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Flores MS, Tamez E, Rangel R, Monjardin J, Bosques F, Obregón A, Trejo-Avila L, Quintero I, Gandarilla F, Arevalo K, Alemán E, Galán L. UBIQUITIN OF Entamoeba histolytica INDUCE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN PATIENTS WITH INVASIVE AMOEBIASIS. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12919. [PMID: 35366008 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic liver abscess (ALA) in humans. The injury of target cells by Entamoeba histolytica includes processes controlled by the ubiquitin Ehub. Previously, we found immunodominance of Ehub glycan moieties using immunized rabbits. In this work, we analyzed dominance of antibodies to the glycoprotein Ehub in the sera from 52 patients with ALA. Controls were sera from 20 healthy people living in endemic areas with high seroprevalence of antibodies to amoebas, and 20 patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) to rule out the cross-reaction of Ehub with autoantibodies induced by liver damage. Antigens were trophozoite extract, glycoprotein Ehub and the recombinant protein rEhub. The sera from healthy volunteers and patients with AH do not have antibodies to glycoprotein Ehub. Surprisingly, only the antibodies from patients with ALA recognized the glycoprotein Ehub, and some sera gave a faint reaction with the recombinant protein, especially because evolutionarily, the ubiquitin is conserved between species. This is the first report demonstrating that antibodies to ubiquitin Ehub are induced exclusively in patients with invasive amoebiasis, and the antibody response is mainly to the glycoprotein, indicating glycans are immunodominant. Inhibitors of the Ehub glycans could be potential treatment for amoebiasis by selectively damaging trophozoites. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Flores
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Eva Tamez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rangel
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - Francisco Bosques
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Adriana Obregón
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Laura Trejo-Avila
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Isela Quintero
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Fátima Gandarilla
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Katiushka Arevalo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Alemán
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Luis Galán
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Trogocytosis in Unicellular Eukaryotes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112975. [PMID: 34831198 PMCID: PMC8616307 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a mode of internalization of a part of a live cell by nibbling and is mechanistically distinct from phagocytosis, which implies internalization of a whole cell or a particle. Trogocytosis has been demonstrated in a broad range of cell types in multicellular organisms and is also known to be involved in a plethora of functions. In immune cells, trogocytosis is involved in the "cross-dressing" between antigen presenting cells and T cells, and is thus considered to mediate intercellular communication. On the other hand, trogocytosis has also been reported in a variety of unicellular organisms including the protistan (protozoan) parasite Entamoeba histolytica. E. histolytica ingests human T cell line by trogocytosis and acquires complement resistance and cross-dresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on the cell surface. Furthermore, trogocytosis and trogocytosis-like phenomena (nibbling of a live cell, not previously described as trogocytosis) have also been reported in other parasitic protists such as Trichomonas, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and free-living amoebae. Thus, trogocytosis is conserved in diverse eukaryotic supergroups as a means of intercellular communication. It is depicting the universality of trogocytosis among eukaryotes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of trogocytosis in unicellular organisms, including the history of its discovery, taxonomical distribution, roles, and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.-T.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-3-5285-1111 (K.N.-T.); +81-3-5841-3526 (T.N.)
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.-T.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-3-5285-1111 (K.N.-T.); +81-3-5841-3526 (T.N.)
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Espinosa A, Paz-y-Miño-C G, Santos Y, Ma H, Nadeau M, Seeram NP, Rowley DC. Anti-amebic effects of Chinese rhubarb ( Rheum palmatum) leaves' extract, the anthraquinone rhein and related compounds. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03693. [PMID: 32258515 PMCID: PMC7118315 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica infects 50 million people worldwide and causes 55 thousand fatalities every year. Current anti-amebic drugs (e.g. paromomycin) work either at the level of the intestinal lumen (where trophozoites proliferate via cell divisions) or on the invasive trophozoites that have penetrated the gut or colonized internal organs (e.g. metronidazole). Some of these drugs are highly toxic to patients, have generated trophozoite resistance, or caused mutations and cancer in laboratory animals. Thus, alternative anti-amebic compounds need to be identified to minimize the side effects (on patients) or resistance (by amebas) to current treatments. The literature suggests that anthraquinones (chemicals found in medicinal plants) have antibacterial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Here we provide experimental evidence that Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) leaves' extract (rich in the anthraquinone rhein) inhibits E. histolytica trophozoite growth in vitro. In addition, from a set of ten isolated/synthetic anthraquinones (which we suspected to have anti-amebic properties), four analogs (rhein; AHHDAC = 1-amino-4-hydroxy-9, 10-dioxo-9, 10-dihydro-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid; unisol blue AS; and sennoside B) efficiently inhibited amebic growth at EIC50 concentrations comparable to metronidazole. The mechanism of action of these compounds still needs to be determined, although anthraquinones might enhance the production of toxic oxygen metabolites as it has been suggested for various protists (e.g. Leishmania, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma). Our research is the first to explore anti-amebic effects of Chinese rhubarb leaves' extract and isolated/synthetic anthraquinones on pathogenic Entamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, RI 02809, United States
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, RI 02809, United States
| | - Guillermo Paz-y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, RI 02809, United States
| | - Yoly Santos
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, RI 02809, United States
| | - Hang Ma
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Michael Nadeau
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - David C. Rowley
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
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Espinosa A, Paz-Y-Miño-C G. Discrimination Experiments in Entamoeba and Evidence from Other Protists Suggest Pathogenic Amebas Cooperate with Kin to Colonize Hosts and Deter Rivals. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:354-368. [PMID: 30055104 PMCID: PMC6349510 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is one of the least understood protists in terms of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition ability. However, the capacity to tell apart same or self (clone/kin) from different or nonself (nonclone/nonkin) has long been demonstrated in pathogenic eukaryotes like Trypanosoma and Plasmodium, free-living social amebas (Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium), budding yeast (Saccharomyces), and in numerous bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes). Kin discrimination/recognition is explained under inclusive fitness theory; that is, the reproductive advantage that genetically closely related organisms (kin) can gain by cooperating preferably with one another (rather than with distantly related or unrelated individuals), minimizing antagonism and competition with kin, and excluding genetic strangers (or cheaters = noncooperators that benefit from others' investments in altruistic cooperation). In this review, we rely on the outcomes of in vitro pairwise discrimination/recognition encounters between seven Entamoeba lineages to discuss the biological significance of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition in a range of generalist and specialist species (close or distantly related phylogenetically). We then focus our discussion on the importance of these laboratory observations for E. histolytica's life cycle, host infestation, and implications of these features of the amebas' natural history for human health (including mitigation of amebiasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
| | - Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
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Paz-Y-Miño-C G, Espinosa A. Kin Discrimination in Protists: From Many Cells to Single Cells and Backwards. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:367-77. [PMID: 26873616 PMCID: PMC4856593 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During four decades (1960-1990s), the conceptualization and experimental design of studies in kin recognition relied on work with multicellular eukaryotes, particularly Unikonta (including invertebrates and vertebrates) and some Bikonta (including plants). This pioneering research had an animal behavior approach. During the 2000s, work on taxa-, clone- and kin-discrimination and recognition in protists produced genetic and molecular evidence that unicellular organisms (e.g. Saccharomyces, Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium, Tetrahymena, Entamoeba and Plasmodium) could distinguish between same (self or clone) and different (diverse clones), as well as among conspecifics of close or distant genetic relatedness. Here, we discuss some of the research on the genetics of kin discrimination/recognition and highlight the scientific progress made by switching emphasis from investigating multicellular to unicellular systems (and backwards). We document how studies with protists are helping us to understand the microscopic, cellular origins and evolution of the mechanisms of kin discrimination/recognition and their significance for the advent of multicellularity. We emphasize that because protists are among the most ancient organisms on Earth, belong to multiple taxonomic groups and occupy all environments, they can be central to reexamining traditional hypotheses in the field of kin recognition, reformulating concepts, and generating new knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol, Rhode Island, 02809
| | - Avelina Espinosa
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol, Rhode Island, 02809
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol, Rhode Island, 02809
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