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Li Z, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Ma Y, Lv X, Zhang D, Gu Q, Ke H, Wu L, Zhang G, Ma Z, Wang X, Sun Z. Identification and Expression Analysis of EPSPS and BAR Families in Cotton. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3366. [PMID: 37836107 PMCID: PMC10574212 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Weeds seriously affect the yield and quality of crops. Because manual weeding is time-consuming and laborious, the use of herbicides becomes an effective way to solve the harm caused by weeds in fields. Both 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthetase (EPSPS) and acetyltransferase genes (bialaphos resistance, BAR) are widely used to improve crop resistance to herbicides. However, cotton, as the most important natural fiber crop, is not tolerant to herbicides in China, and the EPSPS and BAR family genes have not yet been characterized in cotton. Therefore, we explore the genes of these two families to provide candidate genes for the study of herbicide resistance mechanisms. In this study, 8, 8, 4, and 5 EPSPS genes and 6, 6, 5, and 5 BAR genes were identified in allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense, diploid Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii, respectively. Members of the EPSPS and BAR families were classified into three subgroups based on the distribution of phylogenetic trees, conserved motifs, and gene structures. In addition, the promoter sequences of EPSPS and BAR family members included growth and development, stress, and hormone-related cis-elements. Based on the expression analysis, the family members showed tissue-specific expression and differed significantly in response to abiotic stresses. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of GhEPSPS3, GhEPSPS4, and GhBAR1 were significantly upregulated after exogenous spraying of herbicides. Overall, we characterized the EPSPS and BAR gene families of cotton at the genome-wide level, which will provide a basis for further studying the functions of EPSPS and BAR genes during growth and development and herbicide stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xingfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Hebei, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (Z.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.M.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.K.); (L.W.); (G.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhengwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Hebei, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (Z.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.M.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.K.); (L.W.); (G.Z.); (Z.M.)
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2
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Hassan AK, El-Kalaawy AM, Abd El-Twab SM, Alblihed MA, Ahmed OM. Hesperetin and Capecitabine Abate 1,2 Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Wistar Rats via Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Enhancing Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Apoptotic Actions. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040984. [PMID: 37109513 PMCID: PMC10146346 DOI: 10.3390/life13040984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death, with significantly increasing rates of incidence worldwide. The current study was designed to evaluate the anti-carcinogenic effects of hesperetin (HES) alone and in combination with capecitabine (CAP) on 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. The rats were given DMH at 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)/week for 12 weeks and were orally treated with HES (25 mg/kg b.w.) and/or CAP (200 mg/kg b.w.) every other day for 8 weeks. The DMH-administered rats exhibited colon-mucosal hyperplastic polyps, the formation of new glandular units and cancerous epithelial cells. These histological changes were associated with the significant upregulation of colon Ki67 expression and the elevation of the tumor marker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), in the sera. The treatment of the DMH-administered rats with HES and/or CAP prevented these histological cancerous changes concomitantly with the decrease in colon-Ki67 expression and serum-CEA levels. The results also indicated that the treatments with HES and/or CAP showed a significant reduction in the serum levels of lipid peroxides, an elevation in the serum levels of reduced glutathione, and the enhancement of the activities of colon-tissue superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase. Additionally, the results showed an increase in the mRNA expressions of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-4, as well as the proapoptotic protein, p53, in the colon tissues of the DMH-administered rats treated with HES and/or CAP. The TGF-β1 decreased significantly in the DMH-administered rats and this effect was counteracted by the treatments with HES and/or CAP. Based on these findings, it can be suggested that both HES and CAP, singly or in combination, have the potential to exert chemopreventive effects against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis via the suppression of oxidative stress, the stimulation of the antioxidant defense system, the attenuation of inflammatory effects, the reduction in cell proliferation and the enhancement of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa K Hassan
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M El-Kalaawy
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Sanaa M Abd El-Twab
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Alblihed
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
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3
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Sun M, Sun S, Jia Z, Ma W, Mao C, Ou C, Wang J, Zhang H, Hong L, Li M, Jia S, Mao P. Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profiling of Glutathione Reductase Gene Family in Oat ( Avena sativa) Indicate Their Responses to Abiotic Stress during Seed Imbibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911650. [PMID: 36232950 PMCID: PMC9569478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress disturbs plant cellular redox homeostasis, inhibiting seed germination and plant growth. This is a crucial limitation to crop yield. Glutathione reductase (GR) is an important component of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle which is involved in multiple plant metabolic processes. In the present study, GRs in A. sativa (AsGRs) were selected to explore their molecular characterization, phylogenetic relationship, and RNA expression changes during seed imbibition under abiotic stress. Seven AsGR genes were identified and mapped on six chromosomes of A, C, and D subgenomes. Phylogenetic analysis and subcellular localization of AsGR proteins divided them into two sub-families, AsGR1 and AsGR2, which were predicted to be mainly located in cytoplasm, mitochondrion, and chloroplast. Cis-elements relevant to stress and hormone responses are distributed in promoter regions of AsGRs. Tissue-specific expression profiling showed that AsGR1 genes were highly expressed in roots, leaves, and seeds, while AsGR2 genes were highly expressed in leaves and seeds. Both AsGR1 and AsGR2 genes showed a decreasing-increasing expression trend during seed germination under non-stress conditions. In addition, their responses to drought, salt, cold, copper, H2O2, and ageing treatments were quite different during seed imbibition. Among the seven AsGR genes, AsGR1-A, AsGR1-C, AsGR2-A, and AsGR2-D responded more significantly, especially under drought, ageing, and H2O2 stress. This study has laid the ground for the functional characterization of GR and the improvement of oat stress tolerance and seed vigor.
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Kaur A, Tyagi S, Singh K, Upadhyay SK. Exploration of glutathione reductase for abiotic stress response in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:639-654. [PMID: 34032897 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A total of seven glutathione reductase (GR) genes were identified in Triticum aestivum, which were used for comparative structural characterization, phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling with the GR genes of other cereal plants. The modulated gene expression and enzyme activity revealed the role of GRs in abiotic stress response in T. aestivum. Glutathione reductase (GR) is an enzymatic antioxidant that converts oxidized glutathione (GSSG) into reduced glutathione (GSH) through the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. In this study, a total of seven GR genes forming two homeologous groups were identified in the allohexaploid genome of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Besides, we identified three GR genes in each Aegilops tauschii, Brachypodium distachyon, Triticum urartu and Sorghum bicolor, which were used for comparative characterization. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the clustering of GR proteins into two groups; class I and class II, which were predicted to be localized in cytoplasm and chloroplast, respectively. The exon-intron and conserved motif patterns were almost conserved in each group, in which a maximum of 10 and 17 exons were present in chloroplastic and cytoplasmic GRs, respectively. The protein structure analysis confirmed the occurrence of conserved pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase (Pyr_redox) and pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase dimerization (Pyr_redox_dim) domains in each GR. The active site of GR proteins consisted of two conserved cysteine residues separated by four amino acid residues. Promoter analysis revealed the occurrence of growth and stress-related cis-active elements. Tissue-specific expression profiling suggested the involvement of GRs in both vegetative and reproductive tissue development in various plants. The differential expression of TaGR genes and enhanced GR enzyme activity suggested their roles under drought, heat, salt and arsenic stress. Interaction of GRs with other proteins and chemical compounds of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle revealed their coordinated functioning. The current study will provide a foundation for the validation of the precise role of each GR gene in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shivi Tyagi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Sun M, Sun S, Mao C, Zhang H, Ou C, Jia Z, Wang Y, Ma W, Li M, Jia S, Mao P. Dynamic Responses of Antioxidant and Glyoxalase Systems to Seed Aging Based on Full-Length Transcriptome in Oat (Avena sativa L.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020395. [PMID: 35204277 PMCID: PMC8869221 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed aging is a major challenge for food security, agronomic production, and germplasm conservation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG) are highly involved in the aging process. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling the abundance of ROS and MG are not well characterized. To characterize dynamic response of antioxidant and glyoxalase systems during seed aging, oat (Avena sativa L.) aged seeds with a range of germination percentages were used to explore physiological parameters, biochemical parameters and relevant gene expression. A reference transcriptome based on PacBio sequencing generated 67,184 non-redundant full-length transcripts, with 59,050 annotated. Subsequently, eleven seed samples were used to investigate the dynamic response of respiration, ROS and MG accumulation, antioxidant enzymes and glyoxalase activity, and associated genes expression. The 48 indicators with high correlation coefficients were divided into six major response patterns, and were used for placing eleven seed samples into four groups, i.e., non-aged (Group N), higher vigor (Group H), medium vigor (Group M), and lower vigor (Group L). Finally, we proposed a putative model for aging response and self-detoxification mechanisms based on the four groups representing different aging levels. In addition, the outcomes of the study suggested the dysfunction of antioxidant and glyoxalase system, and the accumulation of ROS and MG definitely contribute to oat seed aging.
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Mishra V, Singh A, Gandhi N, Sarkar Das S, Yadav S, Kumar A, Sarkar AK. A unique miR775- GALT9 module regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis during post-submergence recovery by modulating ethylene and the abscisic acid pathway. Development 2022; 149:274011. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The submergence-induced hypoxic condition negatively affects the plant growth and development, and causes early onset of senescence. Hypoxia alters the expression of a number of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the molecular function of submergence stress-induced miRNAs in physiological or developmental changes and recovery remains poorly understood. Here, we show that miR775 is an Arabidopsis thaliana-specific young and unique miRNA that possibly evolved non-canonically. miR775 post-transcriptionally regulates GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE 9 (GALT9) and their expression is inversely affected at 24 h of complete submergence stress. The overexpression of miR775 (miR775-Oe) confers enhanced recovery from submergence stress and reduced accumulation of RBOHD and ROS, in contrast to wild-type and MIM775 Arabidopsis shoot. A similar recovery phenotype in the galt9 mutant indicates the role of the miR775-GALT9 module in post-submergence recovery. We predicted that Golgi-localized GALT9 is potentially involved in protein glycosylation. The altered expression of senescence-associated genes (SAG12, SAG29 and ORE1), ethylene signalling (EIN2 and EIN3) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis (NCED3) pathway genes occurs in miR775-Oe, galt9 and MIM775 plants. Thus, our results indicate the role for the miR775-GALT9 module in post-submergence recovery through a crosstalk between the ethylene signalling and ABA biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Archita Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, USA
| | - Nidhi Gandhi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shabari Sarkar Das
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, USA
- Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721104, India
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ananda K. Sarkar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, USA
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García-Caparrós P, De Filippis L, Gul A, Hasanuzzaman M, Ozturk M, Altay V, Lao MT. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Metabolism under Adverse Environmental Conditions: a Review. THE BOTANICAL REVIEW 2021; 87:421-466. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s12229-020-09231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Sezgin Muslu A, Kadioglu A. The antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems contribute to the thermotolerance of Heliotropium thermophilum. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:1241-1253. [PMID: 34600601 DOI: 10.1071/fp21113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the impact of the antioxidant defence and glyoxalase systems on extreme heat tolerance of the thermophilic plant Heliotropium thermophilum L. For this purpose, plants were exposed to 20, 40, 60 and 80±5°C soil temperature gradually for 15days under laboratory conditions. Our results showed that the hydrogen peroxide and superoxide levels of H. thermophilum were lower at 40±5°C and higher at 80±5°C compared with plants grown at 20±5°C. Some antioxidant enzyme activities tended to increase in plants at 40, 60 and 80±5°C compared with those at 20±5°C and the protein contents responsible for the antioxidant enzymes were in parallel with these enzyme activities. The contents of both reduced and oxidised ascorbate and glutathione rose with increasing temperature. Methylglyoxal level was lower at 40±5°C and higher at 80±5°C compared with plants grown at 20±5°C. Glyoxalase activities highly increased with rising of soil temperature from 20±5°C to 80±5°C. The results of this study suggest that differential modulations of enzymatic antioxidants and the increase in non-enzymatic antioxidants and glyoxalase activities can contribute to the development of the thermotolerance of H. thermophilum through the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Sezgin Muslu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Asim Kadioglu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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9
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Costa JH, Roque ALM, Aziz S, Dos Santos CP, Germano TA, Batista MC, Thiers KLL, da Cruz Saraiva KD, Arnholdt-Schmitt B. Genome-wide identification of ascorbate-glutathione cycle gene families in soybean (Glycine max) reveals gene duplication events and specificity of gene members linked to development and stress conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:528-543. [PMID: 34302870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle plays an important role in tuning beneficial ROS accumulation for intracellular signals and imparts plant tolerance to oxidative stress by detoxifying excess of ROS. Here, we present genome-wide identification of AsA-GSH cycle genes (APX, MDHAR, DHAR, and GR) in several leguminous species and expression analyses in G. max during stress, germination and tissue development. Our data revealed 24 genes in Glycine genus against the maximum of 15 in other leguminous species, which was due to 9 pars of duplicated genes mostly originated from sub/neofunctionalization. Cytosolic APX and MDHAR genes were highly expressed in different tissues and physiological conditions. Germination induced genes encoding AsA-GSH proteins from different cell compartments, whereas vegetative phase (leaves) stimulated predominantly genes related to chloroplast/mitochondria proteins. Moreover, cytosolic APX-1, 2, MDHAR-1a, 1b and GR genes were the primary genes linked to senescence and biotic stresses, while stAPX-a, b and GR (from organelles) were the most abiotic stress related genes. Biotic and abiotic stress tolerant genotypes generally showed increased MDHAR, DHAR and/or GR mRNA levels compared to susceptible genotypes. Overall, these data clarified evolutionary events in leguminous plants and point to the functional specificity of duplicated genes of the AsA-GSH cycle in G. max.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hélio Costa
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) 'Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal.
| | - André Luiz Maia Roque
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Shahid Aziz
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) 'Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Clesivan Pereira Dos Santos
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Thais Andrade Germano
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Mathias Coelho Batista
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Karine Leitão Lima Thiers
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Kátia Daniella da Cruz Saraiva
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) 'Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
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10
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Dorion S, Ouellet JC, Rivoal J. Glutathione Metabolism in Plants under Stress: Beyond Reactive Oxygen Species Detoxification. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090641. [PMID: 34564457 PMCID: PMC8464934 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is an essential metabolite for plant life best known for its role in the control of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione is also involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) which, much like ROS, is produced at low levels by aerobic metabolism under normal conditions. While several physiological processes depend on ROS and MG, a variety of stresses can dramatically increase their concentration leading to potentially deleterious effects. In this review, we examine the structure and the stress regulation of the pathways involved in glutathione synthesis and degradation. We provide a synthesis of the current knowledge on the glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway responsible for MG detoxification. We present recent developments on the organization of the glyoxalase pathway in which alternative splicing generate a number of isoforms targeted to various subcellular compartments. Stress regulation of enzymes involved in MG detoxification occurs at multiple levels. A growing number of studies show that oxidative stress promotes the covalent modification of proteins by glutathione. This post-translational modification is called S-glutathionylation. It affects the function of several target proteins and is relevant to stress adaptation. We address this regulatory function in an analysis of the enzymes and pathways targeted by S-glutathionylation.
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11
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Lodeyro AF, Krapp AR, Carrillo N. Photosynthesis and chloroplast redox signaling in the age of global warming: stress tolerance, acclimation, and developmental plasticity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5919-5937. [PMID: 34111246 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is characterized by the increased intensity and frequency of environmental stress events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, which have a debilitating impact on photosynthesis and growth, compromising the production of food, feed, and biofuels for an expanding population. The need to increase crop productivity in the context of global warming has fueled attempts to improve several key plant features such as photosynthetic performance, assimilate partitioning, and tolerance to environmental stresses. Chloroplast redox metabolism, including photosynthetic electron transport and CO2 reductive assimilation, are primary targets of most stress conditions, leading to excessive excitation pressure, photodamage, and propagation of reactive oxygen species. Alterations in chloroplast redox poise, in turn, provide signals that exit the plastid and modulate plant responses to the environmental conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes could provide novel tools to increase crop yield in suboptimal environments. We describe herein various interventions into chloroplast redox networks that resulted in increased tolerance to multiple sources of environmental stress. They included manipulation of endogenous components and introduction of electron carriers from other organisms, which affected not only stress endurance but also leaf size and longevity. The resulting scenario indicates that chloroplast redox pathways have an important impact on plant growth, development, and defense that goes beyond their roles in primary metabolism. Manipulation of these processes provides additional strategies for the design of crops with improved performance under destabilized climate conditions as foreseen for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella F Lodeyro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adriana R Krapp
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
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12
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Rankenberg T, Geldhof B, van Veen H, Holsteens K, Van de Poel B, Sasidharan R. Age-Dependent Abiotic Stress Resilience in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:692-705. [PMID: 33509699 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental age is a strong determinant of stress responses in plants. Differential susceptibility to various environmental stresses is widely observed at both the organ and whole-plant level. While it is clear that age determines stress susceptibility, the causes, regulatory mechanisms, and functions are only now beginning to emerge. Compared with concepts on age-related biotic stress resilience, advancements in the abiotic stress field are relatively limited. In this review, we focus on current knowledge of ontogenic resistance to abiotic stresses, highlighting examples at the organ (leaf) and plant level, preceded by an overview of the relevant concepts in plant aging. We also discuss age-related abiotic stress resilience mechanisms, speculate on their functional relevance, and outline outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rankenberg
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Batist Geldhof
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans van Veen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristof Holsteens
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Formyl tetrahydrofolate deformylase affects hydrogen peroxide accumulation and leaf senescence by regulating the folate status and redox homeostasis in rice. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:720-738. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Müller-Schüssele SJ, Wang R, Gütle DD, Romer J, Rodriguez-Franco M, Scholz M, Buchert F, Lüth VM, Kopriva S, Dörmann P, Schwarzländer M, Reski R, Hippler M, Meyer AJ. Chloroplasts require glutathione reductase to balance reactive oxygen species and maintain efficient photosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1140-1154. [PMID: 32365245 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox-regulation is vital for coordinating chloroplast functions depending on illumination and has been throroughly investigated for thioredoxin-dependent processes. In parallel, glutathione reductase (GR) maintains a highly reduced glutathione pool, enabling glutathione-mediated redox buffering. Yet, how the redox cascades of the thioredoxin and glutathione redox machineries integrate metabolic regulation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species remains largely unresolved because null mutants of plastid/mitochondrial GR are embryo-lethal in Arabidopsis thaliana. To investigate whether maintaining a highly reducing stromal glutathione redox potential (EGSH ) via GR is necessary for functional photosynthesis and plant growth, we created knockout lines of the homologous enzyme in the model moss Physcomitrella patens. In these viable mutant lines, we found decreasing photosynthetic performance and plant growth with increasing light intensities, whereas ascorbate and zeaxanthin/antheraxanthin levels were elevated. By in vivo monitoring stromal EGSH dynamics, we show that stromal EGSH is highly reducing in wild-type and clearly responsive to light, whereas an absence of GR leads to a partial glutathione oxidation, which is not rescued by light. By metabolic labelling, we reveal changing protein abundances in the GR knockout plants, pinpointing the adjustment of chloroplast proteostasis and the induction of plastid protein repair and degradation machineries. Our results indicate that the plastid thioredoxin system is not a functional backup for the plastid glutathione redox systems, whereas GR plays a critical role in maintaining efficient photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Ren Wang
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Desirée D Gütle
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Jill Romer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Franco
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Felix Buchert
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Volker M Lüth
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse18, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, Bonn, 53113, Germany
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15
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Marty L, Bausewein D, Müller C, Bangash SAK, Moseler A, Schwarzländer M, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Zechmann B, Riondet C, Balk J, Wirtz M, Hell R, Reichheld JP, Meyer AJ. Arabidopsis glutathione reductase 2 is indispensable in plastids, while mitochondrial glutathione is safeguarded by additional reduction and transport systems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1569-1584. [PMID: 31372999 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A highly negative glutathione redox potential (EGSH ) is maintained in the cytosol, plastids and mitochondria of plant cells to support fundamental processes, including antioxidant defence, redox regulation and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Out of two glutathione reductase (GR) proteins in Arabidopsis, GR2 is predicted to be dual-targeted to plastids and mitochondria, but its differential roles in these organelles remain unclear. We dissected the role of GR2 in organelle glutathione redox homeostasis and plant development using a combination of genetic complementation and stacked mutants, biochemical activity studies, immunogold labelling and in vivo biosensing. Our data demonstrate that GR2 is dual-targeted to plastids and mitochondria, but embryo lethality of gr2 null mutants is caused specifically in plastids. Whereas lack of mitochondrial GR2 leads to a partially oxidised glutathione pool in the matrix, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ATM3 and the mitochondrial thioredoxin system provide functional backup and maintain plant viability. We identify GR2 as essential in the plastid stroma, where it counters GSSG accumulation and developmental arrest. By contrast a functional triad of GR2, ATM3 and the thioredoxin system in the mitochondria provides resilience to excessive glutathione oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Marty
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Bausewein
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher Müller
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sajid Ali Khan Bangash
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Moseler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center of Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97046, Waco, TX, 76798-7046, USA
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, F-66860, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Janneke Balk
- John Innes Centre and University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 360, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, F-66860, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Mayta ML, Hajirezaei MR, Carrillo N, Lodeyro AF. Leaf Senescence: The Chloroplast Connection Comes of Age. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E495. [PMID: 31718069 PMCID: PMC6918220 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a developmental process critical for plant fitness, which involves genetically controlled cell death and ordered disassembly of macromolecules for reallocating nutrients to juvenile and reproductive organs. While natural leaf senescence is primarily associated with aging, it can also be induced by environmental and nutritional inputs including biotic and abiotic stresses, darkness, phytohormones and oxidants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a common thread in stress-dependent cell death and also increase during leaf senescence. Involvement of chloroplast redox chemistry (including ROS propagation) in modulating cell death is well supported, with photosynthesis playing a crucial role in providing redox-based signals to this process. While chloroplast contribution to senescence received less attention, recent findings indicate that changes in the redox poise of these organelles strongly affect senescence timing and progress. In this review, the involvement of chloroplasts in leaf senescence execution is critically assessed in relation to available evidence and the role played by environmental and developmental cues such as stress and phytohormones. The collected results indicate that chloroplasts could cooperate with other redox sources (e.g., mitochondria) and signaling molecules to initiate the committed steps of leaf senescence for a best use of the recycled nutrients in plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín L. Mayta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina;
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany;
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina;
| | - Anabella F. Lodeyro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina;
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17
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Arena C, Vitale L, Bianchi AR, Mistretta C, Vitale E, Parisi C, Guerriero G, Magliulo V, De Maio A. The Ageing Process Affects the Antioxidant Defences and the Poly (ADPribosyl)ation Activity in Cistus Incanus L. Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E528. [PMID: 31698730 PMCID: PMC6912739 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ageing process in living organisms is characterised by the accumulation of several deleterious changes occurring in cells and tissues. The increase of reactive oxygen species with the advancement of age is responsible for the oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA, enhancing the risk of diseases. The antioxidant response and the activation of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation process represent the first defences activated by organisms at all life stages to counteract damage to cell structures and genomic material. The regulation of poly(ADP ribosyl)ation with age is little known in plants, especially in combination with antioxidant defences modulation. In this study, the relationships between poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant pool have been studied together with the photosynthetic apparatus efficiency in the Mediterranean species Cistus incanus L., examining leaves at different developmental stages: young, mature and senescent. The photosynthetic performance was evaluated by chlorophyll a fluorescence measurement, the total soluble and fat-soluble antioxidant capacity, as well as the activities of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), were determined by spectrophotometer, PARP activity was assessed by radioactive labelling. The highest photochemical activity was observed in young leaves, together with the highest GST activity. With the progress of the ageing process, the non-enzymatic antioxidant pool (namely ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol) declined, reaching the lowest value in senescent leaves, whereas PARP activity rose significantly. The overall results indicate that the decline of photosynthetic apparatus efficiency during senescence is due to the reduction of specific defences against oxidative damages, which increase the damages to DNA, as demonstrated by PARP activity rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Arena
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.R.B.); (E.V.); (C.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Luca Vitale
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFoM), Via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano (NA), Italy; (L.V.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Anna Rita Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.R.B.); (E.V.); (C.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Carmela Mistretta
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFoM), Via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano (NA), Italy; (L.V.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Ermenegilda Vitale
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.R.B.); (E.V.); (C.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Costantino Parisi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.R.B.); (E.V.); (C.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Guerriero
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.R.B.); (E.V.); (C.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFoM), Via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano (NA), Italy; (L.V.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Anna De Maio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.R.B.); (E.V.); (C.P.); (G.G.)
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18
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Qin Y, Yang L, Sun Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Rehman AU, Chen Z, Qi J, Wang B, Song C, Yang S, Gong Z. Redox-Mediated Endocytosis of a Receptor-Like Kinase during Distal Stem Cell Differentiation Depends on Its Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Domain. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1075-1095. [PMID: 31471454 PMCID: PMC6836819 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular redox status plays critical roles in cell division and differentiation, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we explored the effect of redox status on stem cell identity in distal stem cells (DSCs) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots. Treatment with the reductive reagent glutathione and the oxidative reagent H2O2 inhibited DSC differentiation, as did endogenously altering reactive oxygen species production via various mutations. This suggests that both highly reductive and oxidative environments inhibit specification of stem cell identity. In our observations of mutant components of the CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION 40 (CLE40)-ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 (ACR4)/CLAVATA1 (CLV1)-WUSCHEL RELATED HOMEOBOX5 (WOX5) module, both reductive and oxidative reagents influenced DSC differentiation in wox5-1 and clv1-1, but not in acr4-2 or cle40 mutant plants. The stability of the receptor-like kinase ACR4 is modulated by redox status through endocytosis in root tips. ACR4 with multiple Cys mutations in the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) extracellular domain failed to undergo endocytosis. ACR4 with a complete deletion of the TNFR domain was localized directly to endosomes, bypassing the plasma membrane. Both mutations affected DSC differentiation, but not seed filling. Conversely, the intracellular domain of the ACR4 protein is partially required for seed filling, but not for DSC differentiation. Our study uncovers an important biological role of the TNFR domain in redox-mediated endocytosis of ACR4 in root DSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Amin Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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19
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Lyu JI, Kim JH, Chu H, Taylor MA, Jung S, Baek SH, Woo HR, Lim PO, Kim J. Natural allelic variation of GVS1 confers diversity in the regulation of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2320-2334. [PMID: 30266040 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence affects plant fitness. Plants that evolve in different environments are expected to acquire distinct regulations of leaf senescence. However, the adaptive and evolutionary roles of leaf senescence are largely unknown. We investigated leaf senescence in 259 natural accessions of Arabidopsis by quantitatively assaying dark-induced senescence responses using a high-throughput chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system. A meta-analysis of our data with phenotypic and climatic information demonstrated biological and environmental links with leaf senescence. We further performed genome-wide association mapping to identify the genetic loci underlying the diversity of leaf senescence responses. We uncovered a new locus, Genetic Variants in leaf Senescence (GVS1), with high similarity to reductase, where a single nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution at GVS1 mediates the diversity of the senescence trait. Loss-of-function mutations of GVS1 in Columbia-0 delayed leaf senescence and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, suggesting that this GVS1 variant promotes optimal responses to developmental and environmental signals. Intriguingly, gvs1 loss-of-function mutants display allele- and accession-dependent phenotypes, revealing the functional diversity of GVS1 alleles not only in leaf senescence, but also oxidative stress. Our discovery of GVS1 as the genetic basis of natural variation in senescence programs reinforces its adaptive potential in modulating life histories across diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Il Lyu
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosub Chu
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark A Taylor
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sukjoon Jung
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Baek
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsik Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
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20
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by metabolic pathways in almost all cells. As signaling components, ROS are best known for their roles in abiotic and biotic stress-related events. However, recent studies have revealed that they are also involved in numerous processes throughout the plant life cycle, from seed development and germination, through to root, shoot and flower development. Here, we provide an overview of ROS production and signaling in the context of plant growth and development, highlighting the key functions of ROS and their interactions with plant phytohormonal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Mhamdi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium, and Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium, and Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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21
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Su T, Wang P, Li H, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Dai P, Ren T, Wang X, Li X, Shao Q, Zhao D, Zhao Y, Ma C. The Arabidopsis catalase triple mutant reveals important roles of catalases and peroxisome-derived signaling in plant development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:591-607. [PMID: 29575603 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is generated in many metabolic processes. As a signaling molecule, H2 O2 plays important roles in plant growth and development, as well as environmental stress response. In Arabidopsis, there are three catalase genes, CAT1, CAT2, and CAT3. The encoded catalases are predominately peroxisomal proteins and are critical for scavenging H2 O2 . Since CAT1 and CAT3 are linked on chromosome 1, it has been almost impossible to generate cat1/3 and cat1/2/3 mutants by traditional genetic tools. In this study, we constructed cat1/3 double mutants and cat1/2/3 triple mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate the role of catalases. The cat1/2/3 triple mutants displayed severe redox disturbance and growth defects under physiological conditions compared with wild-type and the cat2/3 double mutants. Transcriptome analysis showed a more profound transcriptional response in the cat1/2/3 triple mutants compared to the cat2/3 mutants. These differentially expressed genes are involved in plant growth regulation as well as abiotic and biotic stress responses. In addition, expression of OXI1 (OXIDATIVE SIGNAL INDUCIBLE 1) and several MAPK cascade genes were changed dramatically in the catalase triple mutant, suggesting that H2 O2 produced in peroxisomes could serve as a peroxisomal retrograde signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yiwu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Peng Dai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianqi Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Yanxiu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
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22
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Durgud M, Gupta S, Ivanov I, Omidbakhshfard MA, Benina M, Alseekh S, Staykov N, Hauenstein M, Dijkwel PP, Hörtensteiner S, Toneva V, Brotman Y, Fernie AR, Mueller-Roeber B, Gechev TS. Molecular Mechanisms Preventing Senescence in Response to Prolonged Darkness in a Desiccation-Tolerant Plant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1319-1338. [PMID: 29789435 PMCID: PMC6053018 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The desiccation-tolerant plant Haberlea rhodopensis can withstand months of darkness without any visible senescence. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of this adaptation to prolonged (30 d) darkness and subsequent return to light. H. rhodopensis plants remained green and viable throughout the dark treatment. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that darkness regulated several transcription factor (TF) genes. Stress- and autophagy-related TFs such as ERF8, HSFA2b, RD26, TGA1, and WRKY33 were up-regulated, while chloroplast- and flowering-related TFs such as ATH1, COL2, COL4, RL1, and PTAC7 were repressed. PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4, a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis and promoter of senescence, also was down-regulated. In response to darkness, most of the photosynthesis- and photorespiratory-related genes were strongly down-regulated, while genes related to autophagy were up-regulated. This occurred concomitant with the induction of SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASES (SnRK1) signaling pathway genes, which regulate responses to stress-induced starvation and autophagy. Most of the genes associated with chlorophyll catabolism, which are induced by darkness in dark-senescing species, were either unregulated (PHEOPHORBIDE A OXYGENASE, PAO; RED CHLOROPHYLL CATABOLITE REDUCTASE, RCCR) or repressed (STAY GREEN-LIKE, PHEOPHYTINASE, and NON-YELLOW COLORING1). Metabolite profiling revealed increases in the levels of many amino acids in darkness, suggesting increased protein degradation. In darkness, levels of the chloroplastic lipids digalactosyldiacylglycerol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol decreased, while those of storage triacylglycerols increased, suggesting degradation of chloroplast membrane lipids and their conversion to triacylglycerols for use as energy and carbon sources. Collectively, these data show a coordinated response to darkness, including repression of photosynthetic, photorespiratory, flowering, and chlorophyll catabolic genes, induction of autophagy and SnRK1 pathways, and metabolic reconfigurations that enable survival under prolonged darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Durgud
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - M Amin Omidbakhshfard
- Department Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maria Benina
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nikola Staykov
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Mareike Hauenstein
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul P Dijkwel
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, 4474 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Toneva
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Department Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tsanko S Gechev
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
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Liu Y, Xu C, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Chen T, Zhou F, Chen H, Lin Y. The calcium-dependent kinase OsCPK24 functions in cold stress responses in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:173-188. [PMID: 29193704 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that function in plant stress responses. Although CPKs are recognized as key messengers in signal transduction, the specific roles of CPKs and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activity remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized the function of OsCPK24, a cytosol-localized calcium-dependent protein kinase in rice. OsCPK24 was universally and highly expressed in rice plants and was induced by cold treatment. Whereas OsCPK24 knockdown plants exhibited increased sensitivity to cold compared to wild type (WT), OsCPK24-overexpressing plants exhibited increased cold tolerance. Plants overexpressing OsCPK24 exhibited increased accumulation of proline (an osmoprotectant) and glutathione (an antioxidant) and maintained a higher GSH/GSSG (reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione) ratio during cold stress compared to WT. In addition to these effects in response to cold stress, we observed the kinase activity of OsCPK24 varied under different calcium concentrations. Further, OsCPK24 phosphorylated OsGrx10, a glutathione-dependent thioltransferase, at rates modulated by changes in calcium concentration. Together, our results support the hypothesis that OsCPK24 functions as a positive regulator of cold stress tolerance in rice, a process mediated by calcium signaling and involving phosphorylation and the inhibition of OsGrx10 to sustain higher glutathione levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunjue Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yanfen Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Taiyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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24
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Sytykiewicz H. Expression Patterns of Genes Involved in Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in Aphid-Infested Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:268. [PMID: 26907270 PMCID: PMC4813132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced forms of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) are among the most important non-enzymatic foliar antioxidants in maize (Zea mays L.). The survey was aimed to evaluate impact of bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) or grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) herbivory on expression of genes related to ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in seedlings of six maize varieties (Ambrozja, Nana, Tasty Sweet, Touran, Waza, Złota Karłowa), differing in resistance to the cereal aphids. Relative expression of sixteen maize genes encoding isoenzymes of ascorbate peroxidase (APX1, APX2, APX3, APX4, APX5, APX6, APX7), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR1, MDHAR2, MDHAR3, MDHAR4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR1, DHAR2, DHAR3) and glutathione reductase (GR1, GR2) was quantified. Furthermore, effect of hemipterans’ attack on activity of APX, MDHAR, DHAR and GR enzymes, and the content of reduced and oxidized ascorbate and glutathione in maize plants were assessed. Seedling leaves of more resistant Z. mays varieties responded higher elevations in abundance of target transcripts. In addition, earlier and stronger aphid-triggered changes in activity of APX, MDHAR, DHAR and GR enzymes, and greater modulations in amount of the analyzed antioxidative metabolites were detected in foliar tissues of highly resistant Ambrozja genotype in relation to susceptible Tasty Sweet plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Sytykiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.
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25
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Ding S, Jiang R, Lu Q, Wen X, Lu C. Glutathione reductase 2 maintains the function of photosystem II in Arabidopsis under excess light. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:665-77. [PMID: 26906429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase plays a crucial role in the elimination of H(2)O(2) molecules via the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. In this study, we used transgenic Arabidopsis plants with decreased glutathione reductase 2 (GR2) levels to investigate whether this GR2 activity protects the photosynthetic machinery under excess light. The transgenic plants were highly sensitive to excess light and accumulated high levels of H(2)O(2). Photosystem II (PSII) activity was significantly decreased in transgenic plants. Flash-induced fluorescence relaxation and thermoluminescence measurements demonstrated inhibition of electron transfer between Q(A) and Q(B) and decreased redox potential of Q(B) in transgenic plants. Immunoblot and blue native gel analysis showed that the levels of PSII proteins and PSII complexes were decreased in transgenic plants. Analyses of the repair of photodamaged PSII and in vivo pulse labeling of thylakoid proteins showed that the repair of photodamaged PSII is inhibited due to the inhibition of the synthesis of the D1 protein de novo in transgenic plants. Taken together, our results suggest that under excess light conditions, GR2 plays an important role in maintaining both the function of the acceptor side of PSII and the repair of photodamaged PSII by preventing the accumulation of H(2)O(2). In addition, our results provide details of the role of H(2)O(2) in vivo accumulation in photoinhibition in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhua Ding
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingtao Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaogang Wen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Congming Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Luschin-Ebengreuth N, Zechmann B. Compartment-specific investigations of antioxidants and hydrogen peroxide in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana during dark-induced senescence. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2016; 38:133. [PMID: 27217598 PMCID: PMC4859865 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-016-2150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to gain insight into the compartment-specific roles of ascorbate and glutathione in leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. The subcellular distribution of ascorbate, glutathione, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and correlated with the activity of antioxidative enzymes in wildtype plants and the ascorbate- and glutathione-deficient mutants vtc2-1 and pad2-1, respectively. Both mutants showed earlier and stronger senescence than the wildtype indicating the importance of a functioning ascorbate and glutathione cycle in the induction and regulation of senescence. Glutathione levels dropped drastically and up to 93 % in all cell compartments of wildtype plants and the vtc2-1 mutant within the first day of dark-induced senescence while ascorbate contents remained unchanged until the very end. Glutathione contents in mitochondria of pad2-1 mutants decreased more slowly over the first 7 days than compared to the other plants indicating an important role of glutathione in mitochondria in this mutant during senescence. The strongest decrease (84 %) of glutathione contents in wildtype plants at this time point was found in mitochondria indicating an important role of mitochondria for the induction of senescence and cell death events. Due to the general decrease of the antioxidative capacity, a strong accumulation of H2O2 was observed in cell walls, plastids, and the cytosol in all plants. Activities of glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and catalase were strongly reduced while ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate reductase were increased. The initial rapid drop of glutathione levels seemed to be the trigger for senescence, while ascorbate appeared to be the key factor in regulating senescence through controlling H2O2 levels by the oxidation of reduced ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate and the subsequent reduction to ascorbate by monodehydroascorbate reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- />Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97046, Waco, TX 76798 USA
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