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Kumar R, Patel R, Priyadarshi RN, Narayan R, Maji T, Anand U, Soni JR. Amebic liver abscess: An update. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:316-330. [PMID: 38577528 PMCID: PMC10989314 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i3.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amebic liver abscess (ALA) is still a common problem in the tropical world, where it affects over three-quarters of patients with liver abscess. It is caused by an anaerobic protozoan Entamoeba hystolytica, which primarily colonises the cecum. It is a non-suppurative infection of the liver consisting primarily of dead hepatocytes and cellular debris. People of the male gender, during their reproductive years, are most prone to ALA, and this appears to be due to a poorly mounted immune response linked to serum testosterone levels. ALA is more common in the right lobe of the liver, is strongly associated with alcohol consumption, and can heal without the need for drainage. While majority of ALA patients have an uncomplicated course, a number of complications have been described, including rupture into abdomino-thoracic structures, biliary fistula, vascular thrombosis, bilio-vascular compression, and secondary bacterial infection. Based on clinico-radiological findings, a classification system for ALA has emerged recently, which can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. Recent research has revealed the role of venous thrombosis-related ischemia in the severity of ALA. Recent years have seen the development and refinement of newer molecular diagnostic techniques that can greatly aid in overcoming the diagnostic challenge in endemic area where serology-based tests have limited accuracy. Metronidazole has been the drug of choice for ALA patients for many years. However, concerns over the resistance and adverse effects necessitate the creation of new, safe, and potent antiamebic medications. Although the indication of the drainage of uncomplicated ALA has become more clear, high-quality randomised trials are still necessary for robust conclusions. Percutaneous drainage appears to be a viable option for patients with ruptured ALA and diffuse peritonitis, for whom surgery represents a significant risk of mortality. With regard to all of the aforementioned issues, this article intends to present an updated review of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India.
| | - Rishabh Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | | | - Ruchika Narayan
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | - Tanmoy Maji
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | - Utpal Anand
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | - Jinit R Soni
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
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Choi MS, Myong NH, Seo M, Jang S, Yun DK, Yeom K, Chung DI, Park BC, Hong Y, Kim MH. The First Case of Cutaneous Acanthamoebiasis Caused by Acanthamoeba triangularis in Korea. Ann Dermatol 2023; 35:S275-S280. [PMID: 38061721 PMCID: PMC10727879 DOI: 10.5021/ad.21.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A 62-year-old man with multiple myeloma visited our clinic with multiple painful erythematous to purpuric nodules on his whole body. He received a skin biopsy which showed septal and lobular inflammation with vasculitis, and multiple amoebic organisms were found. Polymerase chain reaction and culture were performed and an Acanthamoeba triangularis infection was diagnosed. This is the first report on cutaneous acanthamoebiasis caused by A. triangularis, suggesting that A. triangularis should be regarded as a clinical pathogen that can cause ocular as well as disseminated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Soo Choi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Na Hye Myong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sukbin Jang
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dae Kwan Yun
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kyujin Yeom
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong-Il Chung
- Department of Parasitology & Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byung Cheol Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yeonchul Hong
- Department of Parasitology & Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Myung Hwa Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.
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Gottschling M, Lerzer C, Geismann F, Schmalenberger D, Blaas S, Simsek M, Malfertheiner M, Salzberger B, Hitzenbichler F, Hamer OW, Utpatel K, Neu R, Ried M, Mohr A. [Rare cause of necrotizing pneumonia : A case report]. Inn Med (Heidelb) 2023; 64:1119-1122. [PMID: 37296328 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-023-01540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A 29-year-old Indian patient was admitted to the authors' pulmonary clinic with cough and fever. Community-acquired pneumonia was initially suspected. Various antibiotic therapies were administered, which did not lead to any clinical improvement. Despite detailed diagnostics, no pathogen was found. Computed tomography showed rapidly progressive pneumonia in the left upper lobe. Since the infection could not be managed conservatively, upper lobe resection was performed. Histologically, an amoebic abscess was found to be the cause of the infection. Since cerebral and hepatic abscesses were also found, hematogenous dissemination may be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Gottschling
- Zentrum für Pneumologie, Klinik Donaustauf, Ludwigstr. 68, 93093, Donaustauf, Deutschland.
| | - Christoph Lerzer
- Zentrum für Pneumologie, Klinik Donaustauf, Ludwigstr. 68, 93093, Donaustauf, Deutschland
| | - Florian Geismann
- Zentrum für Pneumologie, Klinik Donaustauf, Ludwigstr. 68, 93093, Donaustauf, Deutschland
| | - Daniel Schmalenberger
- Zentrum für Pneumologie, Klinik Donaustauf, Ludwigstr. 68, 93093, Donaustauf, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Blaas
- Zentrum für Pneumologie, Klinik Donaustauf, Ludwigstr. 68, 93093, Donaustauf, Deutschland
| | - Meral Simsek
- Zentrum für Pneumologie, Klinik Donaustauf, Ludwigstr. 68, 93093, Donaustauf, Deutschland
| | | | - Bernd Salzberger
- Abteilung für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Florian Hitzenbichler
- Abteilung für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Okka W Hamer
- Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
- Abteilung für Radiologie, Klinik Donaustauf, Donaustauf, Deutschland
| | - Kirsten Utpatel
- Institut für Pathologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Reiner Neu
- Abteilung für Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Michael Ried
- Abteilung für Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Arno Mohr
- Zentrum für Pneumologie, Klinik Donaustauf, Ludwigstr. 68, 93093, Donaustauf, Deutschland
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Dauny V, Dioguardi-Burgio M, Leflon-Guibout V, Bert F, Roux O, Houzé S, Lefort A, Rossi G. [Clinical and radiological differences between amoebic and pyogenic liver abscess: A case-control study]. Rev Med Interne 2023; 44:472-478. [PMID: 37105864 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is the fourth cause of mortality by parasitic infection. This study aimed to assess clinical, radiological and therapeutic characteristics of patients admitted for amoebic liver abscess compared to pyogenic abscess in a French digestive tertiary care-centre. MATERIAL AND METHOD The charts of patients hospitalized for a liver abscess between 2010 and 2020 were retrospectively assessed then separated in two groups: amoebic liver abscess and pyogenic liver abscess from portal underlying cause. Clinical and radiological data were collected for univariate comparison. RESULTS Twenty-one patients were hospitalized during the time of the study for ALA, and 21 patients for pyogenic liver abscess with a portal mechanism. All patients hospitalized for ALA lived in and/or had travelled recently in an endemic area. In comparison with patients hospitalized for pyogenic abscess, patients admitted for ALA were younger (44years old vs. 63years old, P<0.001), had less comorbidities (5% vs. 43% of patients with at least one comorbidity, P<0.01), a longer median duration of symptoms (10days vs. 3days, P=0.015), abdominal pain (86% vs. 52%, P=0.019), and a slighter leucocytosis (9600G/L vs. 15,500G/L, P=0.041) were more frequent. On the abdominal tomodensitometry, density of ALA was higher (34 vs. 25 UH, P<0.01), associated with a focal intra-hepatic biliary dilatation and less often multiloculated. CONCLUSION While rare in western countries, amoebic liver abscess care should not be underestimated. The presence of a solitary liver abscess of intermediate density on computed tomography, occurring on a patient returning from an endemic zone should lead the physician to a possible diagnosis of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dauny
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Beaujon, groupe hospitalier AP-HP Nord, université Paris Cité, Clichy, France.
| | - Marco Dioguardi-Burgio
- Service de radiologie, hôpital Beaujon, groupe hospitalier AP-HP Nord, université Paris Cité, Clichy, France; Inserm U1149, « centre de recherche sur l'inflammation » (CRI), université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Leflon-Guibout
- Laboratoire de microbiologie, hôpital Beaujon, groupe hospitalier AP-HP Nord, université Paris Cité, Clichy, France
| | - Frédéric Bert
- Laboratoire de microbiologie, hôpital Beaujon, groupe hospitalier AP-HP Nord, université Paris Cité, Clichy, France
| | - Olivier Roux
- Service d'hépatologie, hôpital Beaujon, groupe hospitalier AP-HP Nord, université Paris Cité, Clichy, France
| | - Sandrine Houzé
- Service de parasitologie, hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France; IRD, MERIT, université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Lefort
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Beaujon, groupe hospitalier AP-HP Nord, université Paris Cité, Clichy, France; Inserm, IAME, UMR1137, université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Rossi
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Beaujon, groupe hospitalier AP-HP Nord, université Paris Cité, Clichy, France
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Gramp PE, Dooley J, O'Brien B, Jones A, Tan L, Robson J, Robertson T, Simos P, Fuller R, Gramp DV, Meumann EM. Fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis initially presenting with a cutaneous lesion. Australas J Dermatol 2023; 64:e256-e261. [PMID: 37154242 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of a 66-year-old man with a cutaneous Balamuthia mandrillaris lesion that progressed to fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. We provide a summary of Australian cases and describe the clinical features and approach to diagnosing this rare but devastating condition, including the importance of PCR for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence E Gramp
- Dermatology Department, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Dooley
- NH Diagnostics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Blake O'Brien
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Jones
- Infectious Disease Department, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leong Tan
- Neurosurgery Department, Pindara Hospital, Queensland, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jennifer Robson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas Robertson
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Simos
- Infectious Disease Department, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Fuller
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dallas V Gramp
- Dermatology Department, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ella M Meumann
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Chatterjee D, Al Rimon R, Chowdhury UF, Islam MR. A multi-epitope based vaccine against the surface proteins expressed in cyst and trophozoite stages of parasite Entamoeba histolytica. J Immunol Methods 2023; 517:113475. [PMID: 37088358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, an anaerobic parasite, infects humans and other primates and causes fatal diseases, such as amebiasis, amebic liver abscesses, and many others. Thousands of people are infected and dying due to the need for a proper protective cure, especially in poor sanitizing regions, such as Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Around 10% of the world population is infected by E. histolytica every year. Consequently, novel preventive approaches are required to eliminate the threats of the parasite. A designed vaccine targeting the exposed proteins that are common between cyst and trophozoite stages of the parasite's life cycle would be an effective way to repress the impact of the parasite. Therefore, an in silico bioinformatics approach was performed to design an effective vaccine targeting surface proteins common between both stages of the parasite's life cycle using B-cell and T-cell epitopes. The epitopes derived from the conserved portions of the proteins and their corresponding isomers specific to the parasite suggested that the vaccine could benefit cross-protection. Furthermore, the three-dimensional structure of the designed vaccine was modelled, refined, and validated using multiple bioinformatics tools. The physiological properties and solubility were also predicted using different algorithmic tools and found to be highly soluble in nature. The vaccine was found interactcted with TLR immune receptors, and the stability was observed via dynamics simulation. Codon optimization and cloning were performed for expression analysis. Immune simulation prediction anticipated significant immune responses with a high IgG and IgM antibodies expression, Th and Tc cells population, B-cell population, memory cells, INF-γ, and IL-2 cytokines. Therefore, the constructed multi-epitope putative vaccine can effectively neutralize the parasite's harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankor Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Razoan Al Rimon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Umar Faruq Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Murphy BM, Chen JZ, Rolo M, Eldam M, Jordan L, Sivananthan SJ, Kinsey R, Guderian JA, Pedersen K, Abhyankar M, Petri WA, Fox CB, Finlay WH, Vehring R, Martin AR. Intranasal delivery of a synthetic Entamoeba histolytica vaccine containing adjuvant (LecA + GLA-3M-052 liposomes): in vitro characterization. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122141. [PMID: 36058408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amebiasis, a disease caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is estimated to cause millions of infections and at least 55,000 deaths globally each year. With no vaccine currently available, there is an urgent need for an accessible means of stimulating protective mucosal immunity. The objective of this study was to characterize the nasal spray of a novel amebiasis vaccine candidate from a syringe-based liquid atomization device, the Teleflex MAD Nasal™, in both adult and infant nasal airways. Human ergonomic testing was completed to determine realistic actuation parameters. Spray pattern, plume geometry, and droplet size distribution were measured to evaluate reproducibility of free plume characteristics. The Alberta Idealized Nasal Inlet (AINI) and three realistic infant nasal airways were used to determine the in vitro deposition profile in adult and infant airways, respectively. Collectively, in vitro results demonstrated the feasibility of delivering the vaccine candidate to target sites within the nasal airways. Penetration through the nasal airways that could lead to deposition in the lungs was below the limit of quantification for both adult and infant geometries, indicating a low likelihood of adverse events due to lung exposure. These results support continued investigation of intranasal delivery of the synthetic Entamoeba histolytica vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn M Murphy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John Z Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Lynn Jordan
- Proveris Scientific, Hudson, MA, United States
| | | | - Robert Kinsey
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Mayuresh Abhyankar
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Warren H Finlay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Reinhard Vehring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew R Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Adao DEV, Li AOC, Dy AES, Rivera WL. Development of a salivary IgA detection method for accurate diagnosis of amebiasis. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:714-721. [PMID: 36091277 PMCID: PMC9458784 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An amebiasis detection method was developed based on identifying anti-Entamoeba histolytica IgA in the saliva of infected individuals. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based detection method was tested along with microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on saliva and stool samples from 110 asymptomatic individuals visiting the Manila Health Department - Public Health Laboratory of the City of Manila, Philippines. A receiver operating curve (ROC) was constructed to compare the ELISA results with PCR results. E. histolytica infection was detected in 18 of the 110 individuals. The developed method had an accuracy of 90%, sensitivity of 88.89%, specificity of 90.22%, positive predictive value of 64%, and negative predictive value of 97.65% if a 1:2 dilution of crude saliva sample in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used for diagnosis when compared to PCR. The area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC was 0.9436 if a 1:2 dilution of a crude saliva sample was used. The developed assay presents an easy and accurate method of detecting amebiasis in infected individuals using saliva samples instead of stool or blood samples and has potential applications in both diagnosis and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Edric V. Adao
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Angeline Odelia C. Li
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Alexander Edward S. Dy
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
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Tao K, Wang T, Zhang L, Yang XC, Zhai ZF. Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris infection with red plaques on the nasal dorsum as the first presentation. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:498-500. [PMID: 35691739 PMCID: PMC9263639 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Balamuthia mandrillaris infection is a rare infectious disease around the world, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Its early and correct diagnosis is a big challenge for us, and without it the delay in starting effective treatment can lead to the development of encephalitis. This is a report of a case of Balamuthia mandrillaris infection in a Chinese boy, with red plaques on the nasal dorsum as the first presentation, who finally developed into fatal encephalitis. The authors have reviewed the related literature and share the special skin features in order to favor the early diagnosis of the disease and increase the chances of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Tao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi-Chuan Yang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Zhai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Abstract
Background Amoebiasis is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, which is a rare infectious disease in developed countries. If the trophozoites enter the blood, it can spread through the body, such as brain, and lungs. Cases of simultaneous infection of multiple organs are extremely rare. Case presentation Here we report a case of simultaneous infection of amoeba in pulmonary pleura, urinary system and central nervous system. Although the patient received anti amoeba treatment, the prognosis of the patient was poor. Conclusions In this patient, multiple extraintestinal amebic infections in the absence of clinically confirmed intestinal amebiasis or amebic liver abscess are rare and pose diagnostic challenges. The disseminated amebiasis has significantly increased the mortality. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment may reduce the mortality of disseminated amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Fu
- Department of Critical care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi City, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Jinjing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- Department of Critical care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi City, 563003, Guizhou, China.
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Abstract
Although rare in the developed world, amebiasis continues to be a leading cause of diarrhea and illness in developing nations with crowding, poor sanitation, and lack of clean water supply. Recent immigrants or travelers returning from endemic regions after a prolonged stay are at high risk of developing amebiasis. A high index of suspicion for amebiasis should be maintained for other high-risk groups like men having sex with men, people with AIDS/HIV, immunocompromised hosts, residents of mental health facility or group homes. Clinical presentation of intestinal amebiasis varies from diarrhea to colitis and dysentery. Amebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most common form of extraintestinal amebiasis. Various diagnostic tools are available and when amebiasis is suspected, a combination of stool tests and serology should be sent to maximize the yield of testing. Treatment with an amebicidal drug such as metronidazole/tinidazole and a luminal cysticidal agent such as paromomycin for clinical disease is indicated. However, for asymptomatic disease treatment with a luminal cysticidal agent to decrease chances of invasive disease and transmission is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gupta
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, HSC 9214, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Layne Smith
- West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV-26506, USA
| | - Adriana Diakiw
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, HSC 9214, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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12
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Lin GL, Tai CH, Lee CH, Lee IK. Chest wall mass with fistula to the skin, caused by a ruptured amebic liver abscess. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 45:102241. [PMID: 34920093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Lou Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Tai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiang Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ing-Kit Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Grillo F, Campora M, Carlin L, Cornara L, Parente P, Vanoli A, Remo A, Migliora P, Roberto F, Fassan M, Mastracci L. "Stranger things" in the gut: uncommon items in gastrointestinal specimens. Virchows Arch 2021; 480:231-245. [PMID: 34599376 PMCID: PMC8986674 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic (such as parasites or vegetable remnants) and inorganic substances may be encountered during routine pathology diagnostic work up of endoscopic gastrointestinal biopsy samples and major resections, causing possible diagnostic conundrums for the young and not so young pathologists. The main aim of this review is the description of the most frequent oddities one can encounter as foreign bodies, in gastrointestinal pathology, on the basis of the current literature and personal experience. The types of encountered substances are divided into four principal categories: parasites (helminths such as Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides, Schistosoma, and Anisakis, and protozoa such as Entamoeba, Giardia and some intestinal coccidia); drugs and pharmaceutical fillers (found as deposits and as bystanders, innocent or not); seeds (possibly confused with worms) and plant remnants; pollutants (secondary to post-resection or post-biopsy contamination of the sample). An ample library of images is provided in order to consent easy referencing for diagnostic routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Grillo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Campora
- Anatomic Pathology Section, S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Carlin
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cornara
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Parente
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanoli
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Remo
- Pathology Unit, Service Department, ULSS9 "Scaligera", Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Migliora
- Clinical Cytopathology Service and Pathology Institute of Locarno, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Fiocca Roberto
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy.
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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Matsuo T, Saito A, Kawai F, Ishikawa K, Hasegawa R, Suzuki T, Fujino T, Kinoshita K, Asano T, Mizuno A, Yagita K, Komiyama N, Uehara Y, Mori N. Use of PCR in the diagnosis of pericardial amebiasis: a case report and systematic review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:960. [PMID: 34530739 PMCID: PMC8443900 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) is rarely identified as a cause of amebic pericarditis. We report a case of amebic pericarditis complicated by cardiac tamponade, in which the diagnosis was missed initially and was made retrospectively by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of a stored sample of pericardial fluid. Furthermore, we performed a systematic review of the literature on amebic pericarditis. Case presentation A 71-year-old Japanese man who had a history of sexual intercourse with several commercial sex workers 4 months previously, presented to our hospital with left chest pain and cough. He was admitted on suspicion of pericarditis. On hospital day 7, he developed cardiac tamponade requiring urgent pericardiocentesis. The patient’s symptoms temporarily improved, but 1 month later, he returned with fever and abdominal pain, and multiple liver lesions were found in the right lobe. Polymerase chain reaction of the aspiration fluid of the liver lesion and pericardial and pleural fluid stored from the previous hospitalization were all positive for E. histolytica. Together with the positive serum antibody for E. histolytica, a diagnosis of amebic pericarditis was made. Notably, the diagnosis was missed initially and was made retrospectively by performing PCR testing. The patient improved with metronidazole 750 mg thrice daily for 14 days, followed by paromomycin 500 mg thrice daily for 10 days. Conclusions This case suggests that, although only 122 cases of amebic pericarditis have been reported, clinicians should be aware of E. histolytica as a potential causative pathogen. The polymerase chain reaction method was used to detect E. histolytica in the pericardial effusion and was found to be useful for the diagnosis of amebic pericarditis in addition to the positive results for the serum antibody testing for E. histolytica. Because of the high mortality associated with delayed treatment, prompt diagnosis should be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsuo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akira Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fujimi Kawai
- St. Luke's International University Library, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Fujino
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Kinoshita
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Asano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizuno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Yagita
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Komiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Uehara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical and Laboratory, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Mori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Escobar Echeverry JM, Valero JJ, Jaramillo LE, Vallejo MT. Clinical features of amoebic appendicitis in children: A study of 23 cases. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:1362-4. [PMID: 33461743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To describe the clinical, surgical, and pathological features of children with acute appendicitis and amebiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of children diagnosed with appendicitis and amebiasis treated at Fundación Hospital la Misericordia were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified into two groups according to the location of the amoebas: the amoebic appendicitis (AA) group (when the amoebic infection involved the appendiceal wall), and the appendicitis with incidental amoebiasis (IA) group (when amoebas were only found in the appendiceal lumen). We compared demographics and outcomes. RESULTS We identified 23 children with appendicitis and amoebiasis. The mean age was 9 (3-15) years, and 52% were male. The main duration of the pain at the time of presentation was 1.8 (1-4) days. Fever and diarrhea were observed in 64% and 43% of the patients, respectively. Four patients had perforated appendicitis, all of them within the AA group. Anti-parasitic therapy was used only in 2 subjects (all other patients were diagnosed after discharge and were asymptomatic on follow up). AA was diagnosed in 11 patients and IA in 12. AA and IA patients shared similar characteristics regarding age, clinical findings, radiologic features, and preoperative laboratory results. Appendiceal necrosis and perforation were only found within the AA group (4 patients). CONCLUSIONS AA is a rare condition in children. It seems to have a greater risk of perforation than cases of appendicitis with IA, which is in agreement with the more severe histological findings in our series. Anti-parasitic treatment is not necessary in cases of AA or IA.
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Montrucchio G, Pomero F, Perotto M, Fanti E, Brazzi L. SARS-CoV-2 infection and parasitic diseases: A possible role for microbiome interaction? Parasitol Int 2021; 85:102417. [PMID: 34224908 PMCID: PMC8253655 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Montrucchio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Città della Salute e della Scienza' Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Pomero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michele e Pietro Ferrero Hospital, Verduno, (CN), Italy
| | - Massimo Perotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michele e Pietro Ferrero Hospital, Verduno, (CN), Italy
| | - Edoardo Fanti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michele e Pietro Ferrero Hospital, Verduno, (CN), Italy
| | - Luca Brazzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Città della Salute e della Scienza' Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Silva Oliveira FM, Claúdia de Carvalho Fernandes A, Henrique de Cicco Sandes S, Prata LO, Junior MA, Vilela da Silva CA, Campolina-Silva GH, Lorenzo de Jesus Oliveira M, Oliveira CA, Neumann E, Nunes ÁC, Gomes MA, Caliari MV. Co-infection by Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar typhimurium and Entamoeba dispar pathogenic strains enhances colitis and the expression of amoebic virulence factors. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105010. [PMID: 34126224 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amebiasis is the most severe protozoan infection affecting the human intestine, and the second leading cause of death among parasitic diseases. The mechanisms of amoebic virulence factors acquisition are poorly understood, and there are few studies showing the interaction between Entamoeba dispar and bacteria. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is also a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Considering the high rates of amebiasis and salmonellosis, it is possible that these diseases may co-exist in the human intestine, leading to co-infection. Due to the scarcity of studies showing the influence of enteropathogenic bacteria on amoebic virulence, our research group proposed to evaluate the impact of S. typhimurium on E. dispar trophozoites. We assessed whether co-infection of S. typhimurium and E. dispar can change the progression of amoebic colitis, and the inflammatory response profile in the caecum mucosa, using a co-infection experimental model in rats. In vitro assays was used to investigate whether S. typhimurium induces changes in amoebic virulence phenotype. In the present work, we found that S. typhimurium co-infection exacerbates amoebic colitis and intestinal inflammation. The in vitro association of S. typhimurium and E. dispar trophozoites contributed to increase the expression of amoebic virulence factors. Also, we demonstrated, for the first time, the cysteine proteinase 5 expression in E. dispar MCR, VEJ and ADO strains, isolated in Brazil. Together, our results show that S. typhimurium and E. dispar co-infection worsens amoebic colitis, possibly by increasing the expression of amoebic virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Sávio Henrique de Cicco Sandes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Luana Oliveira Prata
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mario Abatemarco Junior
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisabeth Neumann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Álvaro Cantini Nunes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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18
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Shijubou N, Sumi T, Kamada K, Sawai T, Yamada Y, Ikeda T, Nakata H, Mori Y, Chiba H. Fulminant amebic colitis in a patient with concomitant cytomegalovirus infection after systemic steroid therapy: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:3726-3732. [PMID: 34046476 PMCID: PMC8130080 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i15.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amebic colitis is an infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica and most commonly observed in regions with poor sanitation. It is also seen as a sexually transmitted disease in developed countries. While amebic colitis usually has a chronic course with repeated exacerbations and remissions, it may also manifest as a fulminant form that rapidly progresses and leads to severe, life-threatening complications, such as intestinal perforation, peritonitis, and sepsis, that have a high mortality rate.
CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with chest pain and acute dyspnea. He was diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, acute heart failure, and bacterial pneumonia. His respiratory condition worsened despite receiving intensive care and intravenous antibiotics. On the fifth day of hospitalization, he was diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome and was started on steroid therapy. He subsequently developed bloody stools and was diagnosed with cytomegalovirus (CMV) enterocolitis based on biopsy results and a peripheral blood CMV pp65 antigenemia test result. Although we started antiviral therapy with ganciclovir, which was successful in reducing his antigen titers, he continued to have bloody diarrhea. Three weeks after initiation of ganciclovir therapy and six weeks after his admission, the patient died from intestinal perforation. We only posthumously diagnosed him with amebic colitis and CMV enterocolitis based on autopsy findings of transmural necrosis of the entire colon with massive ameba infiltration.
CONCLUSION We urge clinicians to consider Entamoeba histolytica infection if severe colitis progresses after steroid therapy. Preemptive treatment is recommended then.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shijubou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Hakodate 040-8611, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Hakodate 040-8611, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Koki Kamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Hakodate 040-8611, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Sawai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Hakodate 040-8611, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Ikeda
- Department of Pathology and Diagnosis, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Hakodate 040-8611, Japan
| | - Hisashi Nakata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Hakodate 040-8611, Japan
| | - Yuji Mori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Hakodate 040-8611, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Chiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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Dos Santos Zanetti A, Malheiros AF, de Matos TA, Dos Santos C, Battaglini PF, Moreira LM, Lemos LMS, Castrillon SKI, da Costa Boamorte Cortela D, Ignotti E, Espinosa OA. Diversity, geographical distribution, and prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:17. [PMID: 33812449 PMCID: PMC8019558 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genus Entamoeba includes a variety of widely distributed species adapted to live in the digestive tracts of humans and a large variety of animals of different classes. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba spp. in different classes of hosts in Brazil. Studies that analyzed hosts from several classes, including humans and domestic, wild, or captive animals, were considered. The pooled prevalence of Entamoeba spp. was calculated using the random-effects model. A total of 166 studies on humans and 16 on animals were included. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in the Brazilian population was 22% (95% CI: 21–24). The state with the highest prevalence was Paraiba with 72%, followed by Federal District with 53%, and Rondonia with 50%. In immunocompromized patients, the prevalence was 18%, and cancer (36%) was the most prevalent cause of immunosuppression. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in animal hosts was 12% (95% CI: 7–17). Captive wild animals and domestic farm animals showed the highest prevalence, with 16% and 15%, respectively. The species found more often were E. coli (86.5%), E. dispar (7.9%), and E. histolytica (3.1%). In conclusion, a high prevalence (22%) of Entamoeba spp. was found in the Brazilian population, with a prevalence of up to 50% mainly in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. The pathogenic species E. histolytica is distributed in most Brazilian regions, with significant prevalence percentages. Among animals, unidentified Entamoeba species were most prevalent in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andernice Dos Santos Zanetti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Antonio Francisco Malheiros
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Amorim de Matos
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dos Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Paula Franciene Battaglini
- Residency in Infectious Diseases, Júlio Miller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Luis Philippe Pereira Leite St., Alvorada, Cuiabá, 78048-902 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Luciana Melhorança Moreira
- Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, 78217-042 Caceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Larissa Maria Scalon Lemos
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Solange Kimie Ikeda Castrillon
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Denise da Costa Boamorte Cortela
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, 78217-042 Caceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Eliane Ignotti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Omar Ariel Espinosa
- Faculty Estacio of Pantanal (Estacio FAPAN), São Luís, 2522 St - Cidade Nova, Caceres, 78201-000 Mato Grosso, Brazil
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20
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Manahan-Suyom L, Mina-Cuaño PMG, Rivera WL. Development of diffractive optics technology-based immunoassay protocol and its application in the detection of Entamoeba histolytica infections. J Immunol Methods 2021; 493:113016. [PMID: 33689809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amebiasis due to infection with Entamoeba histolytica is a problematic parasitic disease in many countries. By means of a novel technology developed by Axela Biosensors, Inc., the dotLab™ system, a rapid immunoassay was developed to detect at least 5.45 cells/mL of E. histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis, in spiked stool samples in 66 min. Regeneration of the dotLab™ sensor using 0.1 M glycine (pH 2.5) solution was established, enabling the assessment of multiple stool samples (up to 8 X) using a single sensor. This developed assay was applied to assess the health status of a community in relation to E. histolytica infections of relocated families in San Isidro, Rodriguez, Rizal, Philippines. The community was found to be 15.6% and 26.1% positive for E. histolytica using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and dotLab™ methods, respectively. Compared to real-time PCR, the dotLab™ method is 94.74% sensitive and 74.79% specific. The agreement of the two methods was tested using Kappa coefficient test and it showed that dotLab™ is a reliable alternative to real-time PCR. The optimized dotLab™ assay did not cross-react with stool samples containing Escherichia coli, Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia intestinalis. The community had 17 X to 24 X higher infection rate than previous reports in the Philippines. Sex, age, and duration of settlement in the relocation area were not related to the rate of infection. This increase may be due to improper hygiene and sanitation in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lani Manahan-Suyom
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Patricia Maria Gregoria Mina-Cuaño
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
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21
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Li J, Cui Z, Li X, Zhang L. Review of zoonotic amebiasis: Epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:174-181. [PMID: 33676155 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amebiasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which mainly shows symptoms of acute diarrhea, dysentery, amebic colitis, and amebic liver abscesses. As the fourth leading parasitic cause of human mortality, E. histolytica mainly infect children in developing countries, transmitted by food and water contamination. In the majority of infected individuals, Entamoeba sp. asymptomatically colonizes the large intestine and self-limiting, while in others, the parasite breaches the mucosal epithelial barrier to cause amebic colitis and can disseminate to soft organs to cause abscesses. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the recommended and most widely used drug for treating the invasive amebiasis. No amebiasis vaccine has been approved for human clinical trials to date, but many recent vaccine development studies hold promise. For the prevention and control of amebiasis, improvement of water purification systems and hygiene practices could decrease disease incidence. In this review, we focus on the epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of the zoonotic amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Watanabe K, Yanagawa Y, Gatanaga H, Kikuchi Y, Oka S. Performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent-based serological assay for Entamoeba histolytica: Comparison with an indirect immunofluorescence assay using stored frozen samples. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:736-739. [PMID: 33483275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Entamoeba histolytica infections are increasingly diagnosed as sexually transmitted infections in Japan. However, the stool ova-parasite examination (O&P) test has been the only approved diagnostic method used in Japan since production of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) serum antibody test was discontinued at the end of 2017. Herein, we assessed whether an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based serological test could substitute for IFA. METHODS This cross-sectional study used stored frozen serum samples from the Biobank of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine. A serological ELISA-based test was performed on these samples and their titers were compared with those previously measured by IFA based on the medical record data. RESULTS Sixty seven stored frozen serum samples with differing recorded IFA antibody titers (16 samples with titers < ×100, 13 samples × 100, 16 samples × 200, 11 samples × 400, and 11 samples ≥ × 800) were analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity values for ELISA vs. IFA were 92.2% [95% confidential interval: 81.5-96.9] and 87.5% [64.0-97.8], respectively. A strong correlation between the antibody titers was confirmed by a one-way ANOVA (R square 0.83, p value < 0.0001) for the two diagnostic methods. CONCLUSION The ELISA and IFA antibody titers for E. histolytica were well correlated, and results from these methods were highly concordant. Introduction of an ELISA-based serological test for E. histolytica should be considered to improve E. histolytica infection diagnosis in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Watanabe
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasuaki Yanagawa
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Tanaka E, Tashiro Y, Kotake A, Takeyama N, Umemoto T, Nagahama M, Hashimoto T. Spectrum of CT findings in amebic colitis. Jpn J Radiol 2021; 39:558-63. [PMID: 33462730 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-021-01088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is distributed throughout the world. Invasive amebiasis affects millions of people globally, and the associated complications cause 40,000-100,000 deaths per year. In countries where fecal-oral transmission is unusual, amebic colitis is not common, and the infection may be seen in travelers to and emigrants from endemic areas. Without adequate treatment, amebic colitis may develop into fulminant and become rapidly fatal. With the current increase in global mobility, amebic colitis should be suspected even in patients not in the endemic areas. CT plays an important role in the diagnosis of amebic colitis by demonstrating the presence of colitis with the typical involvement of the cecum and rectum. Pathological features of atypical involvement are also demonstrated. Since preoperative diagnosis can reduce the mortality associated with necrotizing colitis, radiologists need to recognize the typical as well as atypical CT findings of amebic colitis. Considering this requirement, this paper aims to describe the histopathologic features of amebic colitis and to illustrate the spectrum of corresponding CT findings.
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Torres-Cifuentes DM, Espíritu-Gordillo P, Baylón-Pacheco L, Rosales-Encína JL. Low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP2) protein can potentially modulate virulence of the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 242:111360. [PMID: 33428948 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Entamoeba histolytica parasite is the causative agent of amebiasis, infecting approximately 1% of the world population and causing 100,000 deaths per year. It binds to Fibronectin (FN), activating signaling pathways regulated by kinases and phosphatases. EhLMW-PTPs genes from E. histolytica encode for Low Molecular Weight Tyrosine Phosphatases expressed in trophozoites and amoebic cysts. The role of these phosphatases in the virulence of the parasite has not yet been well characterized. Our results showed a differential expression of the EhLMW-PTPs, at the mRNA and protein levels, in an asynchronous trophozoites culture. Furthermore, we observed that trophozoites transfected that overexpressed EhLMW-PTP2 phagocytized fewer erythrocytes, possibly due to decreased phagocytic cups, and showed deficiencies in adherence to FN and less cytopathic effect. These analyzes suggest that the parasite's EhLMW-PTPs have an essential role in the mechanisms of proliferation, adhesion, and phagocytosis, regulating its pathogenicity.
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25
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Abstract
Background Amebiasis is a rare condition in developed countries but epidemiologically growing. Clinical manifestation may range from asymptomatic to invasive disease, amoebic liver abscess being the most common manifestation. We report a peculiar case of left hepatic amoebic liver abscess in a patient without a well-known source of infection and presenting with left portal vein thrombosis. Case presentation Patient, working as longshoreman, presented with complaints of remittent-intermittent fever lasting from 2 weeks. Physical examination was normal. Blood tests showed mild anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis and elevated inflammation markers. Chest x-rays was normal. Abdominal ultrasound showed multiple hypoechoic liver masses. CT-scan of abdomen showed enlarged left liver lobe due to the presence of large abscess cavity along with thrombosis of left portal vein. The indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) was positive. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage revealed “anchovy sauce” pus. Metronidazole and a follow up imaging at 3 months showed resolution of abscess cavity. Conclusion This case shows that amoebic liver abscess is possible even in first world country patients without travel history. Left sided abscess and portal vein thrombosis are rare and hence reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Borro
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa and Policlinico San Martino, Viale Benedetto XV, 6 -, 16132, Genova, Italy. .,Department of Internal Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, Via Genova 30 -, 17100, Savona, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa and Policlinico San Martino, Viale Benedetto XV, 6 -, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Greco
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa and Policlinico San Martino, Viale Benedetto XV, 6 -, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Simone Negrini
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa and Policlinico San Martino, Viale Benedetto XV, 6 -, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Setti
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa and Policlinico San Martino, Viale Benedetto XV, 6 -, 16132, Genova, Italy
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26
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Zavala GA, van Dulm E, Doak CM, García OP, Polman K, Campos-Ponce M. Ascariasis, Amebiasis and Giardiasis in Mexican children: distribution and geographical, environmental and socioeconomic risk factors. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:829-836. [PMID: 33177788 PMCID: PMC7596144 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the geographical distribution of Ascariasis, Amebiasis and Giardiasis, and to identify specific geographical, socioeconomic and environmental factors that are associated with the incidence of these infections in Mexican children. We made use of publicly available data that was reported by federal organizations in Mexico for the year 2010. The contribution of geographical, socioeconomic and environmental factors to the incidence of infections was assessed by a multivariable regression model using a backwards selection procedure. A. lumbricoides incidence was associated with mean minimum temperature of the state, the state-wide rate of households without access to piped water and toilet, explaining 77% of the incidence of A. lumbricoides infections. Mean minimum precipitation in the state, the rate of households without access to a toilet, piped water and sewage system best explained (73%) the incidence of E. histolytica infections. G. lamblia infections were only explained by the latitude of the state (11%). In addition to the well-known socioeconomic factors contributing to the incidence of A. lumbricoides and E. histolytica we found that temperature and precipitation were associated with higher risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Zavala
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Eline van Dulm
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colleen M Doak
- Department of Public Health, Saint Ambrose University, Davenport, IA USA
| | - Olga P García
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maiza Campos-Ponce
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Yanagawa Y, Nagata N, Yagita K, Watanabe K, Okubo H, Kikuchi Y, Gatanaga H, Oka S, Watanabe K. Clinical features and gut microbiome of asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infection. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e3163-e3171. [PMID: 32564059 PMCID: PMC8563208 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Entamoeba histolytica infection is a sexually transmitted disease in some developed countries. Asymptomatic infection often occurs and can be a source of transmission; however, limited data are available regarding the pathogenesis of E. histolytica. Methods This was a single-center, cross-sectional study. Specimens were prospectively collected from patients with clinically suspected cases. Entamoeba histolytica infection was defined as a case in which the identification of E. histolytica was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a clinical specimen. Data from asymptomatic cases were compared with those from symptomatic invasive cases. Results Sixty-four E. histolytica–infected cases, including 13 asymptomatic cases, were identified during the study period. Microbiological diagnosis was made by endoscopic sampling in 26.6% of these cases (17/64). Endoscopy identified macroscopically visible lesions in all cases; however, the sensitivity of histopathology on biopsy samples was low (45.5%) compared with PCR (94.7%). In asymptomatic cases, infection sites were limited around the proximal colon; moreover, trophozoites were frequently identified at infection sites whereas cystic forms were commonly detected in stools. Gut microbiome analyses showed more uniform composition in asymptomatic cases than in symptomatic invasive cases, which were represented by a relatively high abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, and Clostridiaceae, and a low abundance of Streptococcaceae. Conclusions These results indicate that the encystation and attenuation of E. histolytica are highly affected by the intestinal contents, including the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Yanagawa
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Endoscopy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Yagita
- Department of Parasitology, National Institutes of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Okubo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Espinosa A, Paz-y-Miño-C G, Santos Y, Ma H, Nadeau M, Seeram NP, Rowley DC. Anti-amebic effects of Chinese rhubarb ( Rheum palmatum) leaves' extract, the anthraquinone rhein and related compounds. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03693. [PMID: 32258515 PMCID: PMC7118315 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica infects 50 million people worldwide and causes 55 thousand fatalities every year. Current anti-amebic drugs (e.g. paromomycin) work either at the level of the intestinal lumen (where trophozoites proliferate via cell divisions) or on the invasive trophozoites that have penetrated the gut or colonized internal organs (e.g. metronidazole). Some of these drugs are highly toxic to patients, have generated trophozoite resistance, or caused mutations and cancer in laboratory animals. Thus, alternative anti-amebic compounds need to be identified to minimize the side effects (on patients) or resistance (by amebas) to current treatments. The literature suggests that anthraquinones (chemicals found in medicinal plants) have antibacterial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Here we provide experimental evidence that Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) leaves' extract (rich in the anthraquinone rhein) inhibits E. histolytica trophozoite growth in vitro. In addition, from a set of ten isolated/synthetic anthraquinones (which we suspected to have anti-amebic properties), four analogs (rhein; AHHDAC = 1-amino-4-hydroxy-9, 10-dioxo-9, 10-dihydro-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid; unisol blue AS; and sennoside B) efficiently inhibited amebic growth at EIC50 concentrations comparable to metronidazole. The mechanism of action of these compounds still needs to be determined, although anthraquinones might enhance the production of toxic oxygen metabolites as it has been suggested for various protists (e.g. Leishmania, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma). Our research is the first to explore anti-amebic effects of Chinese rhubarb leaves' extract and isolated/synthetic anthraquinones on pathogenic Entamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, RI 02809, United States
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, RI 02809, United States
| | - Guillermo Paz-y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, RI 02809, United States
| | - Yoly Santos
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, RI 02809, United States
| | - Hang Ma
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Michael Nadeau
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - David C. Rowley
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
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Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory and proproliferative cytokine expressed in humans. MIF homologs also exist in many pathogenic protozoans, including Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania. Production of antibodies against parasite proteins allows for the generation of assays to measure and visualize parasite infection within hosts. In this chapter, we describe how to specifically purify antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica MIF (EhMIF), and subsequently use anti-EhMIF antibodies for ELISA on mouse and human samples and for immunohistochemistry on human tissue. These methods can be applied to any protein for high-quality antibody purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Farr
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Koji Watanabe
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shannon Moonah
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Bauddh NK, Jadon RS, Ranjan P, Vikram NK. Metastatic amebic brain abscess: A rare presentation. Trop Parasitol 2020; 10:47-49. [PMID: 32775293 PMCID: PMC7365510 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_29_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is an endemic protozoal infection in developing countries. Extra-intestinal involvement in the form of abscess is frequently seen in liver and lungs. The occurrence of amebic brain abscess is a rare and life-threatening presentation of systemic amebiasis. Here, we report a case of a young male who simultaneously presented with amebic liver and brain abscesses. He was successfully managed with intravenous metronidazole, other antibiotics, and drainage of both brain and hepatic abscesses along with supportive measures. The rare occurrence of this simultaneous presentation of amebic hepatic and brain abscess, prompted us to report this case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranveer Singh Jadon
- Department of Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ranveer Singh Jadon, Room No. 3070A, 3rd Floor, Teaching Block, AIIMS, New Delhi - 110 029, India. E-mail:
| | | | - NK Vikram
- Department of Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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31
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Arana-Luna LL, Álvarez-Vera JL, Peña-Celaya JADL, Mena-Zepeda V, Ortiz-Zepeda M, Espitia-Ríos ME, Zúñiga JMP, Alvarado-Ibarra M. Tinidazole efficacy for amebic colitis therapeutic prophylaxis in patients with de novo acute leukemia receiving intensive chemotherapy. GAC MED MEX 2019; 155:S22-S27. [PMID: 31638607 DOI: 10.24875/gmm.m19000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Mexico, seroprevalence of Entamoeba histolytica is 8.4%. The intestinal amebiasis in patients with acute leukemia of novo, after the start of chemotherapy (CT) in the Hematology Service of the CMN 20 de Noviembre is 12%, even if patients show a negative baseline coprological test. Objective To find out if the administration of tinidazole, in patients with acute leukemia and negative coprological test, at the beginning of the CT, decreases the incidence of amoebic colitis during the induction to remission. Method Prospective and not comparative study. Patients with de novo diagnosis of acute leukemia who initiate induction and initial coprological CT. Tinidazole was indicated, 2 g/day for 5 days in the first week of CT started. They were monitored until the induction was concluded and hematopoietic recovery started. Results 38 patients, 15 women and 23 men with a mean age of 44 years (16-72), with acute lymphoblastic leukemia 19, myeloblastic 16 and promyelocytic 3. Cases without and with intestinal amebiasis were 35 and 3, respectively. Patients with amebiasis only received tinidazole for 3 days and it was given 2 days after the CT started. Conclusion Tinidazole, in patients with acute de novo leukemia who initiate induction CT, is effective in the prevention of intestinal amebiasis, during the induction stage, if administered at 2 g/day, for five days, starting on day 1 of the CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luara Luz Arana-Luna
- Hematology Department, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicos Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, City of Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Luis Álvarez-Vera
- Hematology Department, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicos Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, City of Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Antonio de la Peña-Celaya
- Hematology Department, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicos Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, City of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Verónica Mena-Zepeda
- Hematology Department, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicos Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, City of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Maricela Ortiz-Zepeda
- Hematology Department, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicos Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, City of Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Espitia-Ríos
- Hematology Department, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicos Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, City of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez Zúñiga
- Hematology Department, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicos Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, City of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Martha Alvarado-Ibarra
- Hematology Department, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicos Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, City of Mexico, Mexico
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Nagaraja S, Ankri S. Target identification and intervention strategies against amebiasis. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 44:1-14. [PMID: 31112766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis, which is an endemic parasitic disease in developing countries and is the cause of approximately 70,000 deaths annually. E. histolytica trophozoites usually reside in the colon as a non-pathogenic commensal in most infected individuals (90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic). For unknown reasons, these trophozoites can become virulent and invasive, cause amebic dysentery, and migrate to the liver where they cause hepatocellular damage. Amebiasis is usually treated either by amebicides which are classified as (a) luminal and are active against the luminal forms of the parasite, (b) tissue and are effective against those parasites that have invaded tissues, and (c) mixed and are effective against the luminal forms of the parasite and those forms which invaded the host's tissues. Of the amebicides, the luminal amebicide, metronidazole (MTZ), is the most widely used drug to treat amebiasis. Although well tolerated, concerns about its adverse effects and the possible emergence of MTZ-resistant strains of E. histolytica have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies against amebiasis. These strategies include improving the potency of existing amebicides, discovering new uses for approved drugs (repurposing of existing drugs), drug rediscovery, vaccination, drug targeting of essential E. histolytica components, and the use of probiotics and bioactive natural products. This review examines each of these strategies in the light of the current knowledge on the gut microbiota of patients with amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Agarwala R, Singh AK, Shah J, Mandavdhare HS, Sharma V. Ileocecal thickening: Clinical approach to a common problem. JGH Open 2019; 3:456-463. [PMID: 31832544 PMCID: PMC6891021 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ileocecal thickening (ICT) is a common finding on radiological imaging. It can be caused by a variety of inflammatory, infectious, or neoplastic conditions, and evaluating a patient of ICT can be a challenging task. Intestinal tuberculosis (ITB), Crohn's disease (CD), and adenocarcinoma are the most common causes. Enteric bacterial infections, cytomegalovirus, histoplasmosis, amebiasis, systemic vasculitis, lymphoma, etc. should be suspected in appropriate clinical settings. However, it could often be a spurious or nonspecific finding. A thickness of more than 3 mm in a normally distended small bowel is usually considered abnormal. Detailed evaluation of imaging of the site and extent of thickening; the degree and pattern of thickening; and the associated findings, such as degree of fat stranding, fibrofatty proliferation, adjacent lymph nodes, and solid organ involvement, should be performed. Ileocolonoscopy is an important tool for diagnosing and obtaining samples for tissue diagnosis. Histopathology is usually the gold standard for diagnosis, although—not uncommonly—findings could be nonspecific, and reaching a definitive diagnosis is difficult. As such, a systematic approach with the integration of clinical, biochemical, radiological, endoscopic, histological, and other laboratory tests is the key to reaching a diagnosis. In this article, we review the causes of ICT and present a clinical approach for the management of ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Agarwala
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Abhi K Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Jimil Shah
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Harshal S Mandavdhare
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
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34
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Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica infection can lead to colitis, peri-colic abscess, ameboma, perforation and rarely colonic stricture. Amebic colitis is usually managed with medical management and rarely needs surgical management. We hereby report a case of colonic amebiasis, presenting as a stricture in transverse colon, mimicking malignancy, and managed successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Kumar Varshney
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Soni
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Taruna Yadav
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashok Puranik
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Poonam Elhence
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Ghosh S, Padalia J, Moonah S. Tissue Destruction Caused by Entamoeba histolytica Parasite : Cell Death, Inflammation, Invasion, and the Gut Microbiome. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep 2019; 6:51-7. [PMID: 31008019 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amebiasis, which remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. E. histolytica causes tissue destruction which leads to clinical disease. This review outlines some of the recent advances that have furthered our understanding of the processes that lead to the tissue damage caused by E. histolytica. Recent Findings Recent studies have identified new mechanisms involved in E. histolytica–induced tissue damage. These include (i) new form of contact-dependent killing called trogocytosis; (ii) parasite-produced cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, that contributes to inflammation; (iii) exploitation of host immune response to promote invasion; and (iv) the contribution of the gut microbiome to clinical disease. Summary Targeting these mechanisms that result in tissue injury should be a focus of future research for the development of improved preventive and therapeutic strategies for amebiasis.
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Abstract
Amebiasis is a common protozoan disease with a worldwide distribution. It is endemic in tropical developing countries, and cases are being detected in subtropical countries as well. It usually presents with intestinal manifestations. An extraintestinal manifestation of this disease, amebic vaginitis and amebic cervicitis, is rare and often misinterpreted clinically as vaginal and cervical carcinoma because of its overall ulcerated and necrotic appearance. Awareness of this rare manifestation is important for preventing unnecessary interventions and for effectively managing the patients with antiamebic treatment. Herewith, we report three cases of amebic vulvovaginitis and cervicitis in elderly women clinically masquerading as carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Bharati Musthyala
- Department of Pathology, American Institute of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences (Ampath), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shreeya Indulkar
- Department of Pathology, American Institute of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences (Ampath), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vinitha Reddy Palwai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, American Oncology Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M Babaiah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, American Oncology Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mirza Athar Ali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, American Oncology Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prabhakar Marriapam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, American Oncology Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Al-Khaliq IMA, Mahdi BM. Association between Entamoeba histolytica infection and human leukocyte antigen HLA- DRB1. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2018; 36:71-74. [PMID: 30416723 PMCID: PMC6215996 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entamoeba histolytica is the parasitic amoeba which caused amebiasis in human and responsible of 100,000 deaths every year. There is currently no vaccine against this parasite. The innate and adaptive immunity are important in protection against infection. Aim of the study To investigate the association between HLA-DRB1 and Entamoeba histolytica infection. Patients and methods The study is a case-controlled consisted from thirty Iraqi Arab Muslims patients with Entamoeba histolytica infection. The patients were consulted medical city and AL-Karama hospital for the period between May 2016 till February 2017. The control groups were sex and age matched with patient study group, they were consisted of thirty Iraqi Arab Muslims healthy individuals. HLA-DRB1 was done by SSOP method. Results A total of 30 patients with Entamoeba histolytica infection were participated in this study. Their ages were range from 21 to 55 years. Males were 83.3% and the rest were females. The other is 30 control group was sex and age matched with patient study group. There was an increased frequency of HLADRB1*03:0101 and *11:0101 in patients group compared to control group (P = 0.002, Odds ratio = 7.42, 95% CI:2.07 to 26.55) and (P = 0.01, Odd ratio = 4.29, 95% CI: 1.41 to 13.06) respectively. Conclusions HLA-DRB1*03:0101 and HLA-DRB1*110,101 may have a role in susceptibility to amebiasis. Entamoeba histolytica is the parasitic amoeba which caused amebiasis in human and responsible of 100,000 deaths every year. To investigate the association between HLA-DRB1 and Entamoeba histolytica infection. The study is a cross -sectional consisted from thirty Iraqi Arab Muslims patients with Entamoeba histolytica infection. The patients were consulted medical city and AL-Karama hospital for the period between May 2016 till February 2017. HLA-DRB1 was done by ssop method. A total of 30 patients with Entamoeba histolytica infection were participated in this study. There was an increased frequency of HLADRB1*03:0101 and *11:0101 in patients group compared to control group. HLA-DRB1*03:0101 and HLA-DRB1*110,101 may have a role in susceptibility to amebiasis.
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Deere JR, Parsons MB, Lonsdorf EV, Lipende I, Kamenya S, Collins DA, Travis DA, Gillespie TR. Entamoeba histolytica infection in humans, chimpanzees and baboons in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem, Tanzania. Parasitology 2019; 146:1116-22. [PMID: 30157971 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182018001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric parasite that infects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Although E. histolytica is a zoonotic parasite that has the potential to infect nonhuman primates, such transmission is poorly understood. Consequently, this study examined whether E. histolytica is present among humans, chimpanzees and baboons living in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem (GGE), Tanzania. The primary aims were to determine patterns of E. histolytica infection in a system with human-nonhuman primate overlap and to test associations between infection status and potential risk factors of disease. Entamoeba spp. occurred in 60.3% of human, 65.6% of chimpanzee and 88.6% of baboon samples. Entamoeba histolytica occurred in 12.1% of human, 34.1% of chimpanzee and 10.9% of baboon samples. Human E. histolytica infection was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. This was the first study to confirm the presence of E. histolytica in the GGE. The high sample prevalence of E. histolytica in three sympatric primates suggests that zoonotic transmission is possible and stresses the need for further phylogenetic studies. Interventions targeting better sanitation and hygiene practices for humans living in the GGE can help prevent E. histolytica infection in humans, while also protecting the endangered chimpanzees and other primates in this region.
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Ghssein G, Salami A, Salloum L, Chedid P, Joumaa WH, Fakih H. Surveillance Study of Acute Gastroenteritis Etiologies in Hospitalized Children in South Lebanon (SAGE study). Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2018; 21:176-183. [PMID: 29992117 PMCID: PMC6037795 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2018.21.3.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and remains a major cause of hospitalization. Following the Syrian refugee crisis and insufficient clean water in the region, this study reviews the etiological and epidemiological data in Lebanon. METHODS We prospectively analyzed demographic, clinical and routine laboratory data of 198 children from the age of 1 month to 10 years old who were admitted with the diagnosis of AGE to a private tertiary care hospital located in the district of Nabatieh in south Lebanon. RESULTS Males had a higher incidence of AGE (57.1%). Pathogens were detected in 57.6% (n=114) of admitted patients, among them single pathogens were found in 51.0% (n=101) of cases that consisted of: Entamoeba histolytica 26.3% (n=52), rotavirus 18.7% (n=37), adenovirus 6.1% (n=12) and mixed co-pathogens found in 6.6% (n=13). Breast-fed children were significantly less prone to rotavirus (p=0.041). Moreover, children who had received the rotavirus vaccine were significantly less prone to rotavirus (p=0.032). CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the high prevalence of E. histolytica infection as the major cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in hospitalized children, during the summer period likely reflecting the insanitary water supplies and lack of hygiene. Moreover the 42.4% of unidentified causative pathogens should prompt us to widen our diagnostic laboratory arsenal by adopting new diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Ghssein
- Rammal Hassan Rammal Research Laboratory, Physio-toxicity (PhyTox) Research Group, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (V), Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Ali Salami
- Rammal Hassan Rammal Research Laboratory, Physio-toxicity (PhyTox) Research Group, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (V), Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Lamis Salloum
- Rammal Hassan Rammal Research Laboratory, Physio-toxicity (PhyTox) Research Group, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (V), Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Pia Chedid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wissam H Joumaa
- Rammal Hassan Rammal Research Laboratory, Physio-toxicity (PhyTox) Research Group, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (V), Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Hadi Fakih
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Tachibana H, Kakino A, Kazama M, Feng M, Asai S, Umezawa K, Nozaki T, Makiuchi T, Kamada T, Watanabe H, Horiki N, Cheng X, Masuda G. Development of a sensitive immunochromatographic kit using fluorescent silica nanoparticles for rapid serodiagnosis of amebiasis. Parasitology 2018; 145:1890-5. [PMID: 29739480 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182018000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the C-terminal region of the intermediate subunit of Entamoeba histolytica galactose- and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable lectin (C-Igl) is a useful antigen for serodiagnosis of amebiasis. An immunochromatographic kit was developed using fluorescent silica nanoparticles coated with C-Igl prepared in Escherichia coli. Samples for examination were added to the freeze-dried particles and then applied to the immunochromatographic device, in which a test line on the membrane was also coated with C-Igl. Fluorescent intensity was measured using a hand-held reader. In an evaluation of the kit using a human monoclonal antibody, the minimum amount of C-Igl specific antibody showing positive results was 100 pg. In the evaluation of serum samples with different antibody titers in indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests in the kit, 20 µL of serum was sufficient to obtain positive results at 30 min. Serum samples from symptomatic patients with amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess and those from asymptomatic E. histolytica-cyst carriers showed positive results in the kit. Based on evaluation using sera from healthy controls and patients with other infectious diseases, the sensitivity and specificity of the kit were 100 and 97.6%, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that the newly developed kit is useful for rapid serodiagnosis of amebiasis.
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Liu YY, Ying Y, Chen C, Hu YK, Yang FF, Shao LY, Cheng XJ, Huang YX. Primary pulmonary amebic abscess in a patient with pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a case report. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:34. [PMID: 29699585 PMCID: PMC5921995 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary pulmonary amoeba is very rare and here we report a case of a 68-year-old man presenting with primary pulmonary amoeba after undergoing chemotherapy for lung adenocarcinoma. Case presentation In October 2016, the man aged 68 was admitted to our hospital because of repeated cough for 8 months and hemoptysis for 1 month. He was diagnosed lung adenocarcinoma and underwent surgery in 2012 without receiving chemotherapy. In March 2016, the patients suffered recurrence of cancer and was treated with chemotherapy. After 2 months of chemotherapy, the patient had consistent cough with white sputum, and chest CT showed a local lung nodule. The physicians suspected that the patient had pulmonary infectious diseases, and he was treated with empirical antibacterial treatment. However, his symptom wasn’t relieved and later the percutaneous lung biopsy found trophozites of Entamoeba histolytica. After administration of metronidazole, the symptoms of the patient were markedly relieved and the lesions were absorbed. Conclusions In such cases where patients with pulmonary nodules were in immunodeficiency state and had adequate but ineffective anti-bacterial treatment, Entamoeba histolytica infection could be one of the rare causes. Percutaneous lung biopsy should be recommended and specific dying for parasites should be done when necessary. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0419-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yue Ying
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Kaixian People's Hospital, 8, Ankang Road, Chongqing, 405499, China
| | - Yue-Kai Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Fei-Fei Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ling-Yun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xun-Jia Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu-Xian Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Nurkanto A, Jeelani G, Yamamoto T, Naito Y, Hishiki T, Mori M, Suematsu M, Shiomi K, Hashimoto T, Nozaki T. Characterization and validation of Entamoeba histolytica pantothenate kinase as a novel anti-amebic drug target. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:125-136. [PMID: 29518650 PMCID: PMC6114107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Coenzyme A (CoA), as a cofactor involved in >100 metabolic reactions, is essential to the basic biochemistry of life. Here, we investigated the CoA biosynthetic pathway of Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), an enteric protozoan parasite responsible for human amebiasis. We identified four key enzymes involved in the CoA pathway: pantothenate kinase (PanK, EC 2.7.1.33), bifunctional phosphopantothenate-cysteine ligase/decarboxylase (PPCS-PPCDC), phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase (PPAT) and dephospho-CoA kinase (DPCK). Cytosolic enzyme PanK, was selected for further biochemical, genetic, and phylogenetic characterization. Since E. histolytica PanK (EhPanK) is physiologically important and sufficiently divergent from its human orthologs, this enzyme represents an attractive target for the development of novel anti-amebic chemotherapies. Epigenetic gene silencing of PanK resulted in a significant reduction of PanK activity, intracellular CoA concentrations, and growth retardation in vitro, reinforcing the importance of this gene in E. histolytica. Furthermore, we screened the Kitasato Natural Products Library for inhibitors of recombinant EhPanK, and identified 14 such compounds. One compound demonstrated moderate inhibition of PanK activity and cell growth at a low concentration, as well as differential toxicity towards E. histolytica and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Nurkanto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Biology, Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Ghulam Jeelani
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Naito
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takako Hishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mihoko Mori
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuro Shiomi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Tanaka R, Furusyo N, Takeda R, Yamasaki S, Kusaga A, Ogawa E, Murata M, Nakanishi R, Maehara Y. A case of amebiasis with negative serologic markers that caused intra-abdominal abscess. J Infect Chemother 2017; 23:778-781. [PMID: 28527648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 23-year-old Japanese woman presented with abdominal distention following fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain during a stay in Taiwan. Serology for the detection of amebic-antibodies and stool microscopic examination were both negative. A computed tomography scan showed a 13 cm diameter abscess spreading from the lower abdominal wall to the pelvic retroperitoneal space. Needle aspiration of the abscess was done under computed tomography guidance, and microscopy of the aspirated fluid revealed trophozoites of Entamoeba. The patient was diagnosed as amebiasis with negative serologic markers that caused intra-abdominal abscess. Intravenous metronidazole treatment for two weeks did not result in any improvement of the abscess. After irrigation and drainage of the abscess, her symptoms resolved. This case report highlights that amebiasis should be considered when indicated by patient history, including travelers returning from endemic areas, and that further evaluation is necessary for diagnosis, even if the serology and stool test are negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Tanaka
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Japan
| | - Norihiro Furusyo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Japan.
| | - Rinne Takeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Japan
| | - Akira Kusaga
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ogawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Japan
| | - Masayuki Murata
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakanishi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Japan
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Abstract
[b]Abstract Introduction[/b]. Among free-living amoebae that are widely distributed in nature only four genera/species are known as agents of human infections:[i] Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleriafowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris[/i] and[i] Sappiniapedata[/i]. These amoebae are not well adapted to parasitism, and could exist in the human environment without the need for a host. Infections due to these amoebae, despite low morbidity, are characterized by relatively high mortality rate and pose serious clinical problems. [b]Objectve[/b]. This review study presents and summarizes current knowledge about infections due to pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae focused on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment based on global literature. [b]State of knowledge[/b]. All four genera have been recognized as etiologic factors of fatal central nervous system infections and other serious diseases in humans. [i]N. fowleri[/i] causes an acute fulminating meningoencephalitis in children and young adults. [i]Acanthamoeba spp[/i]. and [i]B.mandrillaris[/i] are opportunistic pathogens causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and disseminated or localized infections which could affect the skin, sinuses, lungs, adrenals and/or bones. [i]Acanthamoeba spp[/i]. is also the main agent of acute eye infection -[i] Acanthamoeba keratitis, [/i]mostly in contact lens wearers. However, there is only one recognized case of encephalitis caused by [i]S. pedata. [/i] [b]Conclusions[/b]. Amoebic diseases are difficult to diagnose which leads to delayed treatment, and result in a high mortality rate. Considering those issues, there is an urgent need to draw more attention to this type of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Olender
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Abhyankar MM, Noor Z, Tomai MA, Elvecrog J, Fox CB, Petri WA. Nanoformulation of synergistic TLR ligands to enhance vaccination against Entamoeba histolytica. Vaccine 2017; 35:916-922. [PMID: 28089548 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheal infectious diseases represent a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need for vaccines against diarrheal pathogens, especially parasites. Modern subunit vaccines rely on combining a highly purified antigen with an adjuvant to increase their efficacy. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of a nanoliposome adjuvant system to trigger a strong mucosal immune response to the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin LecA antigen. CBA/J mice were immunized with alum, emulsion or liposome based formulations containing synthetic TLR agonists. A liposome formulation containing TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists was selected based on its ability to generate intestinal IgA, plasma IgG2a/IgG1, IFN-γ and IL-17A. Immunization with a mucosal prime followed by a parenteral boost generated a high mucosal IgA response that inhibited adherence of parasites to mammalian cells. Inclusion of the immune potentiator all-trans retinoic acid in the regimen further improved the mucosal IgA response. Immunization protected from infection with up to 55% efficacy. Our results show that a nanoliposome delivery system containing TLR agonists is a promising prospect for the development of vaccines against enteric pathogens, especially when a multifaceted immune response is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuresh M Abhyankar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
| | - Zannatun Noor
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Mark A Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, 3M Center, 275-3E-10, St Paul, MN 55144, USA
| | - James Elvecrog
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, 3M Center, 275-3E-10, St Paul, MN 55144, USA
| | - Christopher B Fox
- IDRI, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
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Creemers-Schild D, van Genderen PJJ, Visser LG, van Hellemond JJ, Wismans PJ. Recurrent amebic liver abscesses over a 16-year period: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:472. [PMID: 27756400 PMCID: PMC5069943 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amebic liver abscess is a rare disease in high-income countries. Recurrence of amebic liver abscess is even rarer with only a few previous reports. Here we present a patient who developed three subsequent amebic liver abscesses over a sixteen-year period. Case presentation A Caucasian male developed recurrent amebic liver abscesses, when aged 23, 27 and 39 years. Only on the first occasion did this coincide with a recent visit to the tropics. The patient received adequate treatment during each episode. Possible explanations are persistent asymptomatic carrier state, cysts passage in his family, re-infection or chance. Conclusion We describe the unusual case of a healthy male who developed recurrent amebic liver abscesses over a long period despite adequate treatment. Possible pathophysiological explanations are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Creemers-Schild
- Institute for Tropical Diseases, Harbour Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P J J van Genderen
- Institute for Tropical Diseases, Harbour Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J J van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center and Institute for Tropical Diseases, Rotterdam Harbour Hospital, MC, Room Na-901K (Secr. Office), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P J Wismans
- Institute for Tropical Diseases, Harbour Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Babić E, Bevanda M, Mimica M, Karin M, Volarić M, Bogut A, Barišić T, Pravdić D, Šutalo N. Prevalence of amebiasis in inflammatory bowel disease in University Clinical Hospital Mostar. Springerplus 2016; 5:1586. [PMID: 27652159 PMCID: PMC5025403 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aim To explore the prevalence of amebiasis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, in patients in Clinical hospital Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina, region of Herzegovina). Methods In this study, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar prevalence was investigated in fresh faeces by native microscopy and immunochromatographic rapid assay “RIDA®QUICK Entamoeba test”, in 119 cases of new found IBD patients, 84 of ulcerative colitis and 35 of Crohn’s disease and in control group who had also 119 patients who didn’t have any gastrointestinal complaints. IBD diagnosis was established by standard diagnostic procedures (anamnesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory, endoscopy and biopsy). Results Entamoeba histolytica/dispar were found in 19 (16.0 %) of a total of 119 cases, 12 (14.3 %) of the 84 patients with ulcerative colitis and 7 (20.0 %) of the 35 patients with Crohn’s disease. As for the 119 patients in the control group who had not any gastrointestinal complaints, 2 (1.7 %) patients were found to have E. histolytica/dispar in their faeces. Amoeba prevalence in the patient group was determined to be significantly higher in group with Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and IBD total than in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion Ameba infections in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, have a greater prevalence compared to the normal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Babić
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Mostar Clinical Hospital, Bijeli Brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Milenko Bevanda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Mostar Clinical Hospital, Bijeli Brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mladen Mimica
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Mostar Clinical Hospital, Bijeli Brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Karin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Mostar Clinical Hospital, Bijeli Brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mile Volarić
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Mostar Clinical Hospital, Bijeli Brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ante Bogut
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Mostar Clinical Hospital, Bijeli Brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tatjana Barišić
- Department of Ginecology, University of Mostar Clinical Hospital, Bijeli Brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Danijel Pravdić
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Mostar Clinical Hospital, Bijeli Brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nikica Šutalo
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University of Mostar Clinical Hospital, Bijeli Brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Kedia S, Rampal R, Paul J, Ahuja V. Gut microbiome diversity in acute infective and chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases in North India. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:660-71. [PMID: 26994772 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The disease profile in the Indian population provides a unique opportunity for studying the host microbiome interaction in both infectious (amebiasis) and autoimmune diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from a similar environment and genetic background. Analysis of fecal samples from untreated amebic liver abscess (ALA) patients, Entamoeba histolytica (Eh)-negative and -positive asymptomatic individuals, and pus samples from naive ALA patients revealed a significant reduction in Lactobacillus in asymptomatic individuals (Eh +ve) and ALA patients. Two anaerobic genera, namely Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus, were detected in naive ALA pus samples. Analysis of fecal samples from amoebic colitis patients showed a significant decline in population of Bacteroides, Clostridium coccoides and leptum subgroup, Lactobacillus, Campylobacter, and Eubacterium, whereas a significant increase in Bifidobacterium was observed. Mucosa-associated bacterial flora analysis from IBD patients and healthy controls revealed a significant difference in concentration of bacteria among predominating and subdominating genera between ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD) patients, and controls. In contrast to the mucosal studies, we found a significant increase in lactobacilli population in fecal samples of active UC patients. Another study revealed a significant decrease of Clostridium coccoides and leptum clusters in fecal samples of active UC patients along with decreased concentrations of fecal SCFAs, especially of n-butyrate, iso-butyrate, and acetate. We therefore found similar perturbations in gut microbiome in both infectious and autoimmune diseases, indicating inflammation to be the major driver for changes in gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritika Rampal
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaishree Paul
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
Introduction: Amebiasis is the third leading cause of death after malaria and schistosomiasis. Diagnosis is based on microscopy, culture, isoenzyme analysis, and serology-based techniques. In resource-limited nation such as India where polymerase chain reaction cannot be employed, serology is considered to be the reliable diagnostic tool. To find the seroprevalence of Entamoeba histolytica IgG antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) among the liver abscess cases and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Commercially available RIDASCREEN Entamoeba IgG ELISA kit was used to evaluate the samples as per manufacturer's instruction. Results: A total of 322 samples were evaluated by ELISA. 94/157 (59.87%) were positive for amebic liver abscess cases, 2/13 (15.38%) were positive in suspected amebiasis group, 5/15 (33.3%) were positive in nonamoebic hepatic disorder group, 5/39 (12.8%) were positive in other parasitic disorders, and 2/98 (2.04%) were positive in presumed healthy controls. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were found to be 56% and 92%, respectively. Conclusion: In an endemic nation such as India and other developing countries, ELISA can be used as a routine surveillance test in a clinical setup to detect amoebiasis if the cases are judicially evaluated along with the other routine tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankaramoorthy Dhanalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Sharma N, Kaur H, Kalra N, Bhalla A, Kumar S, Singh V. Complications of Catheter Drainage for Amoebic Liver Abscess. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:256-8. [PMID: 26628843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Per-cutaneously inserted catheter drainage is an accepted treatment modality for a large amoebic liver abscess. Complications that can arise are; secondary infection, bleeding into the abscess cavity, inadvertent catheter misplacement into the IVC and rupture of abscess with spillage into the peritoneal cavity. We report a case of a large amoebic liver abscess that presented with complications related to per-cutaneously inserted catheter drainage.
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