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Mohammadian N, Didikoglu A, Beach C, Wright P, Mouland JW, Martial FP, Johnson S, van Tongeren M, Brown TM, Lucas RJ, Casson AJ. A Wrist-Worn Internet of Things Sensor Node for Wearable Equivalent Daylight Illuminance Monitoring. IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2024; 11:16148-16157. [PMID: 38765485 PMCID: PMC11100858 DOI: 10.1109/jiot.2024.3355330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Light exposure is a vital regulator of physiology and behavior in humans. However, monitoring of light exposure is not included in current wearable Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and only recently have international standards defined [Formula: see text] -optic equivalent daylight illuminance (EDI) measures for how the eye responds to light. This article reports a wearable light sensor node that can be incorporated into the IoT to provide monitoring of EDI exposure in real-world settings. We present the system design, electronic performance testing, and accuracy of EDI measurements when compared to a calibrated spectral source. This includes consideration of the directional response of the sensor, and a comparison of performance when placed on different parts of the body, and a demonstration of practical use over 7 days. Our device operates for 3.5 days between charges, with a sampling period of 30 s. It has 10 channels of measurement, over the range 415-910 nm, balancing accuracy and cost considerations. Measured [Formula: see text]-opic EDI results for 13 devices show a mean absolute error of less than 0.07 log lx, and a minimum between device correlation of 0.99. These findings demonstrate that accurate light sensing is feasible, including at wrist worn locations. We provide an experimental platform for use in future investigations in real-world light exposure monitoring and IoT-based lighting control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Mohammadian
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials and the Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Altug Didikoglu
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Christopher Beach
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials and the Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Paul Wright
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Joshua W. Mouland
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Franck P. Martial
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Sheena Johnson
- People, Management and Organisation Division, Alliance Manchester Business SchoolThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health SciencesThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Timothy M. Brown
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical SciencesThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Robert J. Lucas
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
| | - Alexander J. Casson
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials and the Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of ManchesterM13 9PLManchesterU.K.
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Chen R, Yan Y, Cheng X. Circadian light therapy and light dose for depressed young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1257093. [PMID: 38259764 PMCID: PMC10800803 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1257093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Empirical evidence has shown that light therapy (LT) can reduce depression symptoms by stimulating circadian rhythms. However, there is skepticism and inconclusive results, along with confusion regarding dosing. The purpose of this study is to quantify light as a stimulus for the circadian system and create a dose-response relationship that can help reduce maladies among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). This will provide a reference for light exposure and neural response, which are crucial in the neuropsychological mechanism of light intervention. The study also aims to provide guidance for clinical application. Methods The latest quantitative model of CLA (circadian light) and CSt,f (circadian stimulus) was adopted to quantify light dose for circadian phototransduction in youth depression-related light therapy. Articles published up to 2023 through Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Medline (OVID), CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, Embase, and Scholars were retrieved. A meta-analysis of 31 articles (1,031 subjects) was performed using Stata17.0, CMA3.0 (comprehensive meta-analysis version 3.0) software, and Python 3.9 platform for light therapy efficacy comparison and dose-response quantification. Results Under various circadian stimulus conditions (0.1 < CSt,f < 0.7) of light therapy (LT), malady reductions among AYAs were observed (pooled SMD = -1.59, 95%CI = -1.86 to -1.32; z = -11.654, p = 0.000; I2 = 92.8%), with temporal pattern (p = 0.044) and co-medication (p = 0.000) suggested as main heterogeneity sources. For the efficacy advantage of LT with a higher circadian stimulus that is assumed to be influenced by visualization, co-medication, disease severity, and time pattern, sets of meta-analysis among random-controlled trials (RCTs) found evidence for significant efficacy of circadian-active bright light therapy (BLT) over circadian-inactive dim red light (SMD = -0.65, 95% CI = -0.96 to -0.34; z = -4.101, p = 0.000; I2 = 84.9%) or circadian-active dimmer white light (SMD = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.68 to -0.06; z = -2.318, p = 0.02; I2 = 33.8%), whereas green-blue, circadian-active BLT showed no significant superiority over circadian-inactive red/amber light controls (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI = -0.45 to 0.04; z = -2.318, p = 0.099; I2 = 0%). Overall, circadian-active BLT showed a greater likelihood of clinical response than dim light controls, with increased superiority observed with co-medication. For pre-to-post-treatment amelioration and corresponding dose-response relationship, cumulative duration was found more influential than other categorical (co-medication, severity, study design) or continuous (CSt,f) variables. Dose-response fitting indicated that the therapeutic effect would reach saturation among co-medicated patients at 32-42 days (900-1,000 min) and 58-59 days (1,100-1,500 min) among non-medicated AYAs. When exerting high circadian stimulus of light therapy (0.6 < CSt,f < 0.7), there was a significantly greater effect size in 1,000-1,500 min of accumulative duration than <1,000 or >1,500 min of duration, indicating a threshold for practical guidance. Limitations The results have been based on limited samples and influenced by a small sample effect. The placebo effect could not be ignored. Conclusions Although the superiority of LT with higher circadian stimulus over dimmer light controls remains unproven, greater response potentials of circadian-active BLT have been noticed among AYAs, taking co-medication, disease severity, time pattern, and visual characteristics into consideration. The dose-response relationship with quantified circadian stimulus and temporal pattern had been elaborated under various conditions to support clinical depression treatment and LT device application in the post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranpeng Chen
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghong Yan
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Zeng X, Soreze TSC, Ballegaard M, Petersen PM. Integrative Lighting Aimed at Patients with Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:806-830. [PMID: 38131751 PMCID: PMC10742818 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of circadian lighting-induced melatonin suppression on patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders in hospital wards by using an ad-hoc metrology framework and the subsequent metrics formalized by the CIE in 2018. A measurement scheme was conducted in hospital ward rooms in the Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, at Roskilde in Denmark, to evaluate the photometric and colorimetric characteristics of the lighting system, as well as its influence on the circadian rhythm of the occupants. The measurement scheme included point measurements and data logging, using a spectrophotometer mounted on a tripod with adjustable height to assess the newly installed circadian lighting system. The measured spectra were uploaded to the Luox platform to calculate illuminance, CCT, MEDI, etc., in accordance with the CIE S026 standard. Furthermore, the MLIT based on MEDI data logging results was calculated. In addition to CIE S026, we have investigated the usefulness of melatonin suppression models for the assessment of circadian performance regarding measured light. From the results, the lighting conditions in the patient room for both minimal and abundant daylight access were evaluated and compared; we found that access to daylight is essential for both illumination and circadian entrainment. It can be concluded that the measurement scheme, together with the use of the Luox platform and Canva template, is suitable for the accurate and satisfactory measurement of integrative lighting that aligns with CIE requirements and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxi Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (X.Z.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Thierry Silvio Claude Soreze
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (X.Z.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Martin Ballegaard
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Michael Petersen
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (X.Z.); (P.M.P.)
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Zauner J, Broszio K, Bieske K. Influence of the Human Field of View on Visual and Non-Visual Quantities in Indoor Environments. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:476-498. [PMID: 37754350 PMCID: PMC10530223 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The visual and non-visual effectiveness of light is often determined by measuring the spectrally weighed irradiance on the corneal plane. This is typically achieved using spectral irradiance or illuminance measurements, captured in a hemispheric (2π) geometry with a diffuser. However, the human binocular field of view (FOV) is not a perfect hemisphere, as it is occluded both upward and downward. Previous research on FOV-restricted measurements is limited, leaving the error from using hemispheric measurements for non-visual quantities undefined. In our study, we tackled this issue by designing and 3D printing FOV occlusions as attachments to spectral measurement devices. We took measurements with and without the occlusion in various laboratory (light from different directions) and real-world lighting situations (light typically from above). Our findings reveal a reduction of visual and melanopic values due to the FOV occlusion. These ranged from negligible to more than 60% in realistic scenarios. Interestingly, the reduction was consistent for both visual and melanopic parameters, as the distribution of light in the FOV was generally spectrally homogeneous. An exception occurred in a specific artificial laboratory situation, where the melanopic daylight (D65) efficacy ratio changed by more than a factor of 2 solely because of the FOV occlusion. Additionally, we observed that head orientation had a marked effect on all quantities measured. In conclusion, our results highlight the potential for substantial errors when solely relying on vertical, hemispheric measurements in experiments and non-visual lighting design projects. We encourage the (additional) use of FOV occlusion in eye-level measurements for typical viewing directions, and we are providing open-source 3D-print files to facilitate this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zauner
- 3lpi Lichtplaner + Beratende Ingenieure mbB, Aidenbachstraße 52, 81379 Munich, Germany
- Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstraße 34, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Broszio
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, 44149 Dortmund, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 19, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Bieske
- Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ehrenbergstraße 29, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
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Campbell I, Sharifpour R, Vandewalle G. Light as a Modulator of Non-Image-Forming Brain Functions—Positive and Negative Impacts of Increasing Light Availability. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:116-140. [PMID: 36975552 PMCID: PMC10047820 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Light use is rising steeply, mainly because of the advent of light-emitting diode (LED) devices. LEDs are frequently blue-enriched light sources and may have different impacts on the non-image forming (NIF) system, which is maximally sensitive to blue-wavelength light. Most importantly, the timing of LED device use is widespread, leading to novel light exposure patterns on the NIF system. The goal of this narrative review is to discuss the multiple aspects that we think should be accounted for when attempting to predict how this situation will affect the NIF impact of light on brain functions. We first cover both the image-forming and NIF pathways of the brain. We then detail our current understanding of the impact of light on human cognition, sleep, alertness, and mood. Finally, we discuss questions concerning the adoption of LED lighting and screens, which offer new opportunities to improve well-being, but also raise concerns about increasing light exposure, which may be detrimental to health, particularly in the evening.
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Yang CC, Tsujimura SI, Yeh SL. Blue-light background impairs visual exogenous attention shift. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3794. [PMID: 36882407 PMCID: PMC9992692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research into the effects of blue light on visual-spatial attention has yielded mixed results due to a lack of properly controlling critical factors like S-cone stimulation, ipRGCs stimulation, and color. We adopted the clock paradigm and systematically manipulated these factors to see how blue light impacts the speed of exogenous and endogenous attention shifts. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that, relative to the control light, exposure to the blue-light background decreased the speed of exogenous (but not endogenous) attention shift to external stimuli. To further clarify the contribution(s) of blue-light sensitive photoreceptors (i.e., S-cone and ipRGCs), we used a multi-primary system that could manipulate the stimulation of a single type of photoreceptor without changing the stimulation of other photoreceptors (i.e., the silent substitution method). Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that stimulation of S-cones and ipRGCs did not contribute to the impairment of exogenous attention shift. Our findings suggest that associations with blue colors, such as the concept of blue light hazard, cause exogenous attention shift impairment. Some of the previously documented blue-light effects on cognitive performances need to be reevaluated and reconsidered in light of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chun Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tsujimura
- Faculty of Design and Architecture, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Su-Ling Yeh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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7
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Blume C, Niedernhuber M, Spitschan M, Slawik HC, Meyer MP, Bekinschtein TA, Cajochen C. Melatonin suppression does not automatically alter sleepiness, vigilance, sensory processing, or sleep. Sleep 2022; 45:zsac199. [PMID: 35998110 PMCID: PMC9644120 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Presleep exposure to short-wavelength light suppresses melatonin and decreases sleepiness with activating effects extending to sleep. This has mainly been attributed to melanopic effects, but mechanistic insights are missing. Thus, we investigated whether two light conditions only differing in the melanopic effects (123 vs. 59 lx melanopic EDI) differentially affect sleep besides melatonin. Additionally, we studied whether the light differentially modulates sensory processing during wakefulness and sleep. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers (18-30 years, 15 women) were exposed to two metameric light conditions (high- vs. low-melanopic, ≈60 photopic lx) for 1 h ending 50 min prior to habitual bed time. This was followed by an 8-h sleep opportunity with polysomnography. Objective sleep measurements were complemented by self-report. Salivary melatonin, subjective sleepiness, and behavioral vigilance were sampled at regular intervals. Sensory processing was evaluated during light exposure and sleep on the basis of neural responses related to violations of expectations in an oddball paradigm. We observed suppression of melatonin by ≈14% in the high- compared to the low-melanopic condition. However, conditions did not differentially affect sleep, sleep quality, sleepiness, or vigilance. A neural mismatch response was evident during all sleep stages, but not differentially modulated by light. Suppression of melatonin by light targeting the melanopic system does not automatically translate to acutely altered levels of vigilance or sleepiness or to changes in sleep, sleep quality, or basic sensory processing. Given contradicting earlier findings and the retinal anatomy, this may suggest that an interaction between melanopsin and cone-rod signals needs to be considered. Clinical Trial Registry: German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00023602, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00023602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Blume
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (institution, where the work was performed)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Niedernhuber
- Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuel Spitschan
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (institution, where the work was performed)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Translational Sensory and Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences (TUM SG), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen C Slawik
- Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin P Meyer
- Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tristan A Bekinschtein
- Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (institution, where the work was performed)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Ricketts EJ, Joyce DS, Rissman AJ, Burgess HJ, Colwell CS, Lack LC, Gradisar M. Electric lighting, adolescent sleep and circadian outcomes, and recommendations for improving light health. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 64:101667. [PMID: 36064209 PMCID: PMC10693907 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Light is a potent circadian entraining agent. For many people, daily light exposure is fundamentally dysregulated with reduced light during the day and increased light into the late evening. This lighting schedule promotes chronic disruption to circadian physiology resulting in a myriad of impairments. Developmental changes in sleep-wake physiology suggest that such light exposure patterns may be particularly disruptive for adolescents and further compounded by lifestyle factors such as early school start times. This narrative review describes evidence that reduced light exposure during the school day delays the circadian clock, and longer exposure durations to light-emitting electronic devices in the evening suppress melatonin. While home lighting in the evening can suppress melatonin secretion and delay circadian phase, the patterning of light exposure across the day and evening can have moderating effects. Photic countermeasures may be flexibly and scalably implemented to support sleep-wake health; including manipulations of light intensity, spectra, duration and delivery modality across multiple contexts. An integrative approach addressing physiology, attitudes, and behaviors will support optimization of light-driven sleep-wake outcomes in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Ricketts
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Daniel S Joyce
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States; School of Psychology and Wellbeing, The University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Ariel J Rissman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen J Burgess
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leon C Lack
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Gradisar
- WINK Sleep Pty Ltd, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Sleep Cycle AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Brown TM, Brainard GC, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA, Hanifin JP, Lockley SW, Lucas RJ, Münch M, O’Hagan JB, Peirson SN, Price LLA, Roenneberg T, Schlangen LJM, Skene DJ, Spitschan M, Vetter C, Zee PC, Wright KP. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001571. [PMID: 35298459 PMCID: PMC8929548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular light exposure has important influences on human health and well-being through modulation of circadian rhythms and sleep, as well as neuroendocrine and cognitive functions. Prevailing patterns of light exposure do not optimally engage these actions for many individuals, but advances in our understanding of the underpinning mechanisms and emerging lighting technologies now present opportunities to adjust lighting to promote optimal physical and mental health and performance. A newly developed, international standard provides a SI-compliant way of quantifying the influence of light on the intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin-expressing, retinal neurons that mediate these effects. The present report provides recommendations for lighting, based on an expert scientific consensus and expressed in an easily measured quantity (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (melaponic EDI)) defined within this standard. The recommendations are supported by detailed analysis of the sensitivity of human circadian, neuroendocrine, and alerting responses to ocular light and provide a straightforward framework to inform lighting design and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TMB); (KPW)
| | - George C. Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles A. Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven W. Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mirjam Münch
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John B. O’Hagan
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N. Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luke L. A. Price
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institutes for Medical Psychology and Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Luc J. M. Schlangen
- Human Technology Interaction Group, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Intelligent Lighting Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Spitschan
- Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences (TUM SG), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Céline Vetter
- Circadian and Sleep Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Phyllis C. Zee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TMB); (KPW)
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Hartstein LE, Behn CD, Akacem LD, Stack N, Wright KP, LeBourgeois MK. High sensitivity of melatonin suppression response to evening light in preschool-aged children. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12780. [PMID: 34997782 PMCID: PMC8933063 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Light at night in adults suppresses melatonin in a nonlinear intensity-dependent manner. In children, bright light of a single intensity before bedtime has a robust melatonin suppressing effect. To our knowledge, whether evening light of different intensities is related to melatonin suppression in young children is unknown. Healthy, good-sleeping children (n = 36; 3.0-4.9 years; 39% male) maintained a stable sleep schedule for 7 days followed by a 29.5-h in-home dim-light circadian assessment (~1.5 lux). On the final night of the protocol, children received a 1-h light exposure (randomized to one of 15 light levels, ranging 5-5000 lux, with ≥2 participants assigned to each light level) in the hour before habitual bedtime. Salivary melatonin was measured to calculate the magnitude of melatonin suppression during light exposure compared with baseline levels from the previous evening, as well as the degree of melatonin recovery 50 min after the end of light exposure. Melatonin levels were suppressed between 69.4% and 98.7% (M = 85.4 ± 7.2%) during light exposure across the full range of intensities examined. Overall, we did not observe a light intensity-dependent melatonin suppression response; however, children exposed to the lowest quartile of light intensities (5-40 lux) had an average melatonin suppression (77.5 ± 7.0%) which was significantly lower than that observed at each of the three higher quartiles of light intensities (86.4 ± 5.6%, 89.2 ± 6.3%, and 87.1 ± 5.0%, respectively). We further found that melatonin levels remained below 50% baseline for at least 50 min after the end of light exposure for the majority (62%) of participants, and recovery was not influenced by light intensity. These findings indicate that preschool-aged children are highly sensitive to light exposure in the hour before bedtime and suggest the lighting environment may play a crucial role in the development and the maintenance of behavioral sleep problems through impacts on the circadian timing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Hartstein
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Cecilia Diniz Behn
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lameese D. Akacem
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nora Stack
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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11
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Giménez MC, Stefani O, Cajochen C, Lang D, Deuring G, Schlangen LJM. Predicting melatonin suppression by light in humans: Unifying photoreceptor-based equivalent daylight illuminances, spectral composition, timing and duration of light exposure. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12786. [PMID: 34981572 PMCID: PMC9285453 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light-induced melatonin suppression data from 29 peer-reviewed publications was analysed by means of a machine-learning approach to establish which light exposure characteristics (ie photopic illuminance, five α-opic equivalent daylight illuminances [EDIs], duration and timing of the light exposure, and the dichotomous variables pharmacological pupil dilation and narrowband light source) are the main determinants of melatonin suppression. Melatonin suppression in the data set was dominated by four light exposure characteristics: (1) melanopic EDI, (2) light exposure duration, (3) pupil dilation and (4) S-cone-opic EDI. A logistic model was used to evaluate the influence of each of these parameters on the melatonin suppression response. The final logistic model was only based on the first three parameters, since melanopic EDI was the best single (photoreceptor) predictor that was only outperformed by S-cone-opic EDI for (photopic) illuminances below 21 lux. This confirms and extends findings on the importance of the metric melanopic EDI for predicting biological effects of light in integrative (human-centric) lighting applications. The model provides initial and general guidance to lighting practitioners on how to combine spectrum, duration and amount of light exposure when controlling non-visual responses to light, especially melatonin suppression. The model is a starting tool for developing hypotheses on photoreceptors' contributions to light's non-visual responses and helps identifying areas where more data are needed, like on the S-cone contribution at low illuminances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C. Giménez
- Chronobiology UnitGroningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology and Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN)Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel (UPK) and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology and Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN)Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel (UPK) and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Gunnar Deuring
- Forensic DepartmentUniversity Psychiatric Clinics BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Luc J. M. Schlangen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation SciencesHuman‐Technology Interaction Group and Intelligent Lighting InstituteEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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12
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St. Hilaire MA. Modeling (circadian). PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 273:181-198. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Beyond irradiance: Visual signals influencing mammalian circadian function. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 273:145-169. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Zandi B, Stefani O, Herzog A, Schlangen LJM, Trinh QV, Khanh TQ. Optimising metameric spectra for integrative lighting to modulate the circadian system without affecting visual appearance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23188. [PMID: 34848762 PMCID: PMC8633386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart integrative lighting systems aim to support human health and wellbeing by capitalising on the light-induced effects on circadian rhythms, sleep, and cognitive functions, while optimising the light's visual aspects like colour fidelity, visual comfort, visual preference, and visibility. Metameric spectral tuning could be an instrument to solve potential conflicts between the visual preferences of users with respect to illuminance and chromaticity and the circadian consequences of the light exposure, as metamers can selectively modulate melanopsin-based photoreception without affecting visual properties such as chromaticity or illuminance. This work uses a 6-, 8- and 11-channel LED luminaire with fixed illuminance of 250 lx to systematically investigate the metameric tuning range in melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (EDI) and melanopic daylight efficacy ratio (melanopic DER) for 561 chromaticity coordinates as optimisation targets (2700 K to 7443 K ± Duv 0 to 0.048), while applying colour fidelity index Rf criteria from the TM-30-20 Annex E recommendations (i.e. Rf [Formula: see text] 85, Rf,h1 [Formula: see text] 85). Our results reveal that the melanopic tuning range increases with rising CCT to a maximum tuning range in melanopic DER of 0.24 (CCT: 6702 K, Duv: 0.003), 0.29 (CCT: 7443 K, Duv: 0) and 0.30 (CCT: 6702, Duv: 0.006), depending on the luminaire's channel number of 6, 8 or 11, respectively. This allows to vary the melanopic EDI from 212.5-227.5 lx up to 275-300 lx without changes in the photopic illuminance (250 lx) or chromaticity ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 0.0014). The highest metameric melanopic Michelson contrast for the 6-, 8- and 11-channel luminaire is 0.16, 0.18 and 0.18, which is accomplished at a CCT of 3017 K (Duv: - 0.018), 3456 K (Duv: 0.009) and 3456 K (Duv: 0.009), respectively. By optimising ~ 490,000 multi-channel LED spectra, we identified chromaticity regions in the CIExy colour space that are of particular interest to control the melanopic efficacy with metameric spectral tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Zandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), Centre for Chronobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Herzog
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Luc J M Schlangen
- Department Human-Technology, Intelligent Lighting Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Quang Vinh Trinh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tran Quoc Khanh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Spitschan M, Garbazza C, Kohl S, Cajochen C. Sleep and circadian phenotype in people without cone-mediated vision: a case series of five CNGB3 and two CNGA3 patients. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab159. [PMID: 34447932 PMCID: PMC8385249 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Light exposure entrains the circadian clock through the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, which sense light in addition to the cone and rod photoreceptors. In congenital achromatopsia (prevalence 1:30-50 000), the cone system is non-functional, resulting in severe light avoidance and photophobia at daytime light levels. How this condition affects circadian and neuroendocrine responses to light is not known. In this case series of genetically confirmed congenital achromatopsia patients (n = 7; age 30-72 years; 6 women, 1 male), we examined survey-assessed sleep/circadian phenotype, self-reported visual function, sensitivity to light and use of spectral filters that modify chronic light exposure. In all but one patient, we measured rest-activity cycles using actigraphy over 3 weeks and measured the melatonin phase angle of entrainment using the dim-light melatonin onset. Owing to their light sensitivity, congenital achromatopsia patients used filters to reduce retinal illumination. Thus, congenital achromatopsia patients experienced severely attenuated light exposure. In aggregate, we found a tendency to a late chronotype. We found regular rest-activity patterns in all patients and normal phase angles of entrainment in participants with a measurable dim-light melatonin onset. Our results reveal that a functional cone system and exposure to daytime light intensities are not necessary for regular behavioural and hormonal entrainment, even when survey-assessed sleep and circadian phenotype indicated a tendency for a late chronotype and sleep problems in our congenital achromatopsia cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Spitschan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatry Hospital of the University of Basel (UPK), CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Garbazza
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatry Hospital of the University of Basel (UPK), CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatry Hospital of the University of Basel (UPK), CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Soler R, Voss E. Biologically Relevant Lighting: An Industry Perspective. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:637221. [PMID: 34163318 PMCID: PMC8215265 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.637221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in LED lighting technology have led to tremendous adoption rates and vastly improved the metrics by which they are traditionally evaluated-including color quality, longevity, and energy efficiency to name a few. Additionally, scientific insight has broadened with respect to the biological impact of light, specifically our circadian rhythm. Indoor electric lighting, despite its many attributes, fails to specifically address the biological responses to light. Traditional electric lighting environments are biologically too dim during the day, too bright at night, and with many people spending much of their lives in these environments, it can lead to circadian dysfunction. The lighting industry's biological solution has been to create bluer days and yellower nights, but the technology created to do so caters primarily to the cones. A better call to action is to provide biologically brighter days and biologically darker nights within the built environment. However, current lighting design practices have specified the comfort and utility of electric light. Brighter intensity during the day can often be uncomfortable or glary, and reduced light intensity at night may compromise visual comfort and safety, both of which will affect user compliance. No single lighting solution will effectively create biologically brighter days and biologically darker nights, but rather a variety of parameters need to be considered. This paper discusses the contributions of spectral power distribution, hue or color temperature, spatial distribution, as well as architectural geometry and surface reflectivity, to achieve biologically relevant lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Voss
- BIOS Lighting, Carlsbad, CA, United States
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