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Mazhar S, Simon A, Khokhlova E, Colom J, Leeuwendaal N, Deaton J, Rea K. In vitro safety and functional characterization of the novel Bacillus coagulans strain CGI314. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1302480. [PMID: 38274758 PMCID: PMC10809412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1302480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacillus coagulans species have garnered much interest in health-related functional food research owing to their desirable probiotic properties, including pathogen exclusion, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and food fermentation capabilities coupled with their tolerance of extreme environments (pH, temperature, gastric and bile acid resistance) and stability due to their endosporulation ability. Methods In this study, the novel strain Bacillus coagulans CGI314 was assessed for safety, and functional probiotic attributes including resistance to heat, gastric acid and bile salts, the ability to adhere to intestinal cells, aggregation properties, the ability to suppress the growth of human pathogens, enzymatic profile, antioxidant capacity using biochemical and cell-based methods, cholesterol assimilation, anti-inflammatory activity, and attenuation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced disruption of the intestinal-epithelial barrier. Results B. coagulans CGI314 spores display resistance to high temperatures (40°C, 70°C, and 90°C), and gastric and bile acids [pH 3.0 and bile salt (0.3%)], demonstrating its ability to survive and remain viable under gastrointestinal conditions. Spores and the vegetative form of this strain were able to adhere to a mucous-producing intestinal cell line, demonstrated moderate auto-aggregation properties, and could co-aggregate with potentially pathogenic bacteria. Vegetative cells attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in HT-29 intestinal cell lines and demonstrated broad antagonistic activity toward numerous urinary tract, intestinal, oral, and skin pathogens. Metabolomic profiling demonstrated its ability to synthesize several amino acids, vitamins and short-chain fatty acids from the breakdown of complex molecules or by de novo synthesis. Additionally, B. coagulans CGI314's strong antioxidant capacity was demonstrated using enzyme-based methods and was further supported by its cytoprotective and antioxidant effects in HepG2 and HT-29 cell lines. Furthermore, B. coagulans CGI314 significantly increased the expression of tight junction proteins and partially ameliorated the detrimental effects of H2O2 induced intestinal-epithelial barrier integrity. Discussion Taken together these beneficial functional properties provide strong evidence for B. coagulans CGI314 as a promising potential probiotic candidate in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahneela Mazhar
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bio-Innovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Annie Simon
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bio-Innovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Khokhlova
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bio-Innovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joan Colom
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bio-Innovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Natasha Leeuwendaal
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bio-Innovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Deaton
- ADM Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Kieran Rea
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bio-Innovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Allenspach K, Sung CH, Ceron JJ, Peres Rubio C, Bourgois-Mochel A, Suchodolski JS, Yuan L, Kundu D, Colom Comas J, Rea K, Mochel JP. Effect of the Probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE-CA9 TM on Fecal Scores, Serum Oxidative Stress Markers and Fecal and Serum Metabolome in Healthy Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:566. [PMID: 37756088 PMCID: PMC10537710 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the use of Bacillus species as probiotics since their spore-forming ability favors their survival in the acidic gastric environment over other probiotic species. The subsequent germination of B. subtilis to their vegetative form allows for their growth in the small intestine and may increase their beneficial effect on the host. B. subtilis strains have also previously been shown to have beneficial effects in humans and production animals, however, no reports are available so far on their use in companion animals. STUDY DESIGN The goal of this study was therefore to investigate the daily administration of 1 × 109 cfu DE-CA9TM orally per day versus placebo on health parameters, fecal scores, fecal microbiome, fecal metabolomics, as well as serum metabolomics and oxidative stress markers in ten healthy Beagle dogs in a parallel, randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled design over a period of 45 days. RESULTS DE-CA9TM decreased the oxidative status compared to controls for advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMS), suggesting an antioxidant effect of the treatment. Fecal metabolomics revealed a significant reduction in metabolites associated with tryptophan metabolism in the DE-CA9TM-treated group. DE-CA9TM also significantly decreased phenylalanine and homocysteine and increased homoserine and threonine levels. Amino acid metabolism was also affected in the serum metabolome, with increased levels of urea and cadaverine, and reductions in N-acetylornithine in DE-CA9TM compared to controls. Similarly, changes in essential amino acids were observed, with a significant increase in tryptophan and lysine levels and a decrease in homocysteine. An increase in serum guanine and deoxyuridine was also detected, with a decrease in beta-alanine in the animals that ingested DE-CA9TM. CONCLUSIONS Data generated throughout this study suggest that the daily administration of 1 × 109 cfu of DE-CA9TM in healthy Beagle dogs is safe and does not affect markers of general health and fecal scores. Furthermore, DE-CA9TM administration had a potential positive effect on some serum markers of oxidative stress, and protein and lipid metabolism in serum and feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Chi-Hsuan Sung
- The Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-H.S.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Ceron
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- The Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-H.S.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Lingnan Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Debosmita Kundu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (D.K.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Joan Colom Comas
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bioinnovation Unit, Food Science Building, College Road, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland; (J.C.C.); (K.R.)
| | - Kieran Rea
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bioinnovation Unit, Food Science Building, College Road, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland; (J.C.C.); (K.R.)
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (D.K.); (J.P.M.)
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Simon A, Mazhar S, Khokhlova E, Leeuwendaal N, Phipps C, Deaton J, Rea K, Colom J. Solarplast ®-An Enzymatically Treated Spinach Extract. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2678. [PMID: 37514292 PMCID: PMC10384499 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In the modern world we are constantly bombarded by environmental and natural stimuli that can result in oxidative stress. Antioxidant molecules and enzymes help the human body scavenge reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative damage. Most organisms possess intrinsic antioxidant activity, but also benefit from the consumption of antioxidants from their diet. Leafy green vegetables such as spinach are a well-researched rich source of dietary antioxidant molecules. However, plant cell walls are difficult to digest for many individuals and the bio-accessibility of nutrients and antioxidants from these sources can be limited by the degree of digestion and assimilation. Through a specific enzymatic process, Solarplast® contains organic spinach protoplasts without the cell wall, which may facilitate higher yield and efficacy of beneficial antioxidant molecules. In this study, analytical techniques coupled to in vitro bioassays were used to determine the potential antioxidant activity of Solarplast® and determine its antioxidant enzymatic capabilities. Solarplast® demonstrated superior antioxidant activity when compared to frozen spinach leaves in TOC, FRAP and TEAC antioxidant assays. Several antioxidant enzymes were also increased in Solarplast®, when compared to frozen spinach. As a functional readout, Solarplast® attenuated hydrogen peroxide-, ethanol- and acetaminophen-induced increases in oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in both intestinal (HT-29) and liver (HepG2) cell lines. These findings suggest that Solarplast® may represent a non-GMO, plant-based food supplement to help reduce oxidative stress in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Simon
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Shahneela Mazhar
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Khokhlova
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Natasha Leeuwendaal
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Christopher Phipps
- ADM Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard, Kennesaw, GA 30152, USA
| | - John Deaton
- ADM Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard, Kennesaw, GA 30152, USA
| | - Kieran Rea
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
| | - Joan Colom
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Food Science Building, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland
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Rea K, Colom J, Simon EA, Khokhlova E, Mazhar S, Barrena M, Enrique M, Martorell P, Perez BA, Tortajada M, Phipps C, Deaton J. Evaluation of Bacillus clausii CSI08, Bacillus megaterium MIT411 and a Bacillus cocktail on gastrointestinal health: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Benef Microbes 2023; 14:165-182. [PMID: 37026366 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the safety, tolerance and impact of 1×109 cfu Bacillus clausii CSI08, 1×109 cfu Bacillus megaterium MIT411 and a probiotic cocktail containing Bacillus subtilis DE111®, Bacillus megaterium MIT411, Bacillus coagulans CGI314, and Bacillus clausii CSI08 with a total count of 2.0×109 cfu administered daily were assessed as compared with a maltodextrin containing placebo control. A total of 98 study participants received daily doses for 45 days, followed by a washout period of 2 weeks. A questionnaire to capture the incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract, urinary tract and/or gastrointestinal complaints and a diary to capture stool regularity and consistency was kept daily to record compliance throughout the 45 days. Faecal and blood samples were collected for microbiological and haematological analysis at the start and end of the treatment period. The probiotic cocktail significantly decreased the incidence of loose stools throughout the entire study. The recorded respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal symptoms, defecation frequency and other stool consistency were not influenced. No clinically relevant changes in blood parameters, such as liver and kidney function and no serious adverse events appeared during and after administration. There were no changes in symptoms including sadness, irritability, energy, appetite, tension, stress, sleep, cardiovascular events, aches and pains, and dizziness as determined by a mood questionnaire administered to participants at baseline and at the end of the treatment period. Similarly, the measured inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, cholesterol, triglycerides, free amino acids or minerals remained unaffected. There were no negative changes in alpha or beta diversity of the microbiota with any of the treatment groups. These promising data suggest that these treatments were safe and well tolerated, and further work with larger cohorts are justified to determine the efficacy of these potential probiotics in select demographic groups. Trial registration number with clinicaltrials.gov at NCT04758845.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rea
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd./ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - J Colom
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd./ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - E A Simon
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd./ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - E Khokhlova
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd./ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - S Mazhar
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd./ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - M Barrena
- ADM Biopolis, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Catadratico Agustin Escardino Benlloch, 9. Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - M Enrique
- ADM Biopolis, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Catadratico Agustin Escardino Benlloch, 9. Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - P Martorell
- ADM Biopolis, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Catadratico Agustin Escardino Benlloch, 9. Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - B Alvarez Perez
- ADM Biopolis, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Catadratico Agustin Escardino Benlloch, 9. Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - M Tortajada
- ADM Biopolis, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Catadratico Agustin Escardino Benlloch, 9. Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - C Phipps
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes/ADM, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard Kennesaw, GA 30152, USA
| | - J Deaton
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes/ADM, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard Kennesaw, GA 30152, USA
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Colom J, Freitas D, Simon A, Khokhlova E, Mazhar S, Buckley M, Phipps C, Deaton J, Brodkorb A, Rea K. Acute physiological effects following Bacillus subtilis DE111 oral ingestion - a randomised, double blinded, placebo-controlled study. Benef Microbes 2023; 14:31-44. [PMID: 36790091 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies using ileostomy samples from study participants demonstrated that the spore-forming probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111® can germinate in the small intestine as early as 4 hours after ingestion. Metabolomics, proteomics and sequencing technologies, enabled further analysis of these samples for the presence of hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive molecules. In the DE111 treatment group, the polyphenols trigonelline and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, orotic acid, the non-essential amino acid cystine and the lipokine 12,13-diHome were increased. DE111 also reduced acetylcholine levels in the ileostomy samples, and increased the expression of leucocyte recruiting proteins, antimicrobial peptides and intestinal alkaline phosphatases of the brush border in the small intestine. The combination of B. subtilis DE111 and the diet administered during the study increased the expression of the proteins phosphodiesterase ENPP7, ceramidase ASAH2 and the adipokine Zn-alpha-2-glycoprotein that are involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism. Acute B. subtilis DE111 ingestion had limited detectable effect on the microbiome, with the main change being its increased presence. These findings support previous data suggesting a beneficial role of DE111 in digestion, metabolism, and immune health that appears to begin within hours of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colom
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - D Freitas
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - A Simon
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - E Khokhlova
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - S Mazhar
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M Buckley
- Mercy University Hospital, Grenville PI, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Phipps
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard Kennesaw, GA, USA 30152, USA
| | - J Deaton
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard Kennesaw, GA, USA 30152, USA
| | - A Brodkorb
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - K Rea
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Khokhlova E, Colom J, Simon A, Mazhar S, García-Lainez G, Llopis S, Gonzalez N, Enrique-López M, Álvarez B, Martorell P, Tortajada M, Deaton J, Rea K. Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Properties of a Novel Potential Probiotic Bacillus clausii CSI08. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020240. [PMID: 36838205 PMCID: PMC9962608 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus genus have demonstrated potential as probiotics for human use. Bacillus clausii have been recognized as efficacious and safe agents for preventing and treating diarrhea in children and adults, with pronounced immunomodulatory properties during several in vitro and clinical studies. Herein, we characterize the novel strain of B. clausii CSI08 (Munispore®) for probiotic attributes including resistance to gastric acid and bile salts, the ability to suppress the growth of human pathogens, the capacity to assimilate wide range of carbohydrates and to produce potentially beneficial enzymes. Both spores and vegetative cells of this strain were able to adhere to a mucous-producing intestinal cell line and to attenuate the LPS- and Poly I:C-triggered pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in HT-29 intestinal cell line. Vegetative cells of B. clausii CSI08 were also able to elicit a robust immune response in U937-derived macrophages. Furthermore, B. clausii CSI08 demonstrated cytoprotective effects in in vitro cell culture and in vivo C. elegans models of oxidative stress. Taken together, these beneficial properties provide strong evidence for B. clausii CSI08 as a promising potential probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Khokhlova
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Joan Colom
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Annie Simon
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Shahneela Mazhar
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Guillermo García-Lainez
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Silvia Llopis
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Nuria Gonzalez
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - María Enrique-López
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Beatriz Álvarez
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Patricia Martorell
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - John Deaton
- Deerland Probiotics & Enzymes, ADM, Science and Technology Department, 3800 Cobb International Blvd., Kennesaw, GA 30152, USA
| | - Kieran Rea
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Mazhar S, Khokhlova E, Colom J, Simon A, Deaton J, Rea K. In vitro and in silico assessment of probiotic and functional properties of Bacillus subtilis DE111 ®. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1101144. [PMID: 36713219 PMCID: PMC9880548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis DE111® is a safe, well-tolerated commercially available spore-forming probiotic that has been clinically shown to support a healthy gut microbiome, and to promote digestive and immune health in both adults and children. Recently it was shown that this spore-forming probiotic was capable of germinating in the gastrointestinal tract as early as 3 h after ingestion. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the efficacy of DE111® is required. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the functional properties of DE111® through employing a combination of in vitro functional assays and genome analysis. DE111® genome mining revealed the presence of several genes encoding acid and stress tolerance mechanisms in addition to adhesion proteins required to survive and colonize harsh gastrointestinal environment including multi subunit ATPases, arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway genes (argBDR), stress (GroES/GroEL and DnaK/DnaJ) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) biosynthesis genes (pgsBCA). DE111® harbors several genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of dietary molecules (protease, lipases, and carbohyrolases), antioxidant activity and genes associated with the synthesis of several B-vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxin, biotin, and folate), vitamin K2 (menaquinone) and seven amino acids including five essential amino acids (threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, and lysine). Furthermore, a combined in silico analysis of bacteriocin producing genes with in vitro analysis highlighted a broad antagonistic activity of DE111® toward numerous urinary tract, intestinal, and skin pathogens. Enzymatic activities included proteases, peptidases, esterase's, and carbohydrate metabolism coupled with metabolomic analysis of DE111® fermented ultra-high temperature milk, revealed a high release of amino acids and beneficial short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Together, this study demonstrates the genetic and phenotypic ability of DE111® for surviving harsh gastric transit and conferring health benefits to the host, in particular its efficacy in the metabolism of dietary molecules, and its potential to generate beneficial SCFAs, casein-derived bioactive peptides, as well as its high antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Thus, supporting the use of DE111® as a nutrient supplement and its pottential use in the preparation of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahneela Mazhar
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Khokhlova
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joan Colom
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Annie Simon
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Deaton
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, ADM, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Kieran Rea
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,*Correspondence: Kieran Rea, ✉
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Simon A, Colom J, Mazhar S, Khokhlova E, Deaton J, Rea K. Bacillus megaterium Renuspore ® as a potential probiotic for gut health and detoxification of unwanted dietary contaminants. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1125616. [PMID: 37113219 PMCID: PMC10126418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1125616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to diverse environmental pollutants and food contaminants is ever-increasing. The risks related to the bioaccumulation of such xenobiotics in the air and food chain have exerted negative effects on human health, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, gastrointestinal disorders, and chronic diseases. The use of probiotics is considered an economical and versatile tool for the detoxification of hazardous chemicals that are persistent in the environment and food chain, potentially for scavenging unwanted xenobiotics in the gut. In this study, Bacillus megaterium MIT411 (Renuspore®) was characterized for general probiotic properties including antimicrobial activity, dietary metabolism, and antioxidant activity, and for the capacity to detoxify several environmental contaminants that can be found in the food chain. In silico studies revealed genes associated with carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism, xenobiotic chelation or degradation, and antioxidant properties. Bacillus megaterium MIT411 (Renuspore®) demonstrated high levels of total antioxidant activities, in addition to antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Campylobacter jejuni in vitro. The metabolic analysis demonstrated strong enzymatic activity with a high release of amino acids and beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Moreover, Renuspore® effectively chelated the heavy metals, mercury and lead, without negatively impacting the beneficial minerals, iron, magnesium, or calcium, and degraded the environmental contaminants, nitrite, ammonia, and 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol. These findings suggest that Renuspore® may play a beneficial role in supporting gut health metabolism and eliminating unwanted dietary contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Simon
- ADM Cork H&W Ltd., Bioinnovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joan Colom
- ADM Cork H&W Ltd., Bioinnovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shahneela Mazhar
- ADM Cork H&W Ltd., Bioinnovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Khokhlova
- ADM Cork H&W Ltd., Bioinnovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Deaton
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes/ADM, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Kieran Rea
- ADM Cork H&W Ltd., Bioinnovation Unit, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Kieran Rea
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9
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Cabré S, Ratsika A, Rea K, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Animal Models for Assessing Impact of C-Section Delivery on Biological Systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104555. [PMID: 35122781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in Caesarean section (C-section) births worldwide over the past two decades and although it is can be a life-saving procedure, the enduring effects on host physiology are now undergoing further scrutiny. Indeed, epidemiological data have linked C-section birth with multiple immune, metabolic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Birth by C-section is known to alter the colonisation of the neonatal gut microbiota (with C-section delivered infants lacking vaginal microbiota associated with passing along the birth canal), which in turn can impact the development and maintenance of many important biological systems. Appropriate animal models are key to disentangling the role of missing microbes in brain health and disease in C-section births. In this review of preclinical studies, we interrogate the effects of C-section birth on the development (and maintenance) of several biological systems and we discuss the involvement of the gut microbiome on C-section-related alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Cabré
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Anna Ratsika
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy P61 C996, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland.
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10
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Schverer M, Donoso F, Mitchell A, Rea K, Fitzgerald P, Sen P, Roy BL, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Schellekens H. Dietary Milk Phospholipids Attenuate Chronic Stress-Induced Changes in Behavior and Endocrine Responses across the Lifespan. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100665. [PMID: 34851032 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Increasing scientific evidence is validating the use of dietary strategies to support and improve brain health throughout the lifespan, with tailored nutritional interventions catering for specific life stages. Dietary phospholipid supplementations in early life and adulthood are shown to alleviate some of the behavioral consequences associated with chronic stress. This study aims to explore the protective effects of a tailored phospholipid-enriched buttermilk on behavioral and endocrine responses induced by chronic psychosocial stress in adulthood, and to compare these effects according to the life stage at which the supplementation is started. METHODS AND RESULTS A novel developed phospholipid-enriched dairy product is assessed for its effects on social, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, as well as the stress response and cognitive performance following chronic psychosocial stress in C57BL/6J mice, with supplementation beginning in adulthood or early life. Milk phospholipid supplementation from birth protects adult mice against chronic stress-induced changes in endocrine response to a subsequent acute stressor and reduces innate anxiety-like behavior in non-stressed animals. When starting in adulthood, the dietary intervention reverses the anxiety-like phenotype caused by chronic stress exposure. CONCLUSION Dairy-derived phospholipids exert differential protective effects against chronic psychosocial stress depending on the targeted life stage and duration of the dietary supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Schverer
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francisco Donoso
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Avery Mitchell
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick Fitzgerald
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paromita Sen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Murray R, Willcutts K, Hershey M, Sarosiek B, Turrentine B, Rea K. Impact of Nutrition Adequacy in Patients after Elective Colorectal Surgery on Clinical Outcomes: A Pilot Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Rea K, O' Mahony SM, Cryan JF. High and Mighty? Cannabinoids and the microbiome in pain. Neurobiol Pain 2021; 9:100061. [PMID: 33665479 PMCID: PMC7905370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2021.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on the potential role of the endogenous cannabinoids in modulating microbiota-driven changes in peripheral and central pain processing. We also focus on the overlap in mechanisms whereby commensal gut microbiota and endocannabinoid ligands can regulate inflammation and further aim to exploit our understanding of their role in microbiota-gut-brain axis communication in pain processing.
Within the human gut, we each harbour a unique ecosystem represented by trillions of microbes that contribute to our health and wellbeing. These gut microbiota form part of a complex network termed the microbiota-gut-brain axis along with the enteric nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmune components of the central nervous system. Through endocrine, immune and neuropeptide/neurotransmitter systems, the microbiota can relay information about health status of the gut. This in turn can profoundly impact neuronal signalling not only in the periphery, but also in the brain itself and thus impact on emotional systems and behavioural responses. This may be true for pain, as the top-down facilitation or inhibition of pain processing occurs at a central level, while ascending afferent nociceptive information from the viscera and systemic areas travel through the periphery and spinal cord to the brain. The endogenous cannabinoid receptors are ubiquitously expressed throughout the gut, periphery and in brain regions associated with pain responding, and represent targets for endogenous and exogenous manipulation. In this review, we will focus on the potential role of the endogenous cannabinoids in modulating microbiota-driven changes in peripheral and central pain processing. We also focus on the overlap in mechanisms whereby commensal gut microbiota and endocannabinoid ligands can regulate inflammation and further aim to exploit our understanding of their role in microbiota-gut-brain axis communication in pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O' Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Donoso F, Schverer M, Rea K, Pusceddu MM, Roy BL, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Schellekens H. Neurobiological effects of phospholipids in vitro: Relevance to stress-related disorders. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100252. [PMID: 33344707 PMCID: PMC7739190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is a crucial component for maintenance of brain function and mental health. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain molecular compounds derived from diet can exert neuroprotective effects against chronic stress, and moreover improve important neuronal processes vulnerable to the stress response, such as plasticity and neurogenesis. Phospholipids are naturally occurring amphipathic molecules with promising potential to promote brain health. However, it is unclear whether phospholipids are able to modulate neuronal function directly under a stress-related context. In this study, we investigate the neuroprotective effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidic acid (PA), sphingomyelin (SM) and cardiolipin (CL) against corticosterone (CORT)-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. In addition, we examine their capacity to modulate proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We show that PS, PG and PE can reverse CORT-induced cytotoxicity and neuronal depletion in cortical cells. On the other hand, phospholipid exposure was unable to prevent the decrease of Bdnf expression produced by CORT. Interestingly, PS was able to increase hippocampal NPCs neurosphere size, and PE elicited a significant increase in astrocytic differentiation in hippocampal NPCs. Together, these results indicate that specific phospholipids protect cortical cells against CORT-induced cytotoxicity and improve proliferation and astrocytic differentiation in hippocampal NPCs, suggesting potential implications on neurodevelopmental and neuroprotective pathways relevant for stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Donoso
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marina Schverer
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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14
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Schellekens H, Torres-Fuentes C, van de Wouw M, Long-Smith CM, Mitchell A, Strain C, Berding K, Bastiaanssen TFS, Rea K, Golubeva AV, Arboleya S, Verpaalen M, Pusceddu MM, Murphy A, Fouhy F, Murphy K, Ross P, Roy BL, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Bifidobacterium longum counters the effects of obesity: Partial successful translation from rodent to human. EBioMedicine 2020; 63:103176. [PMID: 33349590 PMCID: PMC7838052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human gut microbiota has emerged as a key factor in the development of obesity. Certain probiotic strains have shown anti-obesity effects. The objective of this study was to investigate whether Bifidobacterium longum APC1472 has anti-obesity effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and whether B. longum APC1472 supplementation reduces body-mass index (BMI) in healthy overweight/obese individuals as the primary outcome. B. longum APC1472 effects on waist-to-hip ratio (W/H ratio) and on obesity-associated plasma biomarkers were analysed as secondary outcomes. Methods B. longum APC1472 was administered to HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice in drinking water for 16 weeks. In the human intervention trial, participants received B. longum APC1472 or placebo supplementation for 12 weeks, during which primary and secondary outcomes were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. Findings B. longum APC1472 supplementation was associated with decreased bodyweight, fat depots accumulation and increased glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice. While, in healthy overweight/obese adults, the supplementation of B. longum APC1472 strain did not change primary outcomes of BMI (0.03, 95% CI [-0.4, 0.3]) or W/H ratio (0.003, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.01]), a positive effect on the secondary outcome of fasting blood glucose levels was found (-0.299, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.09]). Interpretation This study shows a positive translational effect of B. longum APC1472 on fasting blood glucose from a preclinical mouse model of obesity to a human intervention study in otherwise healthy overweight and obese individuals. This highlights the promising potential of B. longum APC1472 to be developed as a valuable supplement in reducing specific markers of obesity. Funding This research was funded in part by Science Foundation Ireland in the form of a Research Centre grant (SFI/12/RC/2273) to APC Microbiome Ireland and by a research grant from Cremo S.A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | - Avery Mitchell
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conall Strain
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mathieu Verpaalen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Amy Murphy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Fouhy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiera Murphy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; College of Science Engineering & Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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15
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Margineanu MB, Sherwin E, Golubeva A, Peterson V, Hoban A, Fiumelli H, Rea K, Cryan JF, Magistretti PJ. Gut microbiota modulates expression of genes involved in the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle in the hippocampus. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 41:152-159. [PMID: 33191074 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota modulates brain physiology, development, and behavior and has been implicated as a key regulator in several central nervous system disorders. Its effect on the metabolic coupling between neurons and astrocytes has not been studied to date, even though this is an important component of brain energy metabolism and physiology and it is perturbed in neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders. In this study, we have investigated the mRNA expression of 6 genes encoding proteins implicated in the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (Atp1a2, Ldha, Ldhb, Mct1, Gys1, Pfkfb3), in relation to different gut microbiota manipulations, in the mouse brain hippocampus, a region with critical functions in cognition and behavior. We have discovered that Atp1a2 and Pfkfb3, encoding the ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 2 sub-unit, respectively and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3, two genes predominantly expressed in astrocytes, were upregulated in the hippocampus after microbial colonization of germ-free mice for 24 h, compared with conventionally raised mice. Pfkfb3 was also upregulated in germ-free mice compared with conventionally raised mice, while an increase in Atp1a2 expression in germ-free mice was confirmed only at the protein level by Western blot. In a separate cohort of mice, Atp1a2 and Pfkfb3 mRNA expression was upregulated in the hippocampus following 6-week dietary supplementation with prebiotics (fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides) in an animal model of chronic psychosocial stress. To our knowledge, these findings are the first to report an influence of the gut microbiota and prebiotics on mRNA expression of genes implicated in the metabolic coupling between neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Margineanu
- Laboratory for Cellular Imaging and Energetics, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; OncoGen Research Centre, "Pius Brinzeu" County Emergency Hospital, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Hoban
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hubert Fiumelli
- Laboratory for Cellular Imaging and Energetics, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Laboratory for Cellular Imaging and Energetics, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Biyong EF, Alfos S, Dumetz F, Helbling JC, Aubert A, Brossaud J, Foury A, Moisan MP, Layé S, Richard E, Patterson E, Murphy K, Rea K, Stanton C, Schellekens H, Cryan JF, Capuron L, Pallet V, Ferreira G. Dietary vitamin A supplementation prevents early obesogenic diet-induced microbiota, neuronal and cognitive alterations. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:588-598. [PMID: 33223517 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early consumption of obesogenic diets, rich in saturated fat and added sugar, is associated with a plethora of biological dysfunctions, at both peripheral and brain levels. Obesity is also linked to decreased vitamin A bioavailability, an essential molecule for brain plasticity and memory function. METHODS Here we investigated in mice whether dietary vitamin A supplementation (VAS) could prevent some of the metabolic, microbiota, neuronal and cognitive alterations induced by obesogenic, high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFSD) exposure from weaning to adulthood, i.e. covering periadolescent period. RESULTS As expected, VAS was effective in enhancing peripheral vitamin A levels as well as hippocampal retinoic acid levels, the active metabolite of vitamin A, regardless of the diet. VAS attenuated HFSD-induced excessive weight gain, without affecting metabolic changes, and prevented alterations of gut microbiota α-diversity. In HFSD-fed mice, VAS prevented recognition memory deficits but had no effect on aversive memory enhancement. Interestingly, VAS alleviated both HFSD-induced higher neuronal activation and lower glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in the hippocampus after training. CONCLUSION Dietary VAS was protective against the deleterious effects of early obesogenic diet consumption on hippocampal function, possibly through modulation of the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi F Biyong
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Serge Alfos
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Dumetz
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,INRAE, MycSa, UMR 1264, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Helbling
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Agnès Aubert
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Julie Brossaud
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Aline Foury
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Moisan
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Richard
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, U1035, CHU Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Kiera Murphy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Co, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland & Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland & Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland & Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lucile Capuron
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Pallet
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, UFR de Pharmacie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Abstract
There is mounting evidence that the trillions of microbes that inhabit our gut are a substantial contributing factor to mental health and, equally, to the progression of neuropsychiatric disorders. The extraordinary complexity of the gut ecosystem, and how it interacts with the intestinal epithelium to manifest physiological changes in the brain to influence mood and behaviour, has been the subject of intense scientific scrutiny over the last 2 decades. To further complicate matters, we each harbour a unique microbiota community that is subject to change by a number of factors including diet, exercise, stress, health status, genetics, medication, and age, amongst others. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a dynamic matrix of tissues and organs including the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota, immune cells, gut tissue, glands, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the brain that communicate in a complex multidirectional manner through a number of anatomically and physiologically distinct systems. Long-term perturbations to this homeostatic environment may contribute to the progression of a number of disorders by altering physiological processes including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, neurotransmitter systems, immune function, and the inflammatory response. While an appropriate, co-ordinated physiological response, such as an immune or stress response, is necessary for survival, a dysfunctional response can be detrimental to the host, contributing to the development of a number of central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,
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18
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Inta D, Wölnerhanssen BK, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Lang E, Schweinfurth N, Mallien AS, Vasilescu AN, Schmidt A, Rea K, Westendorf AM, Tremblay MÈ, Sartorius A, Gass P, Cryan JF, Borgwardt S, Lang UE. Common Pathways in Depression and Obesity: The Role of Gut Microbiome and Diets. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-020-00199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Jaggar M, Rea K, Spichak S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. You've got male: Sex and the microbiota-gut-brain axis across the lifespan. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100815. [PMID: 31805290 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex is a critical factor in the diagnosis and development of a number of mental health disorders including autism, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, anorexia nervosa and others; likely due to differences in sex steroid hormones and genetics. Recent evidence suggests that sex can also influence the complexity and diversity of microbes that we harbour in our gut; and reciprocally that our gut microbes can directly and indirectly influence sex steroid hormones and central gene activation. There is a growing emphasis on the role of gastrointestinal microbiota in the maintenance of mental health and their role in the pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we introduce mechanisms by which gastrointestinal microbiota are thought to mediate positive health benefits along the gut-brain axis, we report how they may be modulated by sex, the role they play in sex steroid hormone regulation, and their sex-specific effects in various disorders relating to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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20
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Scheepers IM, Cryan JF, Bastiaanssen TFS, Rea K, Clarke G, Jaspan HB, Harvey BH, Hemmings SMJ, Santana L, van der Sluis R, Malan-Müller S, Wolmarans DW. Natural compulsive-like behaviour in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is associated with altered gut microbiota composition. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1419-1427. [PMID: 31663195 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric illness that significantly impacts affected patients and available treatments yield suboptimal therapeutic response. Recently, the role of the gut-brain axis (GBA) in psychiatric illness has emerged as a potential target for therapeutic exploration. However, studies concerning the role of the GBA in OCD are limited. To investigate whether a naturally occurring obsessive-compulsive-like phenotype in a rodent model, that is large nest building in deer mice, is associated with perturbations in the gut microbiome, we investigated and characterised the gut microbiota in specific-pathogen-free bred and housed large (LNB) and normal (NNB) nest-building deer mice of both sexes (n = 11 per group, including three males and eight females). Following baseline characterisation of nest-building behaviour, a single faecal sample was collected from each animal and the gut microbiota analysed. Our results reveal the overall microbial composition of LNB animals to be distinctly different compared to controls (PERMANOVA p < .05). While no genera were found to be significantly differentially abundant after correcting for multiple comparisons, the normal phenotype showed a higher loading of Prevotella and Anaeroplasma, while the OC phenotype demonstrated a higher loading of Desulfovermiculus, Aestuariispira, Peptococcus and Holdemanella (cut-off threshold for loading at 0.2 in either the first or second component of the PCA). These findings not only provide proof-of-concept for continued investigation of the GBA in OCD, but also highlight a potential underlying aetiological association between alterations in the gut microbiota and the natural development of obsessive-compulsive-like behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Scheepers
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Leonard Santana
- Unit for Business Mathematics and Informatics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - De Wet Wolmarans
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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21
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Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, Guzzetta KE, Jaggar M, Long-Smith CM, Lyte JM, Martin JA, Molinero-Perez A, Moloney G, Morelli E, Morillas E, O'Connor R, Cruz-Pereira JS, Peterson VL, Rea K, Ritz NL, Sherwin E, Spichak S, Teichman EM, van de Wouw M, Ventura-Silva AP, Wallace-Fitzsimons SE, Hyland N, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1877-2013. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitlin S. M. Cowan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V. Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine Fulling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicia Molinero-Perez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuela Morelli
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enrique Morillas
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joana S. Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily M. Teichman
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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22
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Abstract
Depression remains one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, with many patients not responding adequately to available treatments. Chronic or early-life stress is one of the key risk factors for depression. In addition, a growing body of data implicates chronic inflammation as a major player in depression pathogenesis. More recently, the gut microbiota has emerged as an important regulator of brain and behavior and also has been linked to depression. However, how this holy trinity of risk factors interact to maintain physiological homeostasis in the brain and body is not fully understood. In this review, we integrate the available data from animal and human studies on these three factors in the etiology and progression of depression. We also focus on the processes by which this microbiota-immune-stress matrix may influence centrally mediated events and on possible therapeutic interventions to correct imbalances in this triune.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , ,
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
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23
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Warda AK, Rea K, Fitzgerald P, Hueston C, Gonzalez-Tortuero E, Dinan TG, Hill C. Heat-killed lactobacilli alter both microbiota composition and behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2018; 362:213-223. [PMID: 30597248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been proposed to expand the definition of psychobiotics (beneficial bacteria (probiotics) or support for such bacteria (prebiotics) that positively impact mental health) to any exogenous influence whose effect on the brain is bacterially-mediated. This definition would include inactivated microorganisms with anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. The use of inactivated microorganisms has several advantages over living organisms, including no risk of infection in vulnerable individuals and ease of use in terms of storage and delivery options. It has been reported that consumption of inactivated microorganisms can affect behaviour, particularly in chronic or prolonged stress situations, but effects on healthy populations have not been investigated to the same extent. Also, only limited data is available on the effects of inactivated microorganisms on the microbiota of healthy individuals (animal or human). Therefore, we investigated the effect of feeding a standard mouse chow which incorporates ADR-159, a heat-killed fermentate generated by two Lactobacillus strains, on the behaviour and microbiota of healthy mice. Prolonged consumption of ADR-159 diet had no adverse effect on anthropometrics or general health, but the ADR-159 fed animals demonstrated increased sociability and lower baseline corticosterone levels (stress hormone). The diet also led to subtle but significant changes in the microbiota, with less abundant taxa being most affected. The behavioural, biochemical and microbiological results provide a new light on the impact of inactivated microorganisms and their metabolites on the social behaviour and microbiota of healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja K Warda
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cara Hueston
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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24
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Rea K, McGowan F, Corcoran L, Roche M, Finn DP. The prefrontal cortical endocannabinoid system modulates fear-pain interactions in a subregion-specific manner. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1492-1505. [PMID: 29847859 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The emotional processing and coordination of top-down responses to noxious and conditioned aversive stimuli involves the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Evidence suggests that subregions of the mPFC [infralimbic (IfL), prelimbic (PrL) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices] differentially alter the expression of contextually induced fear and nociceptive behaviour. We investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system in the IfL, PrL and ACC in formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour, fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA) and conditioned fear in the presence of nociceptive tone. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH FCA was modelled in male Lister-hooded rats by assessing formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour in an arena previously paired with footshock. The effects of intra-mPFC administration of AM251 [cannabinoid type 1 (CB1 ) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist], URB597 [fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor] or URB597 + AM251 on FCA and freezing behaviour were assessed. KEY RESULTS AM251 attenuated FCA when injected into the IfL or PrL and reduced contextually induced freezing behaviour when injected intra-IfL but not intra-PrL or intra-ACC. Intra-ACC administration of AM251 alone or in combination with URB597 had no effect on FCA or freezing. URB597 attenuated FCA and freezing behaviour when injected intra-IfL, prolonged the expression of FCA when injected intra-PrL and had no effect on these behaviours when injected intra-ACC. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest important and differing roles for FAAH substrates or CB1 receptors in the PrL, IfL and ACC in the expression of FCA and conditioned fear in the presence of nociceptive tone. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Fiona McGowan
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Louise Corcoran
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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25
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Golubeva AV, Joyce SA, Moloney G, Burokas A, Sherwin E, Arboleya S, Flynn I, Khochanskiy D, Moya-Pérez A, Peterson V, Rea K, Murphy K, Makarova O, Buravkov S, Hyland NP, Stanton C, Clarke G, Gahan CGM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota-related Changes in Bile Acid & Tryptophan Metabolism are Associated with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Autism. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:166-178. [PMID: 28965876 PMCID: PMC5652137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental conditions worldwide. There is growing awareness that ASD is highly comorbid with gastrointestinal distress and altered intestinal microbiome, and that host-microbiome interactions may contribute to the disease symptoms. However, the paucity of knowledge on gut-brain axis signaling in autism constitutes an obstacle to the development of precision microbiota-based therapeutics in ASD. To this end, we explored the interactions between intestinal microbiota, gut physiology and social behavior in a BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J mouse model of ASD. Here we show that a reduction in the relative abundance of very particular bacterial taxa in the BTBR gut - namely, bile-metabolizing Bifidobacterium and Blautia species, - is associated with deficient bile acid and tryptophan metabolism in the intestine, marked gastrointestinal dysfunction, as well as impaired social interactions in BTBR mice. Together these data support the concept of targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota for reversing gastrointestinal and behavioral symptomatology in ASD, and offer specific plausible targets in this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Ian Flynn
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiera Murphy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Olga Makarova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Buravkov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G M Gahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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26
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Abstract
There is a growing emphasis on the relationship between the complexity and diversity of the microorganisms that inhabit our gut (human gastrointestinal microbiota) and brain health. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a dynamic matrix of tissues and organs including the brain, glands, gut, immune cells, and gastrointestinal microbiota that communicate in a complex multidirectional manner to maintain homeostasis. Changes in this environment may contribute to the neuroprogression of stress-related disorders by altering physiological processes including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, neurotransmitter systems, immune function, and inflammatory responses. While appropriate, coordinated physiological responses, such as immune or stress responses, are necessary for survival, the contribution of repeated or chronic exposure to stress may predispose individuals to a more vulnerable state leaving them more susceptible to stress-related disorders. In this chapter, the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota in stress- and immune-mediated modulation of neuroendocrine, immune, and neurotransmitter systems and the consequential behavior is considered. We also focus on the mechanisms by which commensal gut microbiota can regulate neuroinflammation and further aim to exploit our understanding of their role in the effects of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on the neuroprogression of stress-related disorders as a consequence of neuroinflammatory processes.
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Cousino M, Rea K, Zamberlan M, Jordan J, Eder S, Fredericks E, Schumacher K. Psychosocial Screening in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients and Their Families. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.01.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Cousino M, Rea K, Zamberlan M, Jordan J, Lim H, Peng D, Schumacher K. Variability in Tacrolimus Levels Is Associated with Biopsy Proven Rejection in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.01.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
A growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence supports a relationship between the complexity and diversity of the microorganisms that inhabit our gut (human gastrointestinal microbiota) and health status. Under normal homeostatic conditions this microbial population helps maintain intestinal peristalsis, mucosal integrity, pH balance, immune priming and protection against invading pathogens. Furthermore, these microbes can influence centrally regulated emotional behaviour through mechanisms including microbially derived bioactive molecules (amino acid metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters), mucosal immune and enteroendocrine cell activation, as well as vagal nerve stimulation.The microbiota-gut-brain axis comprises a dynamic matrix of tissues and organs including the brain, autonomic nervous system, glands, gut, immune cells and gastrointestinal microbiota that communicate in a complex multidirectional manner to maintain homeostasis and resist perturbation to the system. Changes to the microbial environment, as a consequence of illness, stress or injury, can lead to a broad spectrum of physiological and behavioural effects locally including a decrease in gut barrier integrity, altered gut motility, inflammatory mediator release as well as nociceptive and distension receptor sensitisation. Centrally mediated events including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neuroinflammatory events and neurotransmitter systems are concomitantly altered. Thus, both central and peripheral pathways associated with pain manifestation and perception are altered as a consequence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis imbalance.In this chapter the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota in visceral pain is reviewed. We focus on the anatomical and physiological nodes whereby microbiota may be mediating pain response, and address the potential for manipulating gastrointestinal microbiota as a therapeutic target for visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Madasu MK, Okine BN, Olango WM, Rea K, Lenihan R, Roche M, Finn DP. Genotype-dependent responsivity to inflammatory pain: A role for TRPV1 in the periaqueductal grey. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:44-54. [PMID: 27520401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Negative affective state has a significant impact on pain, and genetic background is an important moderating influence on this interaction. The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) inbred rat strain exhibits a stress-hyperresponsive, anxiety/depressive-like phenotype and also displays a hyperalgesic response to noxious stimuli. Transient receptor potential subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) within the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) plays a key role in regulating both aversive and nociceptive behaviour. In the present study, we investigated the role of TRPV1 in the sub-columns of the PAG in formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour in WKY versus Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. TRPV1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the dorsolateral (DL) PAG and higher in the lateral (L) PAG of WKY rats, compared with SD counterparts. There were no significant differences in TRPV1 mRNA expression in the ventrolateral (VL) PAG between the two strains. TRPV1 mRNA expression significantly decreased in the DLPAG and increased in the VLPAG of SD, but not WKY rats upon intra-plantar formalin administration. Intra-DLPAG administration of either the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, or the TRPV1 antagonist 5'-Iodoresiniferatoxin (5'-IRTX), significantly increased formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour in SD rats, but not in WKY rats. The effects of capsaicin were likely due to TRPV1 desensitisation, given their similarity to the effects of 5'-IRTX. Intra-VLPAG administration of capsaicin or 5'-IRTX reduced nociceptive behaviour in a moderate and transient manner in SD rats, and similar effects were seen with 5'-IRTX in WKY rats. Intra-LPAG administration of 5'-IRTX reduced nociceptive behaviour in a moderate and transient manner in SD rats, but not in WKY rats. These results indicate that modulation of inflammatory pain by TRPV1 in the PAG occurs in a sub-column-specific manner. The data also provide evidence for differences in the expression of TRPV1, and differences in the effects of pharmacological modulation of TRPV1 in specific PAG sub-columns, between WKY and SD rats, suggesting that TRPV1 expression and/or functionality in the PAG plays a role in hyper-responsivity to noxious stimuli in a genetic background prone to negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Madasu
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bright N Okine
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Weredeselam M Olango
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Róisín Lenihan
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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Rea K, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The microbiome: A key regulator of stress and neuroinflammation. Neurobiol Stress 2016; 4:23-33. [PMID: 27981187 PMCID: PMC5146205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing emphasis on the relationship between the complexity and diversity of the microorganisms that inhabit our gut (human gastrointestinal microbiota) and health/disease, including brain health and disorders of the central nervous system. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a dynamic matrix of tissues and organs including the brain, glands, gut, immune cells and gastrointestinal microbiota that communicate in a complex multidirectional manner to maintain homeostasis. Changes in this environment can lead to a broad spectrum of physiological and behavioural effects including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, and altered activity of neurotransmitter systems and immune function. While an appropriate, co-ordinated physiological response, such as an immune or stress response are necessary for survival, a dysfunctional response can be detrimental to the host contributing to the development of a number of CNS disorders. In this review, the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota in stress-mediated and immune-mediated modulation of neuroendocrine, immune and neurotransmitter systems and the consequential behaviour is considered. We also focus on the mechanisms by which commensal gut microbiota can regulate neuroinflammation and further aim to exploit our understanding of their role in stress-related disorders as a consequence of neuroinflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Okine BN, Rea K, Olango WM, Price J, Herdman S, Madasu MK, Roche M, Finn DP. A role for PPARα in the medial prefrontal cortex in formalin-evoked nociceptive responding in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1462-71. [PMID: 24303983 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The nuclear hormone receptor, PPARα, and its endogenous ligands, are involved in pain modulation. PPARα is expressed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a key brain region involved in both the cognitive-affective component of pain and in descending modulation of pain. However, the role of PPARα in the mPFC in pain responding has not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of pharmacological modulation of PPARα in the rat mPFC on formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour and the impact of formalin-induced nociception on components of PPARα signalling in the mPFC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of intra-mPFC microinjection of a PPARα agonist (GW7647) or a PPARα antagonist (GW6471) on formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour in rats were studied. Quantitative real-time PCR and LC-MS/MS were used to study the effects of intraplantar injection of formalin on PPARα mRNA expression and levels of endogenous ligands, respectively, in the mPFC. KEY RESULTS Intra-mPFC administration of GW6471, but not GW7647, resulted in delayed onset of the early second phase of formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour. Furthermore, formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour was associated with significant reductions in mPFC levels of endogenous PPARα ligands (N-palmitoylethanolamide and N-oleoylethanolamide) and a 70% reduction in PPARα mRNA but not protein expression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that endogenous ligands may act at PPARα in the mPFC to play a facilitatory/permissive role in second phase formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour in rats. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids 2013. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Okine
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Rea K, Ford GK, Olango WM, Harhen B, Roche M, Finn DP. Microinjection of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol into the rat ventral hippocampus differentially modulates contextually induced fear, depending on a persistent pain state. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:435-43. [PMID: 24494683 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system plays a key role in the modulation of aversive and nociceptive behaviour. The components of the endocannabinoid system are expressed throughout the hippocampus, a brain region implicated in both conditioned fear and pain. In light of evidence that pain can impact on the expression of fear-related behaviour, and vice versa, we hypothesised that exogenous administration of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) into the ventral hippocampus (vHip) would differentially regulate fear responding in the absence vs. the presence of formalin-evoked nociceptive tone. Fear-conditioned rats showed significantly increased freezing and a reduction in formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour upon re-exposure to a context previously paired with footshock. Bilateral microinjection of 2-AG into the vHip significantly reduced contextually induced freezing in non-formalin-treated rats, and reduced formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour in non-fear-conditioned rats. In contrast, 2-AG microinjection had no effect on fear responding in formalin-treated rats, and no effect on nociceptive behaviour in fear-conditioned rats. The inhibitory effect of 2-AG on fear-related behaviour, but not pain-related behaviour, was blocked by co-administration of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant. Tissue levels of the endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-AG were similar in the vHip of fear-conditioned rats receiving formalin injection and the vHip of fear-conditioned rats receiving saline injection. However, the levels of AEA and 2-AG were significantly lower in the contralateral ventrolateral periaqueductal grey of formalin-treated fear-conditioned rats than in that of their saline-treated counterparts. These data suggest that 2-AG-CB1 receptor signalling in the vHip has an anti-aversive effect, and that this effect is abolished in the presence of a persistent pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Rea K, Olango WM, Okine BN, Madasu MK, McGuire IC, Coyle K, Harhen B, Roche M, Finn DP. Impaired endocannabinoid signalling in the rostral ventromedial medulla underpins genotype-dependent hyper-responsivity to noxious stimuli. Pain 2014; 155:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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West J, Park A, Stone J, Rea K, Cage D, Saad W, Sabri S, Matsumoto A. Evaluation of the safety and short-term clinical outcomes in the treatment of uterine fibroids with MR-guided focused ultrasound. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.01.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Mulcahy P, Walsh S, Paucard A, Rea K, Dowd E. Characterisation of a novel model of Parkinson's disease by intra-striatal infusion of the pesticide rotenone. Neuroscience 2011; 181:234-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rea K, Roche M, Finn DP. Modulation of conditioned fear, fear-conditioned analgesia, and brain regional c-Fos expression following administration of muscimol into the rat basolateral amygdala. J Pain 2011; 12:712-21. [PMID: 21459678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Evidence suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear, and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol on the expression of conditioned-fear, formalin-evoked nociception, and fear-conditioned analgesia in rats, and the associated alterations in brain regional expression of the immediate early gene product and marker of neuronal activity, c-Fos. Formalin-evoked nociceptive behavior, conditioned-fear and fear-conditioned analgesia were apparent in animals receiving intra-BLA saline. Intra-BLA muscimol suppressed fear behavior and prevented fear-conditioned analgesia, but had no significant effect on the expression of formalin-evoked nociception. The suppression of fear behavior by intra-BLA muscimol was associated with increased c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and throughout the periaqueductal grey (PAG). These intra-BLA muscimol-induced increases in c-Fos expression were abolished in rats receiving intraplantar formalin injection. These data suggest that alterations in neuronal activity in the CeA and PAG as a result of altered GABAergic signalling in the BLA may be involved in the behavioral expression of fear and associated analgesia. Furthermore, these alterations in neuronal activity are susceptible to modulation by formalin-evoked nociceptive input in a state-dependent manner. PERSPECTIVE The expression of learned fear and associated analgesia are under the control of GABA(A) receptors in the basolateral amygdala, through a mechanism which may involve altered neuronal activity in key components of the descending inhibitory pain pathway. The results enhance our understanding of the neural mechanisms subserving fear-pain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, NCBES Neuroscience Cluster and Centre for Pain Research, University Road, National University of Ireland, Galway
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Rea K, Folgering J, Westerink BH, Cremers TI. α1-Adrenoceptors modulate citalopram-induced serotonin release. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:962-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rea K, Lang Y, Finn DP. Alterations in extracellular levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the rat basolateral amygdala and periaqueductal gray during conditioned fear, persistent pain and fear-conditioned analgesia. J Pain 2009; 10:1088-98. [PMID: 19729347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Evidence suggests an important role for supraspinal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in conditioned fear and pain. Using dual probe microdialysis coupled to HPLC, we investigated alterations in extracellular levels of GABA simultaneously in the rat basolateral amygdala and dorsal periaqueductal gray during expression of conditioned fear, formalin-evoked nociception, and fear-conditioned analgesia. Re-exposure to a context previously paired with footshock significantly increased the duration of freezing and 22-kilohertz ultrasonic vocalization, and reduced formalin-evoked nociceptive behavior. Upon re-exposure to the context, GABA levels in the basolateral amygdala were significantly lower in fear-conditioned animals compared with non-fear-conditioned controls, irrespective of intraplantar formalin/saline injection. GABA levels in the dorsal periaqueductal gray were lower in rats receiving intraplantar injection of formalin, compared with saline-treated controls. GABA levels sampled were sensitive to nipecotic acid and calcium infusion. No specific fear-conditioned analgesia-related alterations in GABA efflux were observed in these regions despite the ability of rats undergoing dual probe microdialysis to express this important survival response. In conclusion, expression of contextually induced fear- and pain-related behavior are accompanied by suppression of GABA release in the basolateral amygdala and dorsal periaqueductal gray, respectively, compared with non-fear, non-pain controls. PERSPECTIVE This study investigates alterations in levels of the neurotransmitter GABA simultaneously in the rat amygdala and periaqueductal grey during expression of pain- and fear-related behavior and fear-induced analgesia. The results enhance our understanding of the role of this neurotransmitter in pain, memory of pain and control of pain during fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Rea
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, NCBES Neuroscience Cluster and Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Butler RK, Rea K, Lang Y, Gavin AM, Finn DP. Endocannabinoid-mediated enhancement of fear-conditioned analgesia in rats: Opioid receptor dependency and molecular correlates. Pain 2008; 140:491-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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van der Zeyden M, Oldenziel WH, Rea K, Cremers TI, Westerink BH. Microdialysis of GABA and glutamate: analysis, interpretation and comparison with microsensors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 90:135-47. [PMID: 17939932 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
GABA and glutamate sampled from the brain by microdialysis do not always fulfill the classic criteria for exocytotic release. In this regard the origin (neuronal vs. astroglial, synaptic vs. extrasynaptic) of glutamate and GABA collected by microdialysis as well as in the ECF itself, is still a matter of debate. In this overview microdialysis of GABA and glutamate and the use of microsensors to detect extracellular glutamate are compared and discussed. During basal conditions glutamate in microdialysates is mainly derived from non-synaptic sources. Indeed recently several sources of astrocytic glutamate release have been described, including glutamate derived from gliotransmission. However during conditions of (chemical, electrical or behavioral) stimulation a significant part of glutamate might be derived from neurotransmission. Interestingly accumulating evidence suggests that glutamate determined by microsensors is more likely to reflect basal synaptic events. This would mean that microdialysis and microsensors are complementary methods to study extracellular glutamate. Regarding GABA we concluded that the chromatographic conditions for the separation of this transmitter from other amino acid-derivatives are extremely critical. Optimal conditions to detect GABA in microdialysis samples--at least in our laboratory--include a retention time of approximately 60 min and a careful control of the pH of the mobile phase. Under these conditions it appears that 50-70% of GABA in dialysates is derived from neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda van der Zeyden
- Department of Biomonitoring and Sensoring, University Centre for Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Recent physiological, pharmacological and anatomical studies provide evidence that one of the main roles of the endocannabinoid system in the brain is the regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate release. This article aims to review this evidence in the context of its implications for pain. We first provide a brief overview of supraspinal regulation of nociception, followed by a review of the evidence that the brain's endocannabinoid system modulates nociception. We look in detail at regulation of supraspinal GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons by the endocannabinoid system and by exogenously administered cannabinoids. Finally, we review the evidence that cannabinoid-mediated modulation of pain involves modulation of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in key brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rea
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - M Roche
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - D P Finn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
- Author for correspondence:
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Cremers TIFH, Rea K, Bosker FJ, Wikström HV, Hogg S, Mørk A, Westerink BHC. Augmentation of SSRI effects on serotonin by 5-HT2C antagonists: mechanistic studies. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1550-7. [PMID: 17203017 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of depression may be improved by using an augmentation approach involving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in combination with compounds that focus on antagonism of inhibitory serotonin receptors. Using microdialysis coupled to HPLC, it has recently been shown that the systemic co-administration of 5-HT(2C) antagonists with SSRIs augmented the acute effect of SSRIs on extracellular 5-HT. In this paper, we have investigated the mechanism through which this augmentation occurs. The increase in extracellular 5-HT was not observed when both compounds were locally infused. However, varying the route of administration for both compounds differentially revealed that an augmentation took place when the 5-HT(2C) antagonist was locally infused into ventral hippocampus and the SSRI given systemically, but not when systemic 5-HT(2C) antagonist was co-administered with the local infusion of citalopram. This suggests that the release of extracellular serotonin in ventral hippocampus may be controlled by (an)other brain area(s). As 5-HT(2C) receptors are not considered to be autoreceptors, this would implicate that other neurotransmitter systems are involved in this process. To investigate which neurotransmitter systems were involved in the interaction, systemic citalopram was challenged with several glutamatergic, GABA-ergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic compounds to determine their effects on serotonin release in ventral hippocampus. It was determined that the involvement of glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the augmentation did not seem likely, whereas evidence implicated a role for the GABA-ergic system in the augmentation.
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Abstract
In microdialysis studies, neither exocytotic release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nor the presence of GABA type B (GABA(B)) autoreceptors, have been clearly established. It was investigated whether the chromatographic separation of GABA may have contributed to discrepancies in the literature. After extending the profile of the HPLC chromatogram to a retention time of 60 min, it was observed that various unknown compounds of biological origin co-eluted near the GABA peak. The retention time of GABA appeared to be extremely sensitive to pH; even at a retention time of around 60 min there was only a small pH window (5.26 +/- 0.01) where GABA was consistently well separated from co-eluting compounds. GABA determined by the improved assay was sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX), calcium depletion and the GABA(B) autoreceptor agonist baclofen. The present results illustrate that if the proper analytical conditions are applied, extracellular GABA can be sampled and quantified by microdialysis in free-moving animals. However, when the time-curves are considered, there is a striking delay of about 15-30 min before the effects of TTX, calcium depletion or baclofen are observed, as compared to the reported response of neurotransmitters such as dopamine (less than 5 min). It is assumed that the glial cells serve as a buffer between the GABA synapse and the microdialysis probes. It is proposed that microdialysis samples measure synaptic GABA indirectly, through glial cells surrounding the synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rea
- Department of Biomonitoring and Sensoring, University Centre of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Asian Americans are the most rapidly growing immigrant group in the United States today. Home care nurses will be caring for increasing numbers of patients originating from the Southeast Asian peninsula in the countries of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. A Vietnamese case study explores some of the beliefs, values, and practices held by this group of Asian Americans. The case study highlights the problems that can occur when a nurse is unaware of the impact that culture has on a client from a different ethnic and cultural background. Six steps to provide culturally competent care are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lindsay
- Inova VNA Home Health, Springfield, Virgina, USA.
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Rea K. Preparing for the home health nurse certification examination. Home Healthc Nurse 1998; 16:331-7. [PMID: 9644385 DOI: 10.1097/00004045-199805000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Becoming certified in an area of nursing practice is one way of demonstrating expertise and competency in that area. Proper preparation is the key to successfully become certified. Study hints and test-taking strategies are discussed in detail. Specific information is provided on preparation to take the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Generalist Home Health Nurse certification examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rea
- VNA Home Health Springfield, Virginia, USA.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rea
- Ashworth Centre, Ashworth Hospital, Liverpool John Moores University, School of Health Care, England
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48
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Rea K. Who has the right to end life? Br J Nurs 1993; 2:303. [PMID: 8481631 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.1993.2.6.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The case of Tony Bland, the Hillsborough victim who died on 3 March 1993 after being in a persistent vegetative state (PVS) for approximately 4 years, highlights a number of issues that touch raw nerves of many people nationwide.
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Rea K. The whistle-blower's charter. Br J Nurs 1992; 1:271. [PMID: 1504551 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.1992.1.6.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
On 12 June 1992, the Secretary of State for Health, Mrs Virginia Bottomley, announced an amnesty for nurse and doctor whistle-blowers. The proposals included the instigation of an administrative body to which the aggrieved nurse, midwife, health visitor or doctor may have redress, culminating in contact with the Chief Executive of the NHS, Duncan Nicol. We have yet to learn of the details of this body, the constituents of its membership, the extent of its power and other minutiae.
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