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Zhang C, Cheng JH. Assessing the Effect of Cold Plasma on the Softening of Postharvest Blueberries through Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism Using Transcriptomic Analysis. Foods 2024; 13:1132. [PMID: 38611437 PMCID: PMC11011841 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The postharvest softening and corresponding quality deterioration of blueberry fruits are crucial factors that hinder long-distance sales and long-term storage. Cold plasma (CP) is an effective technology to solve this, but the specific mechanism of delaying fruit softening remains to be revealed. Here, this study found that CP significantly improved blueberry hardness. Physiological analysis showed that CP regulated the dynamic balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain hardness by increasing antioxidant content and antioxidant enzyme activity, resulting in a 12.1% decrease in the H2O2 content. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CP inhibited the expression of cell wall degradation-related genes such as the pectin hydrolase gene and cellulase gene, but up-regulated the genes of the ROS-scavenging system. In addition, the resistance genes in the MAPK signaling pathway were also activated by CP in response to fruit ripening and softening and exhibited positive response characteristics. These results indicate that CP can effectively regulate the physiological characteristics of blueberries at a genetic level and delay the softening process, which is of great significance to the storage of blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun-Hu Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Cao J, Fang Q, Han C, Zhong C. Cold atmospheric plasma fumigation suppresses postharvest apple Botrytis cinerea by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial calcium. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110397. [PMID: 37716308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Botrytis cinerea poses a great threat to the postharvest life of apple fruit. In this study, the effects of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) fumigation on apple B. cinerea under different exposure times and intensities were investigated. The growth of B. cinerea in vitro and in vivo was significantly suppressed by the CAP fumigation at least 700 μL/L for 5 min. To reveal the possible mechanism of antifungal activity of CAP fumigation, the pathogen was exposed to 700 μL/L and 1000 μL/L for 5 min, respectively. The results indicated that the CAP-treated spores of the pathogen underwent shrinkage, cell membrane collapse and cytoplasmic vacuolation. The results obtained from the fluorescent probe assay and flow cytometry indicated that CAP caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the elevation of mitochondrial and intracellular Ca2+ levels, and the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential of the pathogen. Investigation on statues of cell life showed that typical hallmarks of apoptosis in the CAP-treated B. cinerea spores occurred, as indicted by a large degree of increased phosphatidylserine externalization, dysfunction of membrane permeability, DNA fragmentation, distortion of morphology, chromatin condensation, and metacaspase activation observed in B. cinerea spores after CAP fumigation. Overall, CAP fumigation triggered a metacaspase-dependent apoptosis of B. cinerea spores mediated by intracellular ROS burst and Ca2+ elevation via mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption, and therefore reduced the pathogenicity of B. cinerea and suppressed postharvest Botrytis rot of apple fruit. These results would provide an insight into the underlying mechanism of CAP fumigation acting on the pathogen. The CAP fumigation makes much convenient application of CAP in storage environment to deactivate microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qiong Fang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenrui Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chongshan Zhong
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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3
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Iñiguez-Moreno M, González-González RB, Flores-Contreras EA, Araújo RG, Chen WN, Alfaro-Ponce M, Iqbal HMN, Melchor-Martínez EM, Parra-Saldívar R. Nano and Technological Frontiers as a Sustainable Platform for Postharvest Preservation of Berry Fruits. Foods 2023; 12:3159. [PMID: 37685092 PMCID: PMC10486450 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Berries are highly perishable and susceptible to spoilage, resulting in significant food and economic losses. The use of chemicals in traditional postharvest protection techniques can harm both human health and the environment. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in creating environmentally friendly solutions for postharvest protection. This article discusses various approaches, including the use of "green" chemical compounds such as ozone and peracetic acid, biocontrol agents, physical treatments, and modern technologies such as the use of nanostructures and molecular tools. The potential of these alternatives is evaluated in terms of their effect on microbial growth, nutritional value, and physicochemical and sensorial properties of the berries. Moreover, the development of nanotechnology, molecular biology, and artificial intelligence offers a wide range of opportunities to develop formulations using nanostructures, improving the functionality of the coatings by enhancing their physicochemical and antimicrobial properties and providing protection to bioactive compounds. Some challenges remain for their implementation into the food industry such as scale-up and regulatory policies. However, the use of sustainable postharvest protection methods can help to reduce the negative impacts of chemical treatments and improve the availability of safe and quality berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Iñiguez-Moreno
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Reyna Berenice González-González
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Elda A. Flores-Contreras
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Rafael G. Araújo
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore;
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Mariel Alfaro-Ponce
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14380, Mexico;
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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4
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The Attenuation of Microbial Reduction in Blueberry Fruit Following UV-LED Treatment. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100056. [PMID: 36916561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation is a well-recognized technology for improving blueberry postharvest quality, and previous literature indicates that it has the potential for dual-use as an antimicrobial intervention for this industry. However, the practicality and feasibility of deploying this technology in fresh blueberry fruit are significantly hindered by the shadowing effect occurring at the blossom-end scar of the fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine if treating the blueberry fruit within a chamber fitted with UV-Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) emitting a peak UV-C at 275 nm could minimize this shadowing and result in improved treatment efficacy. Ten blueberry fruits were dip-inoculated with E. coli at a concentration of 105 CFU/mL and irradiated within the system at doses of 0, 1.617, 3.234, 9.702, and 16.17 mJ/cm2 (0, 30, 60, 180, and 300 s). Statistical analysis was performed to characterize the extent of microbial survival as well as the UV-C inactivation kinetics. A maximum of 0.91-0.95 log reduction was observed, which attenuated after 60 s of treatment. The microbial inactivation and survival were thus modeled using the Geeraerd-tail model in Microsoft Excel with the GInaFIt add-in (RMSE = 0.2862). Temperatures fluctuated between 23 ± 0.5°C and 39.5°C ± 0.5°C during treatment but did not statistically impact the treatment efficacy (P = 0.0823). The data indicate that the design of a UV-LED system may improve the antimicrobial efficacy of UV-C technology for the surface decontamination of irregularly shaped fruits, and that further optimization could facilitate its use in the industry.
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Ozone and cold plasma: Emerging oxidation technologies for inactivation of enzymes in fruits, vegetables, and fruit juices. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Nyamende NE, Sigge GO, Belay ZA, Mphahlele RR, Oyenihi AB, Mditshwa A, Hussein ZM, Caleb OJ. Advances in non-thermal technologies for whole and minimally processed apple fruit – A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Sun H, Hao D, Tian Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Qin G, Pei J, Abd El-Aty AM. Effect of Chitosan/Thyme Oil Coating and UV-C on the Softening and Ripening of Postharvest Blueberry Fruits. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182795. [PMID: 36140923 PMCID: PMC9497912 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the possible mechanism of softening and senescence of blueberry after harvest using chitosan/thyme oil coating combined with UV-C (short wave ultraviolet irradiation) treatment. On the 56th day of storage, the CBP, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents in the chitosan/thyme oil coating +UV-C-treated group were 1.41, 1.65, and 1.20 times higher than those in the control group. Compared with the control group, the activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), β-glucosidase (β-Gal), and cellulose (Cx) were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) after chitosan/thyme oil coating +UV-C, and their maximum values decreased by 5.41 μg/h g, 5.40 U/g, 12.41 U/g, and 3.85 μg/h g, respectively. Moreover, chitosan/thyme oil coating combined with UV-C treatment inhibited the gene expression of PG, PME, Cx, and β-Gal and then regulated the decrease in PG, PME, Cx, and β-Gal activities, inhibited the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides, and delayed the softening and senescence of postharvest blueberries. The results showed that chitosan/thyme oil coating, UV-C, and chitosan/thyme oil coating + UV-C could significantly inhibit postharvest softening of blueberry; chitosan/thyme oil coating +UV-C had the best effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products in Qinba Area Preservation Workstation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Resource Biology, 2011 Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Qinba National Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Danqing Hao
- National Engineering Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products in Qinba Area Preservation Workstation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Resource Biology, 2011 Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Qinba National Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Yun Tian
- National Engineering Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products in Qinba Area Preservation Workstation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Resource Biology, 2011 Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Qinba National Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Yigang Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products in Qinba Area Preservation Workstation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Resource Biology, 2011 Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Qinba National Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products in Qinba Area Preservation Workstation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Resource Biology, 2011 Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Qinba National Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Gongwei Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products in Qinba Area Preservation Workstation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Resource Biology, 2011 Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Qinba National Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Jinjin Pei
- National Engineering Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products in Qinba Area Preservation Workstation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Resource Biology, 2011 Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Qinba National Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (A.M.A.E.-A.)
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (A.M.A.E.-A.)
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8
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Kaavya R, Pandiselvam R, Gavahian M, Tamanna R, Jain S, Dakshayani R, Khanashyam AC, Shrestha P, Kothakota A, Arun Prasath V, Mahendran R, Kumar M, Khaneghah AM, Nayik GA, Dar AH, Uddin J, Ansari MJ, Hemeg HA. Cold plasma: a promising technology for improving the rheological characteristics of food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11370-11384. [PMID: 35758273 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2090494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the 21st century, many consumers show interest in purchasing safe, healthy, and nutritious foods. The intent requirement of end-users and many food product manufacturers are trying to feature a new processing technique for the healthy food supply. The non-thermal nature of cold plasma treatment is one of the leading breakthrough technologies for several food processing applications. The beneficial response of cold plasma processing on food quality characteristics is widely accepted as a substitution technique for new food manufacturing practices. This review aims to elaborate and offer crispy innovative ideas on cold plasma application in various food processing channels. It highlights the scientific approaches on the principle of generation and mechanism of cold plasma treatment on rheological properties of foods. It provides an overview of the behavior of cold plasma in terms of viscosity, crystallization, gelatinization, shear stress, and shear rate. Research reports highlighted that the cold plasma treated samples demonstrated a pseudoplastic behavior. The published literatures indicated that the cold plasma is a potential technology for modification of native starch to obtain desirable rheological properties. The adaptability and environmentally friendly nature of non-thermal cold plasma processing provide exclusive advantages compared to the traditional processing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kaavya
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - R Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry, and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Mohsen Gavahian
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - R Tamanna
- Innovation and Technology, Kraft Heinz Company, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Surangna Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - R Dakshayani
- Department of Food Processing and Quality Control, ThassimBeevi Abdul Kader College for Women, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Pratiksha Shrestha
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Control (DFTQC), National Food and Feed Reference Laboratory (NFFRL), Babarmahal, Nepal
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro-Processing & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - V Arun Prasath
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - R Mahendran
- Centre of Excellence in Non-Thermal Processing, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Government Degree College Shopian, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Aamir Hussain Dar
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology Kashmir, Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Nwabor OF, Onyeaka H, Miri T, Obileke K, Anumudu C, Hart A. A Cold Plasma Technology for Ensuring the Microbiological Safety and Quality of Foods. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2022. [PMCID: PMC9226271 DOI: 10.1007/s12393-022-09316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChanging consumers’ taste for chemical and thermally processed food and preference for perceived healthier minimally processed alternatives is a challenge to food industry. At present, several technologies have found usefulness as choice methods for ensuring that processed food remains unaltered while guaranteeing maximum safety and protection of consumers. However, the effectiveness of most green technology is limited due to the formation of resistant spores by certain foodborne microorganisms and the production of toxins. Cold plasma, a recent technology, has shown commendable superiority at both spore inactivation and enzymes and toxin deactivation. However, the exact mechanism behind the efficiency of cold plasma has remained unclear. In order to further optimize and apply cold plasma treatment in food processing, it is crucial to understand these mechanisms and possible factors that might limit or enhance their effectiveness and outcomes. As a novel non-thermal technology, cold plasma has emerged as a means to ensure the microbiological safety of food. Furthermore, this review presents the different design configurations for cold plasma applications, analysis the mechanisms of microbial spore and biofilm inactivation, and examines the impact of cold plasma on food compositional, organoleptic, and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozioma Forstinus Nwabor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Taghi Miri
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Kechrist Obileke
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 Eastern Cape South Africa
| | - Christian Anumudu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Abarasi Hart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD UK
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10
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Recent Advances in Cold Plasma Technology for Food Processing. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-022-09317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Basak S, Chakraborty S. The potential of nonthermal techniques to achieve enzyme inactivation in fruit products. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Hernández-Torres CJ, Reyes-Acosta YK, Chávez-González ML, Dávila-Medina MD, Kumar Verma D, Martínez-Hernández JL, Narro-Céspedes RI, Aguilar CN. Recent trends and technological development in plasma as an emerging and promising technology for food biosystems. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1957-1980. [PMID: 35531194 PMCID: PMC9072910 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising need for wholesome, fresh, safe and “minimally-processed” foods has led to pioneering research activities in the emerging non-thermal technology of food processing. Cold plasma is such an innovative and promising technology that offers several potential applications in the food industry. It uses the highly reactive, energetic and charged gas molecules and species to decontaminate the food and package surfaces and preserve the foods without causing thermal damage to the nutritional and quality attributes of food. Cold plasma technology showed promising results about the inactivation of pathogens in the food industry without affecting the food quality. It is highly effective for surface decontamination of fruits and vegetables, but extensive research is required before its commercial utilization. Recent patents are focused on the applications of cold plasma in food processing and preservation. However, further studies are strongly needed to scale up this technology for future commercialization and understand plasma physics for getting better results and expand the applications and benefits. This review summarizes the emerging trends of cold plasma along with its recent applications in the food industry to extend shelf life and improve the quality of food. It also gives an overview of plasma generation and principles including mechanism of action. Further, the patents based on cold plasma technology have also been highlighted comprehensively for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina J. Hernández-Torres
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Yadira K. Reyes-Acosta
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
- Corresponding authors at: Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mónica L. Chávez-González
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Miriam D. Dávila-Medina
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Deepak Kumar Verma
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India
- Corresponding authors at: Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India.
| | - José L. Martínez-Hernández
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Rosa I. Narro-Céspedes
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal N. Aguilar
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
- Corresponding authors at: Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India.
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Asl PJ, Rajulapati V, Gavahian M, Kapusta I, Putnik P, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Marszałek K. Non-thermal plasma technique for preservation of fresh foods: A review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Zhou D, Li T, Cong K, Suo A, Wu C. Influence of cold plasma on quality attributes and aroma compounds in fresh-cut cantaloupe during low temperature storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Sterilization of food packaging by UV-C irradiation: Is Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 the best target microorganism for industrial bio-validations? Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 357:109383. [PMID: 34509931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In food industries UV-C irradiation is used to achieve decontamination of some packaging devices, such as plastic caps or laminated foils, and of those smooth surfaces that can be directly irradiated. Since its effectiveness can be checked by microbial validation tests, some ascospore-forming molds (Aspergillus hiratsukae, Talaromyces bacillisporus, Aspergillus montevidensis, and Chaetomium globosum) were compared with one of the target microorganisms actually used in industrial bio-validations (Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404) to find the species most resistant to UV-C. Tests were carried out with an UV-C lamp (irradiance = 127 μW/cm2; emission peak = 253.7 nm) by inoculating HDPE caps with one or more layers of spores. Inactivation kinetics of each strain were studied and both the corresponding 1D-values and the number of Logarithmic Count Reductions (LCR) achieved were calculated. Our results showed the important role played by the type of inoculum (one or more layers) and by the differences in cell structure (thickness, presence of protective solutes, pigmentation, etc.) of the strains tested. With a single-layer inoculum, Chaetomium globosum showed the highest resistance to UV-C irradiation (1D-value = 100 s). With a multi-layer inoculum, Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 was the most resistant fungus (1D-value = 188 s), even if it reached a number of logarithmic reductions that was higher than those of some ascospore-forming mycetes (Aspergillus montevidensis, Talaromyces bacillisporus) tested.
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Mao L, Mhaske P, Zing X, Kasapis S, Majzoobi M, Farahnaky A. Cold plasma: Microbial inactivation and effects on quality attributes of fresh and minimally processed fruits and Ready-To-Eat vegetables. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Ji Y, Hu W, Liao J, Jiang A, Xiu Z, Gaowa S, Guan Y, Yang X, Feng K, Liu C. Effect of atmospheric cold plasma treatment on antioxidant activities and reactive oxygen species production in postharvest blueberries during storage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5586-5595. [PMID: 32608515 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blueberry is universally acknowledged as a kind of berry rich in antioxidants. Cold plasma, an emerging non-thermal treatment technology, has been proved to be able to maintain or improve the antioxidant level while inactivating the microorganisms on the surface of fruits and vegetables. Postharvest blueberries were treated with atmospheric cold plasma (ACP; 12 kV, 5 kHz) for 0 s (Control), 30 s (ACP-30), 60 s (ACP-60), and 90 s (ACP-90) in this study, and the effects of ACP on the antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activities, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were investigated during storage at 4 ± 1 °C for 40 days. RESULTS Total aerobic bacteria and mold populations on ACP-treated blueberries decreased significantly in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.05), and decreased by 0.34-1.24 and 0.57-0.87 log10 CFU g-1 respectively on ACP-60-treated blueberries during storage. The decay rate of blueberries was decreased by 5.8-11.7% and the decrease of blueberry firmness was slowed down by ACP-60. But the total phenol, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid contents increased, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities were enhanced in ACP-treated blueberries. The free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were enhanced. Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and superoxide anion (O2 - ) production rates declined by 27.3% and 41.3% at day 40 of storage, respectively. CONCLUSION It is suggested that ACP may be a promising non-thermal treatment technology for postharvest sterilization and preservation of blueberry under suitable conditions. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Ji
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Wenzhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Jia Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Aili Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhilong Xiu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Saren Gaowa
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Yuge Guan
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Ke Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
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19
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Pérez-Lavalle L, Carrasco E, Valero A. Strategies for Microbial Decontamination of Fresh Blueberries and Derived Products. Foods 2020; 9:E1558. [PMID: 33126448 PMCID: PMC7692465 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing consumption of blueberries is associated with appreciation of their organoleptic properties together with their multiple health benefits. The increasing number of outbreaks caused by pathogenic microorganisms associated with their consumption in the fresh state and the rapid spoilage of this product which is mainly caused by moulds, has led to the development and evaluation of alternatives that help mitigate this problem. This article presents different strategies ranging from chemical, physical and biological technologies to combined methods applied for microbial decontamination of fresh blueberries and derived products. Sanitizers such as peracetic acid (PAA), ozone (O3), and electrolyzed water (EOW), and physical technologies such as pulsed light (PL) and cold plasma (CP) are potential alternatives to the use of traditional chlorine. Likewise, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) or pulsed electrical fields (PEF) successfully achieve microbial reductions in derivative products. A combination of methods at moderate intensities or levels is a promising strategy to increase microbial decontamination with a minimal impact on product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Pérez-Lavalle
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Campus of Excellence in the AgriFood Sector (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (E.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Elena Carrasco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Campus of Excellence in the AgriFood Sector (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (E.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Antonio Valero
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Campus of Excellence in the AgriFood Sector (CeiA3), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (E.C.); (A.V.)
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20
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Hasani M, Wu F, Warriner K. Validation of a vapor-phase advanced oxidation process for inactivating Listeria monocytogenes, its surrogate Lactobacillus fructivorans, and spoilage molds associated with green or red table grapes. J Food Sci 2020; 85:2645-2655. [PMID: 32839995 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method based on vapor-phase advanced oxidation process (AOP) for decontaminating red or green grapes was validated for inactivating Listeria monocytogenes and spoilage molds. A Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were applied to determine the contribution of UV-C (254 nm) dose, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone concentration on the lethality toward Aspergillus niger spores (biodensiometer) and changes to the grape quality (firmness and color over 14-day post-treatment storage at 4 °C). A high UV-C dose (>129 mJ/cm2 ) or >4.0 % v/v hydrogen peroxide induced-blistering and darkening of grapes at the end of the storage period. Yet, an optimized AOP treatment (with regards to preserving grape quality) was derived to be 1.3% v/v hydrogen peroxide (5 mL/10 berries) with 9-mg ozone gas and a UV-C dose of 123 mJ/cm2 (10 s at UV-C intensity of 12 mW/cm2 ). A predictive model was constructed and verified based on the log reduction of A. niger spores and changes in quality characteristics of red grapes. The optimal AOP treatment supported a 1.6-log CFU/g reduction of Aspergillus spores and decreased L. monocytogenes counts by 3.92 ± 0.17 and 4.77 ± 0.30 log CFU/g on green and red grapes, respectively, that were not significantly different to the surrogate, Lactobacillus fructivorans. There was no significant difference in the reduction of L. monocytogenes with grapes arranged in a single or double layer. Botrytis cinerea counts were reduced by 1.08 to 1.35 log CFU/g using the optimized AOP treatment with no change in grape color or firmness during storage. A sensory panel could not differentiate AOP-treated grapes from nontreated controls although 3 of 15 panelists did note subtle flavor notes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Postharvest washing of fresh produce has limited efficacy in removing foodborne pathogens and spoilage microbes. This is especially relevant to berries, such as grapes, that are susceptible to spoilage following washing. The vapor-phase AOP treatment provides a supplemental or alternative approach for produce decontamination. However, the operating parameters need to be optimized to ensure that decontamination of grapes is not at the expense of quality. In the current study, this was achieved by ensuring a balance between hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and UV-C dose that form the elements of an AOP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Hasani
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith Warriner
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Pan YW, Cheng JH, Sun DW. Inhibition of fruit softening by cold plasma treatments: affecting factors and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1935-1946. [PMID: 32539433 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1776210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Softening is a common phenomenon of texture changes associated with plant cell walls, inducing a decrease in the quality of fruit. Inhibiting the softening is effective to extend the shelf life of fruit. Cold plasma (CP), as a novel nonthermal technology, has been applied to keep the freshness of the fruit. This review centers on applying cold plasma treatments to the inhibition of fruit softening. Different pathways for inhibiting fruit softening by CP treatments, including maintenance of fruit firmness, reduction in the activities of enzymes, inactivation of fungal pathogens and lowering of respiration rates, are discussed. The biochemistry of fruit softening and the fundamental of cold plasma are also presented. In general, among all postharvest technologies, cold plasma is a promising method with many advantages, showing great potential in maintaining the quality and inhibiting the softening of the fruit. Future work should focus on process optimization to achieve better results in maintaining fruit freshness, and commercial applications of cold plasma technology should also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hu Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Zhu X, Jiang J, Yin C, Li G, Jiang Y, Shan Y. Effect of Ozone Treatment on Flavonoid Accumulation of Satsuma Mandarin ( Citrus unshiu Marc.) during Ambient Storage. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E821. [PMID: 31816983 PMCID: PMC6995626 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the flavonoid accumulation between ozone-treated and untreated Satsuma mandarin (Citrusunshiu Marc.) fruits. The fruits exposed to gaseous ozone were found to have higher antioxidant activities and content of flavonoid during the storage period by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). To reveal the molecular regulation of flavonoid accumulation by ozone, chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), chitinase (CHT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and peroxidase (POD) were identified and their expression was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). These results support the promising application of ozone treatment as a safe food preservation technique for controlling postharvest disease and extending shelf-life of harvested Satsuma mandarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Zhu
- Hunan Key Lab of Fruits &Vegetables Storage, Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Longping branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (J.J.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jing Jiang
- Longping branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (J.J.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunxiao Yin
- Longping branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (J.J.); (C.Y.)
| | - Gaoyang Li
- Hunan Key Lab of Fruits &Vegetables Storage, Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Longping branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (J.J.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yueming Jiang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Hunan Key Lab of Fruits &Vegetables Storage, Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Longping branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (J.J.); (C.Y.)
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