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Starck C, Cassettari T, Wright J, Petocz P, Beckett E, Fayet-Moore F. Mushrooms: a food-based solution to vitamin D deficiency to include in dietary guidelines. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1384273. [PMID: 38660061 PMCID: PMC11039838 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1384273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is a public health issue, with low dietary vitamin D intakes a contributing factor. Rates of vitamin D deficiency are 31% in Australia, and up to 72% in some regions globally. While supplementation is often prescribed as an alternative to additional sun exposure, complementary approaches including food-based solutions are needed. Yet, food-centric dietary guidelines are not always adequate for meeting vitamin D needs. Edible mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus can produce over 100% of vitamin D recommendations (10 μg/day, Institute of Medicine) per 75 g serve (18 μg) on exposure to UV-light, with the vitamin D2 produced showing good stability during cooking and processing. However, mushrooms are overlooked as a vitamin D source in dietary guidelines. Our dietary modelling shows that four serves/week of UV-exposed button mushrooms can support most Australian adults in meeting vitamin D recommendations, and UV-exposed mushrooms have been found to increase vitamin D status in deficient individuals. While recent evidence suggests some differences between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 in physiological activities, vitamin D2 from mushrooms can be part of a larger solution to increasing dietary vitamin D intakes, as well as an important focus for public health policy. Mushrooms exposed to UV represent an important tool in the strategic toolkit for addressing vitamin D deficiency in Australia and globally. Health authorities lead the recognition and promotion of mushrooms as a natural, vegan, safe, and sustainable vitamin D food source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emma Beckett
- FOODiQ Global, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Flavia Fayet-Moore
- FOODiQ Global, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Cardwell G, Bornman JF, James AP, Daly A, Dabos G, Adorno P, Jakobsen J, Dunlop E, Black LJ. Effect of household cooking on the retention of vitamin D 2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2 in pulse UV-irradiated, air-dried button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Food Chem 2023; 424:136387. [PMID: 37224637 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has widespread global prevalence. Fresh mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation generate vitamin D2 which remains after drying. It is not clear if vitamin D2 is retained after rehydration and cooking of dried mushrooms. The aim of this study was to determine the true retention of both vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) after cooking UV-irradiated, air-dried, then rehydrated button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Mushrooms were exposed to pulsed UV radiation, then air-dried in a convection oven, followed by rehydration in warm water. Samples were cooked in three different ways: frying (5 min), baking (10 min, 200 °C) and boiling (20 min, 90 °C). Compared to rehydrated, uncooked controls, there was a high retention of D vitamers (≥95%) after cooking. Frying and baking resulted in significantly higher vitamin D2 retention compared to boiling (p < 0.0001). UV-irradiated, dried mushrooms are a valuable source of vitamin D2 after rehydration and cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Cardwell
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Janet F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Anthony P James
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Alison Daly
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Georgios Dabos
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia.
| | - Paul Adorno
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia.
| | - Jette Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Eleanor Dunlop
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Lucinda J Black
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
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Cardwell G, Bornman JF, James AP, Daly A, Dunlop E, Dabos G, Adorno P, Black LJ. The Retention of Vitamin D2 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 in Pulse UV-Irradiated Dried Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) after 12 Months of Storage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071429. [PMID: 37048250 PMCID: PMC10093608 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation prior to drying generate high concentrations of vitamin D2. The aim of this study was to determine the retention of D vitamers in mushrooms that were pulse UV irradiated, then air dried, and stored for up to 12 months. Fresh button mushrooms (A. bisporus) were exposed to pulsed UV radiation (dose 200 mJ/cm2, peak of 17.5 W/cm2), air dried and vacuum sealed before being stored in the dark at room temperature. After storage, samples were freeze dried and quantified for D vitamers using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. After 3, 6 and 12 months of storage, there was 100% (11.0 ± 0.8 µg/g dry weight (DW), 93% (10.1 ± 0.6 µg/g DW) and 58% (5.5 ± 0.6 µg/g DW) retention of vitamin D2 and 88% (0.14 ± 0.01 µg/g DW), 71% (0.11 ± 0.01 µg/g DW) and 68% (0.1 ± 0.01 µg/g DW) retention of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2), respectively. Compared to the irradiated dried mushrooms that were not stored, the D vitamer concentration was statistically significantly lower (p < 0.05) at 6 and 12 months for 25(OH)D2 and at 12 months for vitamin D2. Sufficient vitamin D2 (99 µg) remained after 12 months storage to provide at least 100% of daily dietary vitamin D requirements in a 20 g serving.
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A preliminary investigation of the clinical and cognitive correlates of circulating vitamin D in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2023; 320:115013. [PMID: 36563627 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role that vitamin D plays in the cognitive and clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder (BD) is unclear. We examined differences in the levels and deficiency status of vitamin D in an Australian sample of BD patients compared to healthy controls; and determined the extent to which vitamin D is associated with clinical variables and cognitive function in the sample. 22 healthy controls and 55 stable outpatients with a diagnosis of BD and low-grade mood symptomatology provided a sample of blood and completed cognitive tests and clinical measures. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) were assayed and used to segregate participants into subgroups with sufficient or deficient levels of vitamin D. Subgroups were then compared in terms of global cognition and a range of sociodemographic and clinical factors (number of past mood episodes, illness duration, seasonal mood pattern, mood symptom severity), while mean levels of vitamin D were compared between patients and controls. Although almost 27% of the current sample were vitamin D deficient, no significant differences in mean vitamin D levels or the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency were evident between BD patients and controls. Vitamin D was not associated with global cognition in either patients or controls, nor any of the clinical measures assessed in the study. In conclusion, we observed no difference in the vitamin D levels and deficiency status of an Australian sample of healthy individuals and BD patients with low grade mood symptomatology compared to controls. Clinical symptoms and global cognition also appear to be independent of vitamin D levels in BD.
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Effect of air-drying on the generation of vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 by pulsed UV irradiation in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dunlop E, James AP, Cunningham J, Rangan A, Daly A, Kiely M, Nowson CA, Adorno P, Atyeo P, Black LJ. Vitamin D Fortification of Milk Would Increase Vitamin D Intakes in the Australian Population, but a More Comprehensive Strategy Is Required. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091369. [PMID: 35564091 PMCID: PMC9102334 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration < 50 nmol/L) is prevalent in Australia, ranging between 15% and 32% in the adolescent and adult populations. Vitamin D intakes are also low across the population and were recently estimated at 1.8−3.2 µg/day on average, assuming equal bioactivity of the D vitamers. In combination, these findings strongly suggest that data-driven nutrition policy is needed to increase vitamin D intake and improve status in the Australian population. Food fortification is a potential strategy. We used up-to-date vitamin D food composition data for vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, vitamin D2, and 25(OH)D2, and nationally representative food and supplement consumption data from the 2011−2013 Australian Health Survey, to model a fortification scenario of 0.8 µg/100 mL vitamin D for fluid dairy milks and alternatives. Under the modelled fortification scenario, the mean vitamin D intake increased by ~2 µg/day from baseline to 4.9 µg/day from food only (7.2 µg/day including supplements). Almost all individual intakes remained substantially below 10 µg/day, which is the Estimated Average Requirement in North America. In conclusion, this modelling showed that fortification of fluid milks/alternatives with vitamin D at the current permitted level would produce a meaningful increase in vitamin D intake, which could be of potential benefit to those with a low vitamin D status. However, this initial step would be insufficient to ensure that most of the population achieves the North American EAR for vitamin D intake. This approach could be included as an effective component of a more comprehensive strategy that includes vitamin D fortification of a range of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Dunlop
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Anthony P. James
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Judy Cunningham
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Anna Rangan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Alison Daly
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland;
| | - Caryl A. Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Paul Adorno
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia;
| | - Paul Atyeo
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, 45 Benjamin Way, Belconnen, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Lucinda J. Black
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Correspondence:
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