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Pop RA, Vasiu I, Meroni G, Martino PA, Dąbrowski R, Tvarijonaviciute A, Fiţ IN. Aerobic Vaginal Microflora in Gestational and Non-Gestational Bitches ( Canis lupus familiaris). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1501. [PMID: 38791718 PMCID: PMC11117226 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The vaginal tract comprises commensal microorganisms, which play an essential role in the health of the reproductive tract. Any dysbiosis in the vaginal microenvironment may lead to severe urinary tract infections or even infertility. This study aimed to evaluate the aerobic bacterial flora isolated from vaginal samples from 100 lactating bitches in the antepartum period (n = 3), postpartum period (n = 80), and with Lactatio sine graviditate (n = 17). Before vaginal swabs, all the bitches went through a gynecology consult, along with milk and blood sampling. Standard microbiological techniques were used for bacterial isolation. Among the 100 vaginal samples analyzed, 82% had a positive microbiological outcome, while 18% were negative. The microbiologic profile listed 17 different genera. The main isolated bacterial families were Micrococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Morganellaceae, Bacillaceae, and Rhizobiaceae. At the same time, strains like Agrobacterium radiobacter, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Chromobacterium violaceum, Burkholderia mallei, Bacillus pumllus, or Staphylococcus xylosus were isolated for the first time from the vaginal secretion of lactating bitches. The microbiological data demonstrates that lactating bitches' vaginal discharge is heterogeneous and may be affected by coitus, sampling season, age, and reproductive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Alexandru Pop
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Iosif Vasiu
- Department and Clinic of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Roman Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Iosif Nicodim Fiţ
- Department of Microbiology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Abdolghanizadeh S, Salmeh E, Mirzakhani F, Soroush E, Siadat SD, Tarashi S. Microbiota insights into pet ownership and human health. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105220. [PMID: 38484448 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between pet and owner has already been studied in several studies. Reviewing and summarizing studies on human and pet microbiota and their effects due to keeping pets is the purpose of the current study. Microbiota of the gut, oral cavity, and skin are unique to each individual, and this is also true of their pets (cats and dogs). Microbiota homeostasis is essential for the health of pets and their owners. Dysbiosis or imbalances in the microbiota can increase the risk of disorder progressions such as IBD or Clostridium difficile infections, among others. The microbial communities of humans change as a result of various factors, such as keeping pets. Pet owners frequently contact domestic dogs and cats, which affects their microbiota. As a result of keeping pets, the microbiota of different areas of the human body has changed, which has been associated with a decrease in pathogenic bacteria and an increase in beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Abdolghanizadeh
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Salmeh
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirzakhani
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Soroush
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Tarashi
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Pinthanon A, Nithitarnwat C, Pintapin C, Siripanee C, Yindee J, Am-In N, Kesdangsakonwut S, Surachetpong S, Prapasarakul N. Rapid identification of canine uropathogens by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the clinical factors that correlated bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1457-1469. [PMID: 37036600 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) method for bacterial diagnosis, rapid urine sample preparation can reduce time relapsing of diagnosis and improve discriminatory power in coinfection cases. We aimed to evaluate rapid urine preparation procedures before MALDI-TOF MS application using dog clinical urine samples in comparison with standard microbiological diagnostic methods by agreement analysis. We determined the frequency and distribution of bacteria and bacterial resistance and their correlations to clinical history. Three experimental procedures comprising direct centrifugation, 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate digestion, and ultrasonic preparation were performed for method validation and sensitivity. Sterile urine containing Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus were used as simulated samples. By ultrasonic preparation, the microorganisms could be detected 1.46-1.51 × 105 CFU, which was considered the most suitable technique. This preparation was significantly consistent with the routine method based on data from Hospital Information Systems for 50 urine samples from canine cystitis. By standard protocol, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius were found in most of the 155 urine samples with cystitis. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae was found in 25-30% of the samples. Imipenem resistance was found in 70% of Acinetobacter baumannii cases; almost all were resistant to second-generation fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. The most efficient antibiotic for treating bacterial urinary tract infection was amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. A. baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to pradofloxacin. Prolonged urine catheterization was linked to lower urinary tract infections by Enterobacter spp., which also correlated with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artitaya Pinthanon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chayanan Nithitarnwat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chadaporn Pintapin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chonradee Siripanee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jitrapa Yindee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nutthee Am-In
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sawang Kesdangsakonwut
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Diagnostic and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Edyta G, Natalia S, Marlena S, Natalia W, Joanna L, Arent Z, Magdalena S. The in vitro effects of probiotic bacteria on genital pathogens of female dogs. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:82. [PMID: 37422614 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important aspect in the microbiology of the reproductive system of small animals is the potential occurrence of probiotic bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of the genus Lactobacillus. The presence of these microorganisms is significant due to their strong antibacterial and antifungal properties. This study aimed to select probiotic strains from the oral cavity and vagina that have outstanding antibacterial properties against typical genital pathogens of the female dog reproductive tract. RESULTS The antagonistic activity of ten LAB strains was tested against seven etiological agents isolated from the genital tract of female dogs with signs of inflammation. LAB strains with the greatest ability to inhibit the growth of indicator bacteria were Lactobacillus plantarum and L. acidophilus, while L. fermentum and L. brevis strains inhibited growth the least. Almost all strains showed a complete lack of adherence to Caco-2 epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS All tested LAB isolates inhibited the in vitro growth of either Gram-positive or Gram-negative pathogens, suggesting that potential probiotic strains could contribute to the balance of the normal vaginal microbiota. Furthermore, they could be considered for use as prophylactic agents or as an alternative to antibiotic therapy for infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golińska Edyta
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Cracow, Poland
| | - Sowińska Natalia
- Animal Reproduction Unit, Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences (PULS), Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Szydło Marlena
- Veterinary Clinic Biały Kieł, Białoruska 17a, 30-638, Cracow, Poland
| | - Witka Natalia
- Veterinary Clinic Felis, Dworcowa 32, 32-620, Brzeszcze, Poland
| | - Lenarczyk Joanna
- Veterinary Clinic Multivet, Feliksa Konecznego 6/12U, 31-216, Cracow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Arent
- University Center of Veterinary Medicine of the Jagiellonian University and Agricultural University of Cracow, Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Cracow, Poland
| | - Strus Magdalena
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Cracow, Poland.
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Coffey EL, Gomez AM, Ericsson AC, Burton EN, Granick JL, Lulich JP, Furrow E. The impact of urine collection method on canine urinary microbiota detection: a cross-sectional study. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:101. [PMID: 37055748 PMCID: PMC10100081 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The urinary tract harbors unique microbial communities that play important roles in urogenital health and disease. Dogs naturally suffer from several of the same urological disorders as humans (e.g., urinary tract infections, neoplasia, urolithiasis) and represent a valuable translational model for studying the role of urinary microbiota in various disease states. Urine collection technique represents a critical component of urinary microbiota research study design. However, the impact of collection method on the characterization of the canine urinary microbiota remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether urine collection technique alters the microbial populations detected in canine urine samples. Urine was collected from asymptomatic dogs by both cystocentesis and midstream voiding. Microbial DNA was isolated from each sample and submitted for amplicon sequencing of the V4 region of the bacterial 16 S rRNA gene, followed by analyses to compare microbial diversity and composition between urine collection techniques. RESULTS Samples collected via midstream voiding exhibited significantly higher sequence read counts (P = .036) and observed richness (P = .0024) than cystocentesis urine. Bray Curtis and Unweighted UniFrac measures of beta diversity showed distinct differences in microbial composition by collection method (P = .0050, R2 = 0.06 and P = .010, R2 = 0.07, respectively). Seven taxa were identified as differentially abundant between groups. Pasteurellaceae, Haemophilus, Friedmanniella, two variants of Streptococcus, and Fusobacterium were over-represented in voided urine, while a greater abundance of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia characterized cystocentesis samples. Analyses were performed at five thresholds for minimum sequence depth and using three data normalization strategies to validate results; patterns of alpha and beta diversity remained consistent regardless of minimum read count requirements or normalization method. CONCLUSION Microbial composition differs in canine urine samples collected via cystocentesis as compared to those collected via midstream voiding. Future researchers should select a single urine collection method based on the biological question of interest when designing canine urinary microbiota studies. Additionally, the authors suggest caution when interpreting results across studies that did not utilize identical urine collection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Coffey
- University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue C339 Veterinary Medical Center, 55108 Saint Paul, MN USA
| | - Andres M. Gomez
- University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue C339 Veterinary Medical Center, 55108 Saint Paul, MN USA
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- University of Missouri, 4011 Discovery Drive S123B, 65201 Columbia, MO USA
| | - Erin N. Burton
- University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue C339 Veterinary Medical Center, 55108 Saint Paul, MN USA
| | - Jennifer L. Granick
- University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue C339 Veterinary Medical Center, 55108 Saint Paul, MN USA
| | - Jody P. Lulich
- University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue C339 Veterinary Medical Center, 55108 Saint Paul, MN USA
| | - Eva Furrow
- University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue C339 Veterinary Medical Center, 55108 Saint Paul, MN USA
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Canine Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Current Application and Possible Mechanisms. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080396. [PMID: 36006314 PMCID: PMC9413255 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapeutic option for a variety of diseases, and is characterized as the transfer of fecal microorganisms from a healthy donor into the intestinal tract of a diseased recipient. In human clinics, FMT has been used for treating diseases for decades, with promising results. In recent years, veterinary specialists adapted FMT in canine patients; however, compared to humans, canine FMT is more inclined towards research purposes than practical applications in most cases, due to safety concerns. Therefore, in order to facilitate the application of fecal transplant therapy in dogs, in this paper, we review recent applications of FMT in canine clinical treatments, as well as possible mechanisms that are involved in the process of the therapeutic effect of FMT. More research is needed to explore more effective and safer approaches for conducting FMT in dogs.
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Hu J, Cui L, Wang X, Gao X, Qiu S, Qi H, Jiang S, Li F, Yin Y. Dynamics of vaginal microbiome in female beagles at different ages. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:128-135. [PMID: 35779348 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in human vaginal microbiota composition have been reported, and such changes might be influenced by humidity, external stimuli, hormone levels, drug to use, and other factors. However, there is no report about the vaginal microbiota composition of female beagles at different ages. To investigate the effects of aging on the vaginal microbiota independent of other effects, we analyzed the vaginal microbiomes of 23 beagles at a wide range of ages from 1 year to 7 years old (except the 3rd year), 1-2 y were categorized into youth stage (YS), 4-5 y were categorized into middle stage (MS), and 6-7 y were categorized into elderly stage (ES) based on age. Samples were collected by scraping the vaginal mucosa of YS (n = 8), MS (n = 5) and ES (n = 10), and analyzed by 16S-rRNA gene high-throughput-sequencing. The diversity of the vaginal microbiome in female beagles was found to continuously change with age. We also found associations between age and specific members and functions of the vaginal microbiome. The metabolism of terpenoids and polyketide and the cell motility are significantly enhanced with age. Our results suggest that the proportion of Tenericutes might be a biomarker which could distinguish between YS and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai 201699, China
| | - Li Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiaoqi Gao
- Qingdao Bolong Experimental Animal Co., LTD., Qingdao 266225, China
| | - Shimei Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Haonan Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shihao Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fangzheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Yanbo Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Morales B, Spadetto L, Calvo MÀ, Yeste M, Arosemena L, Rigau T, Rivera del Alamo MM. Evaluation of the Probiotic In Vitro Potential of Lactic Acid-Producing Bacteria from Canine Vagina: Possible Role in Vaginal Health. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060796. [PMID: 35327193 PMCID: PMC8944649 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of microorganisms with probiotic capacity, obtained from the natural microbiota itself, is an alternative tool for the treatment and prevention of some animal pathologies. In this study, a total of 94 bitches were sampled in order to identify the lactic acid-producing microbiota of the vagina. Following the general isolation of the vaginal microbiota, 100 strains of lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) were identified. Through Gram staining and basic biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase and haemolysis), 13 LAB strains with possible probiotic capacity were selected to undergo an evaluation of resistance to gastrointestinal conditions (pH, lysozyme, bile salts and hydrogen peroxide) and safety and efficacy in vitro (resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobial capacity by disk diffusion). After the selection, only 3 of 100 strains showed in vitro probiotic potential. Abstract Lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) are being widely studied due to their probiotic potential. The aim of the present study was to determine and identify the presence of LAB from canine vaginal samples, as well as to evaluate their probiotic in vitro potential. Ninety-four bitches were included in the study. Vaginal samples were obtained by means of a sterile swab and streaked on Man Rogosa Sharpe agar plates. A total of 100 LAB strains were obtained and submitted to Gram stains and basic biochemical tests, which included catalase, oxidase and haemolysis tests. Thirteen strains belonging to the genera Lactobacillus (n = 10), Lactococcus (n = 2) and Pediococcus (n = 1) were selected as potential probiotics and further subjected to evaluation of resistance to gastrointestinal conditions (pH, lysozyme, bile salts and hydrogen peroxide) and safety and efficacy in vitro (resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobial capacity). Only three strains, one Lactobacillus lactis and two Lactobacillus plantarum, accomplished the requirements for being considered as potential in vitro probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Morales
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (B.M.); (M.À.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Livia Spadetto
- Toxicology Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Maria Àngels Calvo
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (B.M.); (M.À.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Marc Yeste
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Griona, 17071 Girona, Spain;
| | - Leonardo Arosemena
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (B.M.); (M.À.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Teresa Rigau
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Montserrat Rivera del Alamo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Correspondence:
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9
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Lee D, Goh TW, Kang MG, Choi HJ, Yeo SY, Yang J, Huh CS, Kim YY, Kim Y. Perspectives and Advances in Probiotics and the Gut Microbiome in
Companion Animals. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:197-217. [PMID: 35530406 PMCID: PMC9039956 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the number of households that raise dogs and cats is increasing, there is
growing interest in animal health. The gut plays an important role in animal
health. In particular, the microbiome in the gut is known to affect both the
absorption and metabolism of nutrients and the protective functions of the host.
Using probiotics on pets has beneficial effects, such as modulating the immune
system, helping to reduce stress, protecting against pathogenic bacteria and
developing growth performance. The goals of this review are to summarize the
relationship between probiotics/the gut microbiome and animal health, to feature
technology used for identifying the diversity of microbiota composition of
canine and feline microbiota, and to discuss recent reports on probiotics in
canines and felines and the safety issues associated with probiotics and the gut
microbiome in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Goh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Geun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - So Young Yeo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | | - Chul Sung Huh
- Research Institute of Eco-Friendly
Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul
National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
- Graduate School of International
Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University,
Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding author: Younghoon Kim, Department of
Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. Tel: +82-2-880-4808,
E-mail:
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10
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Lynch SA, Helbig KJ. The Complex Diseases of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Canines: Where to Next? Vet Sci 2021; 8:11. [PMID: 33477504 PMCID: PMC7831068 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a pathogenic bacterium of concern within the veterinary sector and is involved in numerous infections in canines, including topical infections such as canine pyoderma and otitis externa, as well as systemic infections within the urinary, respiratory and reproductive tract. The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) within such infections is a growing concern. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the involvement of S. pseudintermedius in canine disease pathology to gain better insight into novel treatment avenues. Here, we review the literature focused on S. pseudintermedius infection in multiple anatomic locations in dogs and the role of MRSP in treatment outcomes at these niches. Multiple novel treatment avenues for MRSP have been pioneered in recent years and these are discussed with a specific focus on vaccines and phage therapy as potential therapeutic options. Whilst both undertakings are in their infancy, phage therapy is versatile and has shown high success in both animal and human medical use. It is clear that further research is required to combat the growing problems associated with MRSP in canines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla J. Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
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11
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The vaginal microflora changes in various stages of the estrous cycle of healthy female dogs and the ones with genital tract infections. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:8. [PMID: 33407480 PMCID: PMC7789644 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory diseases of reproductive tract in bitches are a common problem in veterinary practice. The inflammation can lead to serious health problems. Research to determine the correlation between the health status of females, phase of the cycle, age and bacterial flora of the genital tract has been ongoing for years, but the results obtained by individual authors are often contradictory. Results A total of 39 dogs were included in this study. Ten were qualified to the 1st group with genital tract infections (8 in anestrus and 2 in proestrus) and 29 to the 2nd group without such infections (16 in anestrus, 9 in proestrus and 4 in diestrus). The most common bacterial isolates obtained from the vaginal tract of all dogs were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Streptococcus canis. The prevalence of Gram-negative rods (other than E. coli) was significantly higher in the group with genital tract infections versus healthy dogs. There was no presence of Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydia abortus and lactic acid-producing bacteria in tested swabs. Conclusions Our study identified the most common bacteria in the genital tract of bitches. The total number of bacteria was almost the same in the healthy and infected dogs, as well as between the cycle stages. In our opinion, bacterial culturing of vaginal swab specimens from bitches without signs of genital disease is of little value. Furthermore, it should always be preceded by clinical examination and cytological examination of the vaginal epithelium.
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12
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Rota A, Corrò M, Patuzzi I, Milani C, Masia S, Mastrorilli E, Petrin S, Longo A, Del Carro A, Losasso C. Effect of sterilization on the canine vaginal microbiota: a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:455. [PMID: 33228646 PMCID: PMC7684734 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical sterilization is the most effective method of contraception for dogs. It also prevents pyometra and reduces the risk of mammary tumour development. However, this procedure also has negative effects, such as urinary incontinence. Steroid hormone deprivation following gonadectomy could also affect canine vaginal mucosa conditions and the microbial community colonizing the vaginal tract. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the vaginal cytology and microbial community of two groups of bitches, including 11 in anoestrus and 10 sterilized bitches (post-pubertal sterilization in the last 4 years). Bacteria were identified through metataxonomic analysis, amplifying the V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene, and culturing methods. RESULTS Vaginal mucosa cytology was suggestive of dystrophic conditions in sterilized bitches, whereas a typical anoestrus pattern with parabasal and intermediate cells was appreciable in anoestrous animals. Metataxonomic analysis revealed large inter-individual variability. Salmonella, Mycoplasma and Staphylococcus were present in moderate quantities in almost all the samples in both groups. Mollicutes (class level) and Tenericutes (phylum level) were commonly present in moderate quantities in anoestrus samples, whereas these microbes were present at high levels in a single sample from the sterilized group. Based on culturing, a higher number of different species were isolated from the anoestrous bitches, and Mycoplasma canis was exclusively identified in an anoestrous bitch. Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequently isolated genus in both groups, followed by Streptococcus spp., and, among gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia spp. and Haemophilus spp. A comparison of the numbers of the most frequently isolated genera of bacteria from vaginal cultures of bitches revealed that Pasteurella and Proteus were the most frequently identified in sterilized animals based on metataxonomic analysis (p-value = 0.0497 and 0.0382, respectively), whereas Streptococcus was significantly and most frequently isolated from anoestrous bitches using culture methods (p value = 0.0436). CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary investigation, no global patterns of the vaginal bacteria community were noted that characterized the condition of the bitches; however, cytology suggested local modifications. Sterilization after puberty caused minimal alterations in the vaginal microbial community of bitches within 4 years after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Rota
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Michela Corrò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Ilaria Patuzzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Chiara Milani
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Stefania Masia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mastrorilli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Sara Petrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Angela Del Carro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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13
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Harrer J, Dorsch R. [Bacterial urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in the dog: a current review]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2020; 48:270-284. [PMID: 32823350 DOI: 10.1055/a-1220-1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common clinical presentation in dogs and a frequent reason for the prescription of antimicrobial drugs. UTI refers to adherence, multiplication and persistence of an infectious agent within the urogenital system. This causes an associated inflammatory response as well as the pertaining clinical signs. Depending on the site of infection, UTI's may be classified as bacterial cystitis, prostatitis or pyelonephritis. In contrast, subclinical bacteriuria (SB) is defined as the presence of a significant number of bacteria in the urine of an individual not showing clinical signs referrable to UTI. UTI's typically occur as a consequence of ascending pathogen migration from the host's own fecal or distal urogenital microbial flora. The most commonly isolated pathogen in cases of UTI and SB is Escherichia coli. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs and the results of urine examination and culture. The recently revised guidelines of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases provide detailed recommendations for diagnosis and management of different forms of bacterial UTI's in dogs. Adherence to treatment guidelines will improve treatment success and is imperative in avoiding further deterioration of the antimicrobial resistance situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Harrer
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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14
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Garcia C, Benitez ME, Grant DC, Barry SL. Subclinical bacteriuria and surgical site infections in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1292-1300. [PMID: 32790953 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria (SBU) in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease, the clinical variables and clinicopathologic data associated with SBU, and the incidence of surgical site infections (SSI) in dogs with and without SBU. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, clinical cohort study. ANIMALS One hundred fifty-five dogs with CCL disease. METHODS Dogs had a urinalysis, sediment examination, and aerobic urine culture performed. Age, breed, sex, body weight, body condition score, clinical history, and physical examination findings were recorded. Dogs with SBU were not treated for bacteriuria or with postoperative antibiotics. Standard perioperative antimicrobials were provided for all dogs. Dogs that received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were not excluded. Dogs that underwent an osteotomy were followed for at least 1 year to determine incidence of SSI. Outcomes and variables associated with SBU were assessed. RESULTS In 155 dogs with CCL disease, the prevalence of SBU was 6.5%, and SBU occurred exclusively in female dogs (11.4%). The incidence of SSI was 22.3% (25/112). Two of six dogs with SBU and 23/106 dogs without SBU developed SSI. Organisms isolated from SSI were different from those isolated from urine. CONCLUSION The prevalence of SBU in dogs with CCL disease was similar to that in other studies in which SBU was evaluated in various populations of dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Screening for and treatment of SBU may not be beneficial prior to tibial osteotomy for CCL disease. Additional studies are required to determine whether dogs with SBU have a greater risk of SSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheslymar Garcia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - Marian E Benitez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - David C Grant
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia, USA
| | - Sabrina L Barry
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia, USA
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15
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Lyman CC, Holyoak GR, Meinkoth K, Wieneke X, Chillemi KA, DeSilva U. Canine endometrial and vaginal microbiomes reveal distinct and complex ecosystems. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210157. [PMID: 30615657 PMCID: PMC6322750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the normal microbiome of healthy canine vagina and endometrium and to determine the effect of the stage of estrous, on the resident microbiome. Cranial vaginal swabs and uterine biopsy samples were collected from twenty-five bitches in five different stages of estrous at elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Over 4 million reads of the V4 region of 16S rDNA gene were obtained and used for further analyses. A total of 317 genera belonging to 24 known phyla were identified. The endometrium was higher in bacterial diversity while the vagina was higher in richness. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla observed across all samples. Hydrotalea, Ralstonia, and Fusobacterium accounted for nearly 60% of the OTUs identified in the vagina while organisms identified in the endometrium were more evenly distributed. Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium were the prominent genera in the endometrium. The microbiome of the endometrium was distinctly different from that of the vagina. There was large animal-to-animal variation. Other than the vaginal microbiome of bitches in estrus (i.e. in heat), there were no distinct clustering of the organisms based on the stage of estrous. These findings establish the presence of a resident microbiome of the endometrium throughout all stages of estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Lyman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - G. R. Holyoak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - K. Meinkoth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - X. Wieneke
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States Of America
| | - K. A. Chillemi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - U. DeSilva
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States Of America
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Abstract
"Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common diagnosis in companion animal practice and is responsible for a significant proportion of antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine. The veterinary community has begun to follow the standards of care in human medicine and shift its definition of an UTI based on culture results and toward the presence of lower urinary tract symptoms. An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of UTI, risk factors for clinical disease, and the implementation of more reliable in-house diagnostic testing can lead to improved outcomes for patients and reduce inappropriate treatment. Investigation of antibiotic-sparing therapies holds some promise as well."
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Byron
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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17
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Bouillon J, Snead E, Caswell J, Feng C, Hélie P, Lemetayer J. Pyelonephritis in Dogs: Retrospective Study of 47 Histologically Diagnosed Cases (2005-2015). J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:249-259. [PMID: 29197113 PMCID: PMC5787179 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinicopathologic aspects of pyelonephritis have not been reported in companion animals. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of pyelonephritis diagnosed in dogs in a academic referral population, describe the clinical signs and the diagnostic test results in dogs with pyelonephritis, and identify concurrent disorders in order to determine potential risk factors for pyelonephritis. Animals Forty‐seven dogs with a histopathologic diagnosis of pyelonephritis from the teaching hospitals of three Canadian veterinary colleges. Methods Retrospective case series. Review of medical records and renal histologic sections. Results Pyelonephritis was diagnosed in 0.4–1.3% of the cases at necropsy. Clinical signs included anorexia or inappetence (n = 27, 57%), lethargy (n = 24, 51%), vomiting (n = 17, 36%), and dehydration (n = 12, 25%). Thirty‐five dogs (75%) had concomitant disease(s). Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen isolated (37%). Pyelonephritis was classified as acute (n = 12, 26%), subacute (n = 9, 19%), and chronic (n = 26, 55%) disease; and mild (n = 7, 15%), moderate (n = 11, 24%), and severe (n = 28, 61%). Fever was significantly associated with histopathologically subacute pyelonephritis (P = 0.01). Conclusions In referral hospitals, pyelonephritis has a very low prevalence at necropsy. Nonspecific clinical presentation, concomitant diseases, and high variability in the diagnostic tests results make the antemortem diagnosis of pyelonephritis challenging. Neither the histopathologic stage nor the severity of the pyelonephritis was associated with fever, lumbar pain, or signs of a urinary tract infection (ie, lower urinary tract infection, upper urinary tract infection, or both) except for subacute pyelonephritis which was associated with fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bouillon
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - E Snead
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J Caswell
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C Feng
- School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building E-Wing, 104 Clinic Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,, Canada
| | - P Hélie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - J Lemetayer
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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18
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Merkel LK, Lulich J, Polzin D, Ober C, Westropp J, Sykes J. Clinicopathologic and Microbiologic Findings Associated with Emphysematous Cystitis in 27 Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 53:313-320. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This is a retrospective case series of 27 dogs with emphysematous cystitis. Medical records from two veterinary teaching hospitals from 1992 to 2014 were reviewed. The aims of the study were to determine imaging findings, common underlying disease processes, and prevalent bacterial species and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in dogs with emphysematous cystitis. The most common lower urinary tract sign was hematuria. Gas was detected in the wall and lumen of the urinary bladder in 14 of 27 dogs (51.9%), in only the wall of the bladder in 9 of 27 dogs (33%), and in only the lumen of the bladder in 4 of 27 dogs (14.8%). Comorbid diseases were identified in all but one case. The most common comorbid disease processes were diabetes mellitus in 33% of dogs, neurologic disease in 26% of dogs, and adrenal disease in 19% of dogs. Bacterial isolates included Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus spp., and Actinomyces spp. Enterococcus spp. were always isolated in mixed infections with gas-producing bacterial species. During the period of study, most isolates were predicted to be susceptible to beta-lactam drugs, but updated veterinary breakpoints suggest that fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole would be more appropriate choices for empiric therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jody Lulich
- From the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - David Polzin
- From the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Christopher Ober
- From the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jodi Westropp
- From the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jane Sykes
- From the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
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19
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Burton EN, Cohn LA, Reinero CN, Rindt H, Moore SG, Ericsson AC. Characterization of the urinary microbiome in healthy dogs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177783. [PMID: 28545071 PMCID: PMC5435306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The urinary bladder in healthy dogs has dogmatically been considered free of bacteria. This study used culture independent techniques to characterize the healthy canine urinary microbiota. Urine samples collected by antepubic cystocentesis from dogs without urinary infection were used for DNA extraction. Genital tract and rectal samples were collected simultaneously from the same dogs. The V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene was amplified and compared against Greengenes database for OTU assignment and relative abundance for urine, genital, and rectal samples. After excluding 4 dogs with cultivable bacteria, samples from 10 male (M; 1 intact) and 10 female (F) spayed dogs remained. All samples provided adequate genetic material for analysis. Four taxa (Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp., Sphingobium sp. and Bradyrhizobiaceae) dominated the urinary microbiota in all dogs of both sexes. These taxa were also detected in the genital swabs of both sexes, while the rectal microbiota differed substantially from the other sample sites. Principal component (PC) analysis of PC1 through PC3 showed overlap of urinary and genital microbiota and a clear separation of rectal swabs from the other sample sites along PC1, which explained 44.94% variation. Surprisingly, the urinary microbiota (mean # OTU 92.6 F, 90.2 M) was significantly richer than the genital (67.8 F, 66.6 M) or rectal microbiota (68.3 F, 71.2 M) (p < 0.0001), with no difference between sexes at any sample site. The canine urinary bladder is not a sterile environment and possesses its own unique and diverse microbiota compared to the rectal and genital microbiota. There was no difference between the sexes at any microbiota sample site (urine, genital, and rectal). The predominant bacterial genus for either sex in the urine and genital tracts was Pseudomonas sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N. Burton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leah A. Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carol N. Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hans Rindt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Moore
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center (MUMC), Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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20
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Breland EJ, Eberly AR, Hadjifrangiskou M. An Overview of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems Implicated in Extra-Intestinal Pathogenic E. coli Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:162. [PMID: 28536675 PMCID: PMC5422438 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) infections are common in mammals and birds. The predominant ExPEC types are avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), neonatal meningitis causing E. coli/meningitis associated E. coli (NMEC/MAEC), and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Many reviews have described current knowledge on ExPEC infection strategies and virulence factors, especially for UPEC. However, surprisingly little has been reported on the regulatory modules that have been identified as critical in ExPEC pathogenesis. Two-component systems (TCSs) comprise the predominant method by which bacteria respond to changing environments and play significant roles in modulating bacterial fitness in diverse niches. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of manipulating signal transduction systems as a means to chemically re-wire bacterial pathogens, thereby reducing selective pressure and avoiding the emergence of antibiotic resistance. This review begins by providing a brief introduction to characterized infection strategies and common virulence factors among APEC, NMEC, and UPEC and continues with a comprehensive overview of two-component signal transduction networks that have been shown to influence ExPEC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Breland
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison R Eberly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA.,Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
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21
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Tress B, Dorn ES, Suchodolski JS, Nisar T, Ravindran P, Weber K, Hartmann K, Schulz BS. Bacterial microbiome of the nose of healthy dogs and dogs with nasal disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176736. [PMID: 28459886 PMCID: PMC5411083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of bacterial communities in canine nasal disease has not been studied so far using next generation sequencing methods. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes has revealed that the canine upper respiratory tract harbors a diverse microbial community; however, changes in the composition of nasal bacterial communities in dogs with nasal disease have not been described so far. Aim of the study was to characterize the nasal microbiome of healthy dogs and compare it to that of dogs with histologically confirmed nasal neoplasia and chronic rhinitis. Nasal swabs were collected from healthy dogs (n = 23), dogs with malignant nasal neoplasia (n = 16), and dogs with chronic rhinitis (n = 8). Bacterial DNA was extracted and sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was performed. Data were analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME). A total of 376 Operational Taxonomic Units out of 26 bacterial phyla were detected. In healthy dogs, Moraxella spp. was the most common species, followed by Phyllobacterium spp., Cardiobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus spp. While Moraxella spp. were significantly decreased in diseased compared to healthy dogs (p = 0.005), Pasteurellaceae were significantly increased (p = 0.001). Analysis of similarities used on the unweighted UniFrac distance metric (p = 0.027) was significantly different when nasal microbial communities of healthy dogs were compared to those of dogs with nasal disease. The study showed that the canine nasal cavity is inhabited by a highly species-rich bacterial community, and suggests significant differences between the nasal microbiome of healthy dogs and dogs with nasal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tress
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tariq Nisar
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Prajesh Ravindran
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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22
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Jugan MC, Rudinsky AJ, Parker VJ, Gilor C. Use of probiotics in small animal veterinary medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:519-528. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.5.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Yang X, Cheng G, Li C, Yang J, Li J, Chen D, Zou W, Jin S, Zhang H, Li D, He Y, Wang C, Wang M, Wang H. The normal vaginal and uterine bacterial microbiome in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Microbiol Res 2017; 199:1-9. [PMID: 28454704 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While the health effects of the colonization of the reproductive tracts of mammals by bacterial communities are widely known, there is a dearth of knowledge specifically in relation to giant panda microbiomes. In order to investigate the vaginal and uterine bacterial diversity of healthy giant pandas, we used high-throughput sequence analysis of portions of the 16S rRNA gene, based on samples taken from the vaginas (GPV group) and uteri (GPU group) of these animals. Results showed that the four most abundant phyla, which contained in excess of 98% of the total sequences, were Proteobacteria (59.2% for GPV and 51.4% for GPU), Firmicutes (34.4% for GPV and 23.3% for GPU), Actinobacteria (5.2% for GPV and 14.0% for GPU) and Bacteroidetes (0.3% for GPV and 10.3% for GPU). At the genus level, Escherichia was most abundant (11.0%) in the GPV, followed by Leuconostoc (8.7%), Pseudomonas (8.0%), Acinetobacter (7.3%), Streptococcus (6.3%) and Lactococcus (6.0%). In relation to the uterine samples, Janthinobacterium had the highest prevalence rate (20.2%), followed by Corynebacterium (13.2%), Streptococcus (19.6%), Psychrobacter (9.3%), Escherichia (7.5%) and Bacteroides (6.2%). Moreover, both Chao1 and abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) species richness indices, which were operating at the same sequencing depth for each sample, demonstrated that GPV had more species richness than GPU, while Simpson and Shannon indices of diversity indicated that GPV had the higher bacterial diversity. These findings contribute to our understanding of the potential influence abnormal reproductive tract microbial communities have on negative pregnancy outcomes in giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Guangyang Cheng
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Caiwu Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan 623006, China
| | - Jiang Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jianan Li
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Danyu Chen
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Wencheng Zou
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - SenYan Jin
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan 623006, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan 623006, China.
| | - Desheng Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan 623006, China
| | - Yongguo He
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan 623006, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan 623006, China
| | - Min Wang
- Wolong Nature Reserve Administration of Sicuan Province, Wolong, Sichuan 623006, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
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NORMAL VAGINAL BACTERIAL FLORA OF GIANT PANDAS (AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA) AND THE ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF THE ISOLATES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:671-5. [PMID: 27468049 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0203a.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the typical vaginal bacterial flora of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), we took vaginal swabs for the sake of bacterial isolation, from 24 healthy female giant pandas. A total of 203 isolates were identified, representing a total of 17 bacterial species. The most common bacteria isolated were Lactobacillus spp. (54.2%, 13/24), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (41.7%, 10/24) and Escherichia coli (33.3%, 8/24). Some opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, such as Peptostreptococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Proteus mirabilis , were also isolated but showed no pathology. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aerobic bacterial isolates was performed with the disk diffusion method. Of the 152 isolates, resistance was most frequently observed with chloramphenicol (17.8%), followed by tetracycline (14.5%), ciprofloxacin (12.5%), streptomycin (11.8%), and florfenicol (11.8%), whereas 7.2% were multidrug resistant. This is the first report of the normal culturable vaginal bacterial flora of giant pandas and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates.
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NORMAL VAGINAL BACTERIAL FLORA OF GIANT PANDAS (AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA) AND THE ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF THE ISOLATES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:374-8. [PMID: 27010307 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0203.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the typical vaginal bacterial flora of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), we took vaginal swabs for the sake of bacterial isolation, from 24 healthy female giant pandas. A total of 203 isolates were identified, representing a total of 17 bacterial species. The most common bacteria isolated were Lactobacillus spp. (54.2%, 13 of 24), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (41.7%, 10 of 24) and Escherichia coli (33.3%, 8 of 24). Some opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, such as Peptostreptococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, were also isolated but showed no pathology. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aerobic bacterial isolates was performed with disk diffusion method. Of the 152 isolates, resistance was most frequently observed with chloramphenicol (17.8%), followed by tetracycline (14.5%), ciprofloxacin (12.5%), streptomycin (11.8%), and florfenicol (11.8%), while 7.2% were multidrug resistant. This is the first report of the normal vaginal culturable bacterial flora of giant pandas, followed by the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates.
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Raditic DM. Complementary and Integrative Therapies for Lower Urinary Tract Diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015; 45:857-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly J Olin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Joseph W Bartges
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
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