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Mitchell AW, Sparks JR, Beyl RA, Altazan AD, Barlow SA, Redman LM. Access, Interest, and Barriers to Incorporation of Birth Doula Care in the United States. J Perinat Educ 2023; 32:181-193. [PMID: 37974666 PMCID: PMC10637313 DOI: 10.1891/jpe-2022-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Doula care improves maternal care, yet barriers exist to incorporating doula care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate interest and barriers to doula care. Overall, 508 women, 26-35 years of age (54.5%), White/Caucasian (89.8%), and married (88.6%), completed this study. Most reported ≥1 previous birth (97.6%). Respondents would "feel comfortable" (73.2%) and "more confident" (54.9%) with doula care at birth, and 57.9% reported their provider would be supportive of doula care. Only 39.0% expressed benefits to doula care during pregnancy compared to 72.6% at birth and 68.1% during postpartum. Most would hire a doula if health insurance covered some of the costs. Despite the recognized benefits and support of doula care, cost-associated barriers exist to the incorporation of doula care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Leanne M. Redman
- Correspondence regarding this article should be directed to Leanne M. Redman, PhD. E-mail:
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2
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Carter CS. Close encounters with oxytocin. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2023; 15:100189. [PMID: 37577297 PMCID: PMC10422098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2023.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to use a personal perspective to describe unanticipated and pivotal findings that drew the author into the study oxytocin. Oxytocin was originally described as a "female reproductive hormone." However, supporting reproduction is only one of a myriad of functions now attributed to oxytocin. Oxytocin promotes survival and resilience in both sexes and across the lifespan, especially in the context of stress or trauma and helps to explain the health benefits of relationships. Oxytocin works in the context of individual histories and in conjunction with other molecules, as well as the autonomic nervous system and immune factors. The chemical properties of oxytocin make it biologically active, but difficult to measure. As a deeper understanding of the biology of oxytocin is emerging, we may use knowledge of the properties of oxytocin to uncover adaptive strategies that protect and heal in the face of stress and adversity in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sue Carter
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlotteville, VA, USA
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3
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Powell JM, Garvin MM, Lee NS, Kelly AM. Behavioral trajectories of aging prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster): Adapting behavior to social context wanes with advanced age. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276897. [PMCID: PMC9665403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies using mice have examined the effects of aging on cognitive tasks, as well as sensory and motor functions. However, few studies have examined the influence of aging on social behavior. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are a socially monogamous and biparental rodent that live in small family groups and are now among the most popular rodent models for studies examining social behavior. Although the social behavioral trajectories of early-life development in prairie voles have been well-studied, how social behavior may change throughout adulthood remains unknown. Here we examined behavior in virgin male and female prairie voles in four different age groups: postnatal day (PND) 60–80, 140–160, 220–240, and 300–320. All animals underwent testing in a novel object task, a dominance test, a resident-intruder test, and several iterations of social approach and social interaction tests with varying types of social stimuli (i.e., novel same-sex conspecific, novel opposite-sex conspecific, familiar same-sex sibling/cagemate, small group of novel same-sex conspecifics). We found that age influenced neophobia and dominance, but not social approach behavior. Further, we found that young adult, but not older adult, prairie voles adapt prosocial and aggressive behavior relative to social context, and that selective aggression occurs in relation to age even in the absence of a pair bond. Our results suggest that prairie voles calibrate social phenotype in a context-dependent manner in young adulthood and stop adjusting behavior to social context in advanced age, demonstrating that social behavior is plastic not only throughout early development, but also well into adulthood. Together, this study provides insight into age-related changes in social behavior in prairie voles and shows that prairie voles may be a viable model for studying the cognitive and physiological benefits of social relationships and social engagement in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M. Powell
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Madison M. Garvin
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. Lee
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aubrey M. Kelly
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Carter CS, Kingsbury MA. Oxytocin and oxygen: the evolution of a solution to the ‘stress of life’. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210054. [PMID: 35856299 PMCID: PMC9272143 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) and the OT receptor occupy essential roles in our current understanding of mammalian evolution, survival, sociality and reproduction. This narrative review examines the hypothesis that many functions attributed to OT can be traced back to conditions on early Earth, including challenges associated with managing life in the presence of oxygen and other basic elements, including sulfur. OT regulates oxidative stress and inflammation especially through effects on the mitochondria. A related nonapeptide, vasopressin, as well as molecules in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, including the corticotropin-releasing hormone family of molecules, have a broad set of functions that interact with OT. Interactions among these molecules have roles in the causes and consequence of social behaviour and the management of threat, fear and stress. Here, we discuss emerging evidence suggesting that unique properties of the OT system allowed vertebrates, and especially mammals, to manage over-reactivity to the ‘side effects’ of oxygen, including inflammation, oxidation and free radicals, while also supporting high levels of sociality and a perception of safety. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours’.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sue Carter
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Marcy A. Kingsbury
- Lurie Center for Autism, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard University Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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5
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Frenquelli R, Ratcliff M, Villar de Onis J, Fernandes M, Barros FC, Hirst JE, Papageorghiou AT, Kennedy SH, Villar J. Complex Perinatal Syndromes Affecting Early Human Growth and Development: Issues to Consider to Understand Their Aetiology and Postnatal Effects. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:856886. [PMID: 35509448 PMCID: PMC9058100 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.856886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex perinatal syndromes (CPS) affecting pregnancy and childhood, such as preterm birth, and intra- and extra-uterine growth restriction, have multiple, diverse contexts of complexity and interaction that determine the short- and long-term growth, health and development of all human beings. Early in life, genetically-guided somatic and cerebral development occurs alongside a psychism "in statu nascendi," with the neural structures subjected to the effects of the intra- and extra-uterine environments in preparation for optimal postnatal functioning. Different trajectories of fetal cranial and abdominal growth have been identified before 25 weeks' gestation, tracking differential growth and neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Similarly, critical time-windows exist in the first 5-8 months of postnatal life because of interactions between the newborn and their environment, mother/care-givers and feeding practices. Understanding these complex relational processes requires abandoning classical, linear and mechanistic interpretations that are placed in rigid, artificial biological silos. Instead, we need to conduct longitudinal, interdisciplinary research and integrate the resulting new knowledge into clinical practice. An ecological-systemic approach is required to understand early human growth and development, based on a dynamic multidimensional process from the molecular or genomic level to the socio-economic-environmental context. For this, we need theoretical and methodological tools that permit a global understanding of CPS, delineating temporal trajectories and their conditioning factors, updated by the incorporation of new scientific discoveries. The potential to optimize human growth and development across chronological age and geographical locations - by implementing interventions or "treatments" during periods of greatest instability or vulnerability - should be recognized. Hence, it is imperative to take a holistic view of reproductive and perinatal issues, acknowledging at all levels the complexity and interactions of CPS and their sensitive periods, laying the foundations for further improvements in growth and development of populations, to maximize global human potential. We discuss here conceptual issues that should be considered for the development and implementation of such a strategy aimed at addressing the perinatal health problems of the new millenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Frenquelli
- Master Program in Child Psychoanalysis and Neuropsychological, Developmental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marc Ratcliff
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Centre Jean Piaget, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jimena Villar de Onis
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Fernandes
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando C. Barros
- Post Graduate Course on Health in the Vital Cycle, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Jane E. Hirst
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aris T. Papageorghiou
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Villar
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Cabré S, Ratsika A, Rea K, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Animal Models for Assessing Impact of C-Section Delivery on Biological Systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104555. [PMID: 35122781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in Caesarean section (C-section) births worldwide over the past two decades and although it is can be a life-saving procedure, the enduring effects on host physiology are now undergoing further scrutiny. Indeed, epidemiological data have linked C-section birth with multiple immune, metabolic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Birth by C-section is known to alter the colonisation of the neonatal gut microbiota (with C-section delivered infants lacking vaginal microbiota associated with passing along the birth canal), which in turn can impact the development and maintenance of many important biological systems. Appropriate animal models are key to disentangling the role of missing microbes in brain health and disease in C-section births. In this review of preclinical studies, we interrogate the effects of C-section birth on the development (and maintenance) of several biological systems and we discuss the involvement of the gut microbiome on C-section-related alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Cabré
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Anna Ratsika
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy P61 C996, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland.
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7
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Opiyo N, Bellizzi S, Torloni MR, Souza JP, Betran AP. Association between prelabour caesarean section and perinatal outcomes: analysis of demographic and health surveys from 26 low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e053049. [PMID: 35039290 PMCID: PMC8765036 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caesarean section (CS) conducted before labour (prelabour CS (PLCS)), compared with vaginal birth, may pose additional maternal and perinatal risks. No multicountry analysis has examined PLCS in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study assessed rates, risk factors and associations of PLCS with perinatal outcomes in LMICs. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional surveys. SETTING Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2015 and 2018 in 26 LMICs (13 countries in Africa, 11 in Asia and 2 in the Americas). PARTICIPANTS Women aged 15-49 years with singleton term births. OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcomes were early neonatal mortality, neonatal mortality, early breastfeeding (within 1 hour of birth), skin-to-skin contact and duration of hospital stay. RESULTS 255 227 women were included in the main analysis. Average rates of primary PLCS ranged from 1.3% in Zambia to 19.5% in Maldives. Median PLCS rate was 1.8% in the poorest versus 5.8% in the richest subgroups.Higher maternal age, education, economic status and BMI, lower parity, urban residence, delivery in private hospitals, larger baby size, having health insurance, more antenatal care (ANC) visits, ANC by a doctor and ANC in private hospitals were associated with increased primary PLCS.Across the 26 countries, primary PLCS, compared with vaginal delivery, was associated with increased neonatal mortality (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.5), decreased early breastfeeding (aOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.5) and skin-to-skin contact (aOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.5) and longer hospital stay (aOR 6.6, 95% CI 5.9 to 7.4). No significant association was found for early neonatal mortality (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 0.9 to 1.5). CONCLUSION Primary PLCS, compared with vaginal birth, is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes in singleton term pregnancies in LMICs. Caesarean births should be audited regularly to monitor trends, appropriateness and context-specific drivers of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newton Opiyo
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Regina Torloni
- Evidence-Based Healthcare Post-Graduate Program, Department of Medicine, São Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao Paulo Souza
- Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Pilar Betran
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Ramlall EK, Hall MAL, Forger NG, Castillo-Ruiz A. Cesarean birth elicits long-term effects on vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of mice. Horm Behav 2021; 136:105080. [PMID: 34749276 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Birth is an extraordinary event for placental mammals and occurs at a time when key developmental processes are shaping the brain. Remarkably, little is known about the contributions of birth to brain development and whether birth mode (vaginal vs. Cesarean) alters neurodevelopmental trajectories. We previously reported that Cesarean birth reduces vasopressin (VP) neuron number in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of mice at weaning. In this study, we investigated whether this effect extends to adulthood and whether birth mode affects oxytocin (OT) neurons, which are another prominent population in the PVN. We found that Cesarean-born adults had fewer VP neurons in the PVN, specifically in magnocellular regions. Interestingly, these regions also had more dying cells following a Cesarean birth, suggesting that cell death may be the underlying mechanism. The PVN of Cesarean-born adults also had smaller VP neuron somas and reduced VP efferent projections. Additionally, Cesarean-born mice showed fewer and smaller OT neurons in the PVN, but these effects were less robust than for VP neurons. We also examined VP and OT neuron number in the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei but found no effect of birth mode in these regions. Thus, Cesarean birth causes long-term effects on the VP and, to a lesser extent, OT systems in the PVN, suggesting that this region is particularly sensitive to the effects of birth mode. Our findings may help explain the social deficits reported for Cesarean-born mice, and are also of clinical significance given the widespread practice of Cesarean births across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Ramlall
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Megan A L Hall
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Nancy G Forger
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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9
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Onaka T, Takayanagi Y. The oxytocin system and early-life experience-dependent plastic changes. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13049. [PMID: 34713517 PMCID: PMC9286573 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early-life experience influences social and emotional behaviour in adulthood. Affiliative tactile stimuli in early life facilitate the development of social and emotional behaviour, whereas early-life adverse stimuli have been shown to increase the risk of various diseases in later life. On the other hand, oxytocin has been shown to have organizational actions during early-life stages. However, the detailed mechanisms of the effects of early-life experience and oxytocin remain unclear. Here, we review the effects of affiliative tactile stimuli during the neonatal period and neonatal oxytocin treatment on the activity of the oxytocin-oxytocin receptor system and social or emotional behaviour in adulthood. Both affiliative tactile stimuli and early-life adverse stimuli in the neonatal period acutely activate the oxytocin-oxytocin receptor system in the brain but modulate social behaviour and anxiety-related behaviour apparently in an opposite direction in adulthood. Accumulating evidence suggests that affiliative tactile stimuli and exogenous application of oxytocin in early-life stages induce higher activity of the oxytocin-oxytocin receptor system in adulthood, although the effects are dependent on experimental procedures, sex, dosages and brain regions examined. On the other hand, early-life stressful stimuli appear to induce reduced activity of the oxytocin-oxytocin receptor system, possibly leading to adverse actions in adulthood. It is possible that activation of a specific oxytocin system can induce beneficial actions against early-life maltreatments and thus could be used for the treatment of developmental psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityTochigiJapan
| | - Yuki Takayanagi
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityTochigiJapan
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10
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Morais LH, Golubeva AV, Casey S, Scott KA, Ramos Costa AP, Moloney GM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Early-life oxytocin attenuates the social deficits induced by caesarean-section delivery in the mouse. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1958-1968. [PMID: 34040156 PMCID: PMC8429532 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The oxytocin (OXT) system has been strongly implicated in the regulation of social behaviour and anxiety, potentially contributing to the aetiology of a wide range of neuropathologies. Birth by Caesarean-section (C-section) results in alterations in microbiota diversity in early-life, alterations in brain development and has recently been associated with long-term social and anxiety-like behaviour deficits. In this study, we assessed whether OXT intervention in the early postnatal period could reverse C-section-mediated effects on behaviour, and physiology in early life and adulthood. Following C-section or per vaginum birth, pups were administered with OXT (0.2 or 2 μg/20 μl; s.c.) or saline daily from postnatal days 1-5. We demonstrate that early postnatal OXT treatment has long-lasting effects reversing many of the effects of C-section on mouse behaviour and physiology. In early-life, high-dose OXT administration attenuated C-section-mediated maternal attachment impairments. In adulthood, low-dose OXT restored social memory deficits, some aspects of anxiety-like behaviour, and improved gastrointestinal transit. Furthermore, as a consequence of OXT intervention in early life, OXT plasma levels were increased in adulthood, and dysregulation of the immune response in C-section animals was attenuated by both doses of OXT treatment. These findings indicate that there is an early developmental window sensitive to manipulations of the OXT system that can prevent lifelong behavioural and physiological impairments associated with mode of birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia H. Morais
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Present Address: Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sophie Casey
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,Present Address: Irish Centre for Foetal and Neonatal Translational Research, INFANT, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen A. Scott
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Present Address: Department of Pharmacodynamics, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Ana Paula Ramos Costa
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.411237.20000 0001 2188 7235Departamento de Farmacologia, CCB, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gerard M. Moloney
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Zhang Y, Betran AP, Li X, Liu D, Yuan N, Shang L, Lin W, Tu S, Wang L, Wu X, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Zheng L, Gu C, Fang J, Liu Z, Ma L, Cai Z, Yang X, Li H, Zhang H, Zhao X, Yan L, Wang L, Sun X, Luo Q, Liu L, Zhu J, Qin W, Yao Q, Dong S, Yang Y, Cui Z, He Y, Feng X, He L, Zhang H, Zhang L, Wang X, Souza JP, Qi H, Duan T, Zhang J. What is an appropriate caesarean delivery rate for China: a multicentre survey. BJOG 2021; 129:138-147. [PMID: 34559941 PMCID: PMC9297886 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the current status of caesarean delivery (CD) in China, propose reference CD rates for China overall, and by regions, investigate the main indications for CDs and identify possible areas for safe reduction. Design A multicentre cross‐sectional study. Setting A total of 94 hospitals across 23 provinces in China. Population A total of 73 977 randomly selected deliveries. Methods We used a modified Robson classification to characterise CDs in subgroups and by regions, and the World Health Organization (WHO) C‐Model to calculate reference CD rates. Main outcome measures CD rates in China. Results In 2015–2016, the overall CD rate in China was 38.9% (95% CI 38.6–39.3%). Considering the obstetric characteristics of the population, the multivariable model‐based reference CD rate was estimated at 28.5% (95% CI 28.3–28.8%). Accordingly, an absolute reduction of 10.4% (or 26.7% relative reduction) may be considered. The CD rate varied substantially by region. Previous CD was the most common indication in all regions, accounting for 38.2% of all CDs, followed by maternal request (9.8%), labour dystocia (8.3%), fetal distress (7.7%) and malpresentation (7.6%). Overall, 12.7% of women had prelabour CDs, contributing to 32.8% of the total CDs. Conclusions Nearly 39% of births were delivered by caesarean in China but a reduction of this rate by a quarter may be considered attainable. Repeat CD contributed more than one‐third of the total CDs. Given the large variation in maternal characteristics, region‐specific or even hospital‐specific reference CD rates are needed for precision management of CD. Tweetable abstract The caesarean rate in 2015–2016 in China was 38.9%, whereas the reference rate was 28.5%. The caesarean rate in 2015–2016 in China was 38.9%, whereas the reference rate was 28.5%. Linked article This article is commented on by M Varner, p. 148 in this issue. To view this mini commentary visit https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Ministry of Education - Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - A P Betran
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - X Li
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Liu
- Dongguan City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - N Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - L Shang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - W Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - S Tu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Jiangsu Women and Child Health Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Zhu
- The First People's Hospital of Zhaotong, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qujing, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Lu
- Suining Central Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zheng
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
| | - C Gu
- Yangzhou Maternal and Child Care Service Centre, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Fang
- Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Z Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - L Ma
- Yanshi City People's Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Z Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aviation Hospital of Beijing, China Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, China
| | - H Li
- Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - H Zhang
- Haikou Hospital of the Maternal and Child Health, Hainan, China
| | - X Zhao
- The First People's Hospital of Taizhou, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - L Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Hebei, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The 174th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - X Sun
- Puyang Maternal and Child Care Centres, Henan, China
| | - Q Luo
- Luzhou People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - L Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Zhu
- The Second People's Hospital of Tongxiang, Zhejiang, China
| | - W Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aviation Hospital of Beijing, China Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Q Yao
- The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, University of South China, Hunan, China
| | - S Dong
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Y Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Z Cui
- Department of Obstetrics, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Y He
- The Second People's Hospital of Qingyuan City, Guangdong, China
| | - X Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - L He
- The People's Hospital of Pengzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Eastern District of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - L Zhang
- Ministry of Education - Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J P Souza
- Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - T Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhang
- Ministry of Education - Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Rifas-Shiman SL, Huh SY, Martin RM, Kramer M, Patel R, Bogdanovich N, Vilchuck K, Thompson J, Oken E. Delivery by caesarean section and offspring adiposity and cardio-metabolic health at ages 6.5, 11.5 and 16 years: results from the PROBIT cohort in Belarus. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12783. [PMID: 33660413 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caesarean delivery has been associated with later adiposity, perhaps via early programming or perhaps because of residual confounding by maternal or birth characteristics. OBJECTIVES Examine associations of caesarean delivery with adiposity and cardio-metabolic biomarkers. METHODS Observational analysis of 15 069 children in the PROBIT cohort in Belarus. We examined measures of child anthropometry and blood pressure at 6.5, 11.5 and 16 years and fasting blood (11.5 years). RESULTS Caesarean-delivered children were slightly heavier at 6.5 (mean BMI 15.8 vs. 15.6 kg/m2 ), 11.5 (18.4 vs. 18.2) and 16 years (21.5 vs. 21.3). After adjustment for prenatal characteristics including maternal third trimester BMI, however, we observed no association of caesarean versus vaginal delivery with child BMI (β 0.05 kg/m2 ; 95%CI: -0.03, 0.14), sum of skinfolds (0.14 mm; -0.13, 0.42), waist circumference (-0.07 cm; -0.23, 0.10), obesity (OR 0.99; 0.76, 1.29), or systolic (-0.20 mmHg; -0.70, 0.30) or diastolic (-0.17 mmHg, -0.60, 0.26) blood pressure at 6.5 years; results were similar at 11.5 and 16 years. At 11.5 years, we observed a modest association of caesarean delivery with fasting insulin (0.33 mU/L; 0.00, 0.65). CONCLUSIONS Caesarean delivery had little or no association with adiposity or related cardio-metabolic biomarkers in childhood. Adjustment for maternal BMI attenuated all outcome effect estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susanna Y Huh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard M Martin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Kramer
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rita Patel
- Department of Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalia Bogdanovich
- Department of Obstetrics, National Research and Applied Medicine Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Konstanin Vilchuck
- Department of Obstetrics, National Research and Applied Medicine Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Jennifer Thompson
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Abstract
Prairie voles have emerged as an important rodent model for understanding the neuroscience of social behavior. Prairie voles are well known for their capacity for pair bonding and alloparental care. These behavioral phenomena overlap with human social behavior but are not commonly observed in traditional rodent models. In this article, we highlight the many benefits of using prairie voles in neuroscience research. We begin by describing the advantages of using diverse and non-traditional study models. We then focus on social behaviors, including pair bonding, alloparental care, and peer interactions, that have brought voles to the forefront of social neuroscience. We describe many additional features of prairie vole biology and behavior that provide researchers with opportunities to address an array of research questions. We also survey neuroethological methods that have been used with prairie voles, from classic to modern techniques. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of other vole species, particularly meadow voles, and their own unique advantages for neuroscience studies. This article provides a foundation for researchers who are new to working with voles, as well as for experienced neuroscientists who want to expand their research scope. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Kenkel
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Morgan L. Gustison
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Annaliese K. Beery
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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14
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Zuena AR, Casolini P, Venerosi A, Alemà GS, Nicoletti F, Calamandrei G. Selective reduction in the expression of type-1 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the hippocampus of adult rats born by caesarean section. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:333-341. [PMID: 33759234 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia causes long-term neurobiological consequences, including alterations in mechanisms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and cognitive dysfunction. Changes in neurotransmitter receptors have been associated with these alterations, but little is known on how early hypoxia influences the expression and function of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in adult life. This is an important issue because mGlu receptors are implicated in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Here, we examined the expression of mGlu1, mGlu5, and mGlu2/3 receptor subtypes in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and dorsal striatum in 6-month old Wistar rats (a) born by vaginal delivery; (b) born by caesarean section; and (c) born by caesarean section followed by 20 min of asphyxia. Unexpectedly, we found a large reduction of mGlu1α protein levels in the hippocampus of rats born by caesarean section regardless of the presence of asphyxia. No changes in mGlu1α receptor protein levels were found in the other brain regions. Levels of mGlu5 and mGlu2/3 receptors and levels of GluA2/3 and GluN1 subunits of AMPA and NMDA receptors did not differ among the three groups of rats in any brain region. These results are consistent with previous findings showing that changes in mGlu1 receptors occur within the epigenetic programming caused by early-life events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Casolini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldina Venerosi
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
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15
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Hoffiz YC, Castillo-Ruiz A, Hall MAL, Hite TA, Gray JM, Cisternas CD, Cortes LR, Jacobs AJ, Forger NG. Birth elicits a conserved neuroendocrine response with implications for perinatal osmoregulation and neuronal cell death. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2335. [PMID: 33504846 PMCID: PMC7840942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-standing clinical findings report a dramatic surge of vasopressin in umbilical cord blood of the human neonate, but the neural underpinnings and function(s) of this phenomenon remain obscure. We studied neural activation in perinatal mice and rats, and found that birth triggers activation of the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. This was seen whether mice were born vaginally or via Cesarean section (C-section), and when birth timing was experimentally manipulated. Neuronal phenotyping showed that the activated neurons were predominantly vasopressinergic, and vasopressin mRNA increased fivefold in the hypothalamus during the 2–3 days before birth. Copeptin, a surrogate marker of vasopressin, was elevated 30-to 50-fold in plasma of perinatal mice, with higher levels after a vaginal than a C-section birth. We also found an acute decrease in plasma osmolality after a vaginal, but not C-section birth, suggesting that the difference in vasopressin release between birth modes is functionally meaningful. When vasopressin was administered centrally to newborns, we found an ~ 50% reduction in neuronal cell death in specific brain areas. Collectively, our results identify a conserved neuroendocrine response to birth that is sensitive to birth mode, and influences peripheral physiology and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarely C Hoffiz
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | | | - Megan A L Hall
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Taylor A Hite
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Jennifer M Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Carla D Cisternas
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.,Instituto de Investigación Médica M Y M Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura R Cortes
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Andrew J Jacobs
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Nancy G Forger
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
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