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Martinez-Torres C, Grimbergen J, Koopman J, Koenderink GH. Interplay of fibrinogen α EC globular domains and factor XIIIa cross-linking dictates the extensibility and strain stiffening of fibrin networks. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:715-726. [PMID: 37940047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen is a plasma protein forming the fibrin scaffold of blood clots. Its mechanical properties therefore affect the risk of bleeding as well as thrombosis. There has been much recent interest in the biophysical mechanisms controlling fibrin mechanics; however, the role of molecular heterogeneity of the circulating fibrinogen in determining clot mechanical function remains poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES By comparing 2 fibrinogen variants where the only difference is the Aα-chain length, with one variant having a globular domain at its C-terminus, this study aimed to reveal how the molecular structure impacts the structure and mechanics of fibrin networks. METHODS We characterized the mechanical response to large shear for networks formed from 2 recombinant fibrinogen variants: the most prevalent variant in circulation with a molecular weight of 340 kDa (recombinant human fibrinogen [rFib] 340) and a minor variant with a molecular weight of 420 kDa (rFib420). RESULTS We show that the elastic properties of the 2 variants are identical when fibrin is cross-linked with factor XIIIa but differ strongly in its absence. Uncross-linked rFib420 networks are softer and up to 3-fold more extensible than rFib340 networks. Electron microscopy imaging showed that the 2 variants formed networks with a comparable structure, except at 4 mg/mL, where rFib420 formed denser networks. CONCLUSION We propose that the αEC domains of rFib420 increase the extensibility of uncross-linked fibrin networks by promoting protofibril sliding, which is blocked by FXIIIa cross-linking. Our findings can help explain the functional role of different circulating fibrinogen variants in blood clot mechanics and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martinez-Torres
- AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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2
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Buzza MS, Pawar NR, Strong AA, Antalis TM. Intersection of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis by the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-Anchored Serine Protease Testisin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9306. [PMID: 37298257 PMCID: PMC10252689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis is a delicate balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis that regulates the formation and removal of fibrin, respectively. Positive and negative feedback loops and crosstalk between coagulation and fibrinolytic serine proteases maintain the hemostatic balance to prevent both excessive bleeding and thrombosis. Here, we identify a novel role for the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored serine protease testisin in the regulation of pericellular hemostasis. Using in vitro cell-based fibrin generation assays, we found that the expression of catalytically active testisin on the cell surface accelerates thrombin-dependent fibrin polymerization, and intriguingly, that it subsequently promotes accelerated fibrinolysis. We find that the testisin-dependent fibrin formation is inhibited by rivaroxaban, a specific inhibitor of the central prothrombin-activating serine protease factor Xa (FXa), demonstrating that cell-surface testisin acts upstream of factor X (FX) to promote fibrin formation at the cell surface. Unexpectedly, testisin was also found to accelerate fibrinolysis by stimulating the plasmin-dependent degradation of fibrin and enhancing plasmin-dependent cell invasion through polymerized fibrin. Testisin was not a direct activator of plasminogen, but it is able to induce zymogen cleavage and the activation of pro-urokinase plasminogen activator (pro-uPA), which converts plasminogen to plasmin. These data identify a new proteolytic component that can regulate pericellular hemostatic cascades at the cell surface, which has implications for angiogenesis, cancer biology, and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite S. Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.R.P.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.A.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nisha R. Pawar
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.R.P.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.A.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Amando A. Strong
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.R.P.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.A.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Toni M. Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.R.P.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.A.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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3
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Wang Z, Lauko J, Kijas AW, Gilbert EP, Turunen P, Yegappan R, Zou D, Mata J, Rowan AE. Snake venom-defined fibrin architecture dictates fibroblast survival and differentiation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1029. [PMID: 36823141 PMCID: PMC9950370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrin is the provisional matrix formed after injury, setting the trajectory for the subsequent stages of wound healing. It is commonly used as a wound sealant and a natural hydrogel for three-dimensional (3D) biophysical studies. However, the traditional thrombin-driven fibrin systems are poorly controlled. Therefore, the precise roles of fibrin's biophysical properties on fibroblast functions, which underlie healing outcomes, are unknown. Here, we establish a snake venom-controlled fibrin system with precisely and independently tuned architectural and mechanical properties. Employing this defined system, we show that fibrin architecture influences fibroblast survival, spreading phenotype, and differentiation. A fine fibrin architecture is a key prerequisite for fibroblast differentiation, while a coarse architecture induces cell loss and disengages fibroblast's sensitivity towards TGF-β1. Our results demonstrate that snake venom-controlled fibrin can precisely control fibroblast differentiation. Applying these biophysical principles to fibrin sealants has translational significance in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jan Lauko
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda W Kijas
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Elliot P Gilbert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Petri Turunen
- Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Ramanathan Yegappan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dongxiu Zou
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jitendra Mata
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Identification of substrates of MBL Associated Serine Protease-1 (MASP-1) from human plasma using N-terminomics strategy. Mol Immunol 2022; 151:114-125. [PMID: 36126499 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
MBL Associated Serine Protease-1 (MASP-1) is an abundant enzyme of the lectin complement pathway. MASP-1 cleaves numerous substrates like MASP-2, MASP-3, C2, C3i, fibrinogen, FXIII and prothrombin. It has thrombin-like specificity and can cleave thrombin substrates. Owing to its high concentration and relaxed substrate specificity, MASP-1 has substrates outside the complement system and can influence other proteolytic cascades and physiological processes. The unidentified substrates may assist us to ascertain the role(s) of MASP-1. In this study, we used a high-throughput N-terminomics method to identify substrates of MASP-1 from human plasma. We have identified 35 putative substrates of MASP-1. Among the identified proteins, alpha 2-antiplasmin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, antithrombin III, and siglec-6 were demonstrated to be cleaved by MASP-1. We have discussed the physiological relevance of cleavage of these substrates by MASP-1. The expression of Siglec-6 and MASP-1 has been reported in the B cells. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein cleavage by MASP-1 may occur in the acute phase as it is known to be an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, whereas MASP-1 triggers platelet aggregation. The cleavage alpha2 antiplasmin by MASP-1 implies that MASP-1 may be promoting plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis. Our study supports that MASP-1 may be implicated in thrombosis as well as thrombolysis.
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5
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Rayner SG, Scholl Z, Mandrycky CJ, Chen J, LaValley KN, Leary PJ, Altemeier WA, Liles WC, Chung DW, López JA, Fu H, Zheng Y. Endothelial-derived von Willebrand factor accelerates fibrin clotting within engineered microvessels. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1627-1637. [PMID: 35343037 PMCID: PMC10581744 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is classically associated with primary hemostasis and platelet-rich arterial thromboses, but recently has also been implicated in fibrin clotting and venous thrombosis. Direct interaction between fibrin and VWF may mediate these processes, although prior reports are conflicting. OBJECTIVES We combined two complementary platforms to characterize VWF-fibrin(ogen) interactions and identify their potential physiologic significance. METHODS Engineered microvessels were lined with human endothelial cells, cultured under flow, and activated to release VWF and form transluminal VWF fibers. Fibrinogen, fibrin monomers, or polymerizing fibrin were then perfused, and interactions with VWF evaluated. Thrombin and fibrinogen were perfused into living versus paraformeldahyde-fixed microvessels and the pressure drop across microvessels monitored. Separately, protein binding to tethered VWF was assessed on a single-molecule level using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. RESULTS Within microvessels, VWF fibers colocalized with polymerizing fibrin, but not fibrinogen. TIRF microscopy showed no colocalization between VWF and fibrinogen or fibrin monomers in a microfluidic flow chamber across a range of shear rates and protein concentrations. Thrombin-mediated fibrin polymerization within living microvessels triggered endothelial VWF release, increasing the rate and amount of microvessel obstruction compared to fixed vessels with an inert endothelium. CONCLUSIONS We did not identify specific binding between fibrin(ogen) and VWF at a single-molecule level. Despite this, our results suggest that rapid release of endothelial VWF during clotting may provide a physical support for fibrin polymerization and accelerate thrombosis. This interaction may be of fundamental importance for the understanding and treatment of human thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G. Rayner
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zackary Scholl
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Junmei Chen
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karina N. LaValley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter J. Leary
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William A. Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - W. Conrad Liles
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dominic W. Chung
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - José A. López
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hongxia Fu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Novel characteristics of soluble fibrin: hypercoagulability and acceleration of blood sedimentation rate mediated by its generation of erythrocyte-linked fibers. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 387:479-491. [PMID: 35275281 PMCID: PMC8913327 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Soluble fibrin (SF) in blood consists of monomers lacking both fibrinopeptides A with a minor population in multimeric clusters. It is a substantial component of isolated fibrinogen (fg), which spontaneously self-assembles into protofibrils progressing to fibers at sub-physiologic temperatures, a process enhanced by adsorption to hydrophobic and some metal surfaces. Comparisons of SF-rich (FR) and SF-depleted (FD) fg isolates disclosed distinct molecular imprints of each via an adsorption/desorption procedure using gold surfaced silica microplates. Accelerated plasminogen activator-induced lysis and decreased stiffness (G′) of thrombin-induced FR fg clots were revealed by thomboelastography. Erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) in afibrinogenemic plasma (Hematocrit 25–33%) was accelerated by FR fg nearly threefold that of FD fg. Stained smears disclosed frequent rouleaux formations and fibers linking stacked erythrocytes in contrast to no rouleaux by FD fg. Rouleaux formations were more pronounced at 4 °C than at ambient temperatures and at fiber-membrane contacts displayed irregular, knobby membrane contours. One of several FR fg isolates also displayed incomplete fiber networks in cell-free areas. What is more, pre-mixing FR fg with each of three monoclonal IgG anti-fg antibodies at 1.5 mol/mol fg, that inhibited fibrin polymerization, prevented rouleaux formation save occasional 2–4 erythrocyte aggregates. We conclude that spontaneously generated SF fibers bound to erythrocytes forming intercellular links culminating in rouleaux formation and ensuing ESR acceleration which in clinical settings reflects hypercoagulability. Also, the results can explain the reported fg binding to erythrocytes via ligands such as CD47, stable in vivo RBC aggregates in capillaries, and red areas of pathologic thrombi.
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Pechlivani N, Kearney KJ, Tiede C, Cheah R, Phoenix F, Ponnambalam S, Ault JR, McPherson MJ, Tomlinson DC, Ajjan RA. Affinity purification of fibrinogen using an Affimer column. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 cleaves plasminogen and plasma fibronectin: prefers plasminogen over known fibrinogen substrate. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2021; 32:504-512. [PMID: 34650023 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) is known to interact with complement and coagulation pathways. Recently it was reported that MASP-1 interacts with the fibrinolytic system but details remain unclear. The objective of the study is to find MASP-1 substrates that participate in the fibrinolytic system. Commercially available fibrinogen might contain some impurities. Fibrinogen was treated with MASP-1 followed by analysis on SDS-PAGE and the obtained cleaved fragments were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight. Functional analysis of identified substrate was confirmed by fluorogenic and turbidimetric assay. Statistical analysis was done by using the Student t test. This study reports that plasminogen and plasma fibronectin are two hitherto unknown substrates of MASP-1. Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin like molecule by MASP-1 was confirmed by cleavage of plasmin specific substrate and digestion of fibrin clot. The role of MASP-1 in clot dissolution was confirmed by turbidity assay. Our study shows that MASP-1 selects plasminogen over fibrinogen to be a preferable substrate. MASP-1 promotes the fibrinolytic activity by the generation of plasmin like molecule from plasminogen and further destabilizes the clot by digestion of plasma fibronectin.
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9
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Galanakis DK, Protopopova A, Zhang L, Li K, Marmorat C, Scheiner T, Koo J, Savitt AG, Rafailovich M, Weisel J. Fibers Generated by Plasma Des-AA Fibrin Monomers and Protofibril/Fibrinogen Clusters Bind Platelets: Clinical and Nonclinical Implications. TH OPEN 2021; 5:e273-e285. [PMID: 34240000 PMCID: PMC8260279 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Soluble fibrin (SF) is a substantial component of plasma fibrinogen (fg), but its composition, functions, and clinical relevance remain unclear. The study aimed to evaluate the molecular composition and procoagulant function(s) of SF. Materials and Methods Cryoprecipitable, SF-rich (FR) and cryosoluble, SF-depleted (FD) fg isolates were prepared and adsorbed on one hydrophilic and two hydrophobic surfaces and scanned by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Standard procedures were used for fibrin polymerization, crosslinking by factor XIII, electrophoresis, and platelet adhesion. Results Relative to FD fg, thrombin-induced polymerization of FR fg was accelerated and that induced by reptilase was markedly delayed, attributable to its decreased (fibrinopeptide A) FpA. FR fg adsorption to each surface yielded polymeric clusters and co-cryoprecipitable solitary monomers. Cluster components were crosslinked by factor XIII and comprised ≤21% of FR fg. In contrast to FD fg, FR fg adsorption on hydrophobic surfaces resulted in fiber generation enabled by both clusters and solitary monomers. This began with numerous short protofibrils, which following prolonged adsorption increased in number and length and culminated in surface-linked three-dimensional fiber networks that bound platelets. Conclusion The abundance of adsorbed protofibrils resulted from (1) protofibril/fg clusters whose fg was dissociated during adsorption, and (2) adsorbed des-AA monomers that attracted solution counterparts initiating protofibril assembly and elongation by their continued incorporation. The substantial presence of both components in transfused plasma and cryoprecipitate augments hemostasis by accelerating thrombin-induced fibrin polymerization and by tightly anchoring the resulting clot to the underlying wound or to other abnormal vascular surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Galanakis
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Anna Protopopova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liudi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Kao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Clement Marmorat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Tomas Scheiner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jaseung Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Anne G Savitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - John Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Fibrin clot formation under diverse clotting conditions: Comparing turbidimetry and thromboelastography. Thromb Res 2020; 187:48-55. [PMID: 31954276 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a leading cause of death around the world. Fibrin, the protein primarily responsible for clot formation, is formed via cleaving soluble fibrinogen by thrombin with resulting properties varying under different clot forming conditions. This study sought to compare trends across thromboelastography (TEG) and turbidimetry utilizing a simplified fibrinogen/thrombin clot model. Turbidimetry is an optical measure (550 nm) of fibrin clot formation and is widely utilized due to its laboratory accessibility and ease of use. Thromboelastography (TEG) is a specialized viscoelastic technique that directly measures clot strength and is primarily utilized in the clinical setting to assess patients' hemostasis. In these experiments, human and bovine fibrin clots were formed in-vitro by mixing fibrinogen and thrombin under diverse clotting conditions. Increasing thrombin concentration (0 to 10 U/mL), ionic strength (0.05 to 0.3 M), pH (5.5 to 8.1), and lowering albumin concentration (100 to 0 mg/mL) resulted in decreased clot turbidity and increased clot strength using species-matched bovine and human fibrinogen and thrombin. Whereas, increasing fibrinogen concentration (1 to 5 mg/mL) resulted in increased clot turbidity and increased clot strength for both species-matched and cross-species fibrinogen and thrombin. Clotting times with both techniques followed a similar trend and were observed to be unchanged when varying albumin concentration, elongated with increasing fibrinogen, and shortened with increasing pH, ionic strength, and thrombin. TEG and turbidimetry track clot formation via two distinct methods and when utilized together provide complementary clot strength and fiber structural information across diverse clotting conditions.
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11
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Etscheid M, Subramaniam S, Lochnit G, Zabczyk M, Undas A, Lang IM, Hanschmann KM, Kanse SM. Altered structure and function of fibrinogen after cleavage by Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3397-3406. [PMID: 30076961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) is a plasma protease affecting both coagulation and fibrinolysis. Although a role in hemostasis is still unclear, the identification of additional physiologic substrates will help to elucidate its role in this context. FSAP has been reported to cleave fibrinogen, but the functional consequences of this are not known. We have therefore undertaken this study to determine the implications of this cleavage for fibrin-clot formation and its lysis. Treatment of human fibrinogen with FSAP released an N-terminal peptide from the Bβ chain (Bβ1-53) and subsequently the fibrinopeptide B; within the Aα chain a partial truncation of the αC-region by multiple cleavages was seen. The truncated fibrinogen showed a delayed thrombin-catalyzed polymerization and formed fibrin clots of reduced turbidity, indicative of thinner fibrin fibers. Confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy of these clots revealed a less coarse fibrin network with thinner fibers and a smaller pore size. A lower pore size was also seen in permeability studies. Unexpectedly, FSAP-treated fibrinogen or plasma exhibited a significantly faster tPA-driven lysis, which correlated exclusively with cleavage of fibrinogen and not with activation of plasminogen activators. Similar observations were also made in plasma after activation of endogenous zymogen FSAP, but not in plasma of carrier of the rare Marburg I single nucleotide polymorphism. In conclusion, altering fibrin clot properties by fibrinogenolysis is a novel function of FSAP in the vasculature, which facilitates clot lysis and may in vivo contribute to reduced fibrin deposition during thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Etscheid
- Department of Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany.
| | | | - Günther Lochnit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michal Zabczyk
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anetta Undas
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irene M Lang
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sandip M Kanse
- University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Hethershaw EL, Adamson PJ, Smith KA, Goldsberry WN, Pease RJ, Radford SE, Grant PJ, Ariëns RAS, Maurer MC, Philippou H. The role of β-barrels 1 and 2 in the enzymatic activity of factor XIII A-subunit. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1391-1401. [PMID: 29675848 PMCID: PMC6175083 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Essentials The roles of β-barrels 1 and 2 in factor XIII (FXIII) are currently unknown. FXIII truncations lacking β-barrel 2, both β-barrels, or full length FXIII, were made. Removing β-barrel 2 caused total loss of activity, removing both β-barrels returned 30% activity. β-barrel 2 is necessary for exposure of the active site cysteine during activation. SUMMARY Background Factor XIII is composed of an activation peptide segment, a β-sandwich domain, a catalytic core, and, finally, β-barrels 1 and 2. FXIII is activated following cleavage of its A-subunits by thrombin. The resultant transglutaminase activity leads to increased resistance of fibrin clots to fibrinolysis. Objectives To assess the functional roles of β-barrels 1 and 2 in FXIII, we expressed and characterized the full-length FXIII A-subunit (FXIII-A) and variants truncated to residue 628 (truncated to β-barrel 1 [TB1]), residue 515 (truncated to catalytic core [TCC]), and residue 184 (truncated to β-sandwich). Methods Proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism, fluorometric assays, and colorimetric activity assays, clot structure was analyzed by turbidity measurements and confocal microscopy, and clot formation was analyzed with a Chandler loop system. Results and Conclusions Circular dichroism spectroscopy and tryptophan fluorometry indicated that full-length FXIII-A and the truncation variants TCC and TB1 retain their secondary and tertiary structure. Removal of β-barrel 2 (TB1) resulted in total loss of transglutaminase activity, whereas the additional removal of β-barrel 1 (TCC) restored enzymatic activity to ~ 30% of that of full-length FXIII-A. These activity trends were observed with physiological substrates and smaller model substrates. Our data suggest that the β-barrel 1 domain protects the active site cysteine in the FXIII protransglutaminase, whereas the β-barrel 2 domain is necessary for exposure of the active site cysteine during activation. This study demonstrates the importance of individual β-barrel domains in modulating access to the FXIII active site region.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Hethershaw
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - P. J. Adamson
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - K. A. Smith
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - R. J. Pease
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - S. E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - P. J. Grant
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - R. A. S. Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - M. C. Maurer
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - H. Philippou
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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Das S, Jacob RS, Patel K, Singh N, Maji SK. Amyloid Fibrils: Versatile Biomaterials for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1826-1839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra, India
| | - Reeba S. Jacob
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra, India
| | - Komal Patel
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra, India
| | - Samir K. Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra, India
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Nonuniform Internal Structure of Fibrin Fibers: Protein Density and Bond Density Strongly Decrease with Increasing Diameter. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6385628. [PMID: 29130043 PMCID: PMC5654258 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6385628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The major structural component of a blood clot is a meshwork of fibrin fibers. It has long been thought that the internal structure of fibrin fibers is homogeneous; that is, the protein density and the bond density between protofibrils are uniform and do not depend on fiber diameter. We performed experiments to investigate the internal structure of fibrin fibers. We formed fibrin fibers with fluorescently labeled fibrinogen and determined the light intensity of a fiber, I, as a function of fiber diameter, D. The intensity and, thus, the total number of fibrin molecules in a cross-section scaled as D1.4. This means that the protein density (fibrin per cross-sectional area), ρp , is not homogeneous but instead strongly decreases with fiber diameter as D-0.6. Thinner fibers are denser than thicker fibers. We also determined Young's modulus, Y, as a function of fiber diameter. Y decreased strongly with increasing D; Y scaled as D-1.5. This implies that the bond density, ρb , also scales as D-1.5. Thinner fibers are stiffer than thicker fibers. Our data suggest that fibrin fibers have a dense, well-connected core and a sparse, loosely connected periphery. In contrast, electrospun fibrinogen fibers, used as a control, have a homogeneous cross-section.
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Piechocka IK, Kurniawan NA, Grimbergen J, Koopman J, Koenderink GH. Recombinant fibrinogen reveals the differential roles of α- and γ-chain cross-linking and molecular heterogeneity in fibrin clot strain-stiffening. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:938-949. [PMID: 28166607 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Fibrinogen circulates in human plasma as a complex mixture of heterogeneous molecular variants. We measured strain-stiffening of recombinantly produced fibrinogen upon clotting. Factor XIII and molecular heterogeneity alter clot elasticity at the protofibril and fiber level. This highlights the hitherto unknown role of molecular composition in fibrin clot mechanics. SUMMARY Background Fibrin plays a crucial role in haemostasis and wound healing by forming strain-stiffening fibrous networks that reinforce blood clots. The molecular origin of fibrin's strain-stiffening behavior remains poorly understood, primarily because plasma fibrinogen is a complex mixture of heterogeneous molecular variants and is often contaminated by plasma factors that affect clot properties. Objectives and methods To facilitate mechanistic dissection of fibrin nonlinear elasticity, we produced a homogeneous recombinant fibrinogen corresponding to the main variant in human plasma, termed rFib610. We characterized the structure of rFib610 clots using turbidimetry, microscopy and X-ray scattering. We used rheology to measure the strain-stiffening behavior of the clots and determined the fiber properties by modeling the clots as semi-flexible polymer networks. Results We show that addition of FXIII to rFib610 clots causes a dose-dependent stiffness increase at small deformations and renders the strain-stiffening response reversible. We find that γ-chain cross-linking contributes to clot elasticity by changing the force-extension behavior of the protofibrils, whereas α-chain cross-linking stiffens the fibers, as a consequence of tighter coupling between the constituent protofibrils. Interestingly, rFib610 protofibrils have a 25% larger bending rigidity than plasma-purified fibrin protofibrils and a delayed strain-stiffening, indicating that molecular heterogeneity influences clot mechanics at the protofibril scale. Conclusions Fibrinogen molecular heterogeneity and FXIII affect the mechanical function of fibrin clots by altering the nonlinear viscoelastic properties at the protofibril and fiber scale. This work provides a starting point to investigate the role of molecular heterogeneity of plasma fibrinogen in fibrin clot mechanics and haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Piechocka
- Department of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N A Kurniawan
- Department of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - J Koopman
- ProFibrix BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G H Koenderink
- Department of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hugenholtz GCG, Macrae F, Adelmeijer J, Dulfer S, Porte RJ, Lisman T, Ariëns RAS. Procoagulant changes in fibrin clot structure in patients with cirrhosis are associated with oxidative modifications of fibrinogen. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1054-66. [PMID: 26833718 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Patients with cirrhosis have hemostatic changes, which may contribute to a risk of thrombosis. This in vitro study compares clot formation and structure between patients and healthy subjects. Clot formation is delayed in patients; ultimately, however, clot permeability is decreased. The thrombogenic structure of fibrin clots may contribute to the thrombotic risk in cirrhosis. ABSTRACT Background and Objectives Patients with cirrhosis can be at risk of thrombotic complications due to an imbalance between hemostatic components. However, little is known on how the disease affects clot generation or how alterations in the structure of fibrin clots may affect the hemostatic function of these patients. Methods We investigated the formation and structure of clots generated with plasma and purified fibrinogen of 42 patients with cirrhosis. Clots generated with plasma and fibrinogen of 29 healthy volunteers were studied for comparison. Clot formation and structure were assessed by turbidity, permeation studies, confocal laser and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The extent of fibrinogen oxidation was assessed by measuring the carbonyl content of purified fibrinogen samples. Results Tissue factor and thrombin-induced clotting of plasma was delayed in patients. The clotting rate was also decreased, but change in turbidity, fibrin density and fiber thickness were largely comparable to healthy volunteers. Conversely, clot permeability was significantly decreased in patients. When clots were generated with purified fibrinogen, differences in clot formation and structure similar to those in plasma were found. The carbonyl content was increased in patient fibrinogen and correlated with disease severity and clot permeability. Conclusions Delayed clot formation in cirrhosis ultimately results in decreased clot permeability. Similar alterations in clots generated with purified fibrinogen suggest that modifications of the molecule are (partly) responsible. Taken together, these findings are indicative of hypercoagulable features of clots of patients with cirrhosis, which may explain the increased risk of thrombosis associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C G Hugenholtz
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F Macrae
- Thrombosis Research Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J Adelmeijer
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Dulfer
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R J Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - T Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R A S Ariëns
- Thrombosis Research Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Groeneveld DJ, Adelmeijer J, Hugenholtz GCG, Ariëns RAS, Porte RJ, Lisman T. Ex vivo addition of fibrinogen concentrate improves the fibrin network structure in plasma samples taken during liver transplantation. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:2192-201. [PMID: 26453059 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal hemostatic management during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) remains a challenge. The cause of bleeding during OLT is multifactorial, and may include hemostatic imbalance. Fibrinogen concentrates are increasingly being used to control perioperative bleeding during OLT. However, administration is based on arbitrary thresholds of fibrinogen levels. Importantly, studies on fibrin clot structure during OLT are lacking. OBJECTIVE We determined the hemostatic efficacy of fibrinogen concentrate in correcting the fibrin structure. METHODS Plasma samples taken at various times during OLT from 15 patients and 15 healthy controls were spiked with 1 g L(-1) fibrinogen concentrate or saline. Turbidity, fibrin fiber density and permeability of the fibrin clots were assessed. RESULTS Clotting rate and turbidity were significantly decreased at the start of surgery, and decreased even further during surgery. Addition of fibrinogen significantly increased the clotting rate and turbidity at all time points, but did not normalize it. Fibrin density was significantly reduced after reperfusion as compared with the density at the start of surgery and in healthy controls. Fibrin density improved significantly after addition of fibrinogen in samples taken at the start of surgery and after reperfusion. The severely impaired polymerization and decreased density after reperfusion were accompanied by significantly increased permeability of the clot as compared with the start of surgery and in controls, which was completely restored after addition of fibrinogen. CONCLUSIONS Ex vivo addition of fibrinogen concentrate during OLT substantially improves the structural properties of the fibrin clot, which, particularly after reperfusion, shows hypocoagulable features. These data support the use of fibrinogen concentrate to control bleeding complications during OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Groeneveld
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Adelmeijer
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G C G Hugenholtz
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R A S Ariëns
- Thrombosis Research Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R J Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - T Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Wufsus AR, Rana K, Brown A, Dorgan JR, Liberatore MW, Neeves KB. Elastic behavior and platelet retraction in low- and high-density fibrin gels. Biophys J 2015; 108:173-83. [PMID: 25564864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin is a biopolymer that gives thrombi the mechanical strength to withstand the forces imparted on them by blood flow. Importantly, fibrin is highly extensible, but strain hardens at low deformation rates. The density of fibrin in clots, especially arterial clots, is higher than that in gels made at plasma concentrations of fibrinogen (3-10 mg/mL), where most rheology studies have been conducted. Our objective in this study was to measure and characterize the elastic regimes of low (3-10 mg/mL) and high (30-100 mg/mL) density fibrin gels using shear and extensional rheology. Confocal microscopy of the gels shows that fiber density increases with fibrinogen concentration. At low strains, fibrin gels act as thermal networks independent of fibrinogen concentration. Within the low-strain regime, one can predict the mesh size of fibrin gels by the elastic modulus using semiflexible polymer theory. Significantly, this provides a link between gel mechanics and interstitial fluid flow. At moderate strains, we find that low-density fibrin gels act as nonaffine mechanical networks and transition to affine mechanical networks with increasing strains within the moderate regime, whereas high-density fibrin gels only act as affine mechanical networks. At high strains, the backbone of individual fibrin fibers stretches for all fibrin gels. Platelets can retract low-density gels by >80% of their initial volumes, but retraction is attenuated in high-density fibrin gels and with decreasing platelet density. Taken together, these results show that the nature of fibrin deformation is a strong function of fibrin fiber density, which has ramifications for the growth, embolization, and lysis of thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Wufsus
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Kuldeepsinh Rana
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Andrea Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - John R Dorgan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Matthew W Liberatore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
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Miszta A, Pelkmans L, Lindhout T, Krishnamoorthy G, de Groot PG, Hemker CH, Heemskerk JWM, Kelchtermans H, de Laat B. Thrombin-dependent Incorporation of von Willebrand Factor into a Fibrin Network. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35979-86. [PMID: 25381443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment of platelets from the circulation onto a growing thrombus is a process involving multiple platelet receptors, endothelial matrix components, and coagulation factors. It has been indicated previously that during a transglutaminase reaction activated factor XIII (FXIIIa) covalently cross-links von Willebrand factor (VWF) to polymerizing fibrin. Bound VWF further recruits and activates platelets via interactions with the platelet receptor complex glycoprotein Ib (GPIb). In the present study we found proof for binding of VWF to a fibrin monomer layer during the process of fibrinogen-to-fibrin conversion in the presence of thrombin, arvin, or a snake venom from Crotalus atrox. Using a domain deletion mutant we demonstrated the involvement of the C domains of VWF in this binding. Substantial binding of VWF to fibrin monomers persisted in the presence of the FXIIIa inhibitor K9-DON, illustrating that cross-linking via factor XIII is not essential for this phenomenon and suggesting the identification of a second mechanism through which VWF multimers incorporate into a fibrin network. Under high shear conditions, platelets were shown to adhere to fibrin only if VWF had been incorporated. In conclusion, our experiments show that the C domains of VWF and the E domain of fibrin monomers are involved in the incorporation of VWF during the polymerization of fibrin and that this incorporation fosters binding and activation of platelets. Fibrin thus is not an inert end product but partakes in further thrombus growth. Our findings help to elucidate the mechanism of thrombus growth and platelet adhesion under conditions of arterial shear rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Miszta
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Synapse BV, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Leonie Pelkmans
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Synapse BV, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Lindhout
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Synapse BV, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ganeshram Krishnamoorthy
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philip G de Groot
- Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Coenraad H Hemker
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Synapse BV, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Kelchtermans
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Synapse BV, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Laat
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Synapse BV, 6229 EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
Papain has long been known to cause the gelation of mammalian fibrinogens. It has also been reported that papain-fibrin is insoluble in dispersing solvents like strong urea or sodium bromide solutions, similar to what is observed with thrombin-generated clots in the presence of factor XIIIa and calcium. In those old studies, both the gelation and subsequent clot stabilization were attributed to papain, although the possibility that the second step might be due to contaminating factor XIII in fibrinogen preparations was considered. I have revisited this problem in light of knowledge acquired over the past half-century about thiol proteases like papain, which mostly cleave peptide bonds, and transglutaminases like factor XIIIa that catalyze the formation of ε-lysyl-γ-glutamyl cross-links. Recombinant fibrinogen, inherently free of factor XIII and other plasma proteins, formed a stable gel when treated with papain alone. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the intermolecular cross-linking in papain-fibrin leads to γ-chain dimers, trimers, and tetramers, just as is the case with thrombin-factor XIIIa-stabilized fibrin. Mass spectrometry of bands excised from gels showed that the cross-linked material is quite different from what occurs with factor XIIIa, however. With papain, the cross-linking occurs between γ chains in neighboring protofibrils becoming covalently linked in a "head-to-tail" fashion by a transpeptidation reaction involving the α-amino group of γ-Tyr1 and a papain cleavage site at γ-Gly403 near the carboxy terminus, rather than by the (reciprocal) "tail-to-tail" manner that occurs with factor XIIIa and that depends on cross-links between γ-Lys406 and γ-Gln398.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell F Doolittle
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
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21
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Hethershaw EL, Cilia La Corte AL, Duval C, Ali M, Grant PJ, Ariëns RAS, Philippou H. The effect of blood coagulation factor XIII on fibrin clot structure and fibrinolysis. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:197-205. [PMID: 24261582 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factor XIII is a 320 kDa tetramer, comprising two enzymatic A-subunits and two carrier B-subunits (FXIII A₂ B₂). Activated FXIII (FXIIIa) catalyses the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl covalent bonds between γ-γ, γ-α and α-α chains of adjacent fibrin molecules and also cross-links the major plasmin inhibitor, α2-antiplasmin, to fibrin. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of FXIII cross-linking of fibrin directly in clot morphology and its functional effect on clot formation and lysis, in the absence of α2-antiplasmin. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the presence of FXIII during clot formation results in fibrin clots that have a significant 2.1-fold reduction in pore size, as determined by the Darcy constant, Ks, and formed thinner fibers (74.7 ± 1.5 nm) and higher density of fibers compared with those without FXIII (86.0 ± 1.7 nm, P < 0.001), as determined by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, fibrinolysis showed a significant increase in the time to lysis for clots formed in the presence of FXIII in both static and flow systems. These data demonstrate that independent of α2-antiplasmin, FXIII activity plays a role in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot by altering its structure and increasing the resistance to fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Hethershaw
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute for Genetics Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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