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Associations of resilience and respiratory sinus arrhythmia with alienation among college students. J Affect Disord 2023; 322:24-30. [PMID: 36336166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the sense of alienation is harmful and causes many developmental problems, very few studies have focused on its antecedent variables and when these variables are related to alienation. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between resilience and sense of alienation among college students, and the moderating role of baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in this association. METHOD Physiological data were collected during a resting condition in the laboratory from 109 college students aged from 17 to 21 years (M = 18.94, SD = 0.92). Questionnaires that captured demographic information, resilience, and sense of alienation, were also completed. RESULTS Results indicated that resilience was negatively related to the sense of alienation. Moreover, this negative relationship was moderated by baseline RSA such that it was significant only among students with low levels of baseline RSA. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that individuals with low resilience tend to have a higher level of alienation if their baseline RSA is relatively low. DISCUSSION The current study sheds light on the psychological and biological characteristics of these individuals who tend to have higher levels of alienation, which may be useful for intervention program developers and practitioners.
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Adverse childhood experiences and Chinese young adults' sleep quality: Moderation of resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 184:12-19. [PMID: 36521821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating roles of resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in the relations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and sleep quality (i.e., sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality, and daily disturbances) in young adulthood. Chinese young adults (N = 259; Mage = 25.85 years) reported on their adverse childhood experiences retrospectively and current sleep quality. Their electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration data were recorded while they were seated resting and resting RSA scores were computed. Results indicated that ACEs were associated with poor perceived sleep quality and greater daily disturbances among young adults who showed low resting RSA. The associations were not significant among those who showed high resting RSA. These findings suggest that high resting RSA may serve as a protective factor for young adults' sleep against adverse childhood experiences and these effects were consistent for different biological sex and sexual orientation groups.
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Alen NV, Shields GS, Nemer A, D'Souza IA, Ohlgart MJ, Hostinar CE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between parenting and child autonomic nervous system activity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104734. [PMID: 35716874 PMCID: PMC11023739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parental socialization may influence the development of children's autonomic nervous system (ANS), a key stress-response system. However, to date no quantitative synthesis of the literature linking parenting and child ANS physiology has been conducted. To address this gap, we conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis. A systematic review of the literature identified 103 studies (n = 13,044 participants) with available effect sizes describing the association between parenting and either parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) or sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in children. The overall analysis revealed non-significant associations between parenting and child ANS physiology on average. However, moderation analyses revealed a positive association between more positive parenting and higher resting PNS activity that was stronger when a study was experimental rather than correlational, and when the sample included children with a clinical condition. In conclusion, well-controlled experimental studies show that positive parenting is associated with the development of higher resting PNS activity, an effect that may be stronger among children who are at elevated developmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Alen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Germany
| | - Grant S Shields
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Adele Nemer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA
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Raghunathan RS, DiPietro JA, Knudsen N, Musci RJ, Johnson SB. More than meets the eye: Examining physiological and behavioral regulation during delay of gratification task. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22282. [PMID: 35603417 PMCID: PMC9176218 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Children continually encounter situations where they must regulate impulsive responses to achieve a goal, requiring both self‐control (SC) and delay of gratification. We examined concurrent behavioral SC strategies (fidgeting, vocalizations, anticipation) and physiological regulation (heart rate [HR], respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) in 126 children (M (SD) = 5.4 (0.29) years) during a standard delay of gratification task. Latent variable models derived latent SC classes and examined the moderating role of HR/RSA on SC and delay ability. Three classes of SC were identified: passive: low fidgeting and vocalizations, moderate anticipation; active: moderate fidgeting, low vocalizations, and high anticipation; and disruptive: moderate fidgeting, high vocalizations, and high anticipation. Children in the active class had the lowest odds of delaying full task time, compared to children in the passive (OR = 0.67, z = −5.25, p < .001) and disruptive classes (OR = 0.76, z = −2.03, p = .04). RSA changes during the task moderated the relationship between SC class and delay ability for children in the active class (aOR = 0.92, z = −3.1, p < .01). Within the group who struggled to delay gratification (active class), a subset exhibiting appropriate autonomic regulation was able to delay. The findings suggest probing congruency of observed behavioral and unobserved physiological regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika S. Raghunathan
- Department of General Pediatrics Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Janet A. DiPietro
- Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Nicole Knudsen
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Rashelle J. Musci
- Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Sara B. Johnson
- Department of General Pediatrics Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA
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Alen NV, Deer LK, Hostinar CE. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia as a Physiological Resilience Marker for Children's Health. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:374-382. [PMID: 35100188 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to test parasympathetic nervous system activity, indexed through resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as a resilience factor that moderates the associations between socioeconomic status (SES), circulating cytokines, and somatic health in children. METHODS The sample included 181 parent-child dyads (mean [standard deviation] child age = 9.91 [0.57] years; 50.3% boys). Parents reported on family income, parental education, and subjective social status, to index SES. Children provided serum samples for assaying circulating inflammatory cytokines and had RSA measured during a 5-minute seated resting period. We used a composite measure of inflammation that combined standardized measures of interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor α. Parents reported on their child's global health impairment and number of chronic health conditions. RESULTS Lower SES was associated with poorer global health, and higher levels of inflammation were associated with poorer global health, but these associations were not significant among children with high resting RSA. Specifically, resting RSA moderated the association between SES and global health impairment (B = 0.09, standard error [SE] = 0.02, p < .001). Preliminary evidence suggests that resting RSA may also moderate the association between inflammation and global health impairment (B = -0.12, SE = 0.03, p < .001), although this effect was no longer significant after Winsorizing an outlier value of a child with high global health impairment (B = -0.06, SE = 0.03, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS High resting RSA may represent a physiological profile of resilience in children, weakening the associations between low SES and poor somatic health, and between greater inflammation and poor somatic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Alen
- From the Psychology Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Mills-Koonce WR, Willoughby MT, Short SJ, Propper CB. The Brain and Early Experience Study: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e34854. [PMID: 35767351 PMCID: PMC9280455 DOI: 10.2196/34854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah J Short
- School of Education, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cathi B Propper
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Wass SV. The origins of effortful control: How early development within arousal/regulatory systems influences attentional and affective control. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Propper CB, Gustafsson HC, Holochwost SJ, Coffman JL. Parasympathetic response to challenge in infancy moderates the effects of sociodemographic risk on academic achievement at school entry. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22170. [PMID: 34292594 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to higher levels of sociodemographic risk is associated with lower levels of academic achievement among young children. However, there is variability in the strength of this association, which may be traced to individual differences in physiological processes underlying self-regulation. In the current study, we examined whether the response of the parasympathetic nervous system to challenge, indexed by change in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), moderated the association between risk and school readiness at 5 years of age in a diverse sample of young children. We found that parasympathetic response to the Still-Face Paradigm moderated the effects of risk on a measure of school readiness, such that there was no association between risk and school readiness among children who exhibited RSA decreases during challenge at 6 months of age, a purported index of self-regulation at this age. For those infants who did not exhibit RSA withdrawal during this challenge, exposure to early cumulative risk was associated with lower scores on achievement assessment. These results speak to the possibility that certain patterns of parasympathetic response can serve as a protective factor for young children growing up in disadvantaged environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathi B Propper
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hanna C Gustafsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Steven J Holochwost
- Department of Psychology, Lehman College, City University of New York, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Coffman
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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Zhang H, Luo Y, Davis T, Zhang L. Interactive effects of childhood maltreatment and tonic respiratory sinus arrhythmia on young adults' depressive symptoms. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13900. [PMID: 34287947 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to investigate the moderating effect of tonic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in the relation between childhood maltreatment and depression symptoms among young adults. A total of 98 participants (70 women) aged 17-22 years completed questionnaires on childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms. RSA data were obtained during a resting condition in the laboratory. Results indicated that childhood maltreatment interacted with tonic RSA to predict depressive symptoms, even after controlling for age and body mass index (BMI) of each participant. Specifically, higher levels of childhood maltreatment were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, but only among young adults who exhibited lower tonic RSA. The results indicated that the association between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms depends on young adults' physiological functioning/flexibility. Findings suggest that consideration of external environmental factors in combination with internal physiological factors is critical to understand young adults' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- School of Education, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Toshanna Davis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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Zhang H, Luo Y, Yao Z, Barrow K. The role of resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the family functioning-internet addiction symptoms link. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 164:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Holochwost SJ, Kolacz J, Mills-Koonce WR. Towards an understanding of neurophysiological self-regulation in early childhood: A heuristic and a new approach. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:734-752. [PMID: 33164204 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation in early childhood encompasses both "top down," volitional processes, as well as the "bottom up" activity of three neurophysiological systems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this paper we briefly review the structure, function, and early development of each of these systems and then explain why neurophysiological self-regulation is most accurately defined as a function of their joint activity. We note that while there are a number of predictive models that employ this definition, the field would benefit from a straightforward heuristic and aligned methods of visualization and analysis. We then present one such heuristic, which we call neurophysiological space, and outline how it may facilitate a new, collaborative approach to building a better understanding of self-regulation in early childhood. We conclude with a presentation of early education as one setting in which our heuristic and methods could be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Holochwost
- Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Jacek Kolacz
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - W Roger Mills-Koonce
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Assari S, Akhlaghipour G. Not Race or Age but Their Interaction Predicts Pre-Adolescents' Inhibitory Control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3:50-71. [PMID: 33283174 DOI: 10.22158/ct.v3n2p50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background African American pre-adolescents are at a higher risk of risky behaviors such as aggression, drug use, alcohol use, and subsequent poor outcomes compared to Caucasian pre-adolescents. All these high-risk behaviors are connected to low levels of inhibitory control (IC). Aim We used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) data to compare Caucasian and African American pre-adolescents for the effect of age on pre-adolescents IC, a driver of high-risk behaviors. Methods This cross-sectional analysis included 4,626 pre-adolescents between ages 9 and 10 from the ABCD study. Regression was used to analyze the data. The predictor variable was age measured in months. The main outcome was IC measured by a stop-signal task (SST). Race was the effect modifier. Results Overall, age was associated with IC. Race also showed a statistically significant interaction with age on pre-adolescents' IC, indicating weaker effects of age on IC for African American than Caucasian pre-adolescents. Conclusion Age-related changes in IC are more pronounced for Caucasian than African American pre-adolescents. To eliminate the racial gap in brain development between African American and Caucasian pre-adolescents, we should address structural and societal barriers that alter age-related development for racial minority pre-adolescents. Social and public policies, rather than health policies, are needed to address structural and societal barriers that hinder African American adolescents' brain development. Interventions should add resources to the urban areas that many African American families live in so their children can have better age-related brain development. Such changes would be essential given IC in pre-adolescents is a predictor of a wide range of behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
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Lee H, Kao K, Doan S. Exploring relationship between self-regulation dimensions and cardiac autonomic functioning in preschoolers. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 39:205-216. [PMID: 33090560 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the association between behavioural dimensions of self-regulation and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a marker of cardiac autonomic functioning in a sample of preschool children in the United States. Sixty-six children's emotion- and cognitive-oriented dimensions of self-regulation were examined with respect to changes in RSA (reactivity and recovery). Results showed that children's recovery RSA, which indicates the ability to return to homeostasis, but not reactivity, was significantly associated with the cognitive-oriented self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lee
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katie Kao
- Brazelton Touchpoints Center, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stacey Doan
- Department of Psychology, Claremont McKenna College, California, USA
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Parental Education on Youth Inhibitory Control in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: Blacks' Diminished Returns. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050312. [PMID: 32455841 PMCID: PMC7287691 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) youth are at a higher risk of high-risk behaviors compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) youth. Some of this racial gap is shown to be due to weaker effects of parental educational attainment on reducing the prevalence of behavioral risk factors such as impulsivity, substance use, aggression, obesity, and poor school performance for NHBs, a pattern called Minorities' Diminished Returns. These diminishing returns may be due to lower than expected effects of parental education on inhibitory control. AIM We compared NHW and NHB youth for the effect of parental educational attainment on youth inhibitory control, a psychological and cognitive construct that closely predicts high-risk behaviors such as the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 4188 youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was parental educational attainment. The main outcome was youth inhibitory control measured by the stop-signal task (SST), which was validated by parent reports on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). RESULTS In race/ethnicity-stratified models, high parental educational attainment was associated with a higher level of inhibitory control for NHB than NHW youth. In the pooled sample, race/ethnicity showed a statistically significant interaction with parental educational attainment on youth inhibitory control suggesting that high parental educational attainment has a smaller boosting effect on inhibitory control for NHB than NHW youth. CONCLUSION Parental educational attainment boosts inhibitory control for NHW but not NHB youth. To minimize the racial gap in youth brain development, we need to address societal barriers that diminish the returns of family economic and human resources, particularly parental educational attainment, for racial and ethnic minority youth. Social and public policies should address structural and societal barriers such as social stratification, segregation, racism, and discrimination that hinder NHB parents' abilities to effectively mobilize their human resources and secure tangible outcomes for their developing youth.
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Liu D, Wang Z. Chinese college students’ parental attachment, peer attachment, and prosocial behaviors: The moderating role of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Biol Psychol 2020; 150:107844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Xing W, Lü W, Wang Z. Trait impulsiveness and response inhibition in young adults: Moderating role of resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 149:1-7. [PMID: 31926906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trait impulsiveness is a multifaceted construct that includes motor-, attention/cognitive- and non-planning facets, but how specific impulsiveness facets are associated with the deficit of response inhibition is not well understood. Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), which is considered as an index of cardiac vagal tone has been demonstrated to play a moderating role in the associations between many individual's variables. Whether resting RSA moderates the relationships between the facets of trait impulsiveness and response inhibition remains unknown. To examine these issues, data of self-reported trait impulsiveness, as assessed using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-II), 5-min resting RSA, and response accuracy (ACC) on a modified Go/NoGo task were collected from 132 college students. Results indicated that ACC of NoGo condition on the Go/NoGo task was negatively correlated with BIS motor and BIS total. Trait motor impulsiveness negatively predicted ACC of NoGo condition on the Go/NoGo task in the low resting RSA group but not in the high resting RSA group. This finding suggests that cardiac vagal tone could moderate the association between trait impulsiveness, especially motor impulsiveness, and deficits of response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Xing
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Wei Lü
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
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Early experiences of insensitive caregiving and children's self-regulation: Vagal tone as a differential susceptibility factor. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1460-1472. [PMID: 31896388 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A considerable body of research has linked parenting to the development of children's self-regulation. However, few studies have considered different domains of self-regulation, the effects of early caregiving behaviors, and whether or not parenting influences children equally. Towards this, the present investigation tested how early maternal insensitivity was associated with difficulties in children's effortful control in early childhood and their regulation of negative emotions during the early school years. Further, we tested whether children's resting vagal tone may operate as a susceptibility factor, consistent with differential susceptibility models. The sample included 220 pairs of mothers and their children who were assessed at 18 months, 3.5 years and 5 years of age. Laboratory visits consisted of observational paradigms and survey assessments. Early maternal insensitivity at 18 months of age forecasted difficulties with effortful control at age 3.5. Moreover, effortful control at age 3.5 was associated with greater anger, but not sadness, regulation at age 5. Consistent with differential susceptibility, children's resting vagal tone at 18 months of age moderated the role of early caregiving on children's effortful control. The findings suggest that low resting vagal tone may operate as a differential susceptibility factor in process models testing associations between early caregiving environments and children's self-regulation.
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