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Della Ciana M, Kovtun A, Summonte C, Candini A, Cavalcoli D, Gentili D, Nipoti R, Albonetti C. Native Silicon Oxide Properties Determined by Doping. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12430-12451. [PMID: 37608587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The physico-chemical properties of native oxide layers, spontaneously forming on crystalline Si wafers in air, can be strictly correlated to the dopant type and doping level. In particular, our investigations focused on oxide layers formed upon air exposure in a clean room after Si wafer production, with dopant concentration levels from ≈1013 to ≈1019 cm-3. In order to determine these correlations, we studied the surface, the oxide bulk, and its interface with Si. The surface was investigated using the contact angle, thermal desorption, and atomic force microscopy measurements which provided information on surface energy, cleanliness, and morphology, respectively. Thickness was measured with ellipsometry and chemical composition with X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Electrostatic charges within the oxide layer and at the Si interface were studied with Kelvin probe microscopy. Some properties such as thickness, showed an abrupt change, while others, including silanol concentration and Si intermediate-oxidation states, presented maxima at a critical doping concentration of ≈2.1 × 1015 cm-3. Additionally, two electrostatic contributions were found to originate from silanols present on the surface and the net charge distributed within the oxide layer. Lastly, surface roughness was also found to depend upon dopant concentration, showing a minimum at the same critical dopant concentration. These findings were reproduced for oxide layers regrown in a clean room after chemical etching of the native ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Della Ciana
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Kovtun
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Summonte
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Candini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Cavalcoli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Denis Gentili
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Nipoti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiano Albonetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Kilpatrick JI, Kargin E, Rodriguez BJ. Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:922-943. [PMID: 36161252 PMCID: PMC9490074 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we derive and present quantitative expressions governing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) techniques in both air and water. Metrics such as minimum detectable contact potential difference, minimum required AC bias, and signal-to-noise ratio are compared and contrasted both off resonance and utilizing the first two eigenmodes of the cantilever. These comparisons allow the reader to quickly and quantitatively identify the parameters for the best performance for a given KPFM-based experiment in a given environment. Furthermore, we apply these performance metrics in the identification of KPFM-based modes that are most suitable for operation in liquid environments where bias application can lead to unwanted electrochemical reactions. We conclude that open-loop multifrequency KPFM modes operated with the first harmonic of the electrostatic response on the first eigenmode offer the best performance in liquid environments whilst needing the smallest AC bias for operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Kilpatrick
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Emrullah Kargin
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Brian J Rodriguez
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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Luo G, Zhang Q, Li M, Chen K, Zhou W, Luo Y, Li Z, Wang L, Zhao L, Teh KS, Jiang Z. A flexible electrostatic nanogenerator and self-powered capacitive sensor based on electrospun polystyrene mats and graphene oxide films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32. [PMID: 34192681 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic nanogenerators or capacitive sensors that leverage electrostatic induction for power generation or sensing, has attracted significant interests due to their simple structure, ease of fabrication, and high device stability. However, in order for such devices to work, an additional power source or a post-charging process is necessary to activate the electrostatic effect. In this work, an electrostatic nanogenerator is fabricated using electrospun polystyrene (PS) mats and dip-coated graphene oxide (GO) films as the self-charged components. The electret performances of the PS mats and GO films are characterized via the electrostatic force microscopy phase shift and surface potential measurements. With a multilayer device structure that consists of top electrodes/GO films/spacer/electrospun PS mats/bottom electrodes, the resultant device acts as an electrostatic generator that operates in the noncontact mode. The nanogenerator can output a peak voltage of ca. 6.41 V and a peak current of ca. 6.57 nA at a rate of 1 Hz of mechanical compression, and with no attenuation of electrical outputs even after 50 000 cycles over a 13 h period. Furthermore, this as-prepared device is also capable of serving as a self-powered capacitive sensor for detection of tiny mechanical impacts and measurement of human finger bending. This results of this work provides a new avenue to easily fabricate electrostatic nanogenerators with high durability and self-powered capacitive sensors for the detection of small impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiankun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenke Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok Siong Teh
- School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, United States of America
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, People's Republic of China
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Albonetti C, ValdrÈ G. Preface to StSPM2019EV special issue. J Microsc 2021; 280:181-182. [PMID: 33180974 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Albonetti
- Institute for the Study on Nanostructured Materials ISMN, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - G ValdrÈ
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna 'Alma Mater Studiorum' Piazza di Porta San Donato 1, Bologna, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca Interdisciplinare di Biomineralogia, Cristallografia e Biomateriali, Università di Bologna 'Alma Mater Studiorum' Piazza di Porta San Donato 1, Bologna, Italy
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