg QE g−1). Following the quantification of phenolic compounds by HPLC, we observed that the phenolic extracts contained most of the standard compounds in variable proportions. Furthermore, we tested the antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds electrochemically with the cyclic voltammetry method. We concluded that the highest antioxidant content was recorded in the Guelma region extract (3.17 mg GAE g−1). We have also evaluated the antioxidant activity by a chemical method using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and the results showed that the Guelma extract exhibited a high effectiveness in terms of IC50% values. When extracting the volatile oils, it was found that the highest yield was in the Guelma region
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Tamma
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of El Oued , El Oued 3900 , Algeria
| | - Naima Benchikha
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of El Oued , El Oued 3900 , Algeria
| | - Mohammed Messaoudi
- Nuclear Research Center of Birine , P.O. Box 180 , Ain Oussera , Djelfa 17200 , Algeria
| | - Gianluca Caruso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University , Dhaka 1207 , Bangladesh
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Aborehab NM, Salama MM, Ezzat SM. A novel lupene derivative from Thymus capitatus possesses an apoptosis-inducing effect via Let-7 miRNA/Cyclin D1/VEGF cascade in the A549 cell line. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:365. [PMID: 37845669 PMCID: PMC10577955 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a type of epithelial lung cancer accounting for about 85% of all lung cancers. In our research, a novel lupene derivative namely acetoxy-lup-5(6), 20(29)-diene (ALUP), as well as two known triterpenes; lupeol (LUP) and betulinic acid (BA) were isolated through the chromatographic purification of the 95% ethanolic extract of Thymus capitatus. Identification of the compounds was carried out by physicochemical properties as well as spectral 1D and 2D NMR analysis. The anti-cancer activity of the three triterpenes was assessed on non-small cell lung cancer cell line; A549 using MTT assay and cell cycle analysis using annexin V/propidium iodide. The molecular mechanism underlying anti-apoptotic effects was determined by analyzing Let-7 miRNA and miRNA-21 expression, the mRNA gene expression level of Bax, CASP-8, CD95, Bcl2, KRAS, VEGF, Cyclin D1 using qRT-PCR. Our results revealed that the three isolated compounds ALUP, LUP, and BA caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase with an increase in the apoptosis which may be attributed to their significant effect on raising Bax, CASP-8, and CD95 and reducing the mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2, KRAS, VEGF, and Cyclin D1 compared to control cells. RT-PCR results showed that the ALUP, LUP, and BA significantly downregulated miRNA-21 expression. Meanwhile, the three compounds caused significant overexpression of Let-7 miRNA. This is the first report on the anti-cancer activity of acetoxy-lup-5(6), 20(29)-diene (ALUP) in reducing the proliferation and differentiation of the A549 cell line through inducing apoptosis. Finally, by targeting the Let-7 miRNA/Cyclin D1/VEGF cascade, acetoxy-lup-5(6), 20(29)-diene could be a potential therapeutic agent for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M Aborehab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, 12451, Egypt
| | - Maha M Salama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy St., Cairo11562, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy St., Cairo11562, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, 12451, Egypt.
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Alshehri KM, Abdella EM. Development of ternary nanoformulation comprising bee pollen-thymol oil extracts and chitosan nanoparticles for anti-inflammatory and anticancer applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124584. [PMID: 37100316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to the beneficial nutritional and medicinal characteristics of bee honey and thymol oil as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and antibacterial agents, they have been used since ancient times. The current study aimed to construct a ternary nanoformulation (BPE-TOE-CSNPs NF) through the immobilization of the ethanolic extract of bee pollen (BPE) with thymol oil extract (TOE) into the matrix of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). The antiproliferative activity of new NF (BPE-TOE-CSNPs) against HepG2 and MCF-7 cells was investigated. The BPE-TOE-CSNPs showed significant inhibitory activity for the production of the inflammatory cytokines in HepG2 and MCF-7, with p < 0.001 for both TNF-α and IL6. Moreover, the encapsulation of the BPE and TOE in CSNPs increased the efficacy of the treatment and the induction of valuable arrests for the S phase of the cell cycle. In addition, the new NF has a great capacity to trigger apoptotic mechanisms through caspase-3 expression upregulation in cancer cells by two-fold among HepG2 cell lines and nine-fold among MCF-7 which appeared to be more susceptible to the nanoformulation. Moreover, the nanoformulated compound has upregulated the expression of caspase-9 and P53 apoptotic mechanisms. This NF may shed light on its pharmacological actions by blocking specific proliferative proteins, inducing apoptosis, and interfering with the DNA replication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulud M Alshehri
- Department of Biology, Al Baha University, Baljurashi, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ehab M Abdella
- Department of Biology, Al Baha University, Al Aqiq, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni Suaif University, Egypt
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11
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Zinno P, Guantario B, Lombardi G, Ranaldi G, Finamore A, Allegra S, Mammano MM, Fascella G, Raffo A, Roselli M. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Origanum vulgare Genotypes Belonging to the Carvacrol and Thymol Chemotypes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1344. [PMID: 36987032 PMCID: PMC10059975 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable biological activities of oregano essential oils (EOs) have recently prompted a host of studies aimed at exploring their potential innovative applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The chemical composition and biological activities of EOs from two Origanum vulgare genotypes, widely cultivated in Sicily and not previously studied for their biological properties, were characterized. Plants of the two genotypes, belonging to the carvacrol (CAR) and thymol (THY) chemotypes and grown in different cultivation environments, were considered for this study. The chemical profiles, including the determination of enantiomeric distribution, of the EOs, obtained by hydrodistillation from dried leaves and flowers, were investigated by GC-MS. Biological activity was evaluated as antimicrobial properties against different pathogen indicator strains, while intestinal barrier integrity, reduction in pathogen adhesion and anti-inflammatory actions were assayed in the intestinal Caco-2 cell line. The chemical profile of the CAR genotype was less complex and characterized by higher levels of the most active compound, i.e., carvacrol, when compared to the THY genotype. The enantiomeric distribution of chiral constituents did not vary across genotypes, while being markedly different from that observed in Origanum vulgare genotypes from other geographical origins. In general, all EOs showed high antimicrobial activity, both in vitro and in a food matrix challenge test. Representative EOs from the two genotypes resulted not altering epithelial monolayer sealing only for concentrations lower than 0.02%, were able to reduce the adhesion of selected pathogens, but did not exert relevant anti-inflammatory effects. These results suggest their potential use as control agents against a wide spectrum of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zinno
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
- Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Barbara Guantario
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Lombardi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ranaldi
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Finamore
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Allegra
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Massimo Mammano
- CREA-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, S.S. 113-Km 245.500, 90011 Bagheria, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Fascella
- CREA-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, S.S. 113-Km 245.500, 90011 Bagheria, Italy
| | - Antonio Raffo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Roselli
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
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12
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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antibiofilm Properties of Essential Oil from Thymus capitatus Plants Organically Cultured on the Greek Island of Lemnos. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031154. [PMID: 36770821 PMCID: PMC9919994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are mixtures of volatile plant secondary metabolites and have been exploited by humans for thousands of years for various purposes because of their many bioactivities. In this study, the EO from Thymus capitatus, a thyme species organically cultured on the Greek Island of Lemnos, was analyzed for its chemical composition (through GC-FID and GC-MS), antioxidant activity (AA), and total phenolic content (TPC), as well as its antimicrobial and antibiofilm actions against three important foodborne bacterial pathogens (Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica). For the latter investigations, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) of the EO against the planktonic and biofilm growth of each pathogen were determined, together with the minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs). Results revealed that T. capitatus EO was rich in thymol, p-cymene, and carvacrol, presenting high AA and TPC (144.66 μmol TroloxTM equivalents and 231.32 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of EO, respectively), while its MICs and MBICs ranged from 0.03% to 0.06% v/v and 0.03% to 0.13% v/v, respectively, depending on the target pathogen. The EO was able to fully destroy preformed (mature) biofilms of all three pathogenic species upon application for 15 min, with MBECs ranging from 2.00 to 6.25% v/v. Overall, the results demonstrate that the EO of organically cultured T. capitatus presents strong antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm properties and could, therefore, be further exploited as a functional and antimicrobial natural formulation for food and health applications.
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Nedjimi B. Trace Element Quantification in Two Algerian Thymes (Thymus algeriensis Boiss & Reut. and Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffm. & Link) Using EDXRF Spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:455-463. [PMID: 35091882 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to know the elemental composition of two endemic Algerian thyme species, we analyzed eleven mineral and trace elements (Br, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Rb, Sr, V, and Zn) in Thymus algeriensis Boiss & Reut. and Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffm. & Link. These species are commonly used in Algeria as aromatic and medicinal shrubs. The total concentrations of chemical elements were determined by EDXRF spectrometry. The instrument calibration was assessed through the analysis of certified reference material CRM-336 (Lichen) from the IAEA, Vienna, Austria. The results show that the highest concentrations of the micronutrients (Br, Cr, Cu, Mn, Sr, V, and Zn) were registered in T. algeriensis, while the maximum concentrations of Ca, Fe, and the non-essential element, Rb, were found in T. capitatus. Potassium contents were similar in the two species. The concentrations of essential chemical elements in T. algeriensis leaves were found in the following order: K > Ca > Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr. However, the order of these elements in T. capitatus was Ca > K > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that T. algeriensis was highly associated with Br, Cr, Cu, Mn, Sr, V, and Zn, while T. capitatus was correlated with Ca, Fe, K, and Rb. Dietary element intakes through ingestion of 1 teaspoon of dry powder (~ 10 g) were estimated and compared to recommended daily intakes and permissible limits under FAO/WHO guidelines. In all cases, these estimates were below those levels. These findings can enhance the dissemination of these medicinal plants, which have medicinal and organoleptic properties, and provide an experiment-based guidance to the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouzid Nedjimi
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystem, Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Ziane Achour University of Djelfa, Cité Aîn Chih, P.O. Box 3117, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria.
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Aouf A, Bouaouina S, Abdelgawad MA, Abourehab MAS, Farouk A. In Silico Study for Algerian Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Pus Samples. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1317. [PMID: 36289975 PMCID: PMC9598771 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the globally growing problem of resistance to most used antibacterial agents, essential oils offer promising solutions against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, etiology, and antibiotic-resistance profiles of bacteria responsible for pyogenic infections in Regional Military University Hospital of Constantine. Disc diffusion and broth microdilution (MIC) methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from five Algerian aromatic plants growing wild in the north of Algeria-Salvia officinalis (Sage), Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Mentha pulegium L. (Mentha), Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), and Pelargonium roseum (Geranium)-against reference and MDR strains. During three months of the prospective study, 112 isolates out of 431 pus samples were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant species (25%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.42%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21%), and Escherichia coli (17.95%). Among pus isolates, 65 were MDR (58.03%). The radial streak-line assay showed that R. officinalis and M. pulegium L. had weak activity against the tested strains, whereas P. roseum showed no activity at all. Meanwhile, T. vulgaris was the most potent, with an inhibition zone of 12-26 mm and an MIC value ranging between 0.25 and 1.25%, followed by S. officinalis with an inhibition zone of 8-12 mm and an MIC value ranging between 0.62 and 2.5%. Generally, A. baumannii and S. aureus ATCC6538P were the most sensitive strains, whereas P. aeruginosa ATCC27853 was the most resistant strain to the oils. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of chemical composition revealed the presence of borneol (76.42%) and thymol (17.69%) as predominant in thyme, whereas camphor (36.92%) and α- thujone (34.91%) were the major volatiles in sage. The in-silico study revealed that sesquiterpenes and thymol had the highest binding free energies against the vital enzymes involved in biosynthesis and repair of cell walls, proteins, and nucleic acids compared to monoterpenes. The results demonstrated that T. vulgaris and S. officinalis are ideal candidates for developing future potentially active remedies against MDR strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Aouf
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Nature, University of Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria
| | - Sarah Bouaouina
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Nature, University of Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Amr Farouk
- Flavour and Aroma Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Alibi S, Selma WB, Mansour HB, Navas J. Activity of Essential Oils Against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enteritidis. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:273. [PMID: 35907084 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing potencies of six Essential Oils (EOs) obtained from cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), curcuma (Curcuma longa L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and sage (Salvia officinalis). The study was conducted on 20 multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enteritidis clinical strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericide concentrations were displayed by microdilution. The effect on biofilm formation was tested on polystyrene plates. The anti-quorum sensing effect was determined by measuring the inhibition of violacein production by Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. The influence of EOs on the adhesion of Salmonella strains to HT-29 cells was studied. The potency of S. enteritidis to infect and kill Caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated. The cinnamon, thyme, and clove EOs showed remarkable antibacterial properties. Biofilm formation was significantly reduced by the six EOs: 99.10% for cinnamon, 97.64% for clove, 95.90% for thyme, 79.84% for rosemary, 28.98% for curcuma, and 15.55% for sage. The MIC/2 of clove EO exhibited the highest percentage of inhibition of violacein production (99.03%), followed by thyme (91.68%) and cinnamon (84.13%) EOs. Thyme extracts exhibited an important anti-adhesive potency. Clove EO behaves as an effective regulator of Salmonella virulence in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Alibi
- Research Unit Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Rejiche Street, 5121, Mahdia, Tunisia.
| | - Walid Ben Selma
- Research Unit Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Rejiche Street, 5121, Mahdia, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Rejiche Street, 5121, Mahdia, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Markers Studying for Early Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Neurological Diseases, LR18ES47, Faculty of Medicine, Ibn Jazzar Street, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Rejiche Street, 5121, Mahdia, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Rejiche Street, 5121, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Jésus Navas
- BIOMEDAGE Group, Faculty of Medicine, Cantabria University, Av Herrera Oria, S/N, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Calle Cardenal Herrera Oria, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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16
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Antibacterial Activity of Clove, Oregano, Thyme, Eucalyptus, and Tea Tree Essential Oils against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: In view of the high recurrence rate of urinary tract infections and the increasing number of germs resistant to multiple antibiotics, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of clove, oregano, thyme, eucalyptus, tea tree essential oils (EOs) against 32 isolates of Escherichia coli and 28 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI).
Methods: The agar disk diffusion method was used to assess the susceptibility of these isolates to essential oils and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined.
Results: Our results suggest that volatile phenols (such as carvacrol in oregano EO, thymol in thyme EO, and eugenol in clove EO) are more efficacious as antibacterial than non-aromatic compounds (such as eucalyptol in eucalyptus EO and terpinene derivatives in tea tree EO).
Conclusion : The oregano EO, followed by thyme appear to have the highest efficacy against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates investigated.
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Benoutman A, Erbiai EH, Edderdaki FZ, Cherif EK, Saidi R, Lamrani Z, Pintado M, Pinto E, Esteves da Silva JCG, Maouni A. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Thymus capitatus, a Medicinal Plant Collected from Northern Morocco. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:681. [PMID: 35625325 PMCID: PMC9137586 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus capitatus is a Mediterranean endemic plant commonly known as "Zaïtra" in northern Morocco. As T. capitatus is widely used in traditional medicine and food, this present work aims to investigate the chemical compositions and biological activities of the T. capitatus leaves essential oil (TcLEO), acetonic (TcLAE), and methanolic extract (TcLME). The spectrophotometric determination demonstrated that T. capitatus is a natural source rich in phenolic contents (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) and that TcLME revealed the highest TPC and TFC than TcLAE and TcLEO. The LC-MS analysis of phenolic compounds showed that paraben acid was predominant in both TcLME and TcLAE, followed by cinnamic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. GC-MS analysis of the TcLEO revealed the presence of a total of 10 compounds, which were predominated by carvacrol. The antioxidant activity by ORAC was observed to be significantly higher in TcLEO and TcLAE than in TcLME. All samples used to assess DNA degradation effectively prevented DNA oxidation and, at the same time, had a prooxidant effect. The genotoxicity test showed that the T. capitatus were devoid of any mutagenic activity. Concerning antifungal activity, all samples were able to inhibit the growth of all microorganisms tested at low concentrations. TcLAE showed higher activity than TcLME, and in general, dermatophytes were more susceptible, being Microsporum canis the most sensitive one. Overall, the results obtained from this study confirm the wide uses of T. capitatus. Furthermore, the finding results suggest that the T. capitatus essential oil and extracts can be highly useful for pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Benoutman
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - El Hadi Erbiai
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (E.K.C.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Fatima Zahra Edderdaki
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - El Khalil Cherif
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (E.K.C.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- Institute for Systems and Robotics, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rabah Saidi
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zouhaire Lamrani
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (E.K.C.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Abdelfettah Maouni
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
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Chemical and Biological Profile and Allergenicity of Thymus baicalensis Plant of Mongolian Origin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121905. [PMID: 34943008 PMCID: PMC8750244 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus baicalensis is a medicinal plant recognized as a traditional Mongolian therapeutic and health-promoting food supplement. The aim of the study was to check the suitability of the tested plant for supporting the treatment of certain diseases. The following study is the first one to showcase the versatile scope of characteristics of T. baicalensis, including its volatile oil composition, polyphenolic composition, lipid composition, phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial properties and ingestive allergenicity. Myrcene, at 26.15%, was shown to be the most abundant component of the volatile oil. Compounds known as inherent components of the Thymus genus: thymol and carvacrol made up only about 0.24% of the extracted oil. As much as 10.11 g kg−1 of polyphenol compounds were identified as derivatives of luteolin-7-O-glucuronide. The lipid extract was found to be rich in palmitic acid (31.05%), while unsaturated fatty acids were not reported. Spectrophotometric determination of the phenols and flavonoids indicated 7.541 mg of gallic acid g−1 and 4.345 mg of quercitin g−1, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity was determined by the 2,2-difenylo-1-pikrylohydrazyl method at IC50 = 206.97 µg mL−1. The extracts also had a strong inhibitory effect on M. flavus and P. fluorescenes bacteria, as well as S. cerevisiae yeasts. The Bet v 1 and profilin allergens in T. baicalensis were reported at 175.17 ng g−1 and 1.66 ng g−1, respectively.
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Scaffaro R, Maio A, D'Arrigo M, Lopresti F, Marino A, Bruno M, Nostro A. Flexible mats as promising antimicrobial systems via integration of Thymus capitatus (L.) essential oil into PLA. Future Microbiol 2021; 15:1379-1392. [PMID: 33085542 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop electrospun mats loaded with Thymus capitatus (L.) essential oil (ThymEO) and to study their morpho-mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Materials & methods: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) mats containing ThymEO were prepared by electrospinning. The effect of ThymEO on the morpho-mechanical properties of fibers was assayed by scanning electron microscopy and dynamometer measurements. The antimicrobial activity of ThymEO delivered either in liquid or vapor phase was assessed through killing curves and invert Petri dishes method. The cytotoxicity was also investigated. Results: The mechanical properties were enhanced by integrating ThymEO into PLA. Both liquid and vapors of ThymEO released from mats caused reductions of microbial viable cells. Negligible cytotoxicity was demonstrated. Conclusion: PLA/ThymEO delivery systems could be suitable for treating microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scaffaro
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Andrea Maio
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Arrigo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Sciences, Polo Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Francesco Lopresti
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Andreana Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Sciences, Polo Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- Department of Biological, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Antonia Nostro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Sciences, Polo Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, 98168, Italy
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Bouyahya A, Chamkhi I, Guaouguaou FE, Benali T, Balahbib A, El Omari N, Taha D, El-Shazly M, El Menyiy N. Ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and food benefits of Thymus capitatus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112925. [PMID: 32423878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thymus capitatusHoffm. et Link. is an endemic medicinal plant to the Mediterranean region. It is used in folk medicine to treat various diseases including diabetes, flu, cough, flatulence, dermatitis, indigestion, respiratory disorders, asthma, rheumatic, diarrhea, and influenza. It is also used as antiseptic, analgesic, stimulant, and sedative. AIM OF THE REVIEW In this review, previous reports on T. capitatusconcerningits taxonomy, botanical description, geographical distribution, ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and food benefits were critically summarized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scientificsearch engines including PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley Online, Scifnder, and Google Scholar were consulted to gather data on T. capitatus. The data presented in this work summarize T. capitatus phytochemical compounds, ethnomedicinaluses, pharmacological properties, and food value. RESULTS In traditional medicine, T. capitatusis used to treat various illnesses including diabetes, dermatitis, and diarrhea. The essential oils and extracts of T. capitatus exhibited several biological properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic, anticancer, antiviral, and hepatoprotective effects. T. capitatus possesses high nutritional value and its essential oil showed promising activity in food preservation. Phytochemical characterization of T. capitatus revealed the presence of several classes of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. CONCLUSIONS Ethnomedicinal surveys indicated the use of T. capitatus for the treatment of various disorders. Pharmacological reports showed that T. capitatus especially its essential oils, exhibited potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects. These findings confirmed the link between traditional medicinal use and scientific biological results. Moreover, T. capitatus exhibited a potent food preservative effect which justifies its use in traditional medicine as a food additive. In light of these findings, further studies to validate the industrial applications of T. capitatus essential oils as a food additive are required. Further investigations on the in vivo pharmacological properties of T. capitatus are strongly recommended to validate the results of its clinical uses as an antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and antiviral agent. Toxicological tests and pharmacokinetic investigations are also needed to validate the safety and efficacy ofT. capitatus and its bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, And Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Imane Chamkhi
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Fatima-Ezzahrae Guaouguaou
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, SidiMohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez B.P.: 1223, Taza-Gare. Taza, Morocco.
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Douae Taha
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et Environnement, CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology & Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco.
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Zaïri A, Nouir S, Khalifa MA, Ouni B, Haddad H, Khelifa A, Trabelsi M. Phytochemical Analysis and Assessment of Biological Properties of Essential Oils Obtained from Thyme and Rosmarinus Species. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:414-424. [PMID: 31738133 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191019124630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant species Thymus algeriensis (TA); Thymus capitatus (TC) and Rosmarinus officinalis (RO), are widely used in traditional medicine in Tunisia. The bioactivities of their essential oils have also been reported previously. The main objective of this work was to assess the phytochemical composition, the antioxidant activity, cytotoxic potential and the antibacterial, antifungal, of the essential oil (EO) of these plants. METHODS Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and quantify the constituents of the tested EO. Chemical tests, and spectrophotometric methods were used for antioxidant activities and for the screening and quantification of phytochemicals. The cytotoxic potential of the EO was checked using HCT 116 cultures. The extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial potential by the microdilution method. Antifungal activities were tested using the Poisoned food technique against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. RESULTS The EO of tested plants presented several components, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The results revealed that T. capitatus EO is not toxic compared to the other tested samples. Phenolic compounds were detected and this EO showed excellent antioxidant activity presenting dosedependent relationship. Regarding antimicrobial activity, T. capitatus EO, also had the highest inhibition against all tested bacteria and fungi. CONCLUSION This study showed the importance of the bioactivities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and safety potential) of EOs of the plant species TC, RO, and TA used in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zaïri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, University of Sousse Tunisia, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia.,Laboratory BIOLIVAL, High Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Nouir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, University of Sousse Tunisia, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed A Khalifa
- Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery Department, Sahloul Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Bouraoui Ouni
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, University of Sousse Tunisia 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Houda Haddad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, University of Sousse Tunisia, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia.,Laboratory BIOLIVAL, High Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Améni Khelifa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, University of Sousse Tunisia, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia.,Laboratory BIOLIVAL, High Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mounir Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic, Molecular Biology and Biology of Reproduction, University of Tunis El-Manar, El-Manar, Tunisia
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22
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Moumni S, Elaissi A, Trabelsi A, Merghni A, Chraief I, Jelassi B, Chemli R, Ferchichi S. Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of some Lamiaceae species essential oils from Tunisia. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:103. [PMID: 32245466 PMCID: PMC7118912 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lamiaceae family is one of the most diverse and common plant families in terms of ethnomedicine due to their potential therapeutic effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the chemical composition and the antibacterial effect of five essential oils from this family against five reference bacterial strains responsible of nosocomial diseases and foodborne illnesses. METHODS The commercial essential oils of Tunisian Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus capitatus, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis were analyzed by GC/FID and GC-MS. Essential oils were evaluated for their antibacterial activities by disc diffusion and microbroth dilution methods against five reference bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone diameter values and the twenty major compounds of the selected essential oils were subjected to PCA and HCA analysis. RESULTS Analysis by GC/FID and GC/MS allowed the identification of ninety-one components representing 96.0 to 98.2% of the total oils. The different component contents varied according to the species. The main components were carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, α-terpineol and α-pinene. The PCA and the HCA of the selected essential oil components and the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) values identified four species groups and subgroups. Each essential oils group constituted a chemotype responsible for their bacterial inhibition ability. Thymus capitatus essential oil showed the strongest antibacterial activity with MBC ranging from 0.73 to 2.94 mg mL- 1. CONCLUSION Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus capitatus, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis essential oils have shown promising antibacterial activities against reference bacterial strains responsible for nosocomial diseases and foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Moumni
- Laboratory of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Drug Development LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Ameur Elaissi
- Laboratory of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Drug Development LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amine Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abderrahmen Merghni
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance LR99ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imed Chraief
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Brahim Jelassi
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rachid Chemli
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Salima Ferchichi
- Biochemistry Laboratory CHU Farhat Hached, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
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Hizem A, M’rad S, Oudni-M’rad M, Mezhoud H, Ben Jannet H, Flamini G, Ghedira K, Babba H. In vitro scolicidal activity of Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. essential oil on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1711212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amani Hizem
- Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, LP3M: Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, LR 12ES08, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Selim M’rad
- Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, LP3M: Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, LR 12ES08, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Myriam Oudni-M’rad
- Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, LP3M: Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, LR 12ES08, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Habib Mezhoud
- Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, LP3M: Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, LR 12ES08, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité, Equipe: Chimie Médicinale et Produits Naturels, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute” Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kamel Ghedira
- Unité des Substances naturelles bioactives et biotechnologie, UR17 ES49, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, LP3M: Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, LR 12ES08, Monastir, Tunisie
- Laboratoire B, Centre de maternité EPS F. Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisie
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Chemical composition, Fatty acids profile and Biological properties of Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns, essential Oil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20134. [PMID: 31882812 PMCID: PMC6934870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T. capitatus is widely used in traditional medicine in Tunisia. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition, the fatty acids profile, the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities as well as the cytotoxic potential of the essential oil (EO) of this plant. The identification and the quantification of the different constituents of the tested EO was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated by spectrophotometric methods and chemical tests. HCT 116 cells were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the EO. The microdilution method was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity. Poisoned food method was used to test the antifungal activities against fungi species such Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The EO presented several components, mainly monoterpenes. Results revealed that T. capitatus EO is not cytotoxic and showed excellent antioxidant activity with a dose dependent manner. Regarding antimicrobial activity, T. capitatus EO was efficient against all tested bacteria and fungi.
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Rúa J, del Valle P, de Arriaga D, Fernández-Álvarez L, García-Armesto MR. Combination of Carvacrol and Thymol: Antimicrobial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus and Antioxidant Activity. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:622-629. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rúa
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - Pilar del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - Dolores de Arriaga
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
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Spyridopoulou K, Fitsiou E, Bouloukosta E, Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Vamvakias M, Oreopoulou A, Papavassilopoulou E, Pappa A, Chlichlia K. Extraction, Chemical Composition, and Anticancer Potential of Origanum onites L. Essential Oil. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142612. [PMID: 31323754 PMCID: PMC6680447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Origanum species are plants rich in volatile oils that are mainly used for culinary purposes. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the biological activities of their essential oils. Origanum onites L. is a plant mainly found in Greece, Turkey, and Sicily, whose oil is rich in carvacrol, a highly bioactive phytochemical. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of Origanum onites essential oil (OOEO), and investigate its potential anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. GC/MS analysis identified carvacrol as OOEO's main constituent. In vitro antiproliferative activity was assayed with the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay against human cancer cell lines from four tumor types. HT-29, a colorectal cancer cell line, was the most sensitive to the antiproliferative activity of OOEO. Wound-healing assay and Annexin V-PI staining were employed to investigate the antimigratory and the pro-apoptotic potential of OOEO, respectively, against human (HT-29) and murine (CT26) colon cancer cells. Notably, OOEO attenuated migration and induced apoptosis-related morphological changes in both cell lines. Prophylactic oral administration of the oil in a BALB/c experimental mouse model inhibited the growth of syngeneic CT26 colon tumors. As far as we know, this is the first report on the antitumor potential of orally administered OOEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Spyridopoulou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eleni Fitsiou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eleni Bouloukosta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Angeliki Tiptiri-Kourpeti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Manolis Vamvakias
- VIORYL S.A., Chemical & Agricultural Industry, Research S.A., 19014 Afidnes, Greece
| | - Antigoni Oreopoulou
- VIORYL S.A., Chemical & Agricultural Industry, Research S.A., 19014 Afidnes, Greece
| | | | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Felicioli A, Cilia G, Mancini S, Turchi B, Galaverna G, Cirlini M, Cerri D, Fratini F. In vitro antibacterial activity and volatile characterisation of organic Apis mellifera ligustica (Spinola, 1906) beeswax ethanol extracts. FOOD BIOSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Activity of Thymus capitatus essential oil components against in vitro cultured Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes and germinal layer cells. Parasitology 2019; 146:956-967. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe essential oil (EO) of Thymus capitatus, seven fractions (F1–F7) obtained from silica gel chromatography, and several pure EO components were evaluated with respect to in vitro activities against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes and germinal layer (GL) cells. Attempts to evaluate physical damage in metacestodes by phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) assay failed because EO and F1–F7 interfered with the PGI-activity measurements. A metacestode viability assay based on Alamar Blue, as well as transmission electron microscopy, demonstrated that exposure to EO, F2 and F4 impaired metacestode viability. F2 and F4 exhibited higher toxicity against metacestodes than against mammalian cells, whereas EO was as toxic to mammalian cells as to the parasite. However, none of these fractions exhibited notable activity against isolated E. multilocularis GL cells. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that carvacrol was the major component of the EO (82.4%), as well as of the fractions F3 (94.4%), F4 (98.1%) and F5 (90.7%). Other major components of EO were β-caryophyllene, limonene, thymol and eugenol. However, exposure of metacestodes to these components was ineffective. Thus, fractions F2 and F4 of T. capitatus EO contain potent anti-echinococcal compounds, but the activities of these two fractions are most likely based on synergistic effects between several major and minor constituents.
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29
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Marcet I, Weng S, Sáez-Orviz S, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Production and characterisation of biodegradable PLA nanoparticles loaded with thymol to improve its antimicrobial effect. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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El-Jalel LF, Elkady WM, Gonaid MH, El-Gareeb KA. Difference in chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus capitatus L. essential oil at different altitudes. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Wang T, Luo Y. Chitosan Hydrogel Beads Functionalized with Thymol-Loaded Solid Lipid⁻Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103112. [PMID: 30314297 PMCID: PMC6213168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the innovative and multifunctional nanoparticles–hydrogel nanocomposites made with chitosan hydrogel beads and solid lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (SLPN) were prepared through conjugation between SLPN and chitosan beads. The SLPNs were first fabricated via coating the bovine serum albumin (BSA)-emulsified solid lipid nanoparticles with oxidized dextran. The aldehyde groups of the oxidized dextran on the surface of the SLPN enabled an in situ conjugation with the chitosan beads through the Schiff base linkage. The obtained nano-on-beads composite exhibited a spherical shape with a homogeneous size distribution. The successful conjugation of SLPN on the chitosan beads was confirmed by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a scanning electron microscope. The effects of the beads dosage (50, 100, 200, and 300 beads) and the incubation duration (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min) on the conjugation efficiency of SLPN onto the beads were comprehensively optimized. The optimal formulations were found to be a 200 bead dosage, with 30–90 min incubation duration groups. The optimal formulations were then used to encapsulate thymol, an antibacterial agent, which was studied as a model compound. After encapsulation, the thymol exhibited sustained release profiles in the phosphate buffer saline. The as-prepared nanoparticles–hydrogel nanocomposites reported in this proof-of-concept study hold promising features as a controlled-release antibacterial approach for improving food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoran Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Yangchao Luo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Manconi M, Petretto G, D'hallewin G, Escribano E, Milia E, Pinna R, Palmieri A, Firoznezhad M, Peris JE, Usach I, Fadda AM, Caddeo C, Manca ML. Thymus essential oil extraction, characterization and incorporation in phospholipid vesicles for the antioxidant/antibacterial treatment of oral cavity diseases. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 171:115-122. [PMID: 30025373 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to extract, characterize, and formulate Thymus capitatus (Tymbra capitata) essential oil in phospholipid vesicles: liposomes, glycerosomes and Penetration Enhancer-containing Vesicles (PEVs). The steam-distilled essential oil was mainly composed of carvacrol. The oil was mixed with lecithin and water to produce liposomes, or different ratios of water/glycerol or water/propylene glycol (PG) to produce glycerosomes and PG-PEVs, respectively. Cryo-TEM showed the formation of unilamellar, spherical vesicles, and light scattering disclosed that their size increased in the presence of glycerol or PG, which improved long-term stability. The formulations were highly biocompatible, and capable of counteracting oxidative stress and favouring wound repair in keratinocytes, thanks to enhanced uptake. The antibacterial activity of the oil was demonstrated against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and commensal Streptococcus sanguinis. The combination of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Thymus essential oil formulations may be useful for the treatment of oral cavity diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manconi
- Dept. of Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Drug Science Division, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Petretto
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Guy D'hallewin
- Institute of Science of Food Production ISPA-CNR, Traversa la Crucca 3, Loc. Baldinca, 07040 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elvira Escribano
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Egle Milia
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine and Surgical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Pinna
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Palmieri
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine and Surgical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mohammad Firoznezhad
- Dept. of Horticulture Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, 1477893855 Tehran, Iran
| | - Josè Esteban Peris
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Iris Usach
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Maria Fadda
- Dept. of Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Drug Science Division, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Caddeo
- Dept. of Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Drug Science Division, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Maria Letizia Manca
- Dept. of Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Drug Science Division, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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Lorenzo JM, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Gavahian M, Marszałek K, Eş I, Munekata PES, Ferreira ICFR, Barba FJ. Understanding the potential benefits of thyme and its derived products for food industry and consumer health: From extraction of value-added compounds to the evaluation of bioaccessibility, bioavailability, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2879-2895. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1477730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohsen Gavahian
- Product and Process Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Krystian Marszałek
- Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ismail Eş
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo E. S. Munekata
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolonia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Universitat de València, Faculty of Pharmacy, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Nutrition and Food Science Area, Avda.Vicent Andrés Estellés, Burjassot, València, Spain
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Bukvicki D, Giweli A, Stojkovic D, Vujisic L, Tesevic V, Nikolic M, Sokovic M, Marin PD. Short communication: Cheese supplemented with Thymus algeriensis oil, a potential natural food preservative. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3859-3865. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Gonçalves JCR, de Meneses DA, de Vasconcelos AP, Piauilino CA, Almeida FRDC, Napoli EM, Ruberto G, de Araújo DAM. Essential oil composition and antinociceptive activity of Thymus capitatus. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:782-786. [PMID: 28103733 PMCID: PMC6130693 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1279672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The essential oil (EO) from Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. (Lamiaceae) has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. OBJECTIVE Characterize the constituents from T. capitatus EO and further evaluate the antinociceptive activity by in vivo and in vitro procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the constituents of the T. capitatus EO. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated in vivo by the glutamate-induced nociception model in male Swiss mice (25 g), at doses of 3, 6 and 12 mg/kg, 1 h before evaluation of the licking time response (0-15 min). The mechanism of T. capitatus EO (1-500 μg/mL) on the isolated nerve excitability of Wistar rat (300 g) was assessed by the single sucrose technique. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The EO of T. capitatus presented 33 components, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, carvacrol (ca. 80%) was its major constituent. T. capitatus EO induced antinociception in orally treated mice (3, 6, and 12 mg/kg) reducing the licking time from control (100.3 ± 11.9 s) to 84.8 ± 12.2, 62.7.6 ± 9.9, and 41.5 ± 12.7 s, respectively (n = 8; p < 0.05). Additionally, we have demonstrated that T. capitatus EO (500 μg/mL) decreased the compound action potential amplitude (VCAP) of about 80.0 ± 4.3% from control recordings (n = 4; p < 0.05). Such activity was presumably mediated through a voltage-gated Na+ channels. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the antinociceptive activity of Thymus capitatus essential oil, which acts via peripheral nervous excitability blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Ramos Gonçalves
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- CONTACT Juan Carlos Ramos GonçalvesDepartment of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Edoardo Marco Napoli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Catania, Italy
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Marchese A, Orhan IE, Daglia M, Barbieri R, Di Lorenzo A, Nabavi SF, Gortzi O, Izadi M, Nabavi SM. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of thymol: A brief review of the literature. Food Chem 2016; 210:402-14. [PMID: 27211664 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family (Thymus, Ocimum, Origanum, and Monarda genera), and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Apiaceae families. These essential oils are used in the food industry for their flavouring and preservative properties, in commercial mosquito repellent formulations for their natural repellent effect, in aromatherapy, and in traditional medicine for the treatment of headaches, coughs, and diarrhea. Many different activities of thymol such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, local anaesthetic, antinociceptive, cicatrizing, antiseptic, and especially antibacterial and antifungal properties have been shown. This review aims to critically evaluate the available literature regarding the antibacterial and antifungal effects of thymol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marchese
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS-San Martino-IST and DISC, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Ramona Barbieri
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS-San Martino-IST and DISC, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Lorenzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olga Gortzi
- Department of Food Technology, Technological Educational Institution of Thessaly, Terma N. Temponera Str., Greece
| | - Morteza Izadi
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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