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Zhu L, Liao Y, Zhang T, Zeng Z, Wang J, Duan L, Chen X, Lin K, Liang X, Han Z, Huang Y, Wu W, Hu H, Xu ZF, Ni J. Reactive oxygen species act as the key signaling molecules mediating light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108715. [PMID: 38761541 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Light plays a pivotal role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants, and the early light-responsive signals that initiate anthocyanin biosynthesis remain to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that the anthocyanin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus is hypersensitive to increased light intensity. The combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted on Eucalyptus leaves after moderate (ML; 100 μmol m-2 s-1) and high (HL; 300 μmol m-2 s-1) light intensity treatments. The results identified 1940, 1096, 1173, and 2756 differentially expressed genes at 6, 12, 24, and 36 h after HL treatment, respectively. The metabolomic results revealed the primary anthocyanin types, and other differentially accumulated flavonoids and phenylpropane intermediates that were produced in response to HL, which well aligned with the transcriptome results. Moreover, biochemical analysis showed that HL inhibited peroxidase activity and increased the ROS level in Eucalyptus leaves. ROS depletion through co-application of the antioxidants rutin, uric acid, and melatonin significantly reduced, and even abolished, anthocyanin biosynthesis induced by HL treatment. Additionally, exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide efficiently induced anthocyanin biosynthesis within 24 h, even under ML conditions, suggesting that ROS played a major role in activating anthocyanin biosynthesis. A HL-responsive MYB transcription factor EgrMYB113 was identified to play an important role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis by targeting multiple anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Additionally, the results demonstrated that gibberellic acid and sugar signaling contributed to HL-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Conclusively, these results suggested that HL triggers multiple signaling pathways to induce anthocyanin biosynthesis, with ROS acting as indispensable mediators in Eucalyptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuwu Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhiyu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Dongmen Forest Farm, Chongzuo, 532108, China
| | - Lanjuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kai Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiuqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zewei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunkai Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wenfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Liu Y, Jin H, Zhang Y, Feng X, Dai Y, Zhu P. A novel three-layer module BoMYB1R1-BoMYB4b/BoMIEL1-BoDFR1 regulates anthocyanin accumulation in kale. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38865101 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanin is an important pigment responsible for plant coloration and beneficial to human health. Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), a primary cool-season flowers and vegetables, is an ideal material to study anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms due to its anthocyanin-rich leaves. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in kale remains poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that BoDFR1 is a key gene controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis in kale. Here, we discovered a 369-bp InDel variation in the BoDFR1 promoter between the two kale inbred lines with different pink coloration, which resulted in reduced transcriptional activity of the BoDFR1 gene in the light-pink line. With the 369-bp insertion as a bait, an R2R3-MYB repressor BoMYB4b was identified using the yeast one-hybrid screening. Knockdown of the BoMYB4b gene led to increased BoDFR1 expression and anthocyanin accumulation. An E3 ubiquitin ligase, BoMIEL1, was found to mediate the degradation of BoMYB4b, thereby promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis. Furthermore, the expression level of BoMYB4b was significantly reduced by light signals, which was attributed to the direct repression of the light-signaling factor BoMYB1R1 on the BoMYB4b promoter. Our study revealed that a novel regulatory module comprising BoMYB1R1, BoMIEL1, BoMYB4b, and BoDFR1 finely regulates anthocyanin accumulation in kale. The findings aim to establish a scientific foundation for genetic improvement of leaf color traits in kale, meanwhile, providing a reference for plant coloration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yujia Dai
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Pengfang Zhu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China
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Luo Q, Chen P, Zong J, Gao J, Qin R, Wu C, Lv Q, Xu Y, Zhao T, Fu Y. Integrated transcriptomic and CGAs analysis revealed IbGLK1 is a key transcription factor for chlorogenic acid accumulation in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) blades. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131045. [PMID: 38547942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Sweetpotato blades are rich in the functional secondary metabolite chlorogenic acid (CGA), which deepen potential for effective utilization of the blade in industry. In this study, we evaluated the type and content of CGA in the blades of 16 sweetpotato genotypes and analyzed the correlation between CGA content and antioxidant capacity. Then we isolated and characterized IbGLK1, a GARP-type transcription factor, by comparative transcriptome analysis. A subcellular localization assay indicated that IbGLK1 is located in the nucleus. Overexpression and silencing of IbGLK1 in sweetpotato blade resulted in a 0.90-fold increase and 1.84-fold decrease, respectively, in CGA content compared to the control. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays showed that IbGLK1 binds and activates the promoters of IbHCT, IbHQT, IbC4H, and IbUGCT, resulting in the promotion of CGA biosynthesis. In conclusion, our study provides insights into a high-quality gene for the regulation of CGA metabolism and germplasm resources for breeding sweetpotato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Luo
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Peitao Chen
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jikai Zong
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jilong Gao
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ruihua Qin
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Chunli Wu
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qina Lv
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yuanjiang Xu
- Chongqing Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400065, PR China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yufan Fu
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Sweetpotato of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Muino JM, Großmann C, Kleine T, Kaufmann K. Natural genetic variation in GLK1-mediated photosynthetic acclimation in response to light. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:87. [PMID: 38311744 PMCID: PMC10840168 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GOLDEN-like (GLK) transcription factors are central regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis and other species. Findings from Arabidopsis show that these factors also contribute to photosynthetic acclimation, e.g. to variation in light intensity, and are controlled by retrograde signals emanating from the chloroplast. However, the natural variation of GLK1-centered gene-regulatory networks in Arabidopsis is largely unexplored. RESULTS By evaluating the activities of GLK1 target genes and GLK1 itself in vegetative leaves of natural Arabidopsis accessions grown under standard conditions, we uncovered variation in the activity of GLK1 centered regulatory networks. This is linked with the ecogeographic origin of the accessions, and can be associated with a complex genetic variation across loci acting in different functional pathways, including photosynthesis, ROS and brassinosteroid pathways. Our results identify candidate upstream regulators that contribute to a basal level of GLK1 activity in rosette leaves, which can then impact the capacity to acclimate to different environmental conditions. Indeed, accessions with higher GLK1 activity, arising from habitats with a high monthly variation in solar radiation levels, may show lower levels of photoinhibition at higher light intensities. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for natural variation in GLK1 regulatory activities in vegetative leaves. This variation is associated with ecogeographic origin and can contribute to acclimation to high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Muino
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
- Current Address: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christopher Großmann
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Liang MH, Li XY. Involvement of Transcription Factors and Regulatory Proteins in the Regulation of Carotenoid Accumulation in Plants and Algae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18660-18673. [PMID: 38053506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms, which are widely used in food coloring, feed additives, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Carotenoid biofortification in crop plants or algae has been considered as a sustainable strategy to improve human nutrition and health. However, the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation are still not systematic and particularly scarce in algae. This article focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation in plants and algae through regulatory factors (transcription factors and regulatory proteins), demonstrating the complexity of homeostasis regulation of carotenoids, mainly including transcriptional regulation as the primary mechanism, subsequent post-translational regulation, and cross-linking with other metabolic processes. Different organs of plants and different plant/algal species usually have specific regulatory mechanisms for the biosynthesis, storage, and degradation of carotenoids in response to the environmental and developmental signals. In plants and algae, regulators such as MYB, bHLH, MADS, bZIP, AP2/ERF, WRKY, and orange proteins can be involved in the regulation of carotenoid metabolism. And many more regulators, regulatory networks, and mechanisms need to be explored. Our paper will provide a basis for multitarget or multipathway engineering for carotenoid biofortification in plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xian-Yi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Zeng T, He Z, He J, Lv W, Huang S, Li J, Zhu L, Wan S, Zhou W, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Luo C, He J, Wang C, Wang L. The telomere-to-telomere gap-free reference genome of wild blueberry ( Vaccinium duclouxii) provides its high soluble sugar and anthocyanin accumulation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad209. [PMID: 38023474 PMCID: PMC10681038 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinium duclouxii, endemic to southwestern China, is a berry-producing shrub or small tree belonging to the Ericaceae family, with high nutritive, medicinal, and ornamental value, abundant germplasm resources, and good edible properties. In addition, V. duclouxii exhibits strong tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, making it a promising candidate for research and offering wide-ranging possibilities for utilization. However, the lack of V. duclouxii genome sequence has hampered its development and utilization. Here, a high-quality telomere-to-telomere genome sequence of V. duclouxii was de novo assembled and annotated. All of 12 chromosomes were assembled into gap-free single contigs, providing the highest integrity and quality assembly reported so far for blueberry. The V. duclouxii genome is 573.67 Mb, which encodes 41 953 protein-coding genes. Combining transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses, we have uncovered the molecular mechanisms involved in sugar and acid accumulation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in V. duclouxii. This provides essential molecular information for further research on the quality of V. duclouxii. Moreover, the high-quality telomere-to-telomere assembly of the V. duclouxii genome will provide insights into the genomic evolution of Vaccinium and support advancements in blueberry genetics and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Zhijiao He
- Institute of Alpine Economic Plant, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lijiang 674199, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiefang He
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Wei Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Shixiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuang Wan
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wanfei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhengsong Yang
- Institute of Alpine Economic Plant, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lijiang 674199, Yunnan, China
| | - Yatao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Chong Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Jiawei He
- Institute of Alpine Economic Plant, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lijiang 674199, Yunnan, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Yue M, Jiang L, Zhang N, Luo Y, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Tang H. FaMYB5 Interacts with FaBBX24 to Regulate Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12185. [PMID: 37569565 PMCID: PMC10418308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MYB and BBX transcription factors play important roles in flavonoid biosynthesis. Here, we obtained transgenic woodland strawberry with stable overexpression of FaMYB5, demonstrating that FaMYB5 can increase anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin content in roots, stems and leaves of woodland strawberry. In addition, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays and yeast two-hybridization demonstrated that the N-terminal (1-99aa) of FaBBX24 interacts with FaMYB5. Transient co-expression of FaBBX24 and FaMYB5 in cultivated strawberry 'Xiaobai' showed that co-expression strongly promoted the expression of F3'H, 4CL-2, TT12, AHA10 and ANR and then increased the content of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in strawberry fruits. We also determined that FaBBX24 is also a positive regulator of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in strawberry. The results reveal a novel mechanism by which the FaMYB5-FaBBX24 module collaboratively regulates anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in strawberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (L.J.); (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
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