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Cooper AL, Wong A, Tamber S, Blais BW, Carrillo CD. Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens Recovered from Food and Human Sources: Insights from 639,087 Bacterial Whole-Genome Sequences in the NCBI Pathogen Detection Database. Microorganisms 2024; 12:709. [PMID: 38674654 PMCID: PMC11051753 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of foods in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance necessitates the initial documentation of antibiotic resistance genes within bacterial species found in foods. Here, the NCBI Pathogen Detection database was used to query antimicrobial resistance gene prevalence in foodborne and human clinical bacterial isolates. Of the 1,843,630 sequence entries, 639,087 (34.7%) were assigned to foodborne or human clinical sources with 147,788 (23.14%) from food and 427,614 (76.88%) from humans. The majority of foodborne isolates were either Salmonella (47.88%), Campylobacter (23.03%), Escherichia (11.79%), or Listeria (11.3%), and the remaining 6% belonged to 20 other genera. Most foodborne isolates were from meat/poultry (95,251 or 64.45%), followed by multi-product mixed food sources (29,892 or 20.23%) and fish/seafood (6503 or 4.4%); however, the most prominent isolation source varied depending on the genus/species. Resistance gene carriage also varied depending on isolation source and genus/species. Of note, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. carried larger proportions of the quinolone resistance gene qnrS and some clinically relevant beta-lactam resistance genes in comparison to Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The prevalence of mec in S. aureus did not significantly differ between meat/poultry and multi-product sources relative to clinical sources, whereas this resistance was rare in isolates from dairy sources. The proportion of biocide resistance in Bacillus and Escherichia was significantly higher in clinical isolates compared to many foodborne sources but significantly lower in clinical Listeria compared to foodborne Listeria. This work exposes the gaps in current publicly available sequence data repositories, which are largely composed of clinical isolates and are biased towards specific highly abundant pathogenic species. We also highlight the importance of requiring and curating metadata on sequence submission to not only ensure correct information and data interpretation but also foster efficient analysis, sharing, and collaboration. To effectively monitor resistance carriage in food production, additional work on sequencing and characterizing AMR carriage in common commensal foodborne bacteria is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Cooper
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada;
| | - Alex Wong
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- Microbiology Research Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0K9, Canada;
| | - Burton W. Blais
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada;
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Catherine D. Carrillo
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada;
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
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Maillard JY, Pascoe M. Disinfectants and antiseptics: mechanisms of action and resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:4-17. [PMID: 37648789 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biocides are used for the prevention and control of infection in health care, targeted home hygiene or controlling microbial contamination for various industrial processes including but not limited to food, water and petroleum. However, their use has substantially increased since the implementation of programmes to control outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridioides difficile and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Biocides interact with multiple targets on the bacterial cells. The number of targets affected and the severity of damage will result in an irreversible bactericidal effect or a reversible bacteriostatic one. Most biocides primarily target the cytoplasmic membrane and enzymes, although the specific bactericidal mechanisms vary among different biocide chemistries. Inappropriate usage or low concentrations of a biocide may act as a stressor while not killing bacterial pathogens, potentially leading to antimicrobial resistance. Biocides can also promote the transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes. In this Review, we explore our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of biocides, the bacterial resistance mechanisms encompassing both intrinsic and acquired resistance and the influence of bacterial biofilms on resistance. We also consider the impact of bacteria that survive biocide exposure in environmental and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
| | - Michael Pascoe
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
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Asghar MU, Ain NU, Zaidi AH, Tariq M. Molecular distribution of biocide resistance genes and susceptibility to biocides among vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolates from intensive care unit (ICU) of cardiac hospital- A first report from Pakistan. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22120. [PMID: 38046134 PMCID: PMC10686860 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study was conducted with the aim to investigate the VRSA isolates in terms of their susceptibility to routinely used biocides influenced by the co-occurrence of biocide resistant gene (BRGs) and efflux pumps genes. Methodology Frequently touched surfaces within intensive care unit (ICU) of cardiac hospital were classified into three primary sites i.e., structure, machines and miscellaneous. Over a period of six months (January 2021 to July 2021) twenty three swabs samples were collected from these sites. Subsequently, these samples underwent both phenotypic and molecular methods for VRSA isolation and identification. Susceptibility and efficacy testing of biocides (benzalkonium chloride (BAC), cetrimide (CET) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)) were evaluated using microdilution broth and suspension method. Furthermore, specific primers were used for singleplex PCR targeting BRGs (cepA, qacA, and qacE) and efflux pump (norA, norB, norC, sepA, mepA and mdeA) associated genes. Results We found that 72.2 % S. aureus demonstrate the presence of vanA or vanB genes with no significant difference among three sites (p > 0.05). cepA is the most dominant BRGs followed by qacA and qacE from structure site as compared to other sites (p < 0.05). BAC showed reduced biocide susceptibility and MIC50. There was no significant difference between presence or absence of BRGs and high MIC values of VRSA isolates from all three sites. However, efflux pump genes (EFPGs) particularly norA and norA + sepA had a significant association with BRGs and reduced biocide. Conclusion BAC is the most effective disinfectant against VRSA. Proper and controlled use of BAC is required to overcome the VRSA contamination. We recommend continuous monitoring of the BRGs prevalence for better prevention of microorganism dissemination and infection control in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umer Asghar
- National Probiotic Lab, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Haseeb Zaidi
- National Probiotic Lab, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- National Probiotic Lab, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
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Hefzy EM, Radwan TEE, Hozayen BMM, Mahmoud EE, Khalil MAF. Antiseptics and mupirocin resistance in clinical, environmental, and colonizing coagulase negative Staphylococcus isolates. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:110. [PMID: 37794413 PMCID: PMC10552417 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens. The excessive use of antimicrobial agents, including antiseptics, represents one of the world's major public health problems. This study aimed to test the susceptibility of CoNS to antiseptics. METHODS Out of 250 specimens collected from different sections of the hospital, 55 samples were identified as CoNS, categorized into three groups based on their sources: environmental samples (n = 32), healthcare worker carriers samples (n = 14), and clinical infection samples (n = 9). Isolates were examined for susceptibility to antibiotics and antiseptics, such as benzalkonium chloride (BC), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHDG). Mupirocin and antiseptic resistance genes, as well as the mecA gene, were detected using polymerase chain reaction. CoNS isolates with notable resistance to antiseptics and antibiotics were identified using the API-Staph system. RESULTS A high frequency of multidrug resistance among CoNS clinical infection isolates was observed. Approximately half of the CoNS isolates from healthcare workers were susceptible to CHDG, but 93% were resistant to BC and CTAB. The frequency of antiseptics and antibiotics resistance genes in CoNS isolates was as follows: qacA/B (51/55; 92.7%), smr (22/55; 40.0%), qacG (1/55; 1.8%), qacH (6/55; 10.9%), qacJ (4/55; 7.3%), mecA (35/55; 63.6%), mupB (10/55; 18.2%), and mupA (7/55; 12.7%). A significant difference in the prevalence of smr gene and qacJ genes between CoNS isolates from healthcare workers and other isolates was reported (P value = 0.032 and ˂0.001, respectively). Four different CoNS species; S. epidermidis, S. chromogene, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis, were identified by API. CONCLUSIONS CoNS isolates colonizing healthcare workers showed a high prevalence of antiseptic resistance genes, while clinical infection samples were more resistant to antibiotics. CHDG demonstrated greater efficacy than BC and CTAB in our hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Mamdouh Hefzy
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt.
| | | | - Basma M M Hozayen
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Eman E Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A F Khalil
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Loret S, Habib B, Romain P, Roba A, Reboul A. Prevention of horizontal transfer of laboratory plasmids to environmental bacteria: comparison of the effectiveness of a few disinfection approaches to degrade DNA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:89369-89380. [PMID: 37450185 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The routine work of any molecular biology laboratory includes the daily use of microorganisms, including strains of E. coli, transformed with a variety of plasmids expressing at least one antibiotic resistance gene (ARG). Therefore, to avoid the accidental release of ARGs into environmental water, methods for disinfection of liquid laboratory waste must be effective in destroying nucleic acids. In support of this recommendation, the origin of replication of Enterobacteriaceae plasmids has been detected in strains of non-Enterobacteriaceae bacteria isolated from wastewater from laboratories and research institutes, suggesting that interspecific transfer of laboratory plasmids had occurred. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we determined the decimal reduction value (D value, expressed as concentration of disinfectant or length of physical treatment) of several decontamination methods for their DNA degradation effect on cultures of E. coli Top10 transformed with a kanamycin resistant plasmid (pET28A + or pEGFP-C2). The estimated D values were 0.7 M for sulfuric acid, 6.3% for a commercial P3 disinfectant, 25 min for steam sterilization at 121 °C, and 49 min for disinfection by UVC. A 20-min treatment of bacteria cultures with a final concentration of 1-10% sodium hypochlorite was found to be ineffective in completely destroying a bacteria plasmid gene marker (coding for the pBR322 origin of replication). Residual DNA from NaClO-treated cells was 60%, while it decreased under 10% using the commercial disinfectant P3 diluted at 5%. As the degradation was incomplete in both cases, we recommend avoiding discharge of disinfected liquid waste to wastewater (even after chemical neutralization) without additional plasmid destruction treatment, to prevent horizontal transfer of laboratory ARGs to environmental bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Loret
- Health and Safety Department, Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Biosafety Office, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B 5000, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Boutaina Habib
- Science Faculty, University Mohammed V, Avenue Ibn Batouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Pierre Romain
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms (URBM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B 5000 , Namur, Belgium
| | - Agnès Roba
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms (URBM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B 5000 , Namur, Belgium
| | - Angéline Reboul
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms (URBM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B 5000 , Namur, Belgium
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Chegene Lorestani R, Shojaeian A, Rostamian M. Phenotypic, genotypic, and metabolic resistance mechanisms of ESKAPE bacteria to chemical disinfectants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1097-1123. [PMID: 37674347 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2256975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of resistant ESKAPE pathogens to antimicrobials including chemical disinfectants (ChDs) is a serious threat to public health worldwide. In the present study, we systematically reviewed published reports on mechanisms beyond ChD resistance of ESKAPE bacteria. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Several databases without date limitations were searched. Studies focused on the ChD resistance/tolerance mechanisms of ESKAPE bacteria were included. Meta-analysis was done to assess the frequency of tolerance and genes in ESKAPE clinical isolates. By screening of initial 6733 records, finally, 41 studies were included. RESULTS The overall tolerance to at least one ChD was 48.6%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were highly ChD-resistant. In several studies, phenotypic changes including changes in general morphology, pump function, cell surface, and membrane, as well as metabolic changes were observed after ChD addition. The resistance gene frequency was 70.2% for norfloxacin efflux pump genes, 40.6% for qac major facilitator superfamily genes, and 22.2% for qac small multidrug resistance genes. CONCLUSION We systematically reviewed the effect of various mechanisms in the resistance process of ESKAPE bacteria to ChDs. However, except for the impact of genes, the numbers of studies investigating other mechanisms were very limited, demanding carrying out more studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Chegene Lorestani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mosayeb Rostamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Hrovat K, Zupančič JČ, Seme K, Avguštin JA. QAC Resistance Genes in ESBL-Producing E. coli Isolated from Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in the Central Slovenia Region-A 21-Year Survey. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050273. [PMID: 37235321 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocidal products prevent the spread of pathogenic microorganisms, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC), which is one of the most alarming health problems worldwide. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are surface-active agents that interact with the cytoplasmic membrane and are widely used in hospitals and food processing environments. A collection of 577 ESBL-EC, isolated from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples, was screened for QAC resistance genes oqxA; oqxB; qacEΔ1; qacE; qacF/H/I; qacG; sugE (p); emrE; mdfA; sugE (c); ydgE; ydgF; and for class 1, 2, and 3 integrons. The prevalence of chromosome-encoded genes ranged from 77 to 100%, while the prevalence of QAC resistance genes encoded on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was relatively low (0-0.9%), with the exception of qacEΔ1 (54.6%). PCR screening detected the presence of class 1 integrons in 36.3% (n = 210) of isolates, which were positively correlated with qacEΔ1. More correlations between QAC resistance genes, integrons, sequence type group ST131, and β-lactamase genes were presented. The results of our study confirm the presence of QAC resistance genes and also class 1 integrons commonly found in multidrug-resistant clinical isolates and highlight the potential role of QAC resistance genes in the selection of ESBL-producing E. coli in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hrovat
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Katja Seme
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sanmartín P, Bosch-Roig P, Pangallo D, Kraková L, Serrano M. Unraveling disparate roles of organisms, from plants to bacteria, and viruses on built cultural heritage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2027-2037. [PMID: 36820899 PMCID: PMC9947938 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The different organisms, ranging from plants to bacteria, and viruses that dwell on built cultural heritage can be passive or active participants in conservation processes. For the active participants, particular attention is generally given to organisms that play a positive role in bioprotection, bioprecipitation, bioconsolidation, bioremediation, biocleaning, and biological control and to those involved in providing ecosystem services, such as reducing temperature, pollution, and noise in urban areas. The organisms can also evolve or mutate in response to changes, becoming tolerant and resistant to biocidal treatments or acquiring certain capacities, such as water repellency or resistance to ultraviolet radiation. Our understanding of the capacities and roles of these active organisms is constantly evolving as bioprotection/biodeterioration, and biotreatment studies are conducted and new techniques for characterizing species are developed. This brief review article aims to shed light on interesting research that has been abandoned as well as on recent (some ongoing) studies opening up new scopes of research involving a wide variety of organisms and viruses, which are likely to receive more attention in the coming years. KEY POINTS: • Organisms and viruses can be active or passive players in heritage conservation • Biotreatment and ecosystem service studies involving organisms and viruses are shown • Green deal, health, ecosystem services, and global change may shape future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sanmartín
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Bosch-Roig
- grid.157927.f0000 0004 1770 5832Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Dpto. Conservación y Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 851 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kraková
- grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miguel Serrano
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Mohapatra S, Yutao L, Goh SG, Ng C, Luhua Y, Tran NH, Gin KYH. Quaternary ammonium compounds of emerging concern: Classification, occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130393. [PMID: 36455328 PMCID: PMC9663149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Amplified hygiene and precautionary measures are of utmost importance to control the spread of COVID-19 and future infection; however, these changes in practice are projected to trigger a rise in the purchase, utilisation and hence, discharge of many disinfectants into the environment. While alcohol-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, and chlorine-based compounds have been used widely, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based disinfectants are of significant concern due to their overuse during this pandemic. This review presents the classification of disinfectants and their mechanism of action, focusing on QACs. Most importantly, the occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance due to QACs are covered in this paper. Here we collated evidence from multiple studies and found rising trends of concern, including an increase in the mass load of QACs at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by 331% compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as an increases in the concentration of 62% in residential dust, resulting in high concentrations of QACs in human blood and breast milk and suggesting that these could be potential sources of persistent QACs in infants. In addition to increased toxicity to human and aquatic life, increased use of QACs and accelerated use of antibiotics and antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic could multiply the threat to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lin Yutao
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - You Luhua
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Sarwar S, Saleem S, Shahzad F, Jahan S. Identifying and elucidating the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital environment to conventional disinfectants. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:178-183. [PMID: 35644295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a nosocomial pathogen, detection and elucidation of its resistance mechanisms to conventional disinfectants may aid in limiting its spread on environmental surfaces in health care settings. In the current study, disinfectant susceptibility of S. aureus strains isolated from the hospital environment as well as possible associations between the presence of disinfectant-resistance genes and reduced susceptibility to disinfectants was investigated. METHODS A total of 245 samples were collected from the hospital environmental surfaces. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of disinfectants against S. aureus isolates were determined using the micro-broth dilution method. The qac genes (qacA, qacE, and qacΔE1) were detected by PCR and confirmed by sanger sequencing. RESULTS A total of 47 S. aureus strains were isolated, with more than 85% of them showing methicillin resistance. The qacA, qacE, and qac∆E1 genes were found in 23.4%, 29.7%, and 4.2% isolates respectively. All the isolates with qac genes had higher MIC and MBC values to selected disinfectants. CONCLUSIONS Significant methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) contamination in the hospital environment was detected. Furthermore, higher qac gene frequencies were found in MRSA isolates that also correlated with higher MIC/MBC values to different disinfectants. The study proposes that hospitals should develop policies to determine disinfectant MICs against the common environmental isolates to contain the spread of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Sarwar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Sidrah Saleem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Shahzad
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shah Jahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Antibiotic Resistance of Selected Bacteria after Treatment of the Supragingival Biofilm with Subinhibitory Chlorhexidine Concentrations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101420. [PMID: 36290078 PMCID: PMC9598507 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing rates of antibiotic resistance and very few novel developments of antibiotics, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of resistance development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the adaptation of oral bacteria to the frequently used oral antiseptic chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and potential cross-adaptation to antibiotics after repeated exposure of supragingival plaque samples to subinhibitory concentrations of CHX. Plaque samples from six healthy donors were passaged for 10 days in subinhibitory concentrations of CHX, while passaging of plaque samples without CHX served as control. The surviving bacteria were cultured on agar plates and identified with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Subsequently, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these isolates toward CHX were determined using a broth-microdilution method, and phenotypic antibiotic resistance was evaluated using the epsilometertest. Furthermore, biofilm-forming capacities were determined. Repeated exposure of supragingival plaque samples to subinhibitory concentrations of CHX led to the selection of oral bacteria with 2-fold up to 4-fold increased MICs toward CHX. Furthermore, these isolates showed up to 12-fold increased MICs towards some antibiotics such as erythromycin and clindamycin. Conversely, biofilm-forming capacity was decreased. In summary, this study shows that oral bacteria are able to adapt to CHX, while also decreasing their susceptibility to antibiotics.
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Irfan M, Almotiri A, AlZeyadi ZA. Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers-A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1362. [PMID: 36290020 PMCID: PMC9598832 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical issue in health care in terms of mortality, quality of services, and financial damage. In the battle against AMR, it is crucial to recognize the impacts of all four domains, namely, mankind, livestock, agriculture, and the ecosystem. Many sociocultural and financial practices that are widespread in the world have made resistance management extremely complicated. Several pathways, including hospital effluent, agricultural waste, and wastewater treatment facilities, have been identified as potential routes for the spread of resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in soil and surrounding ecosystems. The overuse of uncontrolled antibiotics and improper treatment and recycled wastewater are among the contributors to AMR. Health-care organizations have begun to address AMR, although they are currently in the early stages. In this review, we provide a brief overview of AMR development processes, the worldwide burden and drivers of AMR, current knowledge gaps, monitoring methodologies, and global mitigation measures in the development and spread of AMR in the environment.
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13
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Stair MI, Carrasco SE, Annamalai D, Jordan EB, Mannion A, Feng Y, Fabian N, Ge Z, Muthupalani S, Dzink-Fox J, Krzisch MA, Fox JG. The Epidemiology of Invasive, Multipleantibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in a Breeding Colony of Immunocompromised NSG Mice. Comp Med 2022; 72:220-229. [PMID: 35882504 PMCID: PMC9413526 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that causes severe pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and sepsis in immunocompromised hosts. During a 4-mo interval, several NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) breeders and pups in our facilities were diagnosed with Kp infections. An initial 6 adult and 1 juvenile NSG mice were submitted for necropsy and histologic examination because of acute onset of diarrhea and death. The evaluation revealed typhlocolitis in 2 of the mice and tritrichomoniasis in all 7. Escherichia coli positive for polyketide synthase (pks+) and Kp were isolated from the intestines. Given a history of sepsis due to pks+ E. coli in NSG mice in our facilities and determination of its antimicrobial susceptibility, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was administered to the colony in the drinking water for 4 wk. After this intervention, an additional 21 mice became ill or died; 11 of these mice had suppurative pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, hepatitis, metritis, pyelonephritis, or sepsis. Kp was cultured from pulmonary abscesses or blood of 10 of the mice. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) indicated that the Kp isolates contained genes associated with phenotypes found in pore-forming Kp isolates cultured from humans with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. None of the Kp isolates exhibited a hyperviscous phenotype, but 13 of 14 were resistant to TMP-SMX. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated sensitivity of the Kp to enrofloxacin, which was administered in the drinking water. Antibiotic sensitivity profiles were confirmed by WGS of the Kp strains; key virulence and resistance genes to quaternary ammonia compounds were also identified. Enrofloxacin treatment resulted in a marked reduction in mortality, and the study using the NSG mice was completed successfully. Our findings implicate intestinal translocation of Kp as the cause of pneumonia and systemic infections in NSG mice and highlight the importance of identification of enteric microbial pathogens and targeted antibiotic selection when treating bacterial infections in immunocompromised mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa I Stair
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sebastian E Carrasco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Damodaran Annamalai
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen B Jordan
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony Mannion
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Niora Fabian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - JoAnn Dzink-Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;,
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14
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Reduced Susceptibility and Increased Resistance of Bacteria against Disinfectants: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122550. [PMID: 34946151 PMCID: PMC8706950 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Disinfectants are used to reduce the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms to a safe level and help to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. However, bacteria have a tremendous ability to respond to chemical stress caused by biocides, where overuse and improper use of disinfectants can be reflected in a reduced susceptibility of microorganisms. This review aims to describe whether mutations and thus decreased susceptibility to disinfectants occur in bacteria during disinfectant exposure. A systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted with the databases PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science. For the final analysis, 28 sources that remained of interest were included. Articles describing reduced susceptibility or the resistance of bacteria against seven different disinfectants were identified. The important deviation of the minimum inhibitory concentration was observed in multiple studies for disinfectants based on triclosan and chlorhexidine. A reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and potentially related problems with antibiotic resistance in clinically important bacterial strains are increasing. Since the use of disinfectants in the community is rising, it is clear that reasonable use of available and effective disinfectants is needed. It is necessary to develop and adopt strategies to control disinfectant resistance.
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15
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Li C, Tyson GH, Hsu CH, Harrison L, Strain E, Tran TT, Tillman GE, Dessai U, McDermott PF, Zhao S. Long-Read Sequencing Reveals Evolution and Acquisition of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes in Salmonella enterica. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777817. [PMID: 34867920 PMCID: PMC8640207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a significant and phylogenetically diverse zoonotic pathogen. To understand its genomic heterogeneity and antimicrobial resistance, we performed long-read sequencing on Salmonella isolated from retail meats and food animals. A collection of 134 multidrug-resistant isolates belonging to 33 serotypes were subjected to PacBio sequencing. One major locus of diversity among these isolates was the presence and orientation of Salmonella pathogenic islands (SPI), which varied across different serotypes but were largely conserved within individual serotypes. We also identified insertion of an IncQ resistance plasmid into the chromosome of fourteen strains of serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- and the Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI-1) in five serotypes. The presence of various SPIs, SGI-1 and integrated plasmids contributed significantly to the genomic variability and resulted in chromosomal resistance in 55.2% (74/134) of the study isolates. A total of 93.3% (125/134) of isolates carried at least one plasmid, with isolates carrying up to seven plasmids. We closed 233 plasmid sequences of thirteen replicon types, along with twelve hybrid plasmids. Some associations between Salmonella isolate source, serotype, and plasmid type were seen. For instance, IncX plasmids were more common in serotype Kentucky from retail chicken. Plasmids IncC and IncHI had on average more than five antimicrobial resistance genes, whereas in IncX, it was less than one per plasmid. Overall, 60% of multidrug resistance (MDR) strains that carried >3 AMR genes also carried >3 heavy metal resistance genes, raising the possibility of co-selection of antimicrobial resistance in the presence of heavy metals. We also found nine isolates representing four serotypes that carried virulence plasmids with the spv operon. Together, these data demonstrate the power of long-read sequencing to reveal genomic arrangements and integrated plasmids with a high level of resolution for tracking and comparing resistant strains from different sources. Additionally, the findings from this study will help expand the reference set of closed Salmonella genomes that can be used to improve genome assembly from short-read data commonly used in One Health antimicrobial resistance surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Gregory H Tyson
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Chih-Hao Hsu
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Lucas Harrison
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Errol Strain
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Thu-Thuy Tran
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Glenn E Tillman
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Uday Dessai
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Patrick F McDermott
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
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16
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Rostami T, Ranjbar M, Ghourchian S, Darzi F, Douraghi M, Nateghi-Rostami M. Upregulation of abeM, amvA, and qacEΔ1 efflux pump genes associated with resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii strains to disinfectants. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e395. [PMID: 34622028 PMCID: PMC8485592 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acinetobacter baumannii is among the most concerning cause of nosocomial infections due to its high level of antibiotic resistance and high mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the role of efflux pumps in resistance of A. baumannii strains to three disinfectants, including MICROZED ID-MAX, NANOSIL D2, and OPIDEX OPA. METHODS Twenty-eight environmental and clinical isolates of A. baumannii were collected from selected hospitals of central Iran. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the disinfectants were determined and real time reverse transcriptase-PCR was performed to investigate the expression level of qacEΔ1, amvA, abeM, and adeB efflux pump genes. RESULTS Considering both clinical and environmental isolates, there was a significant difference in the mean expression level of qacEΔ1 gene between susceptible and resistant strains to MICROZED ID-MAX disinfectant, of amvA and abeM genes between susceptible and resistant strains to NANOSIL D2 disinfectant and of abeM gene in susceptible and resistant strains to OPIDEX OPA disinfectant (all P ˂ .05). The expression levels of abeM and amvA genes were higher in the environmental isolates that were resistant to NANOSIL D2 disinfectant compared to those that were susceptible (P ˂ .05). CONCLUSIONS This study provided evidence for the role of abeM and amvA genes in the resistance of environmental isolates to disinfectants, particularly hydrogen peroxide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Rostami
- Faculty of Biotechnology Amol University of Special Modern Technologies Amol Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ranjbar
- Faculty of Biotechnology Amol University of Special Modern Technologies Amol Iran
| | - Sedighe Ghourchian
- Department of Pathobiology School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Darzi
- Department of Parasitology Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | - Masoumeh Douraghi
- Department of Pathobiology School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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17
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Meade E, Savage M, Garvey M. Effective Antimicrobial Solutions for Eradicating Multi-Resistant and β-Lactamase-Producing Nosocomial Gram-Negative Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1283. [PMID: 34827221 PMCID: PMC8614872 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains one of the greatest public health-perturbing crises of the 21st century, where species have evolved a myriad of defence strategies to resist conventional therapy. The production of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC and carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) is one such mechanism that currently poses a significant threat to the continuity of first-line and last-line β-lactam agents, where multi-drug-resistant GNB currently warrant a pandemic on their own merit. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has long recognised the need for an improved and coordinated global effort to contain these pathogens, where two factors in particular, international travel and exposure to antimicrobials, play an important role in the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes. Studies described herein assess the resistance patterns of isolated nosocomial pathogens, where levels of resistance were detected using recognised in vitro methods. Additionally, studies conducted extensively investigated alternative biocide (namely peracetic acid, triameen and benzalkonium chloride) and therapeutic options (specifically 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione), where the levels of induced endotoxin from E. coli were also studied for the latter. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed there was a significant association between multi-drug resistance and ESBL production, where the WHO critical-priority pathogens, namely E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, exhibited among the greatest levels of multi-drug resistance. Novel compound 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (phendione) shows promising antimicrobial activity, with MICs determined for all bacterial species, where levels of induced endotoxin varied depending on the concentration used. Tested biocide agents show potential to act as intermediate-level disinfectants in hospital settings, where all tested clinical isolates were susceptible to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Meade
- Department of Life Science, Sligo Institute of Technology, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland;
| | - Micheal Savage
- Lir Analytical Ltd., Century Business Park, Unit 2, Athlone Rd, Longford, Ireland;
| | - Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Sligo Institute of Technology, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland;
- Lir Analytical Ltd., Century Business Park, Unit 2, Athlone Rd, Longford, Ireland;
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18
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Sakulworakan R, Chokmangmeepisarn P, Dinh-Hung N, Sivaramasamy E, Hirono I, Chuanchuen R, Kayansamruaj P, Rodkhum C. Insight Into Whole Genome of Aeromonas veronii Isolated From Freshwater Fish by Resistome Analysis Reveal Extensively Antibiotic Resistant Traits. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:733668. [PMID: 34603262 PMCID: PMC8484913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.733668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii outbreaks in tilapia farming caused relatively high mortalities, and the bacteria was resistant to many kinds of antimicrobials used in Thailand aquaculture. According to the CLSI standard, the determination of antimicrobials efficacy has been limited to phenotypic analyses, and a genomics study is required. This research aimed to analyze the resistome of A. veronii isolated from diseased tilapia in Chainat, Nong Khai, and Uttaradit provinces in Thailand. A total of 12 isolates of A. veronii were identified based on the gyrB sequencing and then, the MIC values to eight antimicrobials (AMP, AML, GEN, ENR, OXO, OTC, SXT, and FFC) were determined. According to the MIC patterns, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of five representatives and resistome analysis were performed, including 15 genomes of A. veronii isolated from freshwater fish available in the NCBI. All tilapia isolates were susceptible to FFC but resistant to AML and AMP while OTC resistance was the most dominant. In addition to the WGS analysis, 4.5 Mbp of A. veronii was characterized. A total of 20 ARGs were detected by resistome analysis and 16 genes were shared among the A. veronii population. In conclusion, A. veronii strains isolated from tilapia exhibited a resistance to several antimicrobials and multidrug resistance (MDR) which was related to the presence of multiple ARGs. Aeromonas veronii shared the ARGs in their population worldwide with a possibility of a plasmid-mediated acquisition due to the presence of resistance islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapa Sakulworakan
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellent in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Putita Chokmangmeepisarn
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellent in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Dinh-Hung
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elayaraja Sivaramasamy
- Center of Excellent in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Rungthip Chuanchuen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Center of Excellent in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Milani ES, Hasani A, Varschochi M, Sadeghi J, Memar MY, Hasani A. Biocide resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: appraising the mechanisms. J Hosp Infect 2021; 117:135-146. [PMID: 34560167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A global upsurge in antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii requires supervised selection of biocides and disinfectants to avert nosocomial infections by reducing its spread. Moreover, inadequate and improper biocides have been reported as a contributing factor in antimicrobial resistance. Regardless of the manner of administration, a biocidal concentration that does not kill the target bacteria creates a stress response, propagating the resistance mechanisms. This is an essential aspect of the disinfection programme and the overall bio-contamination management plan. Knowing the mechanisms of action of biocides and resistance modalities may open new avenues to discover novel agents. This review describes the mechanisms of action of some biocides, resistance mechanisms, and approaches to study susceptibility/resistance to these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Milani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A Hasani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - M Varschochi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - J Sadeghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Y Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Rippon MG, Rogers AA, Ousey K. Estrategias de protección antimicrobiana en el cuidado de heridas: evidencia para el uso de apósitos recubiertos con DACC. J Wound Care 2021; 30:21-35. [PMID: 34558974 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2021.30.latam_sup_1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious health threats globally. The development of new antimicrobials is not keeping pace with the evolution of resistant microorganisms, and novel ways of tackling this problem are required. One of such initiatives has been the development of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (AMS). The use of wound dressings that employ a physical sequestration and retention approach to reduce bacterial burden offers a novel approach to support AMS. Bacterial-binding by dressings and their physical removal can minimise their damage and prevent the release of harmful endotoxins. OBJECTIVE To highlight AMS to promote the correct use of antimicrobials and to investigate how dialkylcarbamyl chloride (DACC)-coated dressings can support AMS. METHOD MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar were searched to identify articles relating to AMS, and the use of wound dressings in the prevention and treatment of wound infections. The evidence supporting alternative wound dressings that can reduce bioburden and prevent wound infection in a way that does not kill or damage the microorganisms were reviewed. RESULTS The evidence demonstrated that using bacterial-binding wound dressings that act in a physical manner (eg, DACC-coated dressings) to preventing infection in both acute and hard-to-heal wounds does not exacerbate AMR and supports AMS. CONCLUSION Some wound dressings work via a mechanism that promotes the binding and physical sequestration and removal of intact microorganisms from the wound bed (eg, a wound dressing that uses DACC technology to prevent/reduce infection). They provide a valuable tool that aligns with the requirements of AMS by effectively reducing wound bioburden without inducing/selecting for resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen Ousey
- Huddersfield University, Reino Unido.,School of Nursing, Faculty of Health at the Queensland University of Technology, Australia.,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Irlanda
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21
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Goodarzi R, Yousefimashouf R, Taheri M, Nouri F, Asghari B. Susceptibility to biocides and the prevalence of biocides resistance genes in clinical multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Hamadan, Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5275-5281. [PMID: 34245410 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the association between biocides' reduced susceptibility and the presence of efflux pump genes including cepA, qacEΔ1 and qacE in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS AND RESULTS The MDR P. aeruginosa isolates were collected and identified from different clinical samples. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of four biocides (chlorhexidine gluconate 1%, benzalkonium chloride 1%, Kohrsolin® extra, and SEPTI-Turbo) were determined by microbroth dilution with and without carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for detecting the efflux pump genes. In total, 92 MDR P. aeruginosa isolates were collected. The reduced susceptibility (8-128 µg/ml) was seen against chlorhexidine gluconate 1%, benzalkonium chloride 1%, Kohrsolin® extra, and SEPTI-Turbo in 63 (68.5%), 59 (64.1%), 64 (69.6%), and 65 (70.6%) isolates, respectively. The Kohrsolin® extra was the most effective biocide. The cepA, qacE, and qacEΔ1 were detected in 56 (60.9%), 1 (1.1%), and 34 (36.9%) isolates, respectively. There was a significant association between the presence of biocide resistance genes and reduced susceptibility to studied biocides (P = 0.00001). The CCCP had no effect on benzalkonium chloride 1% and Kohrsolin® extra, but reduced the MICs of chlorhexidine gluconate 1% and SEPTI- Turbo by 2 to 128 fold. CONCLUSIONS The P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited varying degrees of tolerance to biocides. The cepA was the most prevalent gene. There was a significant connection between the occurrence of the efflux pump genes cepA and qacEΔ1 with reduced biocide susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Goodarzi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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22
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Meade E, Slattery MA, Garvey M. Biocidal Resistance in Clinically Relevant Microbial Species: A Major Public Health Risk. Pathogens 2021; 10:598. [PMID: 34068912 PMCID: PMC8156472 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest dangers to public health of the 21st century, threatening the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases globally. Disinfection, the elimination of microbial species via the application of biocidal chemicals, is essential to control infectious diseases and safeguard animal and human health. In an era of antimicrobial resistance and emerging disease, the effective application of biocidal control measures is vital to protect public health. The COVID-19 pandemic is an example of the increasing demand for effective biocidal solutions to reduce and eliminate disease transmission. However, there is increasing recognition into the relationship between biocide use and the proliferation of Antimicrobial Resistance species, particularly multidrug-resistant pathogens. The One Health approach and WHO action plan to combat AMR require active surveillance and monitoring of AMR species; however, biocidal resistance is often overlooked. ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens and numerous fungal species have demonstrated drug and biocidal resistance where increased patient mortality is a risk. Currently, there is a lack of information on the impact of biocide application on environmental habitats and ecosystems. Undoubtedly, the excessive application of disinfectants and AMR will merge to result in secondary disasters relating to soil infertility, loss of biodiversity and destruction of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Meade
- Department of Life Science, Sligo Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ireland;
| | | | - Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Sligo Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ireland;
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Rippon MG, Rogers AA, Ousey K. Antimicrobial stewardship strategies in wound care: evidence to support the use of dialkylcarbamoyl chloride (DACC)- coated wound dressings. J Wound Care 2021; 30:284-296. [PMID: 33856907 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2021.30.4.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, infections are treated with antimicrobials (for example, antibiotics, antiseptics, etc), but antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become one of the most serious health threats of the 21st century (before the emergence of COVID-19). Wounds can be a source of infection by allowing unconstrained entry of microorganisms into the body, including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The development of new antimicrobials (particularly antibiotics) is not keeping pace with the evolution of resistant microorganisms and novel ways of addressing this problem are urgently required. One such initiative has been the development of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes, which educate healthcare workers, and control the prescribing and targeting of antimicrobials to reduce the likelihood of AMR. Of great importance has been the European Wound Management Association (EWMA) in supporting AMS by providing practical recommendations for optimising antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of wound infection. The use of wound dressings that use a physical sequestration and retention approach rather than antimicrobial agents to reduce bacterial burden offers a novel approach that supports AMS. Bacterial-binding by dressings and their physical removal, rather than active killing, minimises their damage and hence prevents the release of damaging endotoxins. AIM Our objective is to highlight AMS for the promotion of the judicious use of antimicrobials and to investigate how dialkylcarbamoyl chloride (DACC)-coated dressings can support AMS goals. METHOD MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar were searched to identify published articles describing data relating to AMS, and the use of a variety of wound dressings in the prevention and/or treatment of wound infections. The evidence supporting alternative wound dressings that can reduce bioburden and prevent and/or treat wound infection in a manner that does not kill or damage the microorganisms (for example, by actively binding and removing intact microorganisms from wounds) were then narratively reviewed. RESULTS The evidence reviewed here demonstrates that using bacterial-binding wound dressings that act in a physical manner (for example, DACC-coated dressings) as an alternative approach to preventing and/or treating infection in both acute and hard-to-heal wounds does not exacerbate AMR and supports AMS. CONCLUSION Some wound dressings work via a mechanism that promotes the binding and physical uptake, sequestration and removal of intact microorganisms from the wound bed (for example, a wound dressing that uses DACC technology to successfully prevent/reduce infection). They provide a valuable tool that aligns with the requirements of AMS (for example, reducing the use of antimicrobials in wound treatment regimens) by effectively reducing wound bioburden without inducing/selecting for resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen Ousey
- WoundCareSol Consultancy, UK.,School of Nursing, Faculty of Health at the Queensland University of Technology, Australia.,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Genetic but No Phenotypic Associations between Biocide Tolerance and Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli from German Broiler Fattening Farms. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030651. [PMID: 33801066 PMCID: PMC8003927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides are frequently applied as disinfectants in animal husbandry to prevent the transmission of drug-resistant bacteria and to control zoonotic diseases. Concerns have been raised, that their use may contribute to the selection and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Especially, extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli have become a global health threat. In our study, 29 ESBL-/AmpC-producing and 64 NON-ESBL-/AmpC-producing E.coli isolates from three German broiler fattening farms collected in 2016 following regular cleaning and disinfection were phylogenetically characterized by whole genome sequencing, analyzed for phylogenetic distribution of virulence-associated genes, and screened for determinants of and associations between biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance. Of the 30 known and two unknown sequence types detected, ST117 and ST297 were the most common genotypes. These STs are recognized worldwide as pandemic lineages causing disease in humans and poultry. Virulence determinants associated with extraintestinal pathogenic E.coli showed variable phylogenetic distribution patterns. Isolates with reduced biocide susceptibility were rarely found on the tested farms. Nine isolates displayed elevated MICs and/or MBCs of formaldehyde, chlorocresol, peroxyacetic acid, or benzalkonium chloride. Antibiotic resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole was most prevalent. The majority of ESBL-/AmpC-producing isolates carried blaCTX-M (55%) or blaCMY-2 (24%) genes. Phenotypic biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance were not interlinked. However, biocide and metal resistance determinants were found on mobile genetic elements together with antibiotic resistance genes raising concerns that biocides used in the food industry may lead to selection pressure for strains carrying acquired resistance determinants to different antimicrobials.
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Lee J, Choi SJ, Jeong JS, Kim SY, Lee SH, Yang MJ, Lee SJ, Shin YJ, Lee K, Jeong EJ, Nam SY, Yu WJ. A humidifier disinfectant biocide, polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, inhalation exposure during pregnancy induced toxicities in rats. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124007. [PMID: 33049556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are widely used for their effective antiseptic and disinfectant properties, including polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P), which is also used as a biocide as it selectively disrupts bacterial cell membrane. It is used to clean humidifiers commonly used in the dry winter season in South Korea, which exposes people to PHMG-P inhalation. However, comprehensive toxicological data on PHMG-P inhalation exposure, including in pregnant women, and the potential occurrence of lung disease is lacking. Therefore, in this study, we investigated PHMG-P inhalation exposure-induced toxicities in pregnant rats and prenatal development of their conceptus. Pregnant rats were exposed to PHMG-P via inhalation at target concentrations of 0, 0.14, 1.60, and 3.20 mg/m3 from implantation to nearly parturition (from gestation day 6-20) and then analyzed for relevant abnormalities. Results showed systemic toxicities in the pregnant rats including respiratory function abnormalities, decreased body weight gain, and decreased food consumption at ≥1.60 mg/m3. Prenatal development toxicities, including decreased fetal weight with ossification retardations of fetal bones, were observed at 3.20 mg/m3. These results will contribute to clarifying the PHMG-P inhalation exposure-induced toxicities during pregnancy and support its risk assessment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Choi
- Department of Chemical Assessment, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seong Jeong
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyub Lee
- Department of Chemical Assessment, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Yang
- Toxicological Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Shin
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Nam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Joon Yu
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Elekhnawy E, Sonbol F, Abdelaziz A, Elbanna T. Potential impact of biocide adaptation on selection of antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacterial isolates has increased worldwide leading to treatment failures.
Main body
Many concerns are being raised about the usage of biocidal products (including disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives) as a vital factor that contributes to the risk of development of antimicrobial resistance which has many environmental and economic impacts.
Conclusion
Consequently, it is important to recognize the different types of currently used biocides, their mechanisms of action, and their potential impact to develop cross-resistance and co-resistance to various antibiotics. The use of biocides in medical or industrial purposes should be monitored and regulated. In addition, new agents with biocidal activity should be investigated from new sources like phytochemicals in order to decrease the emergence of resistance among bacterial isolates.
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Shtyrlin NV, Pugachev MV, Sapozhnikov SV, Garipov MR, Vafina RM, Grishaev DY, Pavelyev RS, Kazakova RR, Agafonova MN, Iksanova AG, Lisovskaya SA, Zeldi MI, Krylova ES, Nikitina EV, Sabirova AE, Kayumov AR, Shtyrlin YG. Novel Bis-Ammonium Salts of Pyridoxine: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184341. [PMID: 32971844 PMCID: PMC7570726 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 108 novel quaternary bis-ammonium pyridoxine derivatives carrying various substituents at the quaternary nitrogen’s and acetal carbon was synthesized. Thirteen compounds exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.25–16 µg/mL) comparable or superior than miramistin, benzalkonium chloride, and chlorhexidine. A strong correlation between the lipophilicity and antibacterial activity was found. The most active compounds had logP values in the range of 1–3, while compounds with logP > 6 and logP < 0 were almost inactive. All active compounds demonstrated cytotoxicity comparable with miramistin and chlorhexidine on HEK-293 cells and were three-fold less toxic when compared to benzalkonium chloride. The antibacterial activity of leading compound 5c12 on biofilm-embedded Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable or even higher than that of the benzalkonium chloride. In vivo 5c12 was considerably less toxic (LD50 1705 mg/kg) than benzalkonium chloride, miramistine, and chlorhexidine at oral administration on CD-1 mice. An aqueous solution of 5c12 (0.2%) was shown to be comparable to reference drugs efficiency on the rat’s skin model. The molecular target of 5c12 seems to be a cellular membrane as other quaternary ammonium salts. The obtained results make the described quaternary bis-ammonium pyridoxine derivatives promising and lead molecules in the development of the new antiseptics with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V. Shtyrlin
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Mikhail V. Pugachev
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Sergey V. Sapozhnikov
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Marsel R. Garipov
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Rusalia M. Vafina
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Denis Y. Grishaev
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Roman S. Pavelyev
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Renata R. Kazakova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Mariya N. Agafonova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Alfiya G. Iksanova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Svetlana A. Lisovskaya
- Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Kazan 420015, Russia;
| | - Marina I. Zeldi
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Elena S. Krylova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Elena V. Nikitina
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Alina E. Sabirova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Airat R. Kayumov
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Yurii G. Shtyrlin
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.V.S.); (M.V.P.); (S.V.S.); (M.R.G.); (R.M.V.); (D.Y.G.); (R.S.P.); (R.R.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.G.I.); (M.I.Z.); (E.S.K.); (E.V.N.); (A.E.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-843-233-7363
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Spanu C, Jordan K. Listeria monocytogenes environmental sampling program in ready-to-eat processing facilities: A practical approach. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2843-2861. [PMID: 33337052 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that is frequently found in the environment. It can easily enter food processing environments and contaminate food, potentially causing public health issues. Food business operators (FBOs) are responsible for the control of L. monocytogenes in the food processing environment, particularly in facilities producing ready-to-eat food. The design and implementation of an effective environmental monitoring program (EMP) for L. monocytogenes is an integral part of controlling L. monocytogenes. An effective EMP, including all aspects from sampling, to analysis, to data interpretation, to implementation of corrective actions (including food disposition), is a tool that will help with identification and control of L. monocytogenes contamination. It should be used in conjunction with end product testing, not as a replacement for it. An EMP should be specifically designed for a particular facility on a case-by-case risk-based approach, by a food safety team within the facility. It should be reviewed regularly (at least every 6 months) and verified for its effectiveness. The control of L. monocytogenes in the food industry involves the full commitment of management and of all personnel involved with the safety of foods placed on the market, thus reducing the risk of listeriosis to consumers. Several regulatory and guidance documents provide recommendations for designing aspects of an effective L. monocytogenes EMP. However, a comprehensive review of the key components of an EMP in a single document is lacking. The objective of the present review is to provide FBOs with a practical guide to design, implementation, and verification of an EMP tailored by the food safety team for each food business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Spanu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Department of Food Safety, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
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Mizuno M, Endo K, Katano H, Tsuji A, Kojima N, Watanabe K, Shimizu N, Morio T, Sekiya I. The environmental risk assessment of cell-processing facilities for cell therapy in a Japanese academic institution. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236600. [PMID: 32756610 PMCID: PMC7406055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is a promising treatment. One of the key aspects of cell processing products is ensuring sterility of cell-processing facilities (CPFs). The objective of this study was to assess the environmental risk factors inside and outside CPFs. We monitored the temperature, humidity, particle number, colony number of microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, and harmful insects in and around our CPF monthly over one year. The temperature in the CPF was constant but the humidity fluctuated depending on the humidity outside. The particle number correlated with the number of entries to the room. Except for winter, colonies of microorganisms and harmful insects were detected depending on the cleanliness of the room. Seven bacterial and two fungal species were identified by PCR analyses. Psocoptera and Acari each accounted for 41% of the total trapped insects. These results provide useful data for taking the appropriate steps to keep entire CPFs clean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Endo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisako Katano
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Tsuji
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Kojima
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Watanabe
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Shimizu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Mechanism of Action, Antimicrobial Efficacy in Biofilms, and Potential Risks of Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00576-20. [PMID: 32513792 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00576-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious issue for public health care all over the world. While resistance toward antibiotics has attracted strong interest among researchers and the general public over the last 2 decades, the directly related problem of resistance toward antiseptics and biocides has been somewhat left untended. In the field of dentistry, antiseptics are routinely used in professional care, but they are also included in lots of oral care products such as mouthwashes or dentifrices, which are easily available for consumers over-the-counter. Despite this fact, there is little awareness among the dental community about potential risks of the widespread, unreflected, and potentially even needless use of antiseptics in oral care. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound, which was first described in 1939, is one of the most commonly used antiseptics in oral care products and included in a wide range of over-the-counter products such as mouthwashes and dentifrices. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current literature on CPC, particularly focusing on its mechanism of action, its antimicrobial efficacy toward biofilms, and on potential risks of resistance toward this antiseptic as well as underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, this work aims to raise awareness among the dental community about the risk of resistance toward antiseptics in general.
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Stelmakh SA, Grigor’eva MN, Garkusheva NM, Lebedeva SN, Ochirov OS, Mognonov DM, Zhamsaranova SD, Batoev VB. Studies of new biocidal polyguanidines: antibacterial action and toxicity. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Marcone GL, Binda E, Rosini E, Abbondi M, Pollegioni L. Antibacterial Properties of D-Amino Acid Oxidase: Impact on the Food Industry. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2786. [PMID: 31849918 PMCID: PMC6902632 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Monica Abbondi
- D-Amino Acids International Reference Center, Gerenzano, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto Insubrico Ricerca per la Vita, Gerenzano, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto Insubrico Ricerca per la Vita, Gerenzano, Italy
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Cieplik F, Jakubovics NS, Buchalla W, Maisch T, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A. Resistance Toward Chlorhexidine in Oral Bacteria - Is There Cause for Concern? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:587. [PMID: 30967854 PMCID: PMC6439480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of antibiotic resistance has attracted strong interest during the last two decades, thus stimulating stewardship programs and research on alternative antimicrobial therapies. Conversely, much less attention has been given to the directly related problem of resistance toward antiseptics and biocides. While bacterial resistances toward triclosan or quaternary ammonium compounds have been considered in this context, the bis-biguanide chlorhexidine (CHX) has been put into focus only very recently when its use was associated with emergence of stable resistance to the last-resort antibiotic colistin. The antimicrobial effect of CHX is based on damaging the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and subsequent leakage of cytoplasmic material. Consequently, mechanisms conferring resistance toward CHX include multidrug efflux pumps and cell membrane changes. For instance, in staphylococci it has been shown that plasmid-borne qac ("quaternary ammonium compound") genes encode Qac efflux proteins that recognize cationic antiseptics as substrates. In Pseudomonas stutzeri, changes in the outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide profiles have been implicated in CHX resistance. However, little is known about the risk of resistance toward CHX in oral bacteria and potential mechanisms conferring this resistance or even cross-resistances toward antibiotics. Interestingly, there is also little awareness about the risk of CHX resistance in the dental community even though CHX has been widely used in dental practice as the gold-standard antiseptic for more than 40 years and is also included in a wide range of oral care consumer products. This review provides an overview of general resistance mechanisms toward CHX and the evidence for CHX resistance in oral bacteria. Furthermore, this work aims to raise awareness among the dental community about the risk of resistance toward CHX and accompanying cross-resistance to antibiotics. We propose new research directions related to the effects of CHX on bacteria in oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas S Jakubovics
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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