Grape seed proanthocyanidins prevent H2 O2 -induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via SIRT 1 activation in embryonic kidney cells

Grape Seed Extract Pretreatment Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction and NLRP3 Inflammasome-Induced Inflammatory Response in Glial Cells Exposed to Paroxetine and Quinolinic Acid

Depression is a neuropsychiatric disorder that affects thousands of people around the world. Drug therapy is the main approach for treating this disease, but its use can cause side effects on cells. This study aimed to examine the impact of antidepressant drugs from different classes on glial (BV-2) cells in the presence or absence of grape seed extract (GSE) and quinolinic acid (QA; 1.5 mM). Cells were treated with GSE (50 μg/mL; 23 h) and then exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of bupropion, imipramine, paroxetine, trazodone, and venlafaxine (27-181 µM; 1 h). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to demonstrate the best combination of drug and extract treatment. Cell viability, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, oxidative damage to lipids (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, apoptosis, and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) genetic expression were evaluated by spectrophotometry, qRT-PCR, or flow cytometry. Mitochondrial markers (CI: NADH-CoQ reductase and CIV: cytochrome c oxidase) were also studied. GSE prevented the increment in levels of ROS (13.73-72.11%), TBARS (44.1-92.77%), NO (9.5-16%), SOD (68.44-212.29%) activity, and apoptosis (10.06-17.3%) caused by antidepressant drugs. Furthermore, it prevented impairments in complexes I (22-71.5%) and IV (7.5-92.5%) activities and ATP production (8-46%). GSE also prevented the NLRP3 overexpression in BV-2 activated by QA (62%), and paroxetine (46%), defined by PCA. Our study evidences that GSE can restore redox equilibrium and prevent inflammation caused by antidepressants and/or QA in a glial microenvironment.

Based on the Sam50-MICOS-ATAD3-mtDNA axis: Exploring oligomeric proanthocyanidins to alleviate molybdenum and cadmium co-induced liver inflammation in sheep

Molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd), well-defined hazardous pollutants in the environment, exhibit potential toxic effects on liver tissues by inducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. This study aims to investigate the role of the Sam50-MICOS-ATAD3-mtDNA axis in mediating the inflammatory response in liver inflammation induced by co-exposure to Mo and Cd in sheep, as well as the protective effects of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC). The findings indicated that co-exposure to Mo and Cd induced cellular degeneration, rupture of hepatic mitochondrial membranes and mitochondrial dysfunction that was accompanied by the levels of ATP, SDH and GSH-Px reduced in the sheep liver tissue. Furthermore, the co-exposure downregulated the expression levels of mitochondrial membrane proteins (Sam50, MICOS and ATAD3) and degree of co-localization between Sam50 and Mic60. In addition, co-exposure to Mo and Cd elicited an increase in mtDNA content and promoted the upregulation of inflammation-related factor levels, which resulted in an augmentation of TNF-α, CRP, and IL-18 contents. However, OPC alleviated the above changes induced by the combination of Mo and Cd. In conclusion, co-exposure to Mo and Cd decreases mtDNA stability by disrupting the Sam50-MICOS-ATAD3 axis, thereby inducing liver inflammation in sheep. Nevertheless, OPC could alleviate this damage.

Cilostazol counteracts mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatic encephalopathy rat model: Insights into the role of cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1/ PINK-1/parkin hub and p-CREB /BDNF/ TrkB neuroprotective trajectory

A devasting stage of chronic hepatic dysfunction is strictly correlated with neurological impairment, signifying hepatic encephalopathy (HE). HE is a multifactorial condition; therefore, hyperammonemia, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction interplay in HE's progressive development. Cilostazol (Cilo) has shown promising neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effectiveness in different neuronal and hepatic disorders; however, its efficiency against HE hasn't yet been explored. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of Cilo against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HE in rats targeting mitochondrial dysfunction via modulation of Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) dependent pathways. Rats were allocated into three groups: the normal control group, the TAA group received (100 mg/kg, three times per week, for six weeks) to induce HE, and the Cilo group received (Cilo 100 mg/kg/day for six weeks, oral gavage) concurrently with TAA. Cilo counteracted HE indicated in the enhancement of cognitive impairment and the motor performance of rats (P < 0.0001), modulation AMPK/SIRT1signaling pathway causing reduction of NF-kB p65 (P < 0.0001) evoked inflammation along with histopathological alterations and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity (P < 0.0001), restoration nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) (P < 0.0001) antioxidant effects, reduction of Bax and elevation of Bcl2 immunoreactivity (P < 0.0001) in addition to boosting mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulation of PTEN-induced kinase-1 (PINK-1)/Parkin (P < 0.0001)and restoration of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (P = 0.0002)/tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) (P < 0.0001)/cAMP response element-binding (CREB) (P < 0.0001) neuroprotective axis. Collectively, Cilo activates the SIRT1 trajectory to abridge mitochondrial dysfunction invigorated in the HE rat model via restoration of mitochondrial hemostasis.

Research progress of procyanidins in repairing cartilage injury after anterior cruciate ligament tear

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common sports-related injury, and cartilage injury always emerges as a serious complication following ACL tear, significantly impacting the physical and psychological well-being of affected individuals. Over the years, efforts have been directed toward finding strategies to repair cartilage injury after ACL tear. In recent times, procyanidins, known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, have emerged as potential key players in addressing this concern. This article focuses on summarizing the research progress of procyanidins in repairing cartilage injury after ACL tear. It covers the roles, mechanisms, and clinical significance of procyanidins in repairing cartilage injury following ACL tear and explores the future prospects of procyanidins in this domain. This review provides novel insights and hope for the repair of cartilage injury following ACL tear.

Role of Flavonoids in Modulation of Mitochondria Dynamics during Oxidative Stress

BACKGROUND

Flavonoids are a widespread category of naturally occurring polyphenols distinguished by the flavan nucleus in plant-based foods and beverages, known for their various health benefits. Studies have suggested that consuming 150-500 mg of flavonoids daily is beneficial for health. Recent studies suggest that flavonoids are involved in maintaining mitochondrial activity and preventing impairment of mitochondrial dynamics by oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE

This review emphasized the significance of studying the impact of flavonoids on mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response.

METHODS

This review analysed and summarised the findings related to the impact of flavonoids on mitochondria from publicly available search engines namely Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science.

DESCRIPTION

Any disruption in mitochondrial dynamics can contribute to cellular dysfunction and diseases, including cancer, cardiac conditions, and neurodegeneration. Flavonoids have been shown to modulate mitochondrial dynamics by regulating protein expression involved in fission and fusion events. Furthermore, flavonoids exhibit potent antioxidant properties by lowering the production of ROS and boosting the performance of antioxidant enzymes. Persistent inflammation is a characteristic of many different disorders. This is because flavonoids also alter the inflammatory response by controlling the expression of numerous cytokines and chemokines involved in the inflammatory process. Flavonoids exhibit an impressive array of significant health effects, making them an effective therapeutic agent for managing various disorders. Further this review summarised available mechanisms underlying flavonoids' actions on mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative stress to recognize the optimal dose and duration of flavonoid intake for therapeutic purposes.

CONCLUSION

This review may provide a solid foundation for developing targeted therapeutic interventions utilizing flavonoids, ultimately benefiting individuals afflicted with various disorders.

Catechins and Proanthocyanidins Involvement in Metabolic Syndrome

Recent studies on natural antioxidant compounds have highlighted their potentiality against various pathological conditions. The present review aims to selectively evaluate the benefits of catechins and their polymeric structure on metabolic syndrome, a common disorder characterized by a cluster of three main risk factors: obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. Patients with metabolic syndrome suffer chronic low inflammation state and oxidative stress both conditions effectively countered by flavanols and their polymers. The mechanism behind the activity of these molecules has been highlighted and correlated with the characteristic features present on their basic flavonoidic skelethon, as well as the efficient doses needed to perform their activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The amount of evidence provided in this review offers a starting point for flavanol dietary supplementation as a potential strategy to counteract several metabolic targets associated with metabolic syndrome and suggests a key role of albumin as flavanol-delivery system to the different target of action inside the organism.

Dual effect of the herbal matcha green tea (Camellia sinensis L. kuntze) supplement in EA.hy926 endothelial cells and Artemia salina

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Matcha green tea (Camellia sinensis) based-supplements have been widely used since they present a greater content of phenolic compounds than traditional green tea, which is popularly used in the treatment of diabetes. However, there are few studies on the effectiveness and safety of matcha supplements.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this supplement in endothelial cells (EA.hy926) in the hyperglycemic model and in vivo Artemia salina.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To assess the effect of Matcha herbal supplement (MHS), EA. hy926 endothelial cells were treated with 20 μg/mL of MHS for 24 h, in a hyperglycemic medium with 35 mM glucose. After treatment, cells were trypsinized and centrifuged at 4 °C and 47×g for 5 min. The pellet was used to determine the reaction products to thiobarbituric acid and the levels of nitric oxide. Electron transport chain activity and ATP levels were also evaluated. Intracellular pH, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were evaluated by flow cytometry. MHS chemical characterization was performed by HPLC-UV and total phenolic content analysis. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of MHS was performed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenger assay. To determine the in vivo acute toxicity of MHS, an A. salina assay was conducted, using 0,2 mL of different concentrations of MHS (10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg/mL). The LD₅₀ values were obtained by interpolation of 50% (y = 50) of the dead individuals in the trend curves.

RESULTS

Our data showed that MHS was able to avoid oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by hyperglycemia, demonstrating important antioxidant activity. However, it was observed that MHS reduced up to 90% the activity of the four-electron transport complexes, reducing the ATP production of the endothelial cells. In the toxicity assay performed in Artemia salina, MHS showed mild toxicity (LD₅₀ = 0,4 mg/mL). The major compounds found in MHS were epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin.

CONCLUSIONS

This data draws attention to the fact that supplements with high content of phenolic compounds, capable of avoiding oxidative and nitrosative stress can have a dual effect and, simultaneously to antioxidant activity, can induce toxicity in different cell types.

Effect and mechanism of peanut skin proanthocyanidins on gliadin-induced Caco-2 celiac disease model cells

Proanthocyanidins have been shown to inhibit the signaling pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation, also improved cell membrane integrity. The effect of peanut skin proanthocyanidins (PSPc) on CD remains unknown. In this paper, the effect and mechanism of PSPc on glial protein-induced Caco-2 cytotoxicity were studied. The results showed that PSPc may inhibit oxidative stress in DPG-induced CD model in vitro by regulating SIRT1/NRF2 pathway. By regulating SIRT1 and IκB signaling pathways, inhibit the phosphorylation of NF-κB and the deacetylation of NF-κB, inhibit inflammatory response, reduce release of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), the cell survival rate was and the expression of TGM2 were improved, avoiding the damage of cell monolayer model. This experiment proved the prominent effect of PSPc on CD intervention. Studying the mechanism of PSPc in the treatment of CD injury will contribute to explore new therapies for CD which will be of great significance to supplement or replace gluten-free diets.

Progress in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: SIRT Family Regulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress. As a group of NAD+-dependent III deacetylases, the sirtuin (SIRT1-7) family plays a very important role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and participates in the progress of NAFLD. SIRT family members are distributed in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria; regulate hepatic fatty acid oxidation metabolism through different metabolic pathways and mechanisms; and participate in the regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism. SIRT1 may improve NAFLD by regulating ROS, PGC-1α, SREBP-1c, FoxO1/3, STAT3, and AMPK to restore mitochondrial function and reduce steatosis of the liver. Other SIRT family members also play a role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, fatty acid oxidative metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Therefore, this paper comprehensively introduces the role of SIRT family in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver in NAFLD, aiming to further explain the importance of SIRT family in regulating mitochondrial function in the occurrence and development of NAFLD, and to provide ideas for the research and development of targeted drugs. Relatively speaking, the role of some SIRT family members in NAFLD is still insufficiently clear, and further research is needed.

The Effect of Polyphenols on Kidney Disease: Targeting Mitochondria

Mitochondrial function, including oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondria dynamics, are essential for the maintenance of renal health. Through modulation of mitochondrial function, the kidneys are able to sustain or recover acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), nephrotoxicity, nephropathy, and ischemia perfusion. Therapeutic improvement in mitochondrial function in the kidneys is related to the regulation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, free radicals scavenging, decline in apoptosis, and inflammation. Dietary antioxidants, notably polyphenols present in fruits, vegetables, and plants, have attracted attention as effective dietary and pharmacological interventions. Considerable evidence shows that polyphenols protect against mitochondrial damage in different experimental models of kidney disease. Mechanistically, polyphenols regulate the mitochondrial redox status, apoptosis, and multiple intercellular signaling pathways. Therefore, this review attempts to focus on the role of polyphenols in the prevention or treatment of kidney disease and explore the molecular mechanisms associated with their pharmacological activity.

Protective Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins on Oxidative Damage of Chicken Follicular Granulosa Cells by Inhibiting FoxO1-Mediated Autophagy

A significant decrease in poultry egg production occurs due to ovarian aging and autophagy is one of the important factors of ovarian aging that is induced predominantly by oxidative stress. Increasing evidence showed potential roles of plant-derived grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSPs) in protecting ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) from oxidative damage, although the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here we investigated the possible functions of autophagy involved in the preventive effect of GSPs on oxidative stress in the GCs of ovarian hierarchical follicles of laying chickens. The results showed that increased autophagy was observed in the aging hens (580-day-old, D580) compared with the peak-lay hens (D280). Treatment of GSPs significantly restored the elevated autophagy and decreased viability of cultured D280 chicken GCs that were elicited by hydrogen peroxide. GSPs also suppressed the increased autophagy in the natural aging hens. Similar to the effect of GSPs on GC viability, inhibition of autophagy also showed a protective effect on the decreased viability of GCs under oxidative damage. However, GSPs were not able to provide further protection in GCs that were pretreated with 3-methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor). In addition to its promoting action on antioxidant capacity, treatment with GSPs increased survival of GCs from autophagy that was caused by oxidative stress through the FoxO1-related pathway. Inhibition of FoxO1 or activation of PI3K-Akt pathway by GSPs increased the confrontation of GCs to oxidative damage and decreased autophagy in GCs. In addition, activation of the SIRT1 signal inhibited the GCs autophagy that was caused by oxidative stress via GSPs-induced deacetylation of FoxO1. These results revealed a new mechanism of GSPs against oxidative stress of GCs via inhibiting FoxO1, which was probably a possible target for alleviating ovarian aging in laying poultry.

The flavonoid procyanidin C1 has senotherapeutic activity and increases lifespan in mice

Ageing-associated functional decline of organs and increased risk for age-related chronic pathologies is driven in part by the accumulation of senescent cells, which develop the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here we show that procyanidin C1 (PCC1), a polyphenolic component of grape seed extract (GSE), increases the healthspan and lifespan of mice through its action on senescent cells. By screening a library of natural products, we find that GSE, and PCC1 as one of its active components, have specific effects on senescent cells. At low concentrations, PCC1 appears to inhibit SASP formation, whereas it selectively kills senescent cells at higher concentrations, possibly by promoting production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. In rodent models, PCC1 depletes senescent cells in a treatment-damaged tumour microenvironment and enhances therapeutic efficacy when co-administered with chemotherapy. Intermittent administration of PCC1 to either irradiated, senescent cell-implanted or naturally aged old mice alleviates physical dysfunction and prolongs survival. We identify PCC1 as a natural senotherapeutic agent with in vivo activity and high potential for further development as a clinical intervention to delay, alleviate or prevent age-related pathologies.

Jabuticaba [Plinia trunciflora (O. Berg) Kausel] Protects Liver of Diabetic Rats Against Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Through the Modulation of SIRT3 Expression

Complications generated by hyperglycemia present in diabetes mellitus (DM) have been constantly related to oxidative stress and dysfunction in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), which is present in mitochondria, is responsible for regulating several proteins involved in metabolic homeostasis and oxidative stress. Studies have suggested alterations in the expression of SIRT3 in DM. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenolic compounds in jabuticaba (Plinia trunciflora), a berry native to Brazil, on the activity of mitochondrial ETC complexes, SIRT3 protein expression, and oxidative stress parameters in liver of diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. After type 1 DM induction (streptozotocin 65 mg/kg), diabetic and healthy rats were treated with jabuticaba peel extract (JPE) by gavage (0.5 g/kg of weight) for 30 days. After treatments, those diabetic rats presented impaired activities of complexes I, II, and III of ETC along with an overexpression of SIRT3. In addition, an increase in lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities was observed in the diabetic group. The treatment with JPE was able to recover the activity of the mitochondrial complexes and reduce the expression of SIRT3. Furthermore, JPE treatment reduced oxidative damage to lipids and brought the antioxidants enzyme activities to basal levels in diabetic rats. Together, these results demonstrate that JPE can reduce oxidative stress related to DM by restoring mitochondrial complexes activity and regulating SIRT3 expression. Thus, JPE could become an alternative to reduce the development of complications related to DM.

Elucidation of SIRT-1/PGC-1α-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to chronic liver diseases associated with mitochondrial damages. However, the exact mechanisms involved in the etiology of the disease are not clear.

Methods

To gain new insights, the changes affecting sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1) during liver fat accumulation was investigated in a NAFLD mouse model. In addition, the in vitro research investigated the regulation operated by SIRT-1 on mitochondrial structures, biogenesis, functions, and autophagy.

Results

In mice NAFLD, high-fat-diet (HFD) increased body weight gain, upregulated serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood glucose, insulin levels, and liver malondialdehyde, and decreased liver superoxide dismutase activity. In liver, the levels of SIRT-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator -1α (PGC-1α) decreased. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and Beclin-1 proteins was also reduced, while p62/SQSTM1 expression increased. These results demonstrated SIRT-1 impairment in mouse NAFLD. In a well-established NAFLD cell model, exposure of the HepG2 hepatocyte cell line to oleic acid (OA) for 48 h caused viability reduction, apoptosis, lipid accumulation, and reactive oxygen species production. Disturbance of SIRT-1 expression affected mitochondria. Pre-treatment with Tenovin-6, a SIRT-1 inhibitor, aggravated the effect of OA on hepG2, while this effect was reversed by CAY10602, a SIRT-1 activator. Further investigation demonstrated that SIRT-1 activity was involved in mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α and participated to the balance of autophagy regulatory proteins.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in high-fat conditions, SIRT-1 regulates multiple cellular properties by influencing on mitochondrial physiology and lipid autophagy via the PGC-1α pathway. The SIRT-1/PGC-1α pathway could be targeted to develop new NAFLD therapeutic strategies.

Grape seed proanthocyanidins protect PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced damage via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) are natural flavonoids with strong antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis are major contributors to spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we assessed the potential protective effects of GSP on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-damaged pheochromocytoma-12 (PC12) cells in an in vitro model of SCI as well as the putative mechanism of action. We established a model using PC12 cells with oxidative damage induced by H₂O₂. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GSP (control group, 200 μmol/L H₂O₂ group, 5 μM GSP + H₂O₂ group, 10 μM GSP + H₂O₂ group, and 25 μM GSP + H₂O₂ group). The CCK-8 assay was used to determine cell activity. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate was used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and flow cytometry was used to determine apoptosis rate. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, and PI3K/AKT proteins. The results showed that GSP reduced H₂O₂-induced intracellular ROS and inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, GSP inhibited the expression of caspase-3 and Bax, while promoting the expression of Bcl-2. In addition, GSP promoted the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Moreover, a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) weakened the protective effects of GSP on H₂O₂-induced PC12 cells. In conclusion, GSP pretreatment can protect PC12 cells from oxidative damage induced by H₂O₂ via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Research progress of sirtuins in renal and cardiovascular diseases

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Sirtuins are a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+-dependent enzymes catalyzing target protein deacetylation to modulate cellular metabolism, response to oxidative stress and inflammation, senescence, autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies regarding the alterations and roles of sirtuins in a variety of renal and cardiovascular diseases. We are also going to highlight activators and inhibitors of sirtuins in the prevention of these diseases. This will help us to understand how this field may change in the future.

RECENT FINDING

Recent studies have elucidated how physical or diseased conditions alter the expressions and enzyme activity of sirtuins and expounded sexual differences in sirtuins functions. In addition, interventions by targeting sirtuins have been applied in preclinical and clinical studies to prevent or slow the development of related diseases.

SUMMARY

The advantages of female sex in renal and cardiovascular diseases are partially due to the expression and function of sirtuins. Estrogen activates sirtuins and in turn sirtuins promote estrogen receptor signaling. In addition, the hypoglycemic agents, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors protect against diabetic nephropathy at least in part via activating SIRT-1. Although several compounds targeted sirtuins are promising drug candidates in a variety of renal and cardiovascular diseases, well designed large clinical trials are still required to identify their efficacy and safety.