1
|
Vitale V, Laurberg M, van Galen G. Transthoracic echocardiography and its limitations in the diagnosis of congenital supernumerary aortic valve in a Thoroughbred. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:712-716. [PMID: 33713550 PMCID: PMC10029896 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve malformation is a common congenital abnormality reported in human medicine. The malformation is characterised by an increased or decreased number of cusps. Anatomical variations of the aortic valve that have been documented in humans include unicuspid, bicuspid, quadricuspid and quinticuspid valves. Two reports described a quadricuspid aortic valve in horses associated with either a ventricular septal defect (VSD) or tetralogy of Fallot. In this case report we describe the clinical and echocardiographic findings of a horse with a quadricuspid aortic valve as single congenital abnormality, referred with history of exercise intolerance and an episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Limitations and risks of misdiagnosis that can be encountered with transthoracic echocardiography are also discussed. The reported case highlights the importance of echocardiographic screening in asymptomatic patients as congenital heart disease can be present without obvious cardiac signs. As advanced imaging on the equine thorax is still far from future possibilities for adult horses, this report may help to reach an accurate diagnosis with similar cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vitale
- University Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Malene Laurberg
- University Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Gaby van Galen
- University Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Isaka M, Hisada S, Araki R, Ueno H. The leaflet-annulus index in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:245-247. [PMID: 36029573 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common chronic heart valve disease, leading to the eccentric hypertrophy. Recently, the leaflet-annulus index (LAI), which focuses on the mitral valve apparatus, has been considered a prognostic factor for human mitral regurgitation (MR); however, it has not been reported in veterinary medicine. In the present study, we retrospectively evaluated the LAI in dogs with MMVD. Eight-three dogs with MMVD diagnosed using echocardiography were included in this study. The anteroposterior length, anterior and posterior cusp coaptation lengths, LAI, left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter normalized to body weight (LVIDDN), and left atrium to aorta ratio (LA/Ao) were measured. A significant correlation between the LAI, LVIDDN, and LA/Ao of MR grading, and left ventricle dilation was observed. In conclusion, LAI could help determine annular widening, suggesting the decision of an appropriate for SVR in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Isaka
- Division of Companion Animal Surgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Hisada
- Division of Companion Animal Surgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuji Araki
- Division of Companion Animal Surgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Division of Companion Animal Surgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wesselowski S, Saunders A, Werre S, Gordon S. Echocardiographic measurement of the mitral valve in normal Cavalier King Charles spaniels: repeatability, optimal future study methods, and preliminary reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 43:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Mihara K, Kanemoto I, Sato K, Yasuhira Y, Watanabe I, Misumi K. Echocardiographic evaluation of deformity and enlargement of the canine mitral valve annulus associated with myxomatous degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 37:8-17. [PMID: 34507141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Quantitative evaluation of the morphology of the mitral valve annulus (MVA) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) may improve the techniques of mitral valve plasty. This study aimed to compare the MVA morphology on echocardiography in normal dogs and dogs with MMVD and to compare the echocardiographic and intraoperative measurements of the MVA in dogs with MMVD. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population comprised 59 healthy dogs (control group) and 371 dogs with MMVD (MMVD group). The anterior-posterior diameter and transversal diameter (TD) of the MVA and the aortic annulus diameter were measured by echocardiography to calculate the mitral valve flattening ratio, mitral annulus area (MAA), mitral annulus circumference (MAC), contraction ratio of the MAA and aortic annulus area. In the MMVD group, the mitral annulus diameter (MAD) was macroscopically measured during mitral valve plasty. Areas and lengths were divided by the body surface area (BSA) and √BSA, respectively, for comparative analyses. RESULTS The systolic and diastolic anterior-posterior diameter/√BSA, transversal diameter/√BSA, MAA/BSA converted to a natural logarithm (Ln(MAA/BSA)), and MAC/√BSA was significantly higher in the MMVD group than the control group, whereas flattening ratio values and contraction ratio of the MAA was significantly lower. Neither the aortic annulus diameter /√BSA nor the Ln(aortic annulus area/BSA) significantly differed between groups. In the MMVD group, diastolic MAC/√BSA and MAA/BSA correlated significantly with the MAD/√BSA. CONCLUSIONS The MVA is larger and rounder in dogs with MMVD than controls. Two-dimensional echocardiographic measures of MAA and MAC correlate well with intraoperative measures of MAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Mihara
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 8900065, Japan; Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan.
| | - I Kanemoto
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - K Sato
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - Y Yasuhira
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - I Watanabe
- Chayagasaka Animal Hospital, 1-1-5 Shin-nishi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4640003, Japan
| | - K Misumi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 8900065, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100205. [PMID: 34679035 PMCID: PMC8538534 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) are difficult to predict. Thus, the identification of dogs with a morphotype associated with more severe mitral disease at a young age is desirable. The aims of this study were to: (1) describe the physical, morphometric, and echocardiographic features of class B1 MMVD-affected Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines; (2) evaluate the influence of morphometric physical measurements on murmur intensity, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), regurgitant jet size, and indexed mitral valve and annulus measurements. Fifty-two MMVD-affected CKCS were included in the ACVIM class B1. This is a prospective clinical cross-sectional study. Morphometric measurements, which included the body, thorax, and head sizes of each dog, were investigated to establish the association with heart murmur intensity, valvular and annular echocardiographic measurements, MVP, and regurgitant jet size, using inverse probability weighting (IPW) analyses to adjust for confounding. The IPW analyses showed that when the head length and nose length decreased, dogs had a more severe regurgitant jet size. Furthermore, subjects with a more pronounced head stop angle had thicker anterior mitral valve leaflets. A brachycephalic morphotype, as seen in dogs similar to the King Charles Spaniel breed in terms of cephalic morphology, is associated with a more severe regurgitant jet size and with valvular characteristics that are related to the most severe forms of MMVD.
Collapse
|
6
|
Axelsson E, Ljungvall I, Bhoumik P, Conn LB, Muren E, Ohlsson Å, Olsen LH, Engdahl K, Hagman R, Hanson J, Kryvokhyzha D, Pettersson M, Grenet O, Moggs J, Del Rio-Espinola A, Epe C, Taillon B, Tawari N, Mane S, Hawkins T, Hedhammar Å, Gruet P, Häggström J, Lindblad-Toh K. The genetic consequences of dog breed formation-Accumulation of deleterious genetic variation and fixation of mutations associated with myxomatous mitral valve disease in cavalier King Charles spaniels. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009726. [PMID: 34473707 PMCID: PMC8412370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective breeding for desirable traits in strictly controlled populations has generated an extraordinary diversity in canine morphology and behaviour, but has also led to loss of genetic variation and random entrapment of disease alleles. As a consequence, specific diseases are now prevalent in certain breeds, but whether the recent breeding practice led to an overall increase in genetic load remains unclear. Here we generate whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from 20 dogs per breed from eight breeds and document a ~10% rise in the number of derived alleles per genome at evolutionarily conserved sites in the heavily bottlenecked cavalier King Charles spaniel breed (cKCs) relative to in most breeds studied here. Our finding represents the first clear indication of a relative increase in levels of deleterious genetic variation in a specific breed, arguing that recent breeding practices probably were associated with an accumulation of genetic load in dogs. We then use the WGS data to identify candidate risk alleles for the most common cause for veterinary care in cKCs–the heart disease myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). We verify a potential link to MMVD for candidate variants near the heart specific NEBL gene in a dachshund population and show that two of the NEBL candidate variants have regulatory potential in heart-derived cell lines and are associated with reduced NEBL isoform nebulette expression in papillary muscle (but not in mitral valve, nor in left ventricular wall). Alleles linked to reduced nebulette expression may hence predispose cKCs and other breeds to MMVD via loss of papillary muscle integrity. As a consequence of selective breeding, specific disease-causing mutations have become more frequent in certain dog breeds. Whether the breeding practice also resulted in a general increase in the overall number of disease-causing mutations per dog genome is however not clear. To address this question, we compare the amount of harmful, potentially disease-causing, mutations in dogs from eight common breeds that have experienced varying degrees of intense selective breeding. We find that individuals belonging to the breed affected by the most intense breeding—cavalier King Charles spaniel (cKCs)—carry more harmful variants than other breeds, indicating that past breeding practices may have increased the overall levels of harmful genetic variation in dogs. The most common disease in cKCs is myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). To identify variants linked to this disease we next characterize mutations that are common in cKCs, but rare in other breeds, and then investigate if these mutations can predict MMVD in dachshunds. We find that variants that regulate the expression of the gene NEBL in papillary muscles may increase the risk of the disease, indicating that loss of papillary muscle integrity could contribute to the development of MMVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Axelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Priyasma Bhoumik
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bas Conn
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Muren
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Ohlsson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karolina Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Hanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dmytro Kryvokhyzha
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Pettersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olivier Grenet
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Epe
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bruce Taillon
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nilesh Tawari
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shrinivas Mane
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Troy Hawkins
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Åke Hedhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O'Brien MJ, Beijerink NJ, Wade CM. Genetics of canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. Anim Genet 2021; 52:409-421. [PMID: 34028063 DOI: 10.1111/age.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common heart disease and cause of cardiac death in domestic dogs. MMVD is characterised by slow progressive myxomatous degeneration from the tips of the mitral valves onwards with subsequent mitral valve regurgitation, and left atrial and ventricular dilatation. Although the disease usually has a long asymptomatic period, in dogs with severe disease, mortality is typically secondary to left-sided congestive heart failure. Although it is not uncommon for dogs to survive long enough in the asymptomatic period to die from unrelated causes; a proportion of dogs rapidly advance into congestive heart failure. Heightened prevalence in certain breeds, such as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, has indicated that MMVD is under a genetic influence. The genetic characterisation of the factors that underlie the difference in progression of disease is of strong interest to those concerned with dog longevity and welfare. Advanced genomic technologies have the potential to provide information that may impact treatment, prevalence, or severity of MMVD through the elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms and the detection of predisposing genetic loci of major effect. Here we describe briefly the clinical nature of the disorder and consider the physiological mechanisms that might impact its occurrence in the domestic dog. Using results from comparative genomics we suggest possible genetic approaches for identifying genetic risk factors within breeds. The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel breed represents a robust resource for uncovering the genetic basis of MMVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J O'Brien
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - N J Beijerink
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Veterinaire Specialisten Vught, Reutsedijk 8a, Vught, 5264 PC, The Netherlands
| | - C M Wade
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sudunagunta S, Hamilton-Elliott J, Dukes-McEwan J. Mitral valve dysplasia in eight English Springer Spaniels. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 33:52-60. [PMID: 33360833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To describe the signalment, physical examination, and echocardiographic findings of a series of English Springer Spaniels (ESSs) diagnosed with congenital mitral valve dysplasia (MD). ANIMALS Eight client-owned ESSs with congenital MD referred for murmur investigation and/or suspected congestive heart failure (CHF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective case series. Medical records and echocardiograms were reviewed to collect relevant data. Echocardiograms were assessed for the following abnormalities consistent with MD: thickened valve leaflets or leaflet tips, a 'hockey stick' appearance to the valve leaflets, abnormal length of one leaflet with respect to the other, and tethering of one or both leaflets to the papillary muscles. RESULTS All eight dogs showed the typical echocardiographic lesions associated with MD: thickened leaflet tips (5/8), 'hockey stick' appearance (5/8), elongated anterior leaflet (4/8), tethering of one or both leaflets (7/8). Seven of the eight dogs presented in CHF. Six of the eight dogs had left ventricular dilation in both systole and diastole. Two of the eight dogs had reduced systolic function as assessed by ejection fraction/fractional shortening; however end-systolic volume index was increased in 6/8 dogs. Two dogs subsequently developed atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS Congenital MD should be considered in ESSs with a left-sided apical systolic murmur, particularly in younger dogs. The valve changes seen are similar to those reported in other breeds with MD (thickened leaflet tips, hockey stick appearance to open leaflet tips, abnormal leaflet tethering, abnormally shaped leaflets) and may result in marked remodeling and CHF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sudunagunta
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - J Hamilton-Elliott
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Dukes-McEwan
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Horowitz BN, Kutinsky IB, Linde A. Species-Spanning Echocardiography: Cardiovascular Insights from Across the Animal Kingdom. Curr Cardiol Rep 2020; 22:165. [PMID: 33037937 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objective of this review is to present comparative echocardiography as a source of insights for human cardiovascular medicine. RECENT FINDINGS We present echocardiographic examples of high impact human cardiovascular pathologies, including valvular, vascular, conduction, and myocardial disorders, in a wide range of species in varying environments. Unique features associated with comparative echocardiographic assessments are linked to human cardiology, including natural animal models of resistance and vulnerability. The cardiovascular vulnerabilities and strengths of other species can be a source of invaluable insights for human healthcare professionals. Echocardiography is playing a key role in bridging human and veterinary cardiology. Consequently, species-spanning echocardiography can deliver novel insights for human medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B N Horowitz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ilana B Kutinsky
- William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Annika Linde
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Mitral Valve in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091454. [PMID: 32825079 PMCID: PMC7552748 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to: (1) characterize echocardiographic features of mitral valve in MMVD affected Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), focusing on dogs classified as American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) class B1; (2) compare echocardiographic data in ACVIM B1 dogs divided on the basis of age at time of MMVD diagnosis, in order to understand if different aged subjects had different echocardiographic patterns. Length (AMVL), width (AMVW) and area (AMVA) of the anterior mitral valve leaflet, mitral valve prolapse, diameters of the mitral valve annulus in diastole (MVAd) and systole (MVAs) of 90 CKCS in different ACVIM classes, 64 of which in class B1, were measured. Valvular measurements were indexed to body weight using Wesselowski's scaling exponents. The presence of heart murmur did not discriminate between A and B1 classes (p = 0.128). Heart enlargement was more frequent in males (r2 = 0.07, p = 0.013). Within class B1, older subjects showed significantly higher values of AMVA, AMVW, MVAd, MVAs and lower sphericity index (SI). Since many CKCS with MMVD have no murmur and their mitral valve has peculiarities, a specifically designed echocardiographic screening should be realized. In addition, different aged B1 dogs have different echocardiographic patterns that may imply different genetic and prognostic profiles.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vatnikov YA, Rudenko AA, Usha BV, Kulikov EV, Notina EA, Bykova IA, Khairova NI, Bondareva IV, Grishin VN, Zharov AN. Left ventricular myocardial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis. Vet World 2020; 13:731-738. [PMID: 32546918 PMCID: PMC7245723 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.731-738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Left ventricular myocardial remodeling could play an important role in the progression of chronic heart failure (CHF) syndrome in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular myocardial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis and to study the dependence of the incidence of this pathological phenomenon on the functional class (FC) of progression of the CHF syndrome. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 afflicted dogs and 36 clinically healthy dogs were examined using transthoracic echocardiography. The following structural and geometric parameters of the left ventricular remodeling were evaluated: Myocardial mass and its index, sphericity index at the end of systole and diastole, end-systolic and end-diastolic relative wall thickness, and integral remodeling index. Results: In all clinically healthy dogs, a normal type of the left ventricular chamber geometry was revealed, whereas, in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis, the normal geometry of the left ventricle occurred in 56.4%, eccentric hypertrophy in 24.1%, concentric remodeling in 10.2%, and concentric hypertrophy in 9.3% of the cases. In patients with endocardiosis, there was no dilatation type of cardiac remodeling observed. Conclusion: When compared to the clinically healthy animals, the dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis presented with indicators of structural and geometric remodeling, such as increased myocardial mass, myocardial mass index, and sphericity index at the end of systole and diastole, as well as relatively reduced integral systolic index of remodeling and systolic relative thickness of the walls of the heart. The parameters of the left ventricular myocardial remodeling correlated significantly with the FC of CHF syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury A Vatnikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Rudenko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V Usha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Kulikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Notina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Bykova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadiya I Khairova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Bondareva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor N Grishin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey N Zharov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boz E, Papa M, Claretti M, Bussadori R, Serrano Lopez B, Rossi C, Mazzoni L, Pradelli D, Bussadori CM. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic study of a cardiac hemangiosarcoma in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 28:31-36. [PMID: 32182572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old Golden Retriever was presented for a second opinion regarding a cardiac mass. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated presence of a mass in the area of the right atrium. The mass appeared adherent and possibly infiltrative to the external wall of the right atrium. Three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography allowed better visualization of the neoplasia, suggesting that it was not infiltrative and contributed significantly to the decision to carry out the surgical resection of the cardiac tumor. This case report demonstrates the use of three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnostic evaluation of cardiac masses in dogs without the need for general anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Boz
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello 26, 20131, Milano, Italy.
| | - M Papa
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello 26, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - M Claretti
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello 26, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - R Bussadori
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello 26, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - B Serrano Lopez
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello 26, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - C Rossi
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello 26, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - L Mazzoni
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello 26, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - D Pradelli
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello 26, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - C M Bussadori
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello 26, 20131, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Scansen BA, Drees R. Joint virtual issue on recent advances in veterinary cardiac imaging. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:546-548. [PMID: 31943370 PMCID: PMC7096632 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Scansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Scansen BA, Drees R. Joint virtual issue on recent advances in veterinary cardiac imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:127-129. [PMID: 31943510 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Scansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Menciotti G, Borgarelli M, Aherne M, Camacho P, Häggström J, Ljungvall I, Lahmers SM, Abbott JA. Comparison of the mitral valve morphologies of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and dogs of other breeds using 3D transthoracic echocardiography. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1564-1569. [PMID: 30238697 PMCID: PMC6189382 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is more prevalent in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) compared to dogs of other breeds at a given age. Abnormal valvular stress is thought to contribute to the development and progression of MMVD, and a relationship exists between mitral valve (MV) morphology and stress acting on the valve. Objectives To determine whether the MV morphology of healthy adult CKCSs differs from the morphology of healthy adult dogs of other breeds determined by RT‐3DTTE. Animals Thirty‐five healthy CKCSs and 41 healthy dogs of other breeds. Methods Prospective cross‐sectional study. Dogs underwent physical examination, conventional echocardiography, and RT‐3DTTE. RT–3DTTE datasets were analyzed using dedicated software for MV morphologic analysis. Morphologic variables were compared between CKCSs and dogs of other breeds. Results The MV of healthy CKCSs had a smaller annulus height (0.46 ± 0.11 vs. 0.56 ± 0.17; P = .0021), tenting height (0.26 ± 0.12 vs. 0.42 ± 0.18; P < .001), tenting area (0.42 ± 0.15 vs. 0.79 ± 0.34; P < .001), normalized tenting volume (0.09 [0.05–0.13] vs. 0.14 [0.10–0.20]; P < .001), and normalized area of the posterior leaflet (0.57 ± 0.15 vs. 0.66 ± 0.18; P = .016) compared to healthy dogs of other breeds; this results in CKCSs having a flatter MV with reduced tenting, compared to the MV of other breeds. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These morphologic features could confer a mechanical disadvantage and play a role in the predisposition of CKCSs to the early development of MMVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Menciotti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Michele Borgarelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Michael Aherne
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Paula Camacho
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sunshine M Lahmers
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jonathan A Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|