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Villar J, Cavoretto PI, Barros FC, Romero R, Papageorghiou AT, Kennedy SH. Etiologically Based Functional Taxonomy of the Preterm Birth Syndrome. Clin Perinatol 2024; 51:475-495. [PMID: 38705653 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is a complex syndrome traditionally defined by a single parameter, namely, gestational age at birth (ie, ˂37 weeks). This approach has limitations for clinical usefulness and may explain the lack of progress in identifying cause-specific effective interventions. The authors offer a framework for a functional taxonomy of PTB based on (1) conceptual principles established a priori; (2) known etiologic factors; (3) specific, prospectively identified obstetric and neonatal clinical phenotypes; and (4) postnatal follow-up of growth and development up to 2 years of age. This taxonomy includes maternal, placental, and fetal conditions routinely recorded in data collection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Paolo Ivo Cavoretto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Post-Graduate Program in Health in the Life Cycle, Catholic University of Pelotas, Rua Félix da Cunha, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-000, Brazil
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, L4001 Women's Hospital, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0276, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Laguna G, Suárez-Sipmann F, Tusman G, Ripollés J, Díaz-Cambronero O, Pujol R, Rivas E, Garutti I, Mellado R, Vallverdú J, Jacas A, Fervienza A, Marrero R, Librero J, Villar J, Ferrando C. Rationale and study design for an Individualized PeriopeRative Open lung VEntilatory approach in Emergency Abdominal Laparotomy/scopy: study protocol for a prospective international randomized controlled trial. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed) 2024:S2341-1929(24)00075-1. [PMID: 38636796 DOI: 10.1016/j.redare.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) are the most frequent postoperative complications, with an estimated prevalence in elective surgery ranging from 20% in observational cohort studies to 40% in randomized clinical trials. However, the prevalence of PPCs in patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery is not well defined. Lung-protective ventilation aims to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury and reduce PPCs. The open lung approach (OLA), which combines recruitment manoeuvres (RM) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration, aims to minimize areas of atelectasis and the development of PPCs; however, there is no conclusive evidence in the literature that OLA can prevent PPCs. The purpose of this study is to compare an individualized perioperative OLA with conventional standardized lung-protective ventilation in patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery with clinical signs of intraoperative lung collapse. METHODS Randomized international clinical trial to compare an individualized perioperative OLA (RM plus individualized PEEP and individualized postoperative respiratory support) with conventional lung-protective ventilation (standard PEEP of 5 cmH2O and conventional postoperative oxygen therapy) in patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery with clinical signs of lung collapse. Patients will be randomised to open-label parallel groups. The primary outcome is any severe PPC during the first 7 postoperative days, including: acute respiratory failure, pneumothorax, weaning failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary infection. The estimated sample size is 732 patients (366 per group). The final sample size will be readjusted during the interim analysis. DISCUSSION The Individualized Perioperative Open-lung Ventilatory Strategy in emergency abdominal laparotomy (iPROVE-EAL) is the first multicentre, randomized, controlled trial to investigate whether an individualized perioperative approach prevents PPCs in patients undergoing emergency surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Laguna
- Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España.
| | - F Suárez-Sipmann
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - G Tusman
- Departamento de Anestesia, Hospital Privado de Comunidad, Mar de Plata, Argentina
| | - J Ripollés
- Departamento de Anestesia, Hospital Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
| | | | - R Pujol
- Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - E Rivas
- Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - I Garutti
- Departamento de Anestesia, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
| | - R Mellado
- Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - J Vallverdú
- Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - A Jacas
- Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - A Fervienza
- Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - R Marrero
- Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - J Librero
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Pamplona, España
| | - J Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Red Multidisciplinar de Investigación en Evaluación de Disfunción de Órganos, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España
| | - C Ferrando
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados Críticos, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigació August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, España
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3
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Bradburn E, Conde-Agudelo A, Roberts NW, Villar J, Papageorghiou AT. Accuracy of prenatal and postnatal biomarkers for estimating gestational age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 70:102498. [PMID: 38495518 PMCID: PMC10940947 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of gestational age (GA) is key in clinical management of individual obstetric patients, and critical to be able to calculate rates of preterm birth and small for GA at a population level. Currently, the gold standard for pregnancy dating is measurement of the fetal crown rump length at 11-14 weeks of gestation. However, this is not possible for women first presenting in later pregnancy, or in settings where routine ultrasound is not available. A reliable, cheap and easy to measure GA-dependent biomarker would provide an important breakthrough in estimating the age of pregnancy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of prenatal and postnatal biomarkers for estimating gestational age (GA). Methods Systematic review prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020167727) and reported in accordance with the PRISMA-DTA. Medline, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, and other databases were searched from inception until September 2023 for cohort or cross-sectional studies that reported on the accuracy of prenatal and postnatal biomarkers for estimating GA. In addition, we searched Google Scholar and screened proceedings of relevant conferences and reference lists of identified studies and relevant reviews. There were no language or date restrictions. Pooled coefficients of correlation and root mean square error (RMSE, average deviation in weeks between the GA estimated by the biomarker and that estimated by the gold standard method) were calculated. The risk of bias in each included study was also assessed. Findings Thirty-nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 20 studies (2,050 women) assessed prenatal biomarkers (placental hormones, metabolomic profiles, proteomics, cell-free RNA transcripts, and exon-level gene expression), and 19 (1,738,652 newborns) assessed postnatal biomarkers (metabolomic profiles, DNA methylation profiles, and fetal haematological components). Among the prenatal biomarkers assessed, human chorionic gonadotrophin measured in maternal serum between 4 and 9 weeks of gestation showed the highest correlation with the reference standard GA, with a pooled coefficient of correlation of 0.88. Among the postnatal biomarkers assessed, metabolomic profiling from newborn blood spots provided the most accurate estimate of GA, with a pooled RMSE of 1.03 weeks across all GAs. It performed best for term infants with a slightly reduced accuracy for preterm or small for GA infants. The pooled RMSEs for metabolomic profiling and DNA methylation profile from cord blood samples were 1.57 and 1.60 weeks, respectively. Interpretation We identified no antenatal biomarkers that accurately predict GA over a wide window of pregnancy. Postnatally, metabolomic profiling from newborn blood spot provides an accurate estimate of GA, however, as this is known only after birth it is not useful to guide antenatal care. Further prenatal studies are needed to identify biomarkers that can be used in isolation, as part of a biomarker panel, or in combination with other clinical methods to narrow prediction intervals of GA estimation. Funding The research was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-000368). ATP is supported by the Oxford Partnership Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre with funding from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre funding scheme. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the UK National Health Service, the NIHR, the Department of Health, or the Department of Biotechnology. The funders of this study had no role in study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, in writing the paper or the decision to submit for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bradburn
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Agustin Conde-Agudelo
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nia W. Roberts
- Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aris T. Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Barros FC, Gunier RB, Rego A, Sentilhes L, Rauch S, Gandino S, Teji JS, Thornton JG, Kachikis AB, Nieto R, Craik R, Cavoretto PI, Winsey A, Roggero P, Rodriguez GB, Savasi V, Kalafat E, Giuliani F, Fabre M, Benski AC, Coronado-Zarco IA, Livio S, Ostrovska A, Maiz N, Castedo Camacho FR, Peterson A, Deruelle P, Giudice C, Casale RA, Salomon LJ, Soto Conti CP, Prefumo F, Mohamed Elbayoumy EZ, Vale M, Hernández V, Chandler K, Risso M, Marler E, Cáceres DM, Crespo GA, Ernawati E, Lipschuetz M, Ariff S, Takahashi K, Vecchiarelli C, Hubka T, Ikenoue S, Tavchioska G, Bako B, Ayede AI, Eskenazi B, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH, Papageorghiou AT, Villar J. Maternal vaccination against COVID-19 and neonatal outcomes during Omicron: INTERCOVID-2022 study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024:S0002-9378(24)00078-4. [PMID: 38367758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In early 2023, when Omicron was the variant of concern, we showed that vaccinating pregnant women decreased the risk for severe COVID-19-related complications and maternal morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the impact of COVID-19 during pregnancy on newborns and the effects of maternal COVID-19 vaccination on neonatal outcomes when Omicron was the variant of concern. STUDY DESIGN INTERCOVID-2022 was a large, prospective, observational study, conducted in 40 hospitals across 18 countries, from November 27, 2021 (the day after the World Health Organization declared Omicron the variant of concern) to June 30, 2022, to assess the effect of COVID-19 in pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes and to assess vaccine effectiveness. Women diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during pregnancy were compared with 2 nondiagnosed, unmatched women recruited concomitantly and consecutively during pregnancy or at delivery. Mother-newborn dyads were followed until hospital discharge. The primary outcomes were a neonatal positive test for COVID-19, severe neonatal morbidity index, severe perinatal morbidity and mortality index, preterm birth, neonatal death, referral to neonatal intensive care unit, and diseases during the neonatal period. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated with adjustment for maternal risk profile. RESULTS We enrolled 4707 neonates born to 1577 (33.5%) mothers diagnosed with COVID-19 and 3130 (66.5%) nondiagnosed mothers. Among the diagnosed mothers, 642 (40.7%) were not vaccinated, 147 (9.3%) were partially vaccinated, 551 (34.9%) were completely vaccinated, and 237 (15.0%) also had a booster vaccine. Neonates of booster-vaccinated mothers had less than half (relative risk, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.91) the risk of being diagnosed with COVID-19 when compared with those of unvaccinated mothers; they also had the lowest rates of preterm birth, medically indicated preterm birth, respiratory distress syndrome, and number of days in the neonatal intensive care unit. Newborns of unvaccinated mothers had double the risk for neonatal death (relative risk, 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.00) when compared with those of nondiagnosed mothers. Vaccination was not associated with any congenital malformations. Although all vaccines provided protection against neonatal test positivity, newborns of booster-vaccinated mothers had the highest vaccine effectiveness (64%; 95% confidence interval, 10%-86%). Vaccine effectiveness was not as high for messenger RNA vaccines only. Vaccine effectiveness against moderate or severe neonatal outcomes was much lower, namely 13% in the booster-vaccinated group (all vaccines) and 25% and 28% in the completely and booster-vaccinated groups, respectively (messenger RNA vaccines only). Vaccines were fairly effective in protecting neonates when given to pregnant women ≤100 days (14 weeks) before birth; thereafter, the risk increased and was much higher after 200 days (29 weeks). Finally, none of the neonatal practices studied, including skin-to-skin contact and direct breastfeeding, increased the risk for infecting newborns. CONCLUSION When Omicron was the variant of concern, newborns of unvaccinated mothers had an increased risk for neonatal death. Neonates of vaccinated mothers had a decreased risk for preterm birth and adverse neonatal outcomes. Because the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination decreases with time, to ensure that newborns are maximally protected against COVID-19, mothers should receive a vaccine or booster dose no more than 14 weeks before the expected date of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Barros
- Post Graduate Program in Health in the Life Cycle, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Robert B Gunier
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Albertina Rego
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Loïc Sentilhes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephen Rauch
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Serena Gandino
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jagjit S Teji
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jim G Thornton
- University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alisa B Kachikis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ricardo Nieto
- Division Neonatología, Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sarda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rachel Craik
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo I Cavoretto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and University, Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Winsey
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Roggero
- Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriel B Rodriguez
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Savasi
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, L- Sacco Hospital ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Erkan Kalafat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Francesca Giuliani
- Neonatal Special Care Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Fabre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Aragón (IIS Aragon), Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Stefania Livio
- Hospital Buzzi, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Adela Ostrovska
- Fetal Medicine Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nerea Maiz
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Philippe Deruelle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carolina Giudice
- Servicio de Neonatologia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto A Casale
- Maternal and Child Department, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Federico Prefumo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Marynéa Vale
- Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milagros Risso
- Servicio de Neonatología del Departamento Materno Infantil, Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emily Marler
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ernawati Ernawati
- Medical Faculty Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Michal Lipschuetz
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Hadassah Medical Center Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shabina Ariff
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Teresa Hubka
- AMITA Health Resurrection Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Satoru Ikenoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Babagana Bako
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
| | | | - Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Ohuma EO, Jabin N, Young MF, Epie T, Martorell R, Peña-Rosas JP, Garcia-Casal MN, Papageorghiou AT, Kennedy SH, Villar J. Association between maternal haemoglobin concentrations and maternal and neonatal outcomes: the prospective, observational, multinational, INTERBIO-21st fetal study. Lancet Haematol 2023; 10:e756-e766. [PMID: 37482061 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(23)00170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia in pregnancy is a global health problem with associated maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate the association between maternal haemoglobin concentrations during pregnancy and the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS In this prospective, observational, multinational, INTERBIO-21st fetal study conducted at maternity units in Brazil, Kenya, Pakistan, South Africa, and the UK, we enrolled pregnant women (aged ≥18 years, BMI <35 kg/m2, natural conception, and singleton pregnancy) who initiated antenatal care before 14 weeks' gestation. At each 5±1 weekly visit until delivery, information was collected about the pregnancy, as well as the results of blood tests taken as part of routine antenatal care, including haemoglobin values. The outcome measures were maternal (gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and preterm premature rupture of membranes) and neonatal outcomes (small for gestational age, preterm birth, and acute respiratory distress syndrome). FINDINGS Between Feb 8, 2012, and Nov 30, 2019, 2069 women (mean age 30·7 years [SD 5·0]) had at least one routinely haemoglobin concentration measured at 14-40 weeks' gestation, contributing 4690 haemoglobin measurements for the analysis. Compared with a haemoglobin cutoff of 110 g/L, the risk was increased more than two-fold for pregnancy-induced hypertension at haemoglobin concentrations of 170 g/L (risk ratio [RR] 2·29 [95% CI 1·19-4·39]) and higher, for preterm birth at haemoglobin concentrations of 70 g/L (RR 2·04 [95% CI 1·20-3·48]) and 165 g/L (RR 2·06 [95% CI 1·41-3·02]), and for acute respiratory distress syndrome at haemoglobin concentrations of 165 g/L (RR 2·84 [95% CI 1·51-5·35]). Trimester-specific results are also presented. INTERPRETATION Our data suggests that the current WHO haemoglobin cutoffs are associated with reduced risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The current haemoglobin concentration cutoffs during pregnancy should not only consider thresholds for low haemoglobin concentrations that are associated with adverse outcomes but also define a threshold for high haemoglobin concentrations given the U-shaped relationship between haemoglobin concentration and adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O Ohuma
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive, and Child Health (MARCH) Centre, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Nusrat Jabin
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melissa F Young
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence Epie
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Lee LH, Bradburn E, Craik R, Yaqub M, Norris SA, Ismail LC, Ohuma EO, Barros FC, Lambert A, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Gravett M, Purwar M, Wu Q, Bertino E, Munim S, Min AM, Bhutta Z, Villar J, Kennedy SH, Noble JA, Papageorghiou AT. Machine learning for accurate estimation of fetal gestational age based on ultrasound images. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:36. [PMID: 36894653 PMCID: PMC9998590 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimation of gestational age is an essential component of good obstetric care and informs clinical decision-making throughout pregnancy. As the date of the last menstrual period is often unknown or uncertain, ultrasound measurement of fetal size is currently the best method for estimating gestational age. The calculation assumes an average fetal size at each gestational age. The method is accurate in the first trimester, but less so in the second and third trimesters as growth deviates from the average and variation in fetal size increases. Consequently, fetal ultrasound late in pregnancy has a wide margin of error of at least ±2 weeks' gestation. Here, we utilise state-of-the-art machine learning methods to estimate gestational age using only image analysis of standard ultrasound planes, without any measurement information. The machine learning model is based on ultrasound images from two independent datasets: one for training and internal validation, and another for external validation. During validation, the model was blinded to the ground truth of gestational age (based on a reliable last menstrual period date and confirmatory first-trimester fetal crown rump length). We show that this approach compensates for increases in size variation and is even accurate in cases of intrauterine growth restriction. Our best machine-learning based model estimates gestational age with a mean absolute error of 3.0 (95% CI, 2.9-3.2) and 4.3 (95% CI, 4.1-4.5) days in the second and third trimesters, respectively, which outperforms current ultrasound-based clinical biometry at these gestational ages. Our method for dating the pregnancy in the second and third trimesters is, therefore, more accurate than published methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Hin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bradburn
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Craik
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammad Yaqub
- Intelligent Ultrasound Ltd, Hodge House, Cardiff, CF10 1DY, UK
| | - Shane A Norris
- South African Medical Research Council Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eric O Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH) Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Ann Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Carvalho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yasmin A Jaffer
- Department of Family & Community Health, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Michael Gravett
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Manorama Purwar
- Nagpur INTERGROWTH-21st Research Centre, Ketkar Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - Qingqing Wu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell' Adolescenza, Struttura Complessa Direzione Universitaria Neonatologia, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Shama Munim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aung Myat Min
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand
| | - Zulfiqar Bhutta
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Alison Noble
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Villar J, Soto Conti CP, Gunier RB, Ariff S, Craik R, Cavoretto PI, Rauch S, Gandino S, Nieto R, Winsey A, Menis C, Rodriguez GB, Savasi V, Tug N, Deantoni S, Fabre M, Martinez de Tejada B, Rodriguez-Sibaja MJ, Livio S, Napolitano R, Maiz N, Sobrero H, Peterson A, Deruelle P, Giudice C, Teji JS, Casale RA, Salomon LJ, Prefumo F, Cheikh Ismail L, Gravett MG, Vale M, Hernández V, Sentilhes L, Easter SR, Capelli C, Marler E, Cáceres DM, Albornoz Crespo G, Ernawati E, Lipschuetz M, Takahashi K, Vecchiarelli C, Hubka T, Ikenoue S, Tavchioska G, Bako B, Ayede AI, Eskenazi B, Thornton JG, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH, Papageorghiou AT. Pregnancy outcomes and vaccine effectiveness during the period of omicron as the variant of concern, INTERCOVID-2022: a multinational, observational study. Lancet 2023; 401:447-457. [PMID: 36669520 PMCID: PMC9910845 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2021, we showed an increased risk associated with COVID-19 in pregnancy. Since then, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has undergone genetic mutations. We aimed to examine the effects on maternal and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 during pregnancy, and evaluate vaccine effectiveness, when omicron (B.1.1.529) was the variant of concern. METHODS INTERCOVID-2022 is a large, prospective, observational study, involving 41 hospitals across 18 countries. Each woman with real-time PCR or rapid test, laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in pregnancy was compared with two unmatched women without a COVID-19 diagnosis who were recruited concomitantly and consecutively in pregnancy or at delivery. Mother and neonate dyads were followed until hospital discharge. Primary outcomes were maternal morbidity and mortality index (MMMI), severe neonatal morbidity index (SNMI), and severe perinatal morbidity and mortality index (SPMMI). Vaccine effectiveness was estimated, adjusted by maternal risk profile. FINDINGS We enrolled 4618 pregnant women from Nov 27, 2021 (the day after WHO declared omicron a variant of concern), to June 30, 2022: 1545 (33%) women had a COVID-19 diagnosis (median gestation 36·7 weeks [IQR 29·0-38·9]) and 3073 (67%) women, with similar demographic characteristics, did not have a COVID-19 diagnosis. Overall, women with a diagnosis had an increased risk for MMMI (relative risk [RR] 1·16 [95% CI 1·03-1·31]) and SPMMI (RR 1·21 [95% CI 1·00-1·46]). Women with a diagnosis, compared with those without a diagnosis, also had increased risks of SNMI (RR 1·23 [95% CI 0·88-1·71]), although the lower bounds of the 95% CI crossed unity. Unvaccinated women with a COVID-19 diagnosis had a greater risk of MMMI (RR 1·36 [95% CI 1·12-1·65]). Severe COVID-19 symptoms in the total sample increased the risk of severe maternal complications (RR 2·51 [95% CI 1·84-3·43]), perinatal complications (RR 1·84 [95% CI 1·02-3·34]), and referral, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or death (RR 11·83 [95% CI 6·67-20·97]). Severe COVID-19 symptoms in unvaccinated women increased the risk of MMMI (RR 2·88 [95% CI 2·02-4·12]) and referral, ICU admission, or death (RR 20·82 [95% CI 10·44-41·54]). 2886 (63%) of 4618 total participants had at least a single dose of any vaccine, and 2476 (54%) of 4618 had either complete or booster doses. Vaccine effectiveness (all vaccines combined) for severe complications of COVID-19 for all women with a complete regimen was 48% (95% CI 22-65) and 76% (47-89) after a booster dose. For women with a COVID-19 diagnosis, vaccine effectiveness of all vaccines combined for women with a complete regimen was 74% (95% CI 48-87) and 91% (65-98) after a booster dose. INTERPRETATION COVID-19 in pregnancy, during the first 6 months of omicron as the variant of concern, was associated with increased risk of severe maternal morbidity and mortality, especially among symptomatic and unvaccinated women. Women with complete or boosted vaccine doses had reduced risk for severe symptoms, complications, and death. Vaccination coverage among pregnant women remains a priority. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shabina Ariff
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rachel Craik
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paolo I Cavoretto
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Serena Gandino
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo Nieto
- Division Neonatología, Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sarda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adele Winsey
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Camilla Menis
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriel B Rodriguez
- Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valeria Savasi
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, L- Sacco Hospital ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Niyazi Tug
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sancaktepe Sehit Prof Dr Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sonia Deantoni
- Neonatal Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Fabre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Aragón (IIS Aragon), Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Begoña Martinez de Tejada
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefania Livio
- Children's Hospital V Buzzi, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Napolitano
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK; Fetal Medicine Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nerea Maiz
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Sobrero
- Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Philippe Deruelle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carolina Giudice
- Servicio de Neonatologia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jagjit S Teji
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roberto A Casale
- Maternal and Child Department, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Federico Prefumo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael G Gravett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marynéa Vale
- Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Valeria Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Loïc Sentilhes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah R Easter
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carola Capelli
- Servicio de Neonatología del Departamento Materno Infantil, Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emily Marler
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ernawati Ernawati
- Medical Faculty Universitas Airlangga - Dr Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Michal Lipschuetz
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division- Hadassah Medical Center Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Teresa Hubka
- Ascension-Resurrection Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Satoru Ikenoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Babagana Bako
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
| | - Adejumoke I Ayede
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim G Thornton
- University of Nottingham Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan; Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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de Kat AC, Hirst JE, Woodward M, Barros FC, Barsosio HC, Berkley JA, Carvalho M, Cheikh Ismail L, McGready R, Norris SA, Nosten F, Ohuma E, Tshivuila-Matala COO, Stones W, Staines Urias E, Clara Restrepo-Mendez M, Lambert A, Munim S, Winsey A, Papageorghiou AT, Bhutta ZA, Villar J, Kennedy SH, Peters SAE. Preeclampsia prediction with blood pressure measurements: A global external validation of the ALSPAC models. Pregnancy Hypertens 2022; 30:124-129. [PMID: 36179538 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prediction of preeclampsia in pregnancy has resulted in a plethora of prognostic models. Yet, very few make it past the development stage and most fail to influence clinical practice. The timely identification of high-risk pregnant women could deliver a tailored antenatal care regimen, particularly in low-resource settings. This study externally validated and calibrated previously published models that predicted the risk of preeclampsia, based on blood pressure (BP) at multiple time points in pregnancy, in a geographically diverse population. METHODS The prospective INTERBIO-21st Fetal Study included 3,391 singleton pregnancies from Brazil, Kenya, Pakistan, South Africa, Thailand and the UK, 2012-2018. Preeclampsia prediction was based on baseline characteristics, BP and deviation from the expected BP trajectory at multiple time points in pregnancy. The prediction rules from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were implemented in the INTERBIO-21st cohort. RESULTS Model discrimination was similar to the development cohort. Performance was best with baseline characteristics and a BP measurement at 34 weeks' gestation (AUC 0.85, 95 % CI 0.80-0.90). The ALSPAC models largely overestimated the true risk of preeclampsia incidence in the INTERBIO-21st cohort. CONCLUSIONS After recalibration, these prediction models could potentially serve as a risk stratifying tool to help identify women who might benefit from increased surveillance during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelien C de Kat
- The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Hirst
- The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hellen C Barsosio
- KEMRI-Coast Centre for Geographical Medicine and Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James A Berkley
- KEMRI-Coast Centre for Geographical Medicine and Research, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Carvalho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rose McGready
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research, Oxford, United Kingdom; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Shane A Norris
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francois Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research, Oxford, United Kingdom; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Eric Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH) Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrystelle O O Tshivuila-Matala
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - William Stones
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eleonora Staines Urias
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ann Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shama Munim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adele Winsey
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute (OMPHI), Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute (OMPHI), Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute (OMPHI), Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sanne A E Peters
- The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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9
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Villar J, Ochieng R, Gunier RB, Papageorghiou AT, Rauch S, McGready R, Gauglitz JM, Barros FC, Vatish M, Fernandes M, Zammit V, Carrara VI, Munim S, Craik R, Barsosio HC, Carvalho M, Berkley JA, Ismail LIC, Norris SA, Tshivuila-Matala COO, Nosten F, Ohuma EO, Stein A, Lambert A, Winsey A, Uauy R, Eskenazi B, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH. Association between fetal abdominal growth trajectories, maternal metabolite signatures early in pregnancy, and childhood growth and adiposity: prospective observational multinational INTERBIO-21st fetal study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:710-719. [PMID: 36030799 PMCID: PMC9622423 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity predominantly affects populations in high-income countries and those countries facing epidemiological transition. The risk of childhood obesity is increased among infants who had overweight or obesity at birth, but in low-resource settings one in five infants are born small for gestational age. We aimed to study the relationships between: (1) maternal metabolite signatures; (2) fetal abdominal growth; and (3) postnatal growth, adiposity, and neurodevelopment. METHODS In the prospective, multinational, observational INTERBIO-21st fetal study, conducted in maternity units in Pelotas (Brazil), Nairobi (Kenya), Karachi (Pakistan), Soweto (South Africa), Mae Sot (Thailand), and Oxford (UK), we enrolled women (≥18 years, with a BMI of less than 35 kg/m2, natural conception, and a singleton pregnancy) who initiated antenatal care before 14 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound scans were performed every 5±1 weeks until delivery to measure fetal growth and feto-placental blood flow, and we used finite mixture models to derive growth trajectories of abdominal circumference. The infants' health, growth, and development were monitored from birth to age 2 years. Early pregnancy maternal blood and umbilical cord venous blood samples were collected for untargeted metabolomic analysis. FINDINGS From Feb 8, 2012, to Nov 30, 2019, we enrolled 3598 pregnant women and followed up their infants to 2 years of age. We identified four ultrasound-derived trajectories of fetal abdominal circumference growth that accelerated or decelerated within a crucial 20-25 week gestational age window: faltering growth, early accelerating growth, late accelerating growth, and median growth tracking. These distinct phenotypes had matching feto-placental blood flow patterns throughout pregnancy, and different growth, adiposity, vision, and neurodevelopment outcomes in early childhood. There were 709 maternal metabolites with positive effect for the faltering growth phenotype and 54 for the early accelerating growth phenotype; 31 maternal metabolites had a negative effect for the faltering growth phenotype and 76 for the early accelerating growth phenotype. Metabolites associated with the faltering growth phenotype had statistically significant odds ratios close to 1·5 (ie, suggesting upregulation of metabolic pathways of impaired fetal growth). The metabolites had a reciprocal relationship with the early accelerating growth phenotype, with statistically significant odds ratios close to 0.6 (ie, suggesting downregulation of fetal growth acceleration). The maternal metabolite signatures included 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 11 phosphatidylcholines linked to oxylipin or saturated fatty acid sidechains. The fungicide, chlorothalonil, was highly abundant in the early accelerating growth phenotype group. INTERPRETATION Early pregnancy lipid biology associated with fetal abdominal growth trajectories is an indicator of patterns of growth, adiposity, vision, and neurodevelopment up to the age of 2 years. Our findings could contribute to the earlier identification of infants at risk of obesity. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rose McGready
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | | | - Fernando C Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle Fernandes
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre & Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Victor Zammit
- Biomedical Sciences, Translational & Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Verena I Carrara
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Shama Munim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rachel Craik
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hellen C Barsosio
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Coast Centre for Geographical Medicine and Research, University of Oxford, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Maria Carvalho
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James A Berkley
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kenya Medical Research Institute-Coast Centre for Geographical Medicine and Research, University of Oxford, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Leila I Cheikh Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shane A Norris
- South African Medical Research Institute Developmental Pathways For Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chrystelle O O Tshivuila-Matala
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; South African Medical Research Institute Developmental Pathways For Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Health, Nutrition & Population Global Practice, World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Francois Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Eric O Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council and Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; African Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Ann Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adele Winsey
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health Interventions Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Giuliani F, Oros D, Gunier RB, Deantoni S, Rauch S, Casale R, Nieto R, Bertino E, Rego A, Menis C, Gravett MG, Candiani M, Deruelle P, García-May PK, Mhatre M, Usman MA, Abd-Elsalam S, Etuk S, Napolitano R, Liu B, Prefumo F, Savasi V, Do Vale MS, Baafi E, Ariff S, Maiz N, Aminu MB, Cardona-Perez JA, Craik R, Tavchioska G, Bako B, Benski C, Hassan-Hanga F, Savorani M, Sentilhes L, Carola Capelli M, Takahashi K, Vecchiarelli C, Ikenoue S, Thiruvengadam R, Soto Conti CP, Cetin I, Nachinab VB, Ernawati E, Duro EA, Kholin A, Teji JS, Easter SR, Salomon LJ, Ayede AI, Cerbo RM, Agyeman-Duah J, Roggero P, Eskenazi B, Langer A, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH, Papageorghiou AT, Villar J. Effects of prenatal exposure to maternal COVID-19 and perinatal care on neonatal outcome: results from the INTERCOVID Multinational Cohort Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:488.e1-488.e17. [PMID: 35452653 PMCID: PMC9017081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of COVID-19 in pregnancy on maternal outcomes and its association with preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus have been reported; however, a detailed understanding of the effects of maternal positivity, delivery mode, and perinatal practices on fetal and neonatal outcomes is urgently needed. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on fetal and neonatal outcomes and the role of mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and early neonatal care practices on the risk of mother-to-child transmission. STUDY DESIGN In this cohort study that took place from March 2020 to March 2021, involving 43 institutions in 18 countries, 2 unmatched, consecutive, unexposed women were concomitantly enrolled immediately after each infected woman was identified, at any stage of pregnancy or delivery, and at the same level of care to minimize bias. Women and neonates were followed up until hospital discharge. COVID-19 in pregnancy was determined by laboratory confirmation and/or radiological pulmonary findings or ≥2 predefined COVID-19 symptoms. The outcome measures were indices of neonatal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, neonatal positivity and its correlation with mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and hospital neonatal care practices. RESULTS A total of 586 neonates born to women with COVID-19 diagnosis and 1535 neonates born to women without COVID-19 diagnosis were enrolled. Women with COVID-19 diagnosis had a higher rate of cesarean delivery (52.8% vs 38.5% for those without COVID-19 diagnosis, P<.01) and pregnancy-related complications, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and fetal distress (all with P<.001), than women without COVID-19 diagnosis. Maternal diagnosis of COVID-19 carried an increased rate of preterm birth (P≤.001) and lower neonatal weight (P≤.001), length, and head circumference at birth. In mothers with COVID-19 diagnosis, the length of in utero exposure was significantly correlated to the risk of the neonate testing positive (odds ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-9.4 for length of in utero exposure >14 days). Among neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 diagnosis, birth via cesarean delivery was a risk factor for testing positive for COVID-19 (odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.7), even when severity of maternal conditions was considered and after multivariable logistic analysis. In the subgroup of neonates born to women with COVID-19 diagnosis, the outcomes worsened when the neonate also tested positive, with higher rates of neonatal intensive care unit admission, fever, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and death, even after adjusting for prematurity. Breastfeeding by mothers with COVID-19 diagnosis and hospital neonatal care practices, including immediate skin-to-skin contact and rooming-in, were not associated with an increased risk of newborn positivity. CONCLUSION In this multinational cohort study, COVID-19 in pregnancy was associated with increased maternal and neonatal complications. Cesarean delivery was significantly associated with newborn COVID-19 diagnosis. Vaginal delivery should be considered the safest mode of delivery if obstetrical and health conditions allow it. Mother-to-child skin-to-skin contact, rooming-in, and direct breastfeeding were not risk factors for newborn COVID-19 diagnosis, thus well-established best practices can be continued among women with COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giuliani
- Neonatal Special Care Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Daniel Oros
- Aragon Institute of Health Research, Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Robert B. Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sonia Deantoni
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Neonatal Care Unit, School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Roberto Casale
- Maternal and Child Department, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Nieto
- Division Neonatología, Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sarda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Unit of the University, City of Health and Science of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Albertina Rego
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camilla Menis
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael G. Gravett
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Massimo Candiani
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and University, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Deruelle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Mustapha Ado Usman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Teaching Hospital, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Sherief Abd-Elsalam
- Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Saturday Etuk
- University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Raffaele Napolitano
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Fetal Medicine Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Liu
- St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Prefumo
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valeria Savasi
- Ospedale Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Department of BioMedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Shabina Ariff
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nerea Maiz
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Muhammad Baffah Aminu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | | | - Rachel Craik
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Tavchioska
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital Borka Taleski, Prilep, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Babagana Bako
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
| | - Caroline Benski
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Département de la Femme, de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fatimah Hassan-Hanga
- Bayero University Kano, Nigeria,Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano State, Nigeria
| | | | - Loïc Sentilhes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Carola Capelli
- Servicio de Neonatologia del Departamento Materno Infantil del Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Ikenoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Irene Cetin
- Ospedale Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Department of BioMedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ernawati Ernawati
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia,Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Eduardo A. Duro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Universidad de Moron, Moron, Argentina
| | - Alexey Kholin
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology & Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jagjit Singh Teji
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah Rae Easter
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Division of Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Laurent J. Salomon
- Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, France
| | - Adejumoke Idowu Ayede
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria,University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Rosa Maria Cerbo
- Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Josephine Agyeman-Duah
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Roggero
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Ana Langer
- Women and Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aris T. Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Frenquelli R, Ratcliff M, Villar de Onis J, Fernandes M, Barros FC, Hirst JE, Papageorghiou AT, Kennedy SH, Villar J. Complex Perinatal Syndromes Affecting Early Human Growth and Development: Issues to Consider to Understand Their Aetiology and Postnatal Effects. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:856886. [PMID: 35509448 PMCID: PMC9058100 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.856886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex perinatal syndromes (CPS) affecting pregnancy and childhood, such as preterm birth, and intra- and extra-uterine growth restriction, have multiple, diverse contexts of complexity and interaction that determine the short- and long-term growth, health and development of all human beings. Early in life, genetically-guided somatic and cerebral development occurs alongside a psychism "in statu nascendi," with the neural structures subjected to the effects of the intra- and extra-uterine environments in preparation for optimal postnatal functioning. Different trajectories of fetal cranial and abdominal growth have been identified before 25 weeks' gestation, tracking differential growth and neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Similarly, critical time-windows exist in the first 5-8 months of postnatal life because of interactions between the newborn and their environment, mother/care-givers and feeding practices. Understanding these complex relational processes requires abandoning classical, linear and mechanistic interpretations that are placed in rigid, artificial biological silos. Instead, we need to conduct longitudinal, interdisciplinary research and integrate the resulting new knowledge into clinical practice. An ecological-systemic approach is required to understand early human growth and development, based on a dynamic multidimensional process from the molecular or genomic level to the socio-economic-environmental context. For this, we need theoretical and methodological tools that permit a global understanding of CPS, delineating temporal trajectories and their conditioning factors, updated by the incorporation of new scientific discoveries. The potential to optimize human growth and development across chronological age and geographical locations - by implementing interventions or "treatments" during periods of greatest instability or vulnerability - should be recognized. Hence, it is imperative to take a holistic view of reproductive and perinatal issues, acknowledging at all levels the complexity and interactions of CPS and their sensitive periods, laying the foundations for further improvements in growth and development of populations, to maximize global human potential. We discuss here conceptual issues that should be considered for the development and implementation of such a strategy aimed at addressing the perinatal health problems of the new millenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Frenquelli
- Master Program in Child Psychoanalysis and Neuropsychological, Developmental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marc Ratcliff
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Centre Jean Piaget, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jimena Villar de Onis
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Fernandes
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando C. Barros
- Post Graduate Course on Health in the Vital Cycle, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Jane E. Hirst
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aris T. Papageorghiou
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Villar
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Ruiz-Martinez S, Delgado JL, Paules C, Cavallaro A, De Paco C, Villar J, Papageorghiou A, Oros D. Clinical phenotypes for risk stratification in small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2022; 59:490-496. [PMID: 34396614 DOI: 10.1002/uog.23765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether clinical phenotypes of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses can be identified and used for adverse perinatal outcome risk stratification to facilitate clinical decision-making. METHODS This was a multicenter observational cohort study conducted in two tertiary care university hospitals. SGA fetuses were classified according to maternal, fetal and placental conditions using a two-step cluster algorithm, in which fetuses with more than one condition were assigned to the cluster associated with the highest mortality risk. Delivery and perinatal outcomes were compared using chi-square test among SGA clusters, and the associations between outcomes and each cluster were evaluated by calculating odds ratios (OR), adjusted for gestational age. RESULTS The study included 17 631 consecutive singleton pregnancies, of which 1274 (7.2%) were defined as SGA at birth according to INTERGROWTH-21st standards. Nine SGA clinical phenotypes were identified using a predefined conceptual framework. All delivery and perinatal outcomes analyzed were significantly different among the nine phenotypes. The whole SGA cohort had a three-times higher risk of perinatal mortality compared with non-SGA fetuses (1.4% vs 0.4%; P < 0.001). SGA clinical phenotypes exhibited three patterns of perinatal mortality risk: the highest risk was associated with congenital anomaly (8.3%; OR, 17.17 (95% CI, 2.17-136.12)) and second- or third-trimester hemorrhage (8.3%; OR, 9.94 (95% CI, 1.23-80.02)) clusters; medium risk was associated with gestational diabetes (3.8%; OR, 9.59 (95% CI, 1.27-72.57)), preterm birth (3.2%; OR, 4.65 (95% CI, 0.62-35.01)) and intrauterine growth restriction (3.1%; OR, 5.93 (95% CI, 3.21-10.95)) clusters; and the lowest risk was associated with the remaining clusters. Perinatal mortality rate did not differ between SGA fetuses without other clinical conditions (54.1% of SGA fetuses) and appropriate-for-gestational-age fetuses (0.1% vs 0.4%; OR, 0.41 (95% CI, 0.06-2.94); P = 0.27). SGA combined with other obstetric pathologies increased significantly the risk of perinatal mortality, as demonstrated by the increased odds of perinatal death in SGA cases with gestational diabetes compared to non-SGA cases with the same condition (OR, 24.40 (95% CI, 1.31-453.91)). CONCLUSIONS We identified nine SGA clinical phenotypes associated with different patterns of risk for adverse perinatal outcome. Our findings suggest that considering clinical characteristics in addition to ultrasound findings could improve risk stratification and decision-making for management of SGA fetuses. Future clinical trials investigating management of fetuses with SGA should take into account clinical information in addition to Doppler parameters and estimated fetal weight. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ruiz-Martinez
- Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragon), Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Spain
| | - J L Delgado
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario 'Virgen de la Arrixaca', El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Paules
- Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragon), Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Spain
| | - A Cavallaro
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C De Paco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario 'Virgen de la Arrixaca', El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D Oros
- Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragon), Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Spain
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13
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Villar J, Restrepo-Méndez MC, Kennedy S. INTERBIO-21st Phenotypes-Additional Considerations-Reply. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:979-980. [PMID: 34152359 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - María C Restrepo-Méndez
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Arenas M, Algara M, De Febrer G, Rubio C, Sanz X, de la Casa MA, Vasco C, Marín J, Fernández-Letón P, Villar J, Torres-Royo L, Villares P, Membrive I, Acosta J, López-Cano M, Araguas P, Quera J, Rodríguez-Tomás F, Montero A. Could pulmonary low-dose radiation therapy be an alternative treatment for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia? Preliminary results of a multicenter SEOR-GICOR nonrandomized prospective trial (IPACOVID trial). Strahlenther Onkol 2021; 197:1010-1020. [PMID: 34230996 PMCID: PMC8260020 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-021-01803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of lung low-dose radiation therapy (LD-RT) for pneumonia in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and methods Inclusion criteria comprised patients with COVID-19-related moderate–severe pneumonia warranting hospitalization with supplemental O2 and not candidates for admission to the intensive care unit because of comorbidities or general status. All patients received single lung dose of 0.5 Gy. Respiratory and systemic inflammatory parameters were evaluated before irradiation, at 24 h and 1 week after LD-RT. Primary endpoint was increased in the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) or the pulse oximetry saturation (SpO2) to fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio of at least 20% at 24 h with respect to the preirradiation value. Results Between June and November 2020, 36 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and a mean age of 84 years were enrolled. Seventeen were women and 19 were men and all of them had comorbidities. All patients had bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X‑ray. All patients received dexamethasone treatment. Mean SpO2 pretreatment value was 94.28% and the SpO2/FiO2 ratio varied from 255 mm Hg to 283 mm Hg at 24 h and to 381 mm Hg at 1 week, respectively. In those who survived (23/36, 64%), a significant improvement was observed in the percentage of lung involvement in the CT scan at 1 week after LD-RT. No adverse effects related to radiation treatment have been reported. Conclusions LD-RT appears to be a feasible and safe option in a population with COVID-19 bilateral interstitial pneumonia in the presence of significant comorbidities. Supplementary Information The online version of this article (10.1007/s00066-021-01803-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Arenas
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M. Algara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. De Febrer
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Geriatric and Palliative care, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - C. Rubio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, HM Hospitales., Madrid, Spain
| | - X. Sanz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - C. Vasco
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Geriatric and Palliative care, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - J. Marín
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Critical Care, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - J. Villar
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Infection Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Torres-Royo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - P. Villares
- Department of Internal Medicine, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Membrive
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Acosta
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M. López-Cano
- Department of Internal Medicine, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Araguas
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - J. Quera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Rodríguez-Tomás
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - A. Montero
- Department of Radiation Oncology, HM Hospitales., Madrid, Spain
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Villar J, Restrepo-Méndez MC, McGready R, Barros FC, Victora CG, Munim S, Papageorghiou AT, Ochieng R, Craik R, Barsosio HC, Berkley JA, Carvalho M, Fernandes M, Cheikh Ismail L, Lambert A, Norris SA, Ohuma EO, Stein A, Tshivuila-Matala COO, Zondervan KT, Winsey A, Nosten F, Uauy R, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH. Association Between Preterm-Birth Phenotypes and Differential Morbidity, Growth, and Neurodevelopment at Age 2 Years: Results From the INTERBIO-21st Newborn Study. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:483-493. [PMID: 33646288 PMCID: PMC7922239 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The etiologic complexities of preterm birth remain inadequately understood, which may impede the development of better preventative and treatment measures. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between specific preterm-birth phenotypes and clinical, growth, and neurodevelopmental differences among preterm newborns compared with term newborns up to age 2 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The INTERBIO-21st study included a cohort of preterm and term newborn singletons enrolled between March 2012 and June 2018 from maternity hospitals in 6 countries worldwide who were followed up from birth to age 2 years. All pregnancies were dated by ultrasonography. Data were analyzed from November 2019 to October 2020. EXPOSURES/INTERVENTIONS Preterm-birth phenotypes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Infant size, health, nutrition, and World Health Organization motor development milestones assessed at ages 1 and 2 years; neurodevelopment evaluated at age 2 years using the INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment (INTER-NDA) tool. RESULTS A total of 6529 infants (3312 boys [50.7%]) were included in the analysis. Of those, 1381 were preterm births (mean [SD] gestational age at birth, 34.4 [0.1] weeks; 5148 were term births (mean [SD] gestational age at birth, 39.4 [0] weeks). Among 1381 preterm newborns, 8 phenotypes were identified: no main maternal, fetal, or placental condition detected (485 infants [35.1%]); infections (289 infants [20.9%]); preeclampsia (162 infants [11.7%]); fetal distress (131 infants [9.5%]); intrauterine growth restriction (110 infants [8.0%]); severe maternal disease (85 infants [6.2%]); bleeding (71 infants [5.1%]); and congenital anomaly (48 infants [3.5%]). For all phenotypes, a previous preterm birth was a risk factor for recurrence. Each phenotype displayed differences in neonatal morbidity and infant outcomes. For example, infants with the no main condition detected phenotype had low neonatal morbidity but increased morbidity and hospitalization incidence at age 1 year (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.8-2.7). Compared with term newborns, the highest risk of scoring lower than the 10th centile of INTER-NDA normative values was observed in the fine motor development domain among newborns with the fetal distress (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 5.1-22.2) phenotype. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this study suggest that phenotypic classification may provide a better understanding of the etiologic factors and mechanisms associated with preterm birth than continuing to consider it an exclusively time-based entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - María C Restrepo-Méndez
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rose McGready
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Cesar G Victora
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Shama Munim
- Division of Women and Child Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel Craik
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hellen C Barsosio
- KEMRI Coast Centre for Geographical Medicine and Research, University of Oxford, Kilifi, Kenya.,KEMRI Centre for Global Health Research, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Carvalho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michelle Fernandes
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ann Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shane A Norris
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways For Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eric O Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chrystelle O O Tshivuila-Matala
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,SAMRC Developmental Pathways For Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, World Bank Group, Washington, DC
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adele Winsey
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health Interventions Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Rodriguez-Sibaja MJ, Villar J, Ohuma EO, Napolitano R, Heyl S, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Noble JA, Oberto M, Purwar M, Pang R, Cheikh Ismail L, Lambert A, Gravett MG, Salomon LJ, Drukker L, Barros FC, Kennedy SH, Bhutta ZA, Papageorghiou AT. Fetal cerebellar growth and Sylvian fissure maturation: international standards from Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of INTERGROWTH-21 st Project. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021; 57:614-623. [PMID: 32196791 DOI: 10.1002/uog.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct international ultrasound-based standards for fetal cerebellar growth and Sylvian fissure maturation. METHODS Healthy, well nourished pregnant women, enrolled at < 14 weeks' gestation in the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study (FGLS) of INTERGROWTH-21st , an international multicenter, population-based project, underwent serial three-dimensional (3D) fetal ultrasound scans every 5 ± 1 weeks until delivery in study sites located in Brazil, India, Italy, Kenya and the UK. In the present analysis, only those fetuses that underwent developmental assessment at 2 years of age were included. We measured the transcerebellar diameter and assessed Sylvian fissure maturation using two-dimensional ultrasound images extracted from available 3D fetal head volumes. The appropriateness of pooling data from the five sites was assessed using variance component analysis and standardized site differences. For each Sylvian fissure maturation score (left or right side), mean gestational age and 95% CI were calculated. Transcerebellar diameter was modeled using fractional polynomial regression, and goodness of fit was assessed. RESULTS Of those children in the original FGLS cohort who had developmental assessment at 2 years of age, 1130 also had an available 3D ultrasound fetal head volume. The sociodemographic characteristics and pregnancy/perinatal outcomes of the study sample confirmed the health and low-risk status of the population studied. In addition, the fetuses had low morbidity and adequate growth and development at 2 years of age. In total, 3016 and 2359 individual volumes were available for transcerebellar-diameter and Sylvian-fissure analysis, respectively. Variance component analysis and standardized site differences showed that the five study populations were sufficiently similar on the basis of predefined criteria for the data to be pooled to produce international standards. A second-degree fractional polynomial provided the best fit for modeling transcerebellar diameter; we then estimated gestational-age-specific 3rd , 50th and 97th smoothed centiles. Goodness-of-fit analysis comparing empirical centiles with smoothed centile curves showed good agreement. The Sylvian fissure increased in maturation with advancing gestation, with complete overlap of the mean gestational age and 95% CIs between the sexes for each development score. No differences in Sylvian fissure maturation between the right and left hemispheres were observed. CONCLUSION We present, for the first time, international standards for fetal cerebellar growth and Sylvian fissure maturation throughout pregnancy based on a healthy fetal population that exhibited adequate growth and development at 2 years of age. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rodriguez-Sibaja
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E O Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Napolitano
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Heyl
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Carvalho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Y A Jaffer
- Department of Family & Community Health, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - J A Noble
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Oberto
- S.C. Ostetricia 2U, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M Purwar
- Nagpur INTERGROWTH-21st Research Centre, Ketkar Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - R Pang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Cheikh Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - A Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M G Gravett
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L J Salomon
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - L Drukker
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F C Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - S H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Z A Bhutta
- Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - A T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ohuma EO, Young MF, Martorell R, Ismail LC, Peña-Rosas JP, Purwar M, Garcia-Casal MN, Gravett MG, de Onis M, Wu Q, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Lambert A, Bertino E, Papageorghiou AT, Barros FC, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH, Villar J. International values for haemoglobin distributions in healthy pregnant women. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 29-30:100660. [PMID: 33437954 PMCID: PMC7788439 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia in pregnancy is a global health problem with associated morbidity and mortality. METHODS A secondary analysis of prospective, population-based study from 2009 to 2016 to generate maternal haemoglobin normative centiles in uncomplicated pregnancies in women receiving optimal antenatal care. Pregnant women were enrolled <14 weeks' gestation in the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study (FGLS) of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project which involved eight geographically diverse urban areas in Brazil, China, India, Italy, Kenya, Oman, United Kingdom and United States. At each 5 ± 1 weekly visit until delivery, information was collected about the pregnancy, as well as the results of blood tests taken as part of routine antenatal care that complemented the study's requirements, including haemoglobin values. FINDINGS A total of 3502 (81%) of 4321 women who delivered a live, singleton newborn with no visible congenital anomalies, contributed at least one haemoglobin value. Median haemoglobin concentrations ranged from 114.6 to 121.4 g/L, 94 to 103 g/L at the 3rd centile, and from 135 to 141 g/L at the 97th centile. The lowest values were seen between 31 and 32 weeks' gestation, representing a mean drop of 6.8 g/L compared to 14 weeks' gestation. The percentage variation in maternal haemoglobin within-site was 47% of the total variance compared to 13% between sites. INTERPRETATION We have generated International, gestational age-specific, smoothed centiles for maternal haemoglobin concentration compatible with better pregnancy outcomes, as well as adequate neonatal and early childhood morbidity, growth and development up to 2 years of age. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Grant number 49038.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O. Ohuma
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health (MARCH) Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
| | - Melissa F. Young
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manorama Purwar
- Nagpur INTERGROWTH-21st Research Centre, Ketkar Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | | | - Michael G. Gravett
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mercedes de Onis
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - QingQing Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Maria Carvalho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yasmin A. Jaffer
- Department of Family and Community Health, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ann Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Unit of the University, AOU City of Health and Science of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Aris T. Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fernando C. Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Napolitano R, Molloholli M, Donadono V, Ohuma EO, Wanyonyi SZ, Kemp B, Yaqub MK, Ash S, Barros FC, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Noble JA, Oberto M, Purwar M, Pang R, Cheikh Ismail L, Lambert A, Gravett MG, Salomon LJ, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH, Villar J, Papageorghiou AT. International standards for fetal brain structures based on serial ultrasound measurements from Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of INTERGROWTH-21 st Project. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020; 56:359-370. [PMID: 32048426 DOI: 10.1002/uog.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To create prescriptive growth standards for five fetal brain structures, measured using ultrasound, in healthy, well-nourished women at low risk of impaired fetal growth and poor perinatal outcome, taking part in the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study (FGLS) of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. METHODS This was a complementary analysis of a large, population-based, multicenter, longitudinal study. The sample analyzed was selected randomly from the overall FGLS population, ensuring an equal distribution among the eight diverse participating sites and of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes across pregnancy (range: 15-36 weeks' gestation). We measured, in planes reconstructed from 3D ultrasound volumes of the fetal head at different timepoints in pregnancy, the size of the parieto-occipital fissure (POF), Sylvian fissure (SF), anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, atrium of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle (PV) and cisterna magna (CM). Fractional polynomials were used to construct the standards. Growth and development of the infants were assessed at 1 and 2 years of age to confirm their adequacy for constructing international standards. RESULTS From the entire FGLS cohort of 4321 women, 451 (10.4%) were selected at random. After exclusions, 3D ultrasound volumes from 442 fetuses born without a congenital malformation were used to create the charts. The fetal brain structures of interest were identified in 90% of cases. All structures, except the PV, showed increasing size with gestational age, and the size of the POF, SF, PV and CM showed increasing variability. The 3rd , 5th , 50th , 95th and 97th smoothed centiles are presented. The 5th centiles for the POF and SF were 3.1 mm and 4.7 mm at 22 weeks' gestation and 4.6 mm and 9.9 mm at 32 weeks, respectively. The 95th centiles for the PV and CM were 8.5 mm and 7.5 mm at 22 weeks and 8.6 mm and 9.5 mm at 32 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We have produced prescriptive size standards for fetal brain structures based on prospectively enrolled pregnancies at low risk of abnormal outcome. We recommend these as international standards for the assessment of measurements obtained using ultrasound from fetal brain structures. © 2020 Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Napolitano
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Molloholli
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - V Donadono
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E O Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Z Wanyonyi
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - B Kemp
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M K Yaqub
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Ash
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F C Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - M Carvalho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Y A Jaffer
- Department of Family & Community Health, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - J A Noble
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Oberto
- S.C. Ostetricia 2U, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - M Purwar
- Nagpur INTERGROWTH-21st Research Centre, Ketkar Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - R Pang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Cheikh Ismail
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - A Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M G Gravett
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L J Salomon
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Z A Bhutta
- Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - S H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ruiz-Martinez S, Papageorghiou AT, Staines-Urias E, Villar J, Gonzalez De Agüero R, Oros D. Clinical impact of Doppler reference charts on management of small-for-gestational-age fetuses: need for standardization. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020; 56:166-172. [PMID: 31237023 DOI: 10.1002/uog.20380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess clinical variability in the management of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses according to different published Doppler reference charts for umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler indices and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR). METHODS We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Web of Science databases from 1954 to 2018 for studies with the sole aim of creating fetal Doppler reference values for UA, MCA and CPR. The top cited articles for each Doppler parameter were included. Variability in Doppler values at the following clinically relevant cut-offs was assessed: UA-pulsatility index (PI) > 95th percentile; MCA-PI < 5th percentile; and CPR < 5th percentile. Variability was calculated for each week of gestation and expressed as the percentage difference between the highest and lowest Doppler value at the clinically relevant cut-offs. Simulation analysis was performed in a cohort of SGA fetuses (n = 617) to evaluate the impact of this variability on clinical management. RESULTS From a total of 40 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 19 were analyzed (13 for UA-PI, 10 for MCA-PI and five for CPR). Wide discrepancies in reported Doppler reference values at clinically relevant cut-offs were found. MCA-PI showed the greatest variability, with differences of up to 51% in the 5th percentile value at term. Variability in the 95th percentile of UA-PI and the 5th percentile of CPR at each gestational week ranged from 21% to 41% and 15% to 33%, respectively. As expected, on simulation analysis, these differences in Doppler cut-off values were associated with significant variation in the clinical management of SGA fetuses, despite using the same protocol. CONCLUSIONS The choice of Doppler reference chart can result in significant variation in the clinical management of SGA fetuses, which may lead to suboptimal outcomes and inaccurate research conclusions. Therefore, an attempt to standardize fetal Doppler reference ranges is needed. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ruiz-Martinez
- Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragón), Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Staines-Urias
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Gonzalez De Agüero
- Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragón), Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Spain
| | - D Oros
- Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragón), Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Spain
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Fung R, Villar J, Dashti A, Ismail LC, Staines-Urias E, Ohuma EO, Salomon LJ, Victora CG, Barros FC, Lambert A, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Noble JA, Gravett MG, Purwar M, Pang R, Bertino E, Munim S, Min AM, McGready R, Norris SA, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH, Papageorghiou AT, Ourmazd A. Achieving accurate estimates of fetal gestational age and personalised predictions of fetal growth based on data from an international prospective cohort study: a population-based machine learning study. Lancet Digit Health 2020; 2:e368-e375. [PMID: 32617525 PMCID: PMC7323599 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Preterm birth is a major global health challenge, the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age, and a key measure of a population's general health and nutritional status. Current clinical methods of estimating fetal gestational age are often inaccurate. For example, between 20 and 30 weeks of gestation, the width of the 95% prediction interval around the actual gestational age is estimated to be 18–36 days, even when the best ultrasound estimates are used. The aims of this study are to improve estimates of fetal gestational age and provide personalised predictions of future growth. Methods Using ultrasound-derived, fetal biometric data, we developed a machine learning approach to accurately estimate gestational age. The accuracy of the method is determined by reference to exactly known facts pertaining to each fetus—specifically, intervals between ultrasound visits—rather than the date of the mother's last menstrual period. The data stem from a sample of healthy, well-nourished participants in a large, multicentre, population-based study, the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st). The generalisability of the algorithm is shown with data from a different and more heterogeneous population (INTERBIO-21st Fetal Study). Findings In the context of two large datasets, we estimated gestational age between 20 and 30 weeks of gestation with 95% confidence to within 3 days, using measurements made in a 10-week window spanning the second and third trimesters. Fetal gestational age can thus be estimated in the 20–30 weeks gestational age window with a prediction interval 3–5 times better than with any previous algorithm. This will enable improved management of individual pregnancies. 6-week forecasts of the growth trajectory for a given fetus are accurate to within 7 days. This will help identify at-risk fetuses more accurately than currently possible. At population level, the higher accuracy is expected to improve fetal growth charts and population health assessments. Interpretation Machine learning can circumvent long-standing limitations in determining fetal gestational age and future growth trajectory, without recourse to often inaccurately known information, such as the date of the mother's last menstrual period. Using this algorithm in clinical practice could facilitate the management of individual pregnancies and improve population-level health. Upon publication of this study, the algorithm for gestational age estimates will be provided for research purposes free of charge via a web portal. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Office of Science (US Department of Energy), US National Science Foundation, and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Fung
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ali Dashti
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Eric O Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurent J Salomon
- Maternité Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Cesar G Victora
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Ann Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Carvalho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yasmin A Jaffer
- Department of Family & Community Health, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - J Alison Noble
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael G Gravett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Manorama Purwar
- Nagpur INTERGROWTH-21st Research Centre, Ketkar Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - Ruyan Pang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell' Adolescenza, Struttura Complessa Direzione Universitaria Neonatologia, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Shama Munim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aung Myat Min
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Rose McGready
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Shane A Norris
- South African Medical Research Council Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abbas Ourmazd
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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21
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Algara M, Arenas M, Marin J, Vallverdu I, Fernandez-Letón P, Villar J, Fabrer G, Rubio C, Montero A. Low dose anti-inflammatory radiotherapy for the treatment of pneumonia by covid-19: A proposal for a multi-centric prospective trial. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2020; 24:29-33. [PMID: 32613089 PMCID: PMC7317159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial bilateral pneumonia is the main complication of severe COVID-19. Low-dose radiation therapy (LD-RT) has well-known anti-inflammatory effects. LD-RT can interfere with the hyper-inflammatory cascade associated with severe COVID-19. LD-RT could reduce the severity of associated cytokine release caused by COVID-19. This trial will evaluate efficacy of lung LD-RT for interstitial COVID-19 pneumonia.
Background COVID-19 is a highly contagious viral infection with high morbidity that is draining health resources. The biggest complication is pneumonia, which has a serious inflammatory component, with no standardized treatment. Low-dose radiation therapy (LD-RT) is non-invasive and has anti-inflammatory effects that can interfere with the inflammatory cascade, thus reducing the severity of associated cytokine release and might be useful in the treatment of respiratory complications caused by COVID-19. Study design and methods This multicentric prospective clinical trial seeks to evaluate the efficacy of bilateral lung LD-RT therapy as a treatment for interstitial pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 for improving respiratory function. This prospective study will have 2 phases: I) an exploratory phase enrolling 10 patients, which will assess the feasibility and efficacy of low-dose lung irradiation, evaluated according to an increase in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio of at least 20% at 48–72 h with respect to the pre-irradiation value. If a minimum efficiency of 30% of the patients is not achieved, the study will not be continued. II) Non-randomized comparative phase in two groups: a control group, which will only receive pharmacological treatment, and an experimental arm with pharmacological treatment and LD-RT. It will include 96 patients, the allocation will be 1: 2, that is, 32 in the control arm and 64 in the experimental arm. The primary end-point will be the efficacy of LD-RT in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia according to an improvement in PaO2/FiO2. Secondary objectives will include the safety of bilateral lung LD-RT, an improvement in the radiology image, overall mortality rates at 15 and 30 days after irradiation and characterizing anti-inflammatory mechanisms of LD-RT by measuring the level of expression of adhesion molecules, anti-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress mediators. Trial registration: ClinicalTrial.gov NCT-04380818 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04380818?term=RADIOTHERAPY&cond=COVID&draw=2&rank=4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Algara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital del Mar, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Arenas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Rovira iV irgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - J. Marin
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I. Vallverdu
- Intensive Care Unit University Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - P. Fernandez-Letón
- Department of Radiation Physics, University Hospital HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Fabrer
- Department of Geriatric and Palliative Care, University Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - C. Rubio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Montero
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Crager S, Villar J, Kohn M, Nesbitt J, Wilson J, Niknam K, Mitarai T. 274 Introduction of a Floating Emergency Critical Care Team Into an Academic Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.08.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Oros D, Ruiz-Martinez S, Staines-Urias E, Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Fabre E, Papageorghiou AT. Reference ranges for Doppler indices of umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries and cerebroplacental ratio: systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019; 53:454-464. [PMID: 30126005 DOI: 10.1002/uog.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess studies reporting reference ranges for umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler indices and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), using a set of predefined methodological quality criteria for study design, statistical analysis and reporting methods. METHODS This was a systematic review of observational studies in which the primary aim was to create reference ranges for UA and MCA Doppler indices and CPR in fetuses of singleton gestations. A search for relevant articles was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science (from inception to 31 December 2016) and references of the retrieved articles. Two authors independently selected studies, assessed the risk of bias and extracted the data. Studies were scored against a predefined set of independently agreed methodological criteria and an overall quality score was assigned to each study. Linear multiple regression analysis assessing the association between quality scores and study characteristics was performed. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The highest potential for bias was noted in the following fields: 'ultrasound quality control measures', in which only two studies demonstrated a comprehensive quality-control strategy; 'number of measurements taken for each Doppler variable', which was apparent in only three studies; 'sonographer experience', in which no study on CPR reported clearly the experience or training of the sonographers, while only three studies on UA Doppler and four on MCA Doppler did; and 'blinding of measurements', in which only one study, on UA Doppler, reported that sonographers were blinded to the measurement recorded during the examination. Sample size estimations were present in only seven studies. No predictors of quality were found on multiple regression analysis. Reference ranges varied significantly with important clinical implications for what is considered normal or abnormal, even when restricting the analysis to the highest scoring studies. CONCLUSIONS There is considerable methodological heterogeneity in studies reporting reference ranges for UA and MCA Doppler indices and CPR, and the resulting references have important implications for clinical practice. There is a need for the standardization of methodologies for Doppler velocimetry and for the development of reference standards, which can be correctly interpreted and applied in clinical practice. We propose a set of recommendations for this purpose. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oros
- Aragón Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragón), Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Spain
| | - S Ruiz-Martinez
- Aragón Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragón), Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Staines-Urias
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Conde-Agudelo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - J Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Fabre
- Aragón Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragón), Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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24
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Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Kennedy SH, Papageorghiou AT. Predictive accuracy of cerebroplacental ratio for adverse perinatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes in suspected fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52:430-441. [PMID: 29920817 DOI: 10.1002/uog.19117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) has been proposed for the routine surveillance of pregnancies with suspected fetal growth restriction (FGR), but the predictive performance of this test is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of CPR for predicting adverse perinatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes in suspected FGR. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and Lilacs were searched from inception to 31 July 2017 for cohort or cross-sectional studies reporting on the accuracy of CPR for predicting adverse perinatal and/or neurodevelopmental outcomes in singleton pregnancies with FGR suspected antenatally based on sonographic parameters. Summary receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves, pooled sensitivities and specificities, and summary likelihood ratios (LRs) were generated. RESULTS Twenty-two studies (including 4301 women) met the inclusion criteria. Summary ROC curves showed that the best predictive accuracy of CPR was for perinatal death and the worst was for neonatal acidosis, with areas under the summary ROC curves of 0.83 and 0.57, respectively. The predictive accuracy of CPR was moderate to high for perinatal death (pooled sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 76%, respectively, and summary positive and negative LRs of 3.9 and 0.09, respectively) and low for composite of adverse perinatal outcomes, Cesarean section for non-reassuring fetal status, 5-min Apgar score < 7, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, neonatal acidosis and neonatal morbidity, with summary positive and negative LRs ranging from 1.1 to 2.5 and 0.3 to 0.9, respectively. An abnormal CPR result had moderate accuracy for predicting small-for-gestational age at birth (summary positive LR of 7.4). CPR had a higher predictive accuracy in pregnancies with suspected early-onset FGR. No study provided data for assessing the predictive accuracy of CPR for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. CONCLUSION CPR appears to be useful in predicting perinatal death in pregnancies with suspected FGR. Nevertheless, before incorporating CPR into the routine clinical management of suspected FGR, randomized controlled trials should assess whether the use of CPR reduces perinatal death or other adverse perinatal outcomes. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Conde-Agudelo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - J Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, Oxford, UK
| | - S H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, Oxford, UK
| | - A T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, Oxford, UK
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25
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Redondo MJ, Geyer S, Steck AK, Sharp S, Wentworth JM, Weedon MN, Antinozzi P, Sosenko J, Atkinson M, Pugliese A, Oram RA, Antinozzi P, Atkinson M, Battaglia M, Becker D, Bingley P, Bosi E, Buckner J, Colman P, Gottlieb P, Herold K, Insel R, Kay T, Knip M, Marks J, Moran A, Palmer J, Peakman M, Philipson L, Pugliese A, Raskin P, Rodriguez H, Roep B, Russell W, Schatz D, Wherrett D, Wilson D, Winter W, Ziegler A, Benoist C, Blum J, Chase P, Clare-Salzler M, Clynes R, Eisenbarth G, Fathman C, Grave G, Hering B, Kaufman F, Leschek E, Mahon J, Nanto-Salonen K, Nepom G, Orban T, Parkman R, Pescovitz M, Peyman J, Roncarolo M, Simell O, Sherwin R, Siegelman M, Steck A, Thomas J, Trucco M, Wagner J, Greenbaum ,CJ, Bourcier K, Insel R, Krischer JP, Leschek E, Rafkin L, Spain L, Cowie C, Foulkes M, Krause-Steinrauf H, Lachin JM, Malozowski S, Peyman J, Ridge J, Savage P, Skyler JS, Zafonte SJ, Kenyon NS, Santiago I, Sosenko JM, Bundy B, Abbondondolo M, Adams T, Amado D, Asif I, Boonstra M, Bundy B, Burroughs C, Cuthbertson D, Deemer M, Eberhard C, Fiske S, Ford J, Garmeson J, Guillette H, Browning G, Coughenour T, Sulk M, Tsalikan E, Tansey M, Cabbage J, Dixit N, Pasha S, King M, Adcock K, Geyer S, Atterberry H, Fox L, Englert K, Mauras N, Permuy J, Sikes K, Berhe T, Guendling B, McLennan L, Paganessi L, Hays B, Murphy C, Draznin M, Kamboj M, Sheppard S, Lewis V, Coates L, Moore W, Babar G, Bedard J, Brenson-Hughes D, Henderson C, Cernich J, Clements M, Duprau R, Goodman S, Hester L, Huerta-Saenz L, Karmazin A, Letjen T, Raman S, Morin D, Henry M, Bestermann W, Morawski E, White J, Brockmyer A, Bays R, Campbell S, Stapleton A, Stone N, Donoho A, Everett H, Heyman K, Hensley H, Johnson M, Marshall C, Skirvin N, Taylor P, Williams R, Ray L, Wolverton C, Nickels D, Dothard C, Hsiao B, Speiser P, Pellizzari M, Bokor L, Izuora K, Abdelnour S, Cummings P, Paynor S, Leahy M, Riedl M, Shockley S, Karges C, Saad R, Briones T, Casella S, Herz C, Walsh K, Greening J, Hay F, Hunt S, Sikotra N, Simons L, Keaton N, Karounos D, Oremus R, Dye L, Myers L, Ballard D, Miers W, Sparks R, Thraikill K, Edwards K, Fowlkes J, Kinderman A, Kemp S, Morales A, Holland L, Johnson L, Paul P, Ghatak A, Phelen K, Leyland H, Henderson T, Brenner D, Law P, Oppenheimer E, Mamkin I, Moniz C, Clarson C, Lovell M, Peters A, Ruelas V, Borut D, Burt D, Jordan M, Leinbach A, Castilla S, Flores P, Ruiz M, Hanson L, Green-Blair J, Sheridan R, Wintergerst K, Pierce G, Omoruyi A, Foster M, Linton C, Kingery S, Lunsford A, Cervantes I, Parker T, Price P, Urben J, Doughty I, Haydock H, Parker V, Bergman P, Liu S, Duncum S, Rodda C, Thomas A, Ferry R, McCommon D, Cockroft J, Perelman A, Calendo R, Barrera C, Arce-Nunez E, Lloyd J, Martinez Y, De la Portilla M, Cardenas I, Garrido L, Villar M, Lorini R, Calandra E, D’Annuzio G, Perri K, Minuto N, Malloy J, Rebora C, Callegari R, Ali O, Kramer J, Auble B, Cabrera S, Donohoue P, Fiallo-Scharer R, Hessner M, Wolfgram P, Maddox K, Kansra A, Bettin N, McCuller R, Miller A, Accacha S, Corrigan J, Fiore E, Levine R, Mahoney T, Polychronakos C, Martin J, Gagne V, Starkman H, Fox M, Chin D, Melchionne F, Silverman L, Marshall I, Cerracchio L, Cruz J, Viswanathan A, Miller J, Wilson J, Chalew S, Valley S, Layburn S, Lala A, Clesi P, Genet M, Uwaifo G, Charron A, Allerton T, Milliot E, Cefalu W, Melendez-Ramirez L, Richards R, Alleyn C, Gustafson E, Lizanna M, Wahlen J, Aleiwe S, Hansen M, Wahlen H, Moore M, Levy C, Bonaccorso A, Rapaport R, Tomer Y, Chia D, Goldis M, Iazzetti L, Klein M, Levister C, Waldman L, Muller S, Wallach E, Regelmann M, Antal Z, Aranda M, Reynholds C, Leech N, Wake D, Owens C, Burns M, Wotherspoon J, Nguyen T, Murray A, Short K, Curry G, Kelsey S, Lawson J, Porter J, Stevens S, Thomson E, Winship S, Wynn L, O’Donnell R, Wiltshire E, Krebs J, Cresswell P, Faherty H, Ross C, Vinik A, Barlow P, Bourcier M, Nevoret M, Couper J, Oduah V, Beresford S, Thalagne N, Roper H, Gibbons J, Hill J, Balleaut S, Brennan C, Ellis-Gage J, Fear L, Gray T, Pilger J, Jones L, McNerney C, Pointer L, Price N, Few K, Tomlinson D, Denvir L, Drew J, Randell T, Mansell P, Roberts A, Bell S, Butler S, Hooton Y, Navarra H, Roper A, Babington G, Crate L, Cripps H, Ledlie A, Moulds C, Sadler K, Norton R, Petrova B, Silkstone O, Smith C, Ghai K, Murray M, Viswanathan V, Henegan M, Kawadry O, Olson J, Stavros T, Patterson L, Ahmad T, Flores B, Domek D, Domek S, Copeland K, George M, Less J, Davis T, Short M, Tamura R, Dwarakanathan A, O’Donnell P, Boerner B, Larson L, Phillips M, Rendell M, Larson K, Smith C, Zebrowski K, Kuechenmeister L, Wood K, Thevarayapillai M, Daniels M, Speer H, Forghani N, Quintana R, Reh C, Bhangoo A, Desrosiers P, Ireland L, Misla T, Xu P, Torres C, Wells S, Villar J, Yu M, Berry D, Cook D, Soder J, Powell A, Ng M, Morrison M, Young K, Haslam Z, Lawson M, Bradley B, Courtney J, Richardson C, Watson C, Keely E, DeCurtis D, Vaccarcello-Cruz M, Torres Z, Alies P, Sandberg K, Hsiang H, Joy B, McCormick D, Powell A, Jones H, Bell J, Hargadon S, Hudson S, Kummer M, Badias F, Sauder S, Sutton E, Gensel K, Aguirre-Castaneda R, Benavides Lopez V, Hemp D, Allen S, Stear J, Davis E, Jones T, Baker A, Roberts A, Dart J, Paramalingam N, Levitt Katz L, Chaudhary N, Murphy K, Willi S, Schwartzman B, Kapadia C, Larson D, Bassi M, McClellan D, Shaibai G, Kelley L, Villa G, Kelley C, Diamond R, Kabbani M, Dajani T, Hoekstra F, Magorno M, Beam C, Holst J, Chauhan V, Wilson N, Bononi P, Sperl M, Millward A, Eaton M, Dean L, Olshan J, Renna H, Boulware D, Milliard C, Snyder D, Beaman S, Burch K, Chester J, Ahmann A, Wollam B, DeFrang D, Fitch R, Jahnke K, Bounmananh L, Hanavan K, Klopfenstein B, Nicol L, Bergstrom R, Noland T, Brodksy J, Bacon L, Quintos J, Topor L, Bialo S, Bream S, Bancroft B, Soto A, Lagarde W, Lockemer H, Vanderploeg T, Ibrahim M, Huie M, Sanchez V, Edelen R, Marchiando R, Freeman D, Palmer J, Repas T, Wasson M, Auker P, Culbertson J, Kieffer T, Voorhees D, Borgwardt T, DeRaad L, Eckert K, Gough J, Isaacson E, Kuhn H, Carroll A, Schubert M, Francis G, Hagan S, Le T, Penn M, Wickham E, Leyva C, Ginem J, Rivera K, Padilla J, Rodriguez I, Jospe N, Czyzyk J, Johnson B, Nadgir U, Marlen N, Prakasam G, Rieger C, Granger M, Glaser N, Heiser E, Harris B, Foster C, Slater H, Wheeler K, Donaldson D, Murray M, Hale D, Tragus R, Holloway M, Word D, Lynch J, Pankratz L, Rogers W, Newfield R, Holland S, Hashiguchi M, Gottschalk M, Philis-Tsimikas A, Rosal R, Kieffer M, Franklin S, Guardado S, Bohannon N, Garcia M, Aguinaldo T, Phan J, Barraza V, Cohen D, Pinsker J, Khan U, Lane P, Wiley J, Jovanovic L, Misra P, Wright M, Cohen D, Huang K, Skiles M, Maxcy S, Pihoker C, Cochrane K, Nallamshetty L, Fosse J, Kearns S, Klingsheim M, Wright N, Viles L, Smith H, Heller S, Cunningham M, Daniels A, Zeiden L, Parrimon Y, Field J, Walker R, Griffin K, Bartholow L, Erickson C, Howard J, Krabbenhoft B, Sandman C, Vanveldhuizen A, Wurlger J, Paulus K, Zimmerman A, Hanisch K, 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Espinoza O, Frank E, Liu J, Perry J, Pyle R, Rigby A, Riley K, Soto A, Gitelman S, Adi S, Anderson M, Berhel A, Breen K, Fraser K, Gerard-Gonzalez A, Jossan P, Lustig R, Moassesfar S, Mugg A, Ng D, Prahalod P, Rangel-Lugo M, Sanda S, Tarkoff J, Torok C, Wesch R, Aslan I, Buchanan J, Cordier J, Hamilton C, Hawkins L, Ho T, Jain A, Ko K, Lee T, Phelps S, Rosenthal S, Sahakitrungruang T, Stehl L, Taylor L, Wertz M, Wong J, Philipson L, Briars R, Devine N, Littlejohn E, Grant T, Gottlieb P, Klingensmith G, Steck A, Alkanani A, Bautista K, Bedoy R, Blau A, Burke B, Cory L, Dang M, Fitzgerald-Miller L, Fouts A, Gage V, Garg S, Gesauldo P, Gutin R, Hayes C, Hoffman M, Ketchum K, Logsden-Sackett N, Maahs D, Messer L, Meyers L, Michels A, Peacock S, Rewers M, Rodriguez P, Sepulbeda F, Sippl R, Steck A, Taki I, Tran BK, Tran T, Wadwa RP, Zeitler P, Barker J, Barry S, Birks L, Bomsburger L, Bookert T, Briggs L, Burdick P, Cabrera R, Chase P, Cobry E, Conley A, Cook G, Daniels J, DiDomenico D, 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Trunnel S, Transue D, Surhigh J, Bezzaire D, Moltz K, Zacharski E, Henske J, Desai S, Frizelis K, Khan F, Sjoberg R, Allen K, Manning P, Hendry G, Taylor B, Jones S, Couch R, Danchak R, Lieberman D, Strader W, Bencomo M, Bailey T, Bedolla L, Roldan C, Moudiotis C, Vaidya B, Anning C, Bunce S, Estcourt S, Folland E, Gordon E, Harrill C, Ireland J, Piper J, Scaife L, Sutton K, Wilkins S, Costelloe M, Palmer J, Casas L, Miller C, Burgard M, Erickson C, Hallanger-Johnson J, Clark P, Taylor W, Galgani J, Banerjee S, Banda C, McEowen D, Kinman R, Lafferty A, Gillett S, Nolan C, Pathak M, Sondrol L, Hjelle T, Hafner S, Kotrba J, Hendrickson R, Cemeroglu A, Symington T, Daniel M, Appiagyei-Dankah Y, Postellon D, Racine M, Kleis L, Barnes K, Godwin S, McCullough H, Shaheen K, Buck G, Noel L, Warren M, Weber S, Parker S, Gillespie I, Nelson B, Frost C, Amrhein J, Moreland E, Hayes A, Peggram J, Aisenberg J, Riordan M, Zasa J, Cummings E, Scott K, Pinto T, Mokashi A, McAssey K, Helden E, Hammond P, Dinning L, Rahman S, Ray S, Dimicri C, Guppy S, Nielsen H, Vogel C, Ariza C, Morales L, Chang Y, Gabbay R, Ambrocio L, Manley L, Nemery R, Charlton W, Smith P, Kerr L, Steindel-Kopp B, Alamaguer M, Tabisola-Nuesca E, Pendersen A, Larson N, Cooper-Olviver H, Chan D, Fitz-Patrick D, Carreira T, Park Y, Ruhaak R, Liljenquist D. A Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Predicts Progression of Islet Autoimmunity and Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Individuals at Risk. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:1887-1894. [PMID: 30002199 PMCID: PMC6105323 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the ability of a type 1 diabetes (T1D) genetic risk score (GRS) to predict progression of islet autoimmunity and T1D in at-risk individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied the 1,244 TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study participants (T1D patients' relatives without diabetes and with one or more positive autoantibodies) who were genotyped with Illumina ImmunoChip (median [range] age at initial autoantibody determination 11.1 years [1.2-51.8], 48% male, 80.5% non-Hispanic white, median follow-up 5.4 years). Of 291 participants with a single positive autoantibody at screening, 157 converted to multiple autoantibody positivity and 55 developed diabetes. Of 953 participants with multiple positive autoantibodies at screening, 419 developed diabetes. We calculated the T1D GRS from 30 T1D-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms. We used multivariable Cox regression models, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves, and area under the curve (AUC) measures to evaluate prognostic utility of T1D GRS, age, sex, Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) Risk Score, positive autoantibody number or type, HLA DR3/DR4-DQ8 status, and race/ethnicity. We used recursive partitioning analyses to identify cut points in continuous variables. RESULTS Higher T1D GRS significantly increased the rate of progression to T1D adjusting for DPT-1 Risk Score, age, number of positive autoantibodies, sex, and ethnicity (hazard ratio [HR] 1.29 for a 0.05 increase, 95% CI 1.06-1.6; P = 0.011). Progression to T1D was best predicted by a combined model with GRS, number of positive autoantibodies, DPT-1 Risk Score, and age (7-year time-integrated AUC = 0.79, 5-year AUC = 0.73). Higher GRS was significantly associated with increased progression rate from single to multiple positive autoantibodies after adjusting for age, autoantibody type, ethnicity, and sex (HR 2.27 for GRS >0.295, 95% CI 1.47-3.51; P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS The T1D GRS independently predicts progression to T1D and improves prediction along T1D stages in autoantibody-positive relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Redondo
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Andrea K. Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Seth Sharp
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - John M. Wentworth
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael N. Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard A. Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
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Barros FC, Rabello Neto DDL, Villar J, Kennedy SH, Silveira MF, Diaz-Rossello JL, Victora CG. Caesarean sections and the prevalence of preterm and early-term births in Brazil: secondary analyses of national birth registration. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021538. [PMID: 30082353 PMCID: PMC6078248 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the high rates of caesarean sections (CSs) in Brazil have impacted on the prevalence of preterm and early-term births. DESIGN Individual-level, cross-sectional analyses of a national database. SETTING All hospital births occurring in the country in 2015. PARTICIPANTS 2 903 716 hospital-delivered singletons in 3157 municipalities, representing >96% of the country's births. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES CS rates and gestational age distribution (<37, 37-38, 39-41 and 42 or more weeks' gestation). Outcomes were analysed according to maternal education, measured in years of schooling and municipal CS rates. Analyses were also adjusted for maternal age, marital status and parity. RESULTS Prevalence of CS was 55.5%, preterm prevalence (<37 weeks' gestation) was 10.1% and early-term births (37-38 weeks of gestation) represented 29.8% of all births, ranging from 24.9% among women with <4 years of schooling to 39.8% among those with >12 years of education. The adjusted prevalence ratios of preterm and early-term birth were, respectively, 1.215 (1.174-1.257) and 1.643 (1.616-1.671) higher in municipalities with≥80% CS compared with those <30%. CONCLUSIONS Brazil faces three inter-related epidemics: a CS epidemic; an epidemic of early-term births, associated with the high CS rates; and an epidemic of preterm birth, also associated with CS but mostly linked to poverty-related risk factors. The high rates of preterm and early-term births produce an excess of newborns at higher risk of short-term morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term developmental problems. Compared with high-income countries, there is an annual excess of 354 000 preterm and early-term births in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Barros
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariangela F Silveira
- Post Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Jose Luis Diaz-Rossello
- Latin American Center for Perinatology, Women and Reproductive Health (CLAP/WR-PAHO/WHO), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cesar G Victora
- Post Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Millar K, Patel S, Munson M, Vesel L, Subbiah S, Jones RM, Little S, Papageorghiou AT, Villar J, Wegner MN, Pearson N, Muigai F, Ongeti C, Langer A. INTERGROWTH-21st Gestational Dating and Fetal and Newborn Growth Standards in Peri-Urban Nairobi, Kenya: Quasi-Experimental Implementation Study Protocol. JMIR Res Protoc 2018; 7:e10293. [PMID: 29934289 PMCID: PMC6035346 DOI: 10.2196/10293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of preterm birth, fetal growth impairment, and associated neonatal deaths disproportionately falls on low- and middle-income countries where modern obstetric tools are not available to date pregnancies and monitor fetal growth accurately. The INTERGROWTH-21st gestational dating, fetal growth monitoring, and newborn size at birth standards make this possible. Objective To scale up the INTERGROWTH-21st standards, it is essential to assess the feasibility and acceptability of their implementation and their effect on clinical decision-making in a low-resource clinical setting. Methods This study protocol describes a pre-post, quasi-experimental implementation study of the standards at Jacaranda Health, a maternity hospital in peri-urban Nairobi, Kenya. All women with viable fetuses receiving antenatal and delivery services, their resulting newborns, and the clinicians caring for them from March 2016 to March 2018 are included. The study comprises a 12-month preimplementation phase, a 12-month implementation phase, and a 5-month post-implementation phase to be completed in August 2018. Quantitative clinical and qualitative data collected during the preimplementation and implementation phases will be assessed. A clinician survey was administered eight months into the implementation phase, month 20 of the study. Implementation outcomes include quantitative and qualitative analyses of feasibility, acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, fidelity, and penetration of the standards. Clinical outcomes include appropriateness of referral and effect of the standards on clinical care and decision-making. Descriptive analyses will be conducted, and comparisons will be made between pre- and postimplementation outcomes. Qualitative data will be analyzed using thematic coding and compared across time. The study was approved by the Amref Ethics and Scientific Review Committee (Kenya) and the Harvard University Institutional Review Board. Study results will be shared with stakeholders through conferences, seminars, publications, and knowledge management platforms. Results From October 2016 to February 2017, over 90% of all full-time Jacaranda clinicians (26/28) received at least one of the three aspects of the INTERGROWTH-21st training: gestational dating ultrasound, fetal growth monitoring ultrasound, and neonatal anthropometry standards. Following the training, implementation and evaluation of the standards in Jacaranda Health’s clinical workflow will take place from March 2017 through March 5, 2018. Data analysis will be finalized, and results will be shared by August 2018. Conclusions The findings of this study will have major implications on the national and global scale up of the INTERGROWTH-21st standards and on the process of scaling up global standards in general, particularly in limited-resource settings. Registered Report Identifier RR1-10.2196/10293
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Millar
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Suha Patel
- Division of Global Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Linda Vesel
- Women and Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Heath Institute, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Villar
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Heath Institute, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Nell Wegner
- Women and Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ana Langer
- Women and Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Murray E, Fernandes M, Newton CRJ, Abubakar A, Kennedy SH, Villar J, Stein A. Evaluation of the INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment (INTER-NDA) in 2 year-old children. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193406. [PMID: 29489865 PMCID: PMC5831101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The INTER-NDA is a novel assessment of early child development measuring cognition, language, motor skills, behaviour, attention, and socio-emotional reactivity in 2 year olds in 15 minutes. Here, we present the results of an evaluation of the INTER-NDA against the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III edition (BSID-III), its sensitivity and specificity and its psychometric properties. Methods Eighty-one infants from Oxford, UK, aged 23.1–28.3 months, were evaluated using the INTER-NDA and the BSID-III. The agreement between the INTER-NDA and the BSID-III was assessed using interclass correlations (for absolute agreement), Bland-Altman analyses (for bias and limits of agreement), and sensitivity and specificity analyses (for accuracy). The internal consistency of the INTER-NDA and uni-dimensionality of its subscales were also determined. Results The interclass correlation coefficients between the BSID-III and the INTER-NDA cognitive, motor and behaviour scores ranged between 0.745 and 0.883 (p<0.001). The Bland-Altman analysis showed little to no bias in the aforementioned subscales. The sensitivity and specificity of INTER-NDA cognitive scores ≤1 SD below the mean are 66.7% and 98.6% respectively, with moderate agreement between INTER-NDA and BSID-III classifications (κ = 0.72, p<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of INTER-NDA scores <2 SD below the mean, in predicting low BSID-III scores (<70), are 100% each for cognition, and 25% and 100% respectively for language. More than 97% of children who scored in the normal range of the INTER-NDA (<1SD below mean) also scored in the normal range in the BSID-III (≥85). The INTER-NDA demonstrates satisfactory internal consistency and its subscales demonstrate good unidimensionality. Conclusion The INTER-NDA shows good agreement with the BSID-III, and demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties, for the assessment of ECD at 22–28 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Fernandes
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles R. J. Newton
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Villar J, Giuliani F, Barros F, Roggero P, Coronado Zarco IA, Rego MAS, Ochieng R, Gianni ML, Rao S, Lambert A, Ryumina I, Britto C, Chawla D, Cheikh Ismail L, Ali SR, Hirst J, Teji JS, Abawi K, Asibey J, Agyeman-Duah J, McCormick K, Bertino E, Papageorghiou AT, Figueras-Aloy J, Bhutta Z, Kennedy S. Monitoring the Postnatal Growth of Preterm Infants: A Paradigm Change. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-2467. [PMID: 29301912 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no consensus regarding how the growth of preterm infants should be monitored or what constitutes their ideal pattern of growth, especially after term-corrected age. The concept that the growth of preterm infants should match that of healthy fetuses is not substantiated by data and, in practice, is seldom attained, particularly for very preterm infants. Hence, by hospital discharge, many preterm infants are classified as postnatal growth-restricted. In a recent systematic review, 61 longitudinal reference charts were identified, most with considerable limitations in the quality of gestational age estimation, anthropometric measures, feeding regimens, and how morbidities were described. We suggest that the correct comparator for assessing the growth of preterm infants, especially those who are moderately or late preterm, is a cohort of preterm newborns (not fetuses or term infants) with an uncomplicated intrauterine life and low neonatal and infant morbidity. Such growth monitoring should be comprehensive, as recommended for term infants, and should include assessments of postnatal length, head circumference, weight/length ratio, and, if possible, fat and fat-free mass. Preterm postnatal growth standards meeting these criteria are now available and may be used to assess preterm infants until 64 weeks' postmenstrual age (6 months' corrected age), the time at which they overlap, without the need for any adjustment, with the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards for term newborns. Despite remaining nutritional gaps, 90% of preterm newborns (ie, moderate to late preterm infants) can be monitored by using the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century Preterm Postnatal Growth Standards from birth until life at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College and
| | - Francesca Giuliani
- Azienda Ospedaliera, Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita Sant'Anna, Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fernando Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paola Roggero
- NICU, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maria Albertina S Rego
- Departmento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Lorella Gianni
- NICU, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda, Milano, Italy
| | - Suman Rao
- St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Ann Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College and
| | - Irina Ryumina
- Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Carl Britto
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak Chawla
- Department of Paediatrics, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College and
| | | | - Jane Hirst
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College and
| | - Jagjit Singh Teji
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karim Abawi
- Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Enrico Bertino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell'Adolescenza, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College and
| | | | - Zulfiqar Bhutta
- Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College and
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Molas E, Luque S, Retamero A, Echeverría-Esnal D, Guelar A, Montero M, Guerri R, Sorli L, Lerma E, Villar J, Knobel H. Frequency and severity of potential drug interactions in a cohort of HIV-infected patients Identified through a Multidisciplinary team. HIV Clin Trials 2017; 19:1-7. [PMID: 29179644 DOI: 10.1080/15284336.2017.1404690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interactions between antiretroviral treatment (ART) and comedications are a concern in HIV-infected patients. This study aimed to determine the frequency and severity of potential drug-drug interactions (PDDIs) with ART in our setting. METHODS Observational study by a multidisciplinary team in 1259 consecutive HIV patients (March 2015-September 2016). Data on demographics, toxic habits, comorbidities, and current ART were collected. A structured questionnaire recorded concomitant medications (including occasional and over-the-counter drugs). PDDIs were classified into four categories: (1) no interactions, (2) mild (clinically non-significant), (3) moderate (requiring close monitoring or drug modification/dose adjustment), and (4) severe (contraindicated). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS chi-square test, logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In total, 881 (70%) patients took comedication, and 563 (44.7%) had ≥ PDDI. Forty-one comedicated patients (4.6%) had severe and 522 (59.2%) moderate PDDIs. Moderate PDDIs mainly involved cardiovascular (53.8%) and central nervous system (40.2%) drugs. Independent risk factors for PDDIs were ART containing a boosted protease inhibitor (odds ratio [OR]=9.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.15-16.11; p = 0.0001) and/or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) (OR = 4.34, 95%CI 2.49-7.55; p = 0.0001), HCV co-infection (OR = 3.26, 95%CI 2.15-4.93; p = 0.0001), and use of two or more comedications (OR = 3.36, 95%CI 2.27-4.97; p = 0.0001). Adherence and effectiveness of ART were similar in patients with and without PDDIs. The team made 133 recommendations related to comedications (drug change or dose adjustment) or ART (drug switch or change in administration schedule). CONCLUSIONS Systematic evaluation detected a significant percentage of PDDIs requiring an intervention in HIV patients on ART. Monitoring and advice about drug-drug interactions should be part of routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Molas
- a Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, Department of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - S Luque
- b Pharmacy Department Hospital del Mar , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - A Retamero
- b Pharmacy Department Hospital del Mar , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - D Echeverría-Esnal
- b Pharmacy Department Hospital del Mar , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - A Guelar
- a Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, Department of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - M Montero
- a Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, Department of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - R Guerri
- a Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, Department of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - L Sorli
- a Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, Department of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - E Lerma
- a Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, Department of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - J Villar
- a Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, Department of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - H Knobel
- a Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, Department of Medicine , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Wardi G, Villar J, Gross E, Lava M, Seethala R, Owens R, Tolia V, Sell R, Beitler J. 122 Analysis of a Multi-Center Survey to Assess Fluid Resuscitation Practice in Patients With Sepsis and Heart Failure. Ann Emerg Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.07.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Stirnemann J, Villar J, Salomon LJ, Ohuma E, Ruyan P, Altman DG, Nosten F, Craik R, Munim S, Cheikh Ismail L, Barros FC, Lambert A, Norris S, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Noble JA, Bertino E, Gravett MG, Purwar M, Victora CG, Uauy R, Bhutta Z, Kennedy S, Papageorghiou AT. International estimated fetal weight standards of the INTERGROWTH-21 st Project. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 49:478-486. [PMID: 27804212 PMCID: PMC5516164 DOI: 10.1002/uog.17347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimated fetal weight (EFW) and fetal biometry are complementary measures used to screen for fetal growth disturbances. Our aim was to provide international EFW standards to complement the INTERGROWTH-21st Fetal Growth Standards that are available for use worldwide. METHODS Women with an accurate gestational-age assessment, who were enrolled in the prospective, international, multicenter, population-based Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study (FGLS) and INTERBIO-21st Fetal Study (FS), two components of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project, had ultrasound scans every 5 weeks from 9-14 weeks' until 40 weeks' gestation. At each visit, measurements of fetal head circumference (HC), biparietal diameter, occipitofrontal diameter, abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) were obtained blindly by dedicated research sonographers using standardized methods and identical ultrasound machines. Birth weight was measured within 12 h of delivery by dedicated research anthropometrists using standardized methods and identical electronic scales. Live babies without any congenital abnormality, who were born within 14 days of the last ultrasound scan, were selected for inclusion. As most births occurred at around 40 weeks' gestation, we constructed a bootstrap model selection and estimation procedure based on resampling of the complete dataset under an approximately uniform distribution of birth weight, thus enriching the sample size at extremes of fetal sizes, to achieve consistent estimates across the full range of fetal weight. We constructed reference centiles using second-degree fractional polynomial models. RESULTS Of the overall population, 2404 babies were born within 14 days of the last ultrasound scan. Mean time between the last scan and birth was 7.7 (range, 0-14) days and was uniformly distributed. Birth weight was best estimated as a function of AC and HC (without FL) as log(EFW) = 5.084820 - 54.06633 × (AC/100)3 - 95.80076 × (AC/100)3 × log(AC/100) + 3.136370 × (HC/100), where EFW is in g and AC and HC are in cm. All other measures, gestational age, symphysis-fundus height, amniotic fluid indices and interactions between biometric measures and gestational age, were not retained in the selection process because they did not improve the prediction of EFW. Applying the formula to FGLS biometric data (n = 4231) enabled gestational age-specific EFW tables to be constructed. At term, the EFW centiles matched those of the INTERGROWTH-21st Newborn Size Standards but, at < 37 weeks' gestation, the EFW centiles were, as expected, higher than those of babies born preterm. Comparing EFW cross-sectional values with the INTERGROWTH-21st Preterm Postnatal Growth Standards confirmed that preterm postnatal growth is a different biological process from intrauterine growth. CONCLUSIONS We provide an assessment of EFW, as an adjunct to routine ultrasound biometry, from 22 to 40 weeks' gestation. However, we strongly encourage clinicians to evaluate fetal growth using separate biometric measures such as HC and AC, as well as EFW, to avoid the minimalist approach of focusing on a single value. © 2016 Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Stirnemann
- Maternité Necker‐Enfants MaladesAP‐HP & EA7328 Université Paris DescartesParisFrance
| | - J. Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - L. J. Salomon
- Maternité Necker‐Enfants MaladesAP‐HP & EA7328 Université Paris DescartesParisFrance
- Collège Français d'Echographie Foetale – CFEFFrance
| | - E. Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - P. Ruyan
- School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - D. G. Altman
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - F. Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMaesodTakThailand
| | - R. Craik
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - S. Munim
- Division of Women & Child HealthThe Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan
| | - L. Cheikh Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - F. C. Barros
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Saúde e ComportamentoUniversidade Católica de PelotasPelotasRSBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EpidemiologiaUniversidade Federal de PelotasPelotasRSBrazil
| | - A. Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - S. Norris
- Developmental Pathways For Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child HealthUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - M. Carvalho
- Faculty of Health SciencesAga Khan UniversityNairobiKenya
| | - Y. A. Jaffer
- Department of Family & Community Health, Ministry of HealthMuscatSultanate of Oman
| | - J. A. Noble
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - E. Bertino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell'Adolescenza, Cattedra di NeonatologiaUniversità degli Studi di TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - M. G. Gravett
- Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS)SeattleWAUSA
| | - M. Purwar
- Nagpur INTERGROWTH‐21 Research CentreKetkar HospitalNagpurIndia
| | - C. G. Victora
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EpidemiologiaUniversidade Federal de PelotasPelotasRSBrazil
| | - R. Uauy
- Division of PaediatricsPontifical Universidad Catolica de ChileChile
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Z. Bhutta
- Center for Global Child HealthHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada
| | - S. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - A. T. Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Barreto-Luis A, Corrales A, Acosta-Herrera M, Gonzalez-Colino C, Cumplido J, Martinez-Tadeo J, Carracedo A, Villar J, Carrillo T, Pino-Yanes M, Flores C. A pathway-based association study reveals variants from Wnt signalling genes contributing to asthma susceptibility. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:618-626. [PMID: 28079285 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic susceptibility to asthma is currently linked to a handful of genes which have a limited ability to predict the overall disease risk, suggesting the existence of many other genes involved in disease development. Accumulated evidence from association studies in genes related by biological pathways could reveal novel asthma genes. OBJECTIVE To reveal novel asthma susceptibility genes by means of a pathway-based association study. METHODS Based on summary data from a previous a genomewide association study (GWAS) of asthma, we first identified significant biological pathways using a gene-set enrichment analysis. We then mapped all tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the genes contributing to significant pathways and prioritized those with a disproportionate number of nominal significant associations for further studies. For those prioritized genes, association studies were performed for selected SNPs in independent case-control samples (n = 1765) using logistic regression models, and results were meta-analysed with those from the GWAS. RESULTS Two biological processes were significantly enriched: the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (P = 0.002) and the Wnt signalling (P = 0.012). From the 417 genes interacting in these two pathways, 10 showed an excess of nominal associations, including a known asthma susceptibility locus (encoding SMAD family member 3) and other novel candidate genes. From the latter, association studies of 14 selected SNPs evidenced replication in a locus near the frizzled class receptor 6 (FZD6) gene (P = 9.90 × 10-4 ), which had a consistent direction of effects with the GWAS findings (meta-analysed odds ratio = 1.49; P = 5.87 × 10-6 ) and was in high linkage disequilibrium with expression quantitative trait loci in lung tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study revealed the importance of two biological pathways in asthma pathogenesis and identified a novel susceptibility locus near Wnt signalling genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barreto-Luis
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - A Corrales
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Acosta-Herrera
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - C Gonzalez-Colino
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - J Cumplido
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - J Martinez-Tadeo
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - A Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Fundación Galega de Medicina Xenómica (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - T Carrillo
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - M Pino-Yanes
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Hirst JE, Villar J, Victora CG, Papageorghiou AT, Finkton D, Barros FC, Gravett MG, Giuliani F, Purwar M, Frederick IO, Pang R, Cheikh Ismail L, Lambert A, Stones W, Jaffer YA, Altman DG, Noble JA, Ohuma EO, Kennedy SH, Bhutta ZA. The antepartum stillbirth syndrome: risk factors and pregnancy conditions identified from the INTERGROWTH-21 st Project. BJOG 2016; 125:1145-1153. [PMID: 28029221 PMCID: PMC6055673 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors for antepartum stillbirth, including fetal growth restriction, among women with well-dated pregnancies and access to antenatal care. DESIGN Population-based, prospective, observational study. SETTING Eight international urban populations. POPULATION Pregnant women and their babies enrolled in the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. METHODS Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare risks among antepartum stillborn and liveborn babies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Antepartum stillbirth was defined as any fetal death after 16 weeks' gestation before the onset of labour. RESULTS Of 60 121 babies, 553 were stillborn (9.2 per 1000 births), of which 445 were antepartum deaths (7.4 per 1000 births). After adjustment for site, risk factors were low socio-economic status, hazard ratio (HR): 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2-2.1); single marital status, HR 2.0 (95% CI, 1.4-2.8); age ≥40 years, HR 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4-3.7); essential hypertension, HR 4.0 (95% CI, 2.7-5.9); HIV/AIDS, HR 4.3 (95% CI, 2.0-9.1); pre-eclampsia, HR 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1-3.8); multiple pregnancy, HR 3.3 (95% CI, 2.0-5.6); and antepartum haemorrhage, HR 3.3 (95% CI, 2.5-4.5). Birth weight <3rd centile was associated with antepartum stillbirth [HR, 4.6 (95% CI, 3.4-6.2)]. The greatest risk was seen in babies not suspected to have been growth restricted antenatally, with an HR of 5.0 (95% CI, 3.6-7.0). The population-attributable risk of antepartum death associated with small-for-gestational-age neonates diagnosed at birth was 11%. CONCLUSIONS Antepartum stillbirth is a complex syndrome associated with several risk factors. Although small babies are at higher risk, current growth restriction detection strategies only modestly reduced the rate of stillbirth. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT International stillbirth study finds individual risks poor predictors of death but combinations promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hirst
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C G Victora
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - A T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D Finkton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F C Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - M G Gravett
- Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - F Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Purwar
- Nagpur INTERGROWTH-21st Research Centre, Ketkar Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - I O Frederick
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Pang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Cheikh Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - W Stones
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Y A Jaffer
- Department of Family & Community Health, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - D G Altman
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J A Noble
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E O Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Z A Bhutta
- Division of Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Center for Global Health for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Papageorghiou AT, Kemp B, Stones W, Ohuma EO, Kennedy SH, Purwar M, Salomon LJ, Altman DG, Noble JA, Bertino E, Gravett MG, Pang R, Cheikh Ismail L, Barros FC, Lambert A, Jaffer YA, Victora CG, Bhutta ZA, Villar J. Ultrasound-based gestational-age estimation in late pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016; 48:719-726. [PMID: 26924421 PMCID: PMC6680349 DOI: 10.1002/uog.15894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate gestational-age (GA) estimation, preferably by ultrasound measurement of fetal crown-rump length before 14 weeks' gestation, is an important component of high-quality antenatal care. The objective of this study was to determine how GA can best be estimated by fetal ultrasound for women who present for the first time late in pregnancy with uncertain or unknown menstrual dates. METHODS INTERGROWTH-21st was a large, prospective, multicenter, population-based project performed in eight geographically defined urban populations. One of its principal components, the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study, aimed to develop international fetal growth standards. Each participant had their certain menstrual dates confirmed by first-trimester ultrasound examination. Fetal head circumference (HC), biparietal diameter (BPD), occipitofrontal diameter (OFD), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) were measured every 5 weeks from 14 weeks' gestation until delivery. For each participant, a single, randomly selected ultrasound examination was used to explore all candidate biometric variables and permutations to build models to predict GA. Regression equations were ranked based upon minimization of the mean prediction error, goodness of fit and model complexity. An automated machine learning algorithm, the Genetic Algorithm, was adapted to evaluate > 64 000 potential polynomial equations as predictors. RESULTS Of the 4607 eligible women, 4321 (94%) had a pregnancy without major complications and delivered a live singleton without congenital malformations. After other exclusions (missing measurements in GA window and outliers), the final sample comprised 4229 women. Two skeletal measures, HC and FL, produced the best GA prediction, given by the equation loge (GA) = 0.03243 × (loge (HC))2 + 0.001644 × FL × loge (HC) + 3.813. When FL was not available, the best equation based on HC alone was loge (GA) = 0.05970 × (loge (HC))2 + 0.000000006409 × (HC)3 + 3.3258. The estimated uncertainty of GA prediction (half width 95% interval) was 6-7 days at 14 weeks' gestation, 12-14 days at 26 weeks' gestation and > 14 days in the third trimester. The addition of FL to the HC model led to improved prediction intervals compared with using HC alone, but no further improvement in prediction was afforded by adding AC, BPD or OFD. Equations that included other measurements (BPD, OFD and AC) did not perform better. CONCLUSIONS Among women initiating antenatal care late in pregnancy, a single set of ultrasound measurements combining HC and FL in the second trimester can be used to estimate GA with reasonable accuracy. We recommend this tool for underserved populations but considerable efforts should be implemented to improve early initiation of antenatal care worldwide. © 2016 Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - B. Kemp
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - W. Stones
- Faculty of Health SciencesAga Khan UniversityNairobiKenya
- School of MedicineUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsScotland
| | - E. O. Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Botnar Research CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - S. H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - M. Purwar
- Nagpur INTERGROWTH‐21 Research CentreKetkar HospitalNagpurIndia
| | - L. J. Salomon
- Maternité Necker‐Enfants Malades, AP‐HPUniversité Paris DescartesParisFrance
| | - D. G. Altman
- Center for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of OrthopaedicsRheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - J. A. Noble
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - E. Bertino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell'Adolescenza, Cattedra di NeonatologiaUniversità degli Studi di TorinoTurinItaly
| | - M. G. Gravett
- Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS)SeattleWAUSA
| | - R. Pang
- School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - L. Cheikh Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - F. C. Barros
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Saúde e ComportamentoUniversidade Católica de PelotasPelotasRSBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EpidemiologiaUniversidade Federal de PelotasPelotasRSBrazil
| | - A. Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Y. A. Jaffer
- Department of Family & Community HealthMinistry of HealthMuscatSultanate of Oman
| | - C. G. Victora
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EpidemiologiaUniversidade Federal de PelotasPelotasRSBrazil
| | - Z. A. Bhutta
- Division of Women & Child HealthThe Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan
- Center for Global HealthHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada
| | - J. Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Vallejo-Vaz A, Muñoz-Hernández R, Villar J, Stiefel P. Cell-derived microparticles as markers of endothelial function, inflammation and coagulation in patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: A systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Giuliani F, Ohuma E, Spada E, Bertino E, Al Dhaheri AS, Altman DG, Conde-Agudelo A, Kennedy SH, Villar J, Cheikh Ismail L. Systematic review of the methodological quality of studies designed to create neonatal anthropometric charts. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:987-96. [PMID: 26154879 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Babies all over the world are assessed at birth using neonatal anthropometric charts as a matter of clinical routine. This systematic review evaluated the methodological quality of studies designed to create neonatal anthropometric charts and to highlight features in the charts that could affect clinical decision-making and comparisons between populations. The variety and quality of available charts could affect how newborns at risk are identified, together with the indications for treatment, especially nutritional interventions. CONCLUSION The studies that generated the charts currently recommended for clinical use have major methodological limitations and international and regional comparisons are very difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giuliani
- Neonatal Unit; Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche; Università degli Studi di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Eric Ohuma
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute; Green Templeton College; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine; Botnar Research Centre; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Elena Spada
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Unit; Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche; Università degli Studi di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food and Agriculture; United Arab Emirates University; Al-Ain UAE
| | - Douglas G. Altman
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine; Botnar Research Centre; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Agustin Conde-Agudelo
- Perinatology Research Branch; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Bethesda MD USA
- National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services; Detroit MI USA
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute; Green Templeton College; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute; Green Templeton College; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute; Green Templeton College; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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Esteve-Palau E, Solande G, Sánchez F, Sorlí L, Montero M, Güerri R, Villar J, Grau S, Horcajada JP. Clinical and economic impact of urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing Escherichia coli requiring hospitalization: A matched cohort study. J Infect 2015; 71:667-74. [PMID: 26380898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical and economic impact of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli requiring hospitalization. METHODS Matched cohort study including adults with UTI caused by ESBL-producing E. coli admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Barcelona, Spain, between August 2010 and July 2013. Demographic, clinical and economic data were analyzed. RESULTS One hundred and twenty episodes of UTI were studied: 60 due to ESBL-producing E. coli and 60 due to non-ESBL-producing E. coli. Bivariate analysis showed that prior antimicrobial treatment (p = 0.007) and ESBL production (p < 0.001) were related to clinical failure during the first 7 days. Multivariate analysis selected ESBL as the sole risk factor for clinical failure (p = 0.002). Regarding the economic impact of infections caused by ESBL-producing E. coli, an ESBL-producing infection cost more than a non-ESBL-producing E. coli infection (mean €4980 vs. €2612). Looking at hospital expenses separately, the total pharmacy costs and antibiotic costs of ESBL infections were considerably higher than for non-ESBL infections (p < 0.001), as was the need for outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) and its related costs. Multivariate analysis performed for the higher costs of UTI episodes found statistically significant differences for males (p = 0.004), chronic renal failure (p = 0.025), ESBL production (p = 0.008) and OPAT (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION UTIs caused by EBSL-producing E. coli requiring hospital admission are associated with worse clinical and economic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Esteve-Palau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - G Solande
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Sánchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Sorlí
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Montero
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Güerri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Grau
- Pharmacy Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J P Horcajada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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Medrano P, Miranda M, Muñoz-Hernández R, Macher H, Vallejo-Vaz A, Moreno-Luna R, Villar J, Guerrero J, Stiefel P. Evaluation of circulating cell-free DNA levels in patients with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Murray E, Fernandes M, Fazel M, Kennedy SH, Villar J, Stein A. Differential effect of intrauterine growth restriction on childhood neurodevelopment: a systematic review. BJOG 2015; 122:1062-72. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Murray
- Department of Psychiatry; Warneford Hospital; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - M Fernandes
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute; Green Templeton College; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - M Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry; Warneford Hospital; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - SH Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute; Green Templeton College; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - J Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute; Green Templeton College; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - A Stein
- Department of Psychiatry; Warneford Hospital; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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Muñoz-Hernandez R, Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Sanchez Armengol A, Moreno-Luna R, Caballero-Eraso C, Macher HC, Villar J, Merino AM, Castell J, Capote F, Stiefel P. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, endothelial function and markers of endothelialization. Changes after CPAP. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122091. [PMID: 25815511 PMCID: PMC4376903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Study objectives This study tries to assess the endothelial function in vivo using flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and several biomarkers of endothelium formation/restoration and damage in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) syndrome at baseline and after three months with CPAP therapy. Design Observational study, before and after CPAP therapy. Setting and Patients We studied 30 patients with apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) >15/h that were compared with themselves after three months of CPAP therapy. FMD was assessed non-invasively in vivo using the Laser-Doppler flowmetry. Circulating cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) and microparticles (MPs) were measured as markers of endothelial damage and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was determined as a marker of endothelial restoration process. Measurements and results After three month with CPAP, FMD significantly increased (1072.26 ± 483.21 vs. 1604.38 ± 915.69 PU, p< 0.005) cf-DNA and MPs significantly decreased (187.93 ± 115.81 vs. 121.28 ± 78.98 pg/ml, p<0.01, and 69.60 ± 62.60 vs. 39.82 ± 22.14 U/μL, p<0.05, respectively) and VEGF levels increased (585.02 ± 246.06 vs. 641.11 ± 212.69 pg/ml, p<0.05). These changes were higher in patients with more severe disease. There was a relationship between markers of damage (r = -0.53, p<0.005) but not between markers of damage and restoration, thus suggesting that both types of markers should be measured together. Conclusions CPAP therapy improves FMD. This improvement may be related to an increase of endothelial restoration process and a decrease of endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Muñoz-Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Hipertensión Arterial e Hipercolesterolemia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Vallejo-Vaz
- Laboratorio de Hipertensión Arterial e Hipercolesterolemia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Sanchez Armengol
- Unidad del Sueño, Unidad Medico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Moreno-Luna
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Vascular, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Candela Caballero-Eraso
- Laboratorio de Hipertensión Arterial e Hipercolesterolemia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Unidad del Sueño, Unidad Medico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hada C Macher
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose Villar
- Laboratorio de Hipertensión Arterial e Hipercolesterolemia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Unidad Clínico Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Merino
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Castell
- UGC de Radiología, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Capote
- Unidad del Sueño, Unidad Medico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo Stiefel
- Laboratorio de Hipertensión Arterial e Hipercolesterolemia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Unidad Clínico Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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Bermudez B, Ortega-Gomez A, Varela LM, Villar J, Abia R, Muriana FJG, Lopez S. Clustering effects on postprandial insulin secretion and sensitivity in response to meals with different fatty acid compositions. Food Funct 2015; 5:1374-80. [PMID: 24752559 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids play a role in glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to assess the individual relationship between dietary saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids with postprandial β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in subjects with normal and high fasting triglycerides. We assessed postprandial β-cell function (by the insulinogenic index and the ratio of the insulin to glucose areas under the time-concentration curve) and insulin sensitivity (by the oral glucose and the minimal model insulin sensitivity indices) over four nonconsecutive, randomly assigned, high-fat meals containing a panel of SFA (palmitic and stearic acids), MUFA (palmitoleic and oleic acids) and PUFA (linoleic and α-linolenic acids) in 14 subjects with normal and in 14 subjects with high fasting triglycerides. The proportions of each fatty acid in the meals and the values for surrogate measures of postprandial β-cell function and insulin sensitivity were subjected to a Pearson correlation and hierarchical cluster analysis, which revealed two classes of dietary fatty acids for regulating postprandial glucose homeostasis. We successfully discriminated the adverse effects of SFA palmitic acid from the beneficial effects of MUFA oleic acid on postprandial β-cell function (r ≥ 0.84 for SFA palmitic acid and r ≥ -0.71 for MUFA oleic acid; P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity (r ≥ -0.92 for SFA palmitic acid and r ≥ 0.89 for MUFA oleic acid; P < 0.001) both in subjects with normal and high fasting triglycerides. In conclusion, dietary MUFA oleic acid, in contrast to SFA palmitic acid, favours the tuning towards better postprandial glycaemic control in subjects with normal and high fasting triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bermudez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Avda. Padre Garcia Tejero 4, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Villar J, Sánchez P, González A, Sorli L, Montero M, Guelar A, Solé E, López JL, Knobel H. Use of Non-Nucleoside Analogues Together with Rifampin in HIV Patients with Tuberculosis. HIV Clinical Trials 2015; 12:171-4. [DOI: 10.1310/hct1203-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Papageorghiou AT, Kennedy SH, Salomon LJ, Ohuma EO, Cheikh Ismail L, Barros FC, Lambert A, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Bertino E, Gravett MG, Altman DG, Purwar M, Noble JA, Pang R, Victora CG, Bhutta ZA, Villar J. International standards for early fetal size and pregnancy dating based on ultrasound measurement of crown-rump length in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014; 44:641-8. [PMID: 25044000 PMCID: PMC4286014 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are no international standards for relating fetal crown-rump length (CRL) to gestational age (GA), and most existing charts have considerable methodological limitations. The INTERGROWTH-21(st) Project aimed to produce the first international standards for early fetal size and ultrasound dating of pregnancy based on CRL measurement. METHODS Urban areas in eight geographically diverse countries that met strict eligibility criteria were selected for the prospective, population-based recruitment, between 9 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks' gestation, of healthy well-nourished women with singleton pregnancies at low risk of fetal growth impairment. GA was calculated on the basis of a certain last menstrual period, regular menstrual cycle and lack of hormonal medication or breastfeeding in the preceding 2 months. CRL was measured using strict protocols and quality-control measures. All women were followed up throughout pregnancy until delivery and hospital discharge. Cases of neonatal and fetal death, severe pregnancy complications and congenital abnormalities were excluded from the study. RESULTS A total of 4607 women were enrolled in the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study, one of the three main components of the INTERGROWTH-21(st) Project, of whom 4321 had a live singleton birth in the absence of severe maternal conditions or congenital abnormalities detected by ultrasound or at birth. The CRL was measured in 56 women at < 9 + 0 weeks' gestation; these were excluded, resulting in 4265 women who contributed data to the final analysis. The mean CRL and SD increased with GA almost linearly, and their relationship to GA is given by the following two equations (in which GA is in days and CRL in mm): mean CRL = -50.6562 + (0.815118 × GA) + (0.00535302 × GA(2) ); and SD of CRL = -2.21626 + (0.0984894 × GA). GA estimation is carried out according to the two equations: GA = 40.9041 + (3.21585 × CRL(0.5) ) + (0.348956 × CRL); and SD of GA = 2.39102 + (0.0193474 × CRL). CONCLUSIONS We have produced international prescriptive standards for early fetal linear size and ultrasound dating of pregnancy in the first trimester that can be used throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Fernandes M, Stein A, Newton CR, Cheikh-Ismail L, Kihara M, Wulff K, de León Quintana E, Aranzeta L, Soria-Frisch A, Acedo J, Ibanez D, Abubakar A, Giuliani F, Lewis T, Kennedy S, Villar J. The INTERGROWTH-21st Project Neurodevelopment Package: a novel method for the multi-dimensional assessment of neurodevelopment in pre-school age children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113360. [PMID: 25423589 PMCID: PMC4244160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st) Project is a population-based, longitudinal study describing early growth and development in an optimally healthy cohort of 4607 mothers and newborns. At 24 months, children are assessed for neurodevelopmental outcomes with the INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Package. This paper describes neurodevelopment tools for preschoolers and the systematic approach leading to the development of the Package. METHODS An advisory panel shortlisted project-specific criteria (such as multi-dimensional assessments and suitability for international populations) to be fulfilled by a neurodevelopment instrument. A literature review of well-established tools for preschoolers revealed 47 candidates, none of which fulfilled all the project's criteria. A multi-dimensional assessment was, therefore, compiled using a package-based approach by: (i) categorizing desired outcomes into domains, (ii) devising domain-specific criteria for tool selection, and (iii) selecting the most appropriate measure for each domain. RESULTS The Package measures vision (Cardiff tests); cortical auditory processing (auditory evoked potentials to a novelty oddball paradigm); and cognition, language skills, behavior, motor skills and attention (the INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment) in 35-45 minutes. Sleep-wake patterns (actigraphy) are also assessed. Tablet-based applications with integrated quality checks and automated, wireless electroencephalography make the Package easy to administer in the field by non-specialist staff. The Package is in use in Brazil, India, Italy, Kenya and the United Kingdom. CONCLUSIONS The INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Package is a multi-dimensional instrument measuring early child development (ECD). Its developmental approach may be useful to those involved in large-scale ECD research and surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Fernandes
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. Newton
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Leila Cheikh-Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kihara
- Department of Psychology, United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luis Aranzeta
- Centro de Tecnología e Innovación, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Javier Acedo
- Neuroscience Business Unit, Starlab Barcelona, SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Ibanez
- Neuroscience Business Unit, Starlab Barcelona, SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Francesca Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell' Adolescenza, SCDU Neonatologia, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Tamsin Lewis
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Villar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Villar J, Kacmarek RM. It does not matter whether you are an elephant or a shrew: all mammals' tidal volumes are similarly scaled! Minerva Anestesiol 2014; 80:1149-1151. [PMID: 24714700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain -
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Conde-Agudelo A, Bird S, Kennedy SH, Villar J, Papageorghiou AT. First- and second-trimester tests to predict stillbirth in unselected pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2014; 122:41-55. [PMID: 25236870 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several biophysical and biochemical tests have been proposed to predict stillbirth but their predictive ability remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of tests performed during the first and/or second trimester of pregnancy to predict stillbirth in unselected women with singleton, structurally and chromosomally normal fetuses through use of formal methods for systematic reviews and meta-analytic techniques. SEARCH STRATEGY Electronic databases, bibliographies and conference proceedings. SELECTION CRITERIA Observational studies that evaluated the predictive accuracy for stillbirth of tests performed during the first two trimesters of pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves, pooled sensitivities, specificities and likelihood ratios (LRs) were generated. Data were synthesised separately for stillbirth as a sole category and for specific stillbirth categories. MAIN RESULTS Seventy-one studies, evaluating 16 single and five combined tests, met the inclusion criteria. A uterine artery pulsatility index >90th centile during the second trimester and low levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) during the first trimester had a moderate to high predictive accuracy for stillbirth related to placental abruption, small-for-gestational-age or pre-eclampsia (positive and negative LRs from 6.3 to 14.1, and from 0.1 to 0.4, respectively). All biophysical and biochemical tests assessed had a low predictive accuracy for stillbirth as a sole category. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there is no clinically useful first-trimester or second-trimester test to predict stillbirth as a sole category. Uterine artery pulsatility index and maternal serum PAPP-A levels appeared to be good predictors of stillbirth related to placental dysfunction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Conde-Agudelo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA
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De Castro-Orós I, Pueyo M, Solà R, Valls R, Millán J, Brea A, Calabuig J, Villar J, Anguera A, Puzo J, Pocoví M. LDLR determinants to armolipid plus LDL cholesterol response. Atherosclerosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Muñoz-Hernandez R, Miranda ML, Stiefel P, Lin RZ, Praena-Fernández JM, Dominguez-Simeon MJ, Villar J, Moreno-Luna R, Melero-Martin JM. Decreased level of cord blood circulating endothelial colony-forming cells in preeclampsia. Hypertension 2014; 64:165-71. [PMID: 24752434 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related disorder associated with increased cardiovascular risk for the offspring. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are a subset of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that participate in the formation of vasculature during development. However, the effect of preeclampsia on fetal levels of ECFCs is largely unknown. In this study, we sought to determine whether cord blood ECFC abundance and function are altered in preeclampsia. We conducted a prospective cohort study that included women with normal (n=35) and preeclamptic (n=15) pregnancies. We measured ECFC levels in the umbilical cord blood of neonates and characterized ECFC phenotype, cloning-forming ability, proliferation, and migration toward vascular endothelial growth factor-A and fibroblast growth factor-2, in vitro formation of capillary-like structures, and in vivo vasculogenic ability in immunodeficient mice. We found that the level of cord blood ECFCs was statistically lower in preeclampsia than in control pregnancies (P=0.04), a reduction that was independent of other obstetric factors. In addition, cord blood ECFCs from preeclamptic pregnancies required more time to emerge in culture than control ECFCs. However, once derived in culture, ECFC function was deemed normal and highly similar between preeclampsia and control, including the ability to form vascular networks in vivo. This study demonstrates that preeclampsia affects ECFC abundance in neonates. A reduced level of ECFCs during preeclamptic pregnancies may contribute to an increased risk of developing future cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Muñoz-Hernandez
- From the CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad Clínico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI-UCERV) (R.M.-H., M.L.M., P.S., M.J.D.-S., J.V., R.M.-L.) and Unidad de Asesoría Estadística, Metodología y Evaluación de Investigación, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla (FISEVI) (J.M.P.-F.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (R.M.-H., R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (J.M.M.-M.)
| | - Maria L Miranda
- From the CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad Clínico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI-UCERV) (R.M.-H., M.L.M., P.S., M.J.D.-S., J.V., R.M.-L.) and Unidad de Asesoría Estadística, Metodología y Evaluación de Investigación, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla (FISEVI) (J.M.P.-F.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (R.M.-H., R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (J.M.M.-M.)
| | - Pablo Stiefel
- From the CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad Clínico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI-UCERV) (R.M.-H., M.L.M., P.S., M.J.D.-S., J.V., R.M.-L.) and Unidad de Asesoría Estadística, Metodología y Evaluación de Investigación, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla (FISEVI) (J.M.P.-F.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (R.M.-H., R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (J.M.M.-M.)
| | - Ruei-Zeng Lin
- From the CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad Clínico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI-UCERV) (R.M.-H., M.L.M., P.S., M.J.D.-S., J.V., R.M.-L.) and Unidad de Asesoría Estadística, Metodología y Evaluación de Investigación, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla (FISEVI) (J.M.P.-F.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (R.M.-H., R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (J.M.M.-M.)
| | - Juan M Praena-Fernández
- From the CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad Clínico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI-UCERV) (R.M.-H., M.L.M., P.S., M.J.D.-S., J.V., R.M.-L.) and Unidad de Asesoría Estadística, Metodología y Evaluación de Investigación, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla (FISEVI) (J.M.P.-F.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (R.M.-H., R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (J.M.M.-M.)
| | - Maria J Dominguez-Simeon
- From the CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad Clínico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI-UCERV) (R.M.-H., M.L.M., P.S., M.J.D.-S., J.V., R.M.-L.) and Unidad de Asesoría Estadística, Metodología y Evaluación de Investigación, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla (FISEVI) (J.M.P.-F.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (R.M.-H., R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (J.M.M.-M.)
| | - Jose Villar
- From the CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad Clínico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI-UCERV) (R.M.-H., M.L.M., P.S., M.J.D.-S., J.V., R.M.-L.) and Unidad de Asesoría Estadística, Metodología y Evaluación de Investigación, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla (FISEVI) (J.M.P.-F.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (R.M.-H., R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (J.M.M.-M.)
| | - Rafael Moreno-Luna
- From the CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad Clínico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI-UCERV) (R.M.-H., M.L.M., P.S., M.J.D.-S., J.V., R.M.-L.) and Unidad de Asesoría Estadística, Metodología y Evaluación de Investigación, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla (FISEVI) (J.M.P.-F.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (R.M.-H., R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (J.M.M.-M.)
| | - Juan M Melero-Martin
- From the CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad Clínico-Experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCAMI-UCERV) (R.M.-H., M.L.M., P.S., M.J.D.-S., J.V., R.M.-L.) and Unidad de Asesoría Estadística, Metodología y Evaluación de Investigación, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla (FISEVI) (J.M.P.-F.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (R.M.-H., R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.-Z.L., R.M.-L., J.M.M.-M.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (J.M.M.-M.).
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