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Lakritz J, Aarnes TK, Alva B, Howard J, Magnin G, Lerche P, Kukanich B. Pharmacokinetics of oral tapentadol in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:14-20. [PMID: 37350452 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate pharmacokinetics of one dose of tapentadol hydrochloride orally administered to cats. Prospective experimental study. Five healthy adult mixed-breed cats. Each cat received 18.8 ± 1.0 mg/kg tapentadol orally. Venous blood samples were collected at time 0 (immediately prior to administration of tapentadol) 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 min, and 2, 4, 8, 12 to 24 h after drug administration. Plasma tapentadol concentrations and its metabolites were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Geometric mean Tmax of tapentadol, desmethyltapentadol, tapentadol-O-glucuronide, and tapentadol-O-sulfate was 2.3, 7.0, 6.0, and 4.6 h, respectively. Mean Cmax of tapentadol, desmethyltapentadol, tapentadol-O-glucuronide, and tapentadol-O-sulfate was 637, 66, 1134, and 15,757 ng/mL, respectively, after administration. Mean half-life of tapentadol, desmethyltapentadol, tapentadol-O-glucuronide, and tapentadol-O-sulfate was 2.4, 4.7, 2.9, and 10.8 h. The relative exposure of tapentadol and its metabolites were tapentadol 2.65%, desmethyltapentadol 0.54%, tapentadol-O-glucuronide 6.22%, and tapentadol-O-sulfate 90.6%. Tapentadol-O-sulfate was the predominant metabolite following the administration of oral tapentadol in cats. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the association of analgesia with plasma concentrations of tapentadol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lakritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - T K Aarnes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - B Alva
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J Howard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - G Magnin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - P Lerche
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - B Kukanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Li ZM, Robinson M, Kannan K. An assessment of exposure to several classes of pesticides in pet dogs and cats from New York, United States. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107526. [PMID: 36155914 PMCID: PMC9574881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of pet dogs and cats to pesticides used in and around homes (e.g., lawns and gardens) is a significant health concern. Furthermore, some pesticides are directly used on dogs and cats for flea, lice, and tick control. Despite this, little is known regarding the extent of pesticide exposure in pets. In this study, we determined the concentrations of 30 biomarkers of pesticide exposure in urine collected from dogs and cats in New York State, USA: 6 dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of organophosphates (OPs); 14 neonicotinoids (neonics); 3 specific metabolites of OPs; 5 pyrethroids (PYRs); and 2 phenoxy acids (PAs). The sum median concentrations of these 30 pesticide biomarkers (ΣPesticides) in dog and cat urine were 35.2 and 38.1 ng/mL, respectively. Neonics were the most prevalent in dogs (accounting for 43% of the total concentrations), followed by DAPs (17%), PYRs (16%), OPs (13%), and PAs (∼10%). In cat urine, neonics alone accounted for 83% of the total concentrations. Elevated concentrations of imidacloprid were found in the urine of certain dogs (max: 115 ng/mL) and cats (max: 1090 ng/mL). Some pesticides showed gender- and sampling location- related differences in urinary concentrations. We calculated daily exposure doses of pesticides from the measured urinary concentrations through a reverse dosimetry approach. The estimated daily intakes (DIs) of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and cypermethrin were above the chronic reference doses (cRfDs) in 22, 76, and 5%, respectively, of dogs. The DIs of chlorpyrifos, parathion, diazinon, and imidacloprid were above the cRfDs in 33, 14, 100, and 29%, respectively, of cats. This study thus provides evidence that pet dogs and cats are exposed to certain pesticides at levels that warrant immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Duplication, Loss, and Evolutionary Features of Specific UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Genes in Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212954. [DOI: 10.3390/ani12212954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are one of the most important enzymes for xenobiotic metabolism or detoxification. Through duplication and loss of genes, mammals evolved the species-specific variety of UGT isoforms. Among mammals, Carnivora is one of the orders that includes various carnivorous species, yet there is huge variation of food habitat. Recently, lower activity of UGT1A and 2B were shown in Felidae and pinnipeds, suggesting evolutional loss of these isoforms. However, comprehensive analysis for genetic or evolutional features are still missing. This study was conducted to reveal evolutional history of UGTs in Carnivoran species. We found specific gene expansion of UGT1As in Canidae, brown bear and black bear. We also found similar genetic duplication in UGT2Bs in Canidae, and some Mustelidae and Ursidae. In addition, we discovered contraction or complete loss of UGT1A7–12 in phocids, some otariids, felids, and some Mustelids. These studies indicate that even closely related species have completely different evolution of UGTs and further imply the difficulty of extrapolation of the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetic result of experimental animals into wildlife carnivorans.
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Windahl U, Tevell Åberg A, Kryuchkov F, Lundgren S, Tegner C, Dreimanis K, Koivisto S, Simola O, Sandvik M, Bernhoft A. Alpha-chloralose poisoning in cats in three Nordic countries - the importance of secondary poisoning. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:334. [PMID: 36064401 PMCID: PMC9446805 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-chloralose (AC) is a compound known to be toxic to various animal species and humans. In 2018 and 2019 an increase in suspected cases of AC poisoning in cats related to the use of AC as a rodenticide was reported to national veterinary and chemical authorities in Finland, Norway and Sweden by veterinarians working in clinical practices in respective country. The aims of this study were to prospectively investigate AC poisoning in cats, including possible secondary poisoning by consuming poisoned mice, and to study metabolism and excretion of AC in cats through analysis of feline urine. METHODS Data on signalment, history and clinical findings were prospectively collected in Finland, Norway and Sweden from July 2020 until March of 2021 using a questionnaire which the attending veterinarian completed and submitted together with a serum sample collected from suspected feline cases of AC-poisoning. The diagnosis was confirmed by quantification of AC in serum samples. Content of AC was studied in four feline urine samples, including screening for AC metabolites by UHPLC-HRMS/MS. Bait intake and amount of AC consumed by mice was observed in wild mice during an extermination of a rodent infestation. RESULTS In total, 59 of 70 collected questionnaires and accompanying serum samples were included, with 127 to 70 100 ng/mL AC detected in the serum. Several tentative AC-metabolites were detected in the analysed feline urine samples, including dechlorinated and oxidated AC, several sulfate conjugates, and one glucuronic acid conjugate of AC. The calculated amount of AC ingested by each mouse was 33 to 106 mg with a mean of 61 mg. CONCLUSIONS Clinical recognition of symptoms of AC poisoning in otherwise healthy cats roaming free outdoors and known to be rodent hunters strongly correlated with confirmation of the diagnosis through toxicological analyses of serum samples. The collected feline exposure data regarding AC show together with the calculation of the intake of bait and subsequent AC concentrations in mice that secondary poisoning from ingestion of mice is possible. The results of the screening for AC metabolites in feline urine confirm that cats excrete AC both unchanged and metabolized through dechlorination, oxidation, glucuronidation and sulfatation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Windahl
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Annica Tevell Åberg
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fedor Kryuchkov
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Sandra Lundgren
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Tegner
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Dreimanis
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Sanna Koivisto
- Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency, P.O. Box 66, 00521, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Simola
- Finnish Food Authority, P.O. Box 200, 00027, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Aksel Bernhoft
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
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Lees P, Toutain PL, Elliott J, Giraudel JM, Pelligand L, King JN. Pharmacology, safety, efficacy and clinical uses of the COX-2 inhibitor robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:325-351. [PMID: 35460083 PMCID: PMC9541287 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a veterinary‐approved non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the coxib group. It possesses anti‐hyperalgesic, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐pyretic properties. Robenacoxib inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 isoform of COX selectively (in vitro IC50 ratios COX‐1:COX‐2, 129:1 in dogs, 32:1 in cats). At registered dosages (2 mg/kg subcutaneously in dogs and cats, 1–4 mg/kg orally in dogs and 1–2.4 mg/kg orally in cats), robenacoxib produces significant inhibition of COX‐2 whilst sparing COX‐1. The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of robenacoxib is characterized by a high degree of binding to plasma proteins (>98%) and moderate volume of distribution (at steady state, 240 ml/kg in dogs and 190 ml/kg in cats). In consequence, the terminal half‐life in blood (<2 h) is short, despite moderate body clearance (0.81 L/kg/h) in dogs and low clearance (0.44 L/kg/h) in cats. Excretion is principally in the bile (65% in dogs and 72% in cats). Robenacoxib concentrates in inflamed tissues, and clinical efficacy is achieved with once‐daily dosing, despite the short blood terminal half‐life. In dogs, no relevant breed differences in robenacoxib PK have been detected. Robenacoxib has a wide safety margin; in healthy laboratory animals daily oral doses 20‐fold (dog, 1 month), eight‐fold (cat, 6 weeks) and five‐fold (dog, 6 months) higher than recommended clinical doses were well tolerated. Clinical efficacy and safety have been demonstrated in orthopaedic and soft tissue surgery, and in musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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King JN, Jung M. Determination of the route of excretion of robenacoxib (Onsior™) in cats and dogs: A pilot study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:411-416. [PMID: 33881783 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the studies was to determine the route of excretion, faecal or urinary, of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) robenacoxib (Onsior™) in cats and dogs. The studies employed a two-part crossover design in 4 beagle dogs (2 female and 2 male, age 36-41 months and body weight 9.0-10.3 kg) and a parallel group comparison of two groups each of 3 domestic short-hair cats (2 female and 4 castrated male, age 35-73 months and body weight 3.0-5.7 kg). Animals were administered single doses of 1 (dog) or 2 (cat) mg/kg of [14 C]-robenacoxib by intravenous (IV) and oral routes. Venous blood samples were taken and analysed for robenacoxib concentration. Faeces and urine were collected for 4 (cats) or 7 (dogs) days and analysed for radioactivity. Robenacoxib was eliminated rapidly from blood (≤ 8 hr). In dogs, expressed as the percentage of the administered dose and adjusted so that faecal plus urine recovery was 100%, the mean (SD) excretion in faeces and urine was, respectively, 64.6% (4.30) and 35.4% (4.3) after IV and 66.7% (6.9) and 33.3% (6.9) after oral administration. The respective values in cats, in faeces and urine, were 72.5% (4.6) and 27.5% (4.6) after IV and 78.5% (2.6) and 21.5% (2.6) after oral administration. In conclusion, excretion of systemically available robenacoxib in cats and dogs was mixed via both faeces and urine, but predominately faecal (~64.6% in dogs and ~72.5% in cats) and assumed to be via biliary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Jung
- Elanco Animal Health Inc., Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Comparative pharmacokinetic profile of cimicoxib in dogs and cats after IV administration. Vet J 2021; 270:105625. [PMID: 33641805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cimicoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor (coxib) registered for the treatment of pain and inflammation in dogs. Pharmacokinetics of some coxibs have been described in dogs and cats. In cats, total body clearance values are lower and terminal half-lives of the coxibs are longer than those in dogs. The aim of this work was to evaluate if this is also the case for cimicoxib. For this purpose, blood pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion after IV administration were compared between these species. The in vitro metabolism of cimicoxib was also evaluated using canine and feline microsomes. In canine and feline microsomes, the formation rate of demethyl-cimicoxib, a phase 1 metabolite, was decreased in presence of quinidine, a specific human cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 inhibitor. IC50 values were 1.6 μM and 0.056 μM with canine and feline microsomes, respectively. As quinidine was about 30 times more potent in feline microsomes, the affinity of cimicoxib to the enzyme was considered to be about 30 times lower than that in canine microsomes. Total body clearance (ClB) of cimicoxib, was 0.50 L/h kg in dogs and 0.14 L/h kg in cats (P < 0.01) and terminal half-life, T½λz, was 1.92 and 5.25 h, respectively (P < 0.01). Dose eliminated in urine was 12.2% in dogs and 3.12% in cats (P < 0.01). Conjugated demethyl-cimicoxib represented 93.7% of this amount in dogs and 67.5% in cats. Thus cimicoxib, like other veterinary coxibs, was eliminated more slowly in cats. Both CYP2D15 (the canine ortholog of CYP2D6) and UDP-glucuronyltransferase enzyme systems have reduced ability to produce metabolites of cimicoxib in cats.
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Kovaříková S, Maršálek P, Habánová M, Konvalinová J. Serum concentration of bisphenol A in elderly cats and its association with clinicopathological findings. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:105-114. [PMID: 32538247 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20932260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bisphenol A (BPA) has been mentioned as a possible factor contributing to feline hyperthyroidism. Nevertheless, there are no previous studies reporting on the concentration of BPA in feline serum and its association with thyroid function. The objectives of this study were to measure serum BPA concentration in cats aged ⩾7 years, considered as healthy by their owners, and to compare the results with clinicopathological findings. METHODS Sixty-nine cats aged ⩾7 years considered as healthy by their owners were enrolled in the study. The concentration of BPA in feline serum was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In all cats, signalment, living environment, diet history, and the results of haematological and biochemical analysis, including thyroxine levels, were available. RESULTS The mean serum BPA concentration in feline serum was 1.06 ± 0.908 ng/ml. Significant correlation was found between BPA concentration and haemoglobin (r = 0.3397; P = 0.0043), haematocrit (r = 0.3245; P = 0.0065) and the number of red blood cells (r = 0.2916; P = 0.0151), concentration of total protein (r = 0.2383; P = 0.0486), concentration of calcium (r = 0.3915; P = 0.0009) and level of bilirubin (r = 0.3848; P = 0.0011). No other significant correlations were found. Significant differences (P <0.01) were found between mature (1.28 ± 0.994 ng/ml) and geriatric cats (0.420 ± 0.240 ng/ml), between strictly indoor cats (1.27 ± 0.992 ng/ml) and cats with outdoor access (0.660 ± 0.529 ng/ml), and between cats fed canned food (1.23 ± 0.935 ng/ml) and cats fed non-canned food (0.774 ± 0.795 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Measurable serum BPA levels were found in all examined samples. The age of the cats was revealed as a significant factor affecting BPA concentration and mature cats had the highest levels. A significantly higher concentration of BPA was found in cats living strictly indoors and in cats fed canned food. No association was found between BPA and thyroid function. Further studies are needed that focus on hyperthyroid cats for better evaluation of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kovaříková
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Public Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Maršálek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Public Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Habánová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Public Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Konvalinová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Public Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abi Khalil R, Barbier B, Rached A, Benoit E, Pinot A, Lattard V. Water vole management - Could anticoagulant rodenticides stereochemistry mitigate the ecotoxicity issues associated to their use? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103536. [PMID: 33130091 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic water vole population explosions can be controlled in some European countries with anticoagulant rodenticides leading sometimes to wildlife poisonings due to the toxin's tissue persistence. Here, we analyzed the pharmacokinetics of rodenticide residues in voles and we explored potential ways of improving the mass application of these agents based on the concept of stereoisomers. We demonstrated the dramatic persistence of bromadiolone in vole tissues with a hepatic half-life of about 10-30 days, while the tissue persistence of chlorophacinone is rather short with a hepatic half-life of about one day. The dramatic persistence of bromadiolone is due to the trans-isomer group (the major compound in bromadiolone), while the cis-isomer group has a short half-life. Because of resistance to chlorophacinone, the cis-bromadiolone isomers may constitute an excellent compromise between efficacy and ecotoxicological risk to control voles. A mathematical model is proposed to favor the development of baits mixed with cis-isomer groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abi Khalil
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Brigitte Barbier
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Antoine Rached
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Adrien Pinot
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Robertson SA, Gogolski SM, Pascoe P, Shafford HL, Sager J, Griffenhagen GM. AAFP Feline Anesthesia Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 20:602-634. [PMID: 29989502 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18781391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The overarching purpose of the AAFP Anesthesia Guidelines (hereafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') is to make anesthesia and sedation safer for the feline patient. Scope and accessibility: It is noteworthy that these are the first exclusively feline anesthesia guidelines authored by an expert panel, making them particularly useful as an extensively referenced, practical resource for veterinary practice teams. Because much of the key content is presented in tabular or visual format, the Guidelines have a high level of accessibility and convenience that invites regular usage. While the recommendations in the Guidelines focus primarily on client-owned cats, the content is also applicable to community-sourced animals with an unknown medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan M Gogolski
- AMEDDC&S Department of Veterinary Science, 3630 Stanley Rd, Bldg 2618, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Peter Pascoe
- Emeritus Professor, University of California, 1536 Notre Dame Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Heidi L Shafford
- Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, PO Box 418, Clackamas, OR 97015, USA
| | - Jennifer Sager
- University of Florida Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gregg M Griffenhagen
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 W Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Dholakia U, Seddighi R, Odunayo A, Cox SK, Jones EH, Pypendop BH. Prolonged Anesthetic Recovery after Continuous Infusion of Midazolam in 2 Domestic Cats ( Felis catus). Comp Med 2019; 69:321-326. [PMID: 31182185 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two healthy research cats involved in a randomized, blinded prospective pharmacodynamics study evaluating midazolam continuous-rate infusion as a means to decrease sevoflurane concentrations experienced unexpectedly prolonged recoveries. Midazolam loading doses, infusion rates, and the targeted plasma midazolam concentrations at steady-state were determined by pharmacokinetic modeling based on the results of a preliminary pharmacokinetic study using a single dose of midazolam. In the pharmacodynamics study, cats remained oversedated after recovery from anesthesia, and plasma concentrations of midazolam and its primary metabolite (1-hydroxymidazolam) remained elevated. The use of flumazenil was unsuccessful in timely treatment of oversedation. Administration of intravenous lipid emulsion was used in one of the cats to facilitate recovery and appeared to be effective in both reducing the depth of midazolam-induced oversedation and significantly reducing the plasma concentration of 1-hydroxymidazolam. The effects after the administration of both treatment modalities on clinical signs and plasma drug concentrations in cats are discussed. The observations suggest that cats may eliminate 1-hydroxymidazolam more slowly than expected; consequently dose adjustments may be required when continuous infusion of midazolam is intended. In addition, intravenous lipid emulsion may facilitate recovery from midazolam oversedation, particularly in cases unresponsive to traditional treatment modalities. However, further investigations are warranted to delineate the efficacy of this modality in the treatment of midazolam oversedation.
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Kondo T, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Kawai YK, Mizukawa H, Mitani Y, Nomiyama K, Tanabe S, Ishizuka M. Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B Subfamily Interspecies Differences in Carnivores. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:90-100. [PMID: 28453659 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are among the most important xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that conjugate a wide range of chemicals. Previous studies showed that Felidae and Pinnipedia species have very low UGT activities toward some phenolic compounds because of the UGT1A6 pseudogene and small numbers of UGT1A isozymes. In addition to the UGT1As, UGT2Bs isozymes also conjugate various endogenous (eg, estrogens, androgens, and bile acids) and exogenous compounds (opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and environmental pollutants). However UGT2B activity and genetic background are unknown in carnivore species. Therefore, this study was performed to elucidate the species differences of UGT2Bs. Using typical substrates for UGT2Bs, UGT activity was measured in vitro. In addition, UGT2B genetic features are analyzed in silico. Results of UGT activity measurement indicate marked species differences between dogs and other carnivores (cats, Northern fur seals, Steller sea lions, Harbor seals, and Caspian seals). Dogs have very high Vmax/Km toward estradiol (17-glucuronide), estrone, lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam. Conversely, cats and pinniped species (especially Caspian seals and Harbor seals) have very low activities toward these substrates. The results of genetic synteny analysis indicate that Felidae and pinniped species have very small numbers of UGT2B isozymes (one or none) compared with dogs, rodents, and humans. Furthermore, Felidae species have the same nonsense mutation in UGT2B, which suggests that Felidae UGT2B31-like is also a pseudogene in addition to UGT1A6. These findings of lower activity of UGT2B suggest that Felidae and some pinniped species have very low UGT activity toward a wide range of chemicals. These results are important for Felidae and Pinnipedia species that are frequently exposed to drugs and environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Kondo
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke K Kawai
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoko Mitani
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N11, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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13
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Visser M, Zaya MJ, Locuson CW, Boothe DM, Merritt DA. Comparison of predicted intrinsic hepatic clearance of 30 pharmaceuticals in canine and feline liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:177-186. [PMID: 29405805 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1437933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Known cytochrome P450 (CYP) substrates in humans are used in veterinary medicine, with limited knowledge of the similarity or variation in CYP metabolism. Comparison of canine and feline CYP metabolism via liver microsomes report that human CYP probes and inhibitors demonstrate differing rates of intrinsic clearance (CLint). 2. The purpose of this study was to utilize a high-throughput liver microsome substrate depletion assay, combined with microsomal and plasma protein binding to compare the predicted hepatic clearance (CLhep) of thirty therapeutic agents used off-label in canines and felines, using both the well-stirred and parallel tube models. 3. In canine liver microsomes, 3/30 substrates did not have quantifiable CLint, while midazolam and amitriptyline CLint was too rapid for accurate determination. A CLhep was calculated for 29/30 substrates in feline microsomes. Overall, canine CLhep was faster compared to the feline, with fold differences ranging from 2-20-fold. 4. A comparison between the well-stirred and parallel tube model indicates that the parallel tube model reports a slighter higher CLhep in both species. 5. The differences in CYP metabolism between canine and feline highlight the need for additional research into CYP expression and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marike Visser
- a VMRD Global Therapeutics, Zoetis , Kalamazoo , MI , USA
| | | | | | - Dawn M Boothe
- d College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
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14
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Otte CM, Penning LC, Rothuizen J. Feline biliary tree and gallbladder disease: Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:514-528. [PMID: 28438089 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17706465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance Diseases of the biliary tree and gallbladder are more common in cats than diseases of the liver parenchyma. The parenchyma is usually affected secondarily to systemic illnesses, while the biliary system is the prime target for infectious agents (eg, bacteria and flukes) and non-infectious conditions (eg, neoplasia and cysts). Clinical approaches Cats with biliary disease are evaluated because of common feline clinical signs such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting and lethargy. Icterus may or may not be obvious. Biopsies for histological evaluation, and bile aspirates for culture and cytological evaluation are helpful diagnostically. Antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs have been used successfully. Hepatosupportive drugs may help in liquefying thick bile and protecting hepatic tissue from damage. Ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that may help in identifying dilated bile ducts, liver cysts and choleliths. It is also used to guide percutaneous bile aspiration. Audience This review, written for all veterinarians who treat cats, describes the various conditions that can affect the feline biliary tree and gallbladder. Treatment options are discussed, and brief summaries provided of surgical techniques and diagnostic approaches. Evidence base The veterinary literature pertaining to feline biliary disease is comprehensively reviewed. When appropriate, data on dogs and humans has been included to provide background information. Based on the available literature, more research into feline biliary diseases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corma Ma Otte
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Yata M, McLachlan A, Foster D, Hanzlicek A, Beijerink N. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of oral pimobendan in healthy cats. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:310-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Johnson RJ, Kerr CL, Enouri SS, Modi P, Lascelles BDX, del Castillo JRE. Pharmacokinetics of liposomal encapsulated buprenorphine suspension following subcutaneous administration to cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:256-269. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Johnson
- Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - C. L. Kerr
- Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - S. S. Enouri
- Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - P. Modi
- Transdermal Corp; Birmingham MI USA
| | - B. D. X. Lascelles
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Caroline State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - J. R. E. del Castillo
- GREPAQ - Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
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17
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Giantin M, Baratto C, Marconato L, Vascellari M, Mutinelli F, Dacasto M, Granato A. Transcriptomic analysis identified up-regulation of a solute carrier transporter and UDP glucuronosyltransferases in dogs with aggressive cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet J 2016; 212:36-43. [PMID: 27256023 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression analyses have been recently used in cancer research to identify genes associated with tumorigenesis and potential prognostic markers or therapeutic targets. In the present study, the transcriptome of dogs that had died because of mast cell tumours (MCTs) was characterised to identify a fingerprint having significant influence on prognosis determination and treatment selection. A dataset (GSE50433) obtained using a commercial canine DNA microarray platform was used. The transcriptome of seven biopsies obtained from dogs with histologically confirmed, surgically removed MCTs, treated with chemotherapy, and dead for MCT-related causes, was compared with the transcriptional portrait of 40 samples obtained from dogs with histologically confirmed, surgically removed MCTs and that were still alive at the end of the follow-up period. Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), eight transcripts were validated by quantitative real time PCR and their mRNA levels were measured in a cohort of 22 additional MCTs. Statistical analysis identified 375 DEGs (fold change 2, false discovery rate 5%). The functional annotation analysis indicated that the DEGs were associated with drug metabolism and cell cycle pathways. Particularly, members of solute carrier transporter (SLC) and UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) gene families were identified as dysregulated. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the 22 additional MCTs identified the separate cluster dogs dead for MCT-related causes. SLCs and UGTs have been recently recognised in human cancer as important key factors in tumour progression and chemo-resistance. An in-depth analysis of their roles in aggressive canine MCT is warranted in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Giantin
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Agripolis Legnaro (Padova), Italy.
| | - Chiara Baratto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, I-35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Via San Lorenzo 1/4, I-40037 Sasso Marconi (Bologna), Italy
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, I-35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, I-35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Agripolis Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Anna Granato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, I-35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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18
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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van Beusekom CD, van den Heuvel JJ, Koenderink JB, Russel FG, Schrickx JA. Feline hepatic biotransformation of diazepam: Differences between cats and dogs. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Huybrechts B, Callebaut A. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1939-51. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Cannon CM. Cats, Cancer and Comparative Oncology. Vet Sci 2015; 2:111-126. [PMID: 29061935 PMCID: PMC5644631 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring tumors in dogs are well-established models for several human cancers. Domestic cats share many of the benefits of dogs as a model (spontaneous cancers developing in an immunocompetent animal sharing the same environment as humans, shorter lifespan allowing more rapid trial completion and data collection, lack of standard of care for many cancers allowing evaluation of therapies in treatment-naïve populations), but have not been utilized to the same degree in the One Medicine approach to cancer. There are both challenges and opportunities in feline compared to canine models. This review will discuss three specific tumor types where cats may offer insights into human cancers. Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma is common, shares both clinical and molecular features with human head and neck cancer and is an attractive model for evaluating new therapies. Feline mammary tumors are usually malignant and aggressive, with the ‘triple-negative’ phenotype being more common than in humans, offering an enriched population in which to examine potential targets and treatments. Finally, although there is not an exact corollary in humans, feline injection site sarcoma may be a model for inflammation-driven tumorigenesis, offering opportunities for studying variations in individual susceptibility as well as preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Cannon
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Lanuza R, Rankin AJ, KuKanich B, Meekins JM. Evaluation of systemic absorption and renal effects of topical ophthalmic flurbiprofen and diclofenac in healthy cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19 Suppl 1:24-9. [PMID: 26119523 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate systemic absorption and renal effects of topically applied ophthalmic flurbiprofen and diclofenac in healthy cats. ANIMALS STUDIED Twelve domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURES Cats were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (n = 6) and administered one drop (approximately 40 μL) of either flurbiprofen 0.03% or diclofenac 0.1% in both eyes four times daily (6 am, 12 pm, 6 pm, and 12 am) for 14 days. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 4, 8, 14, 16, and 17 and analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for flurbiprofen and diclofenac plasma concentrations. A complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistry, and urinalysis were analyzed at the beginning of the study (Day 0) and at the end of topical drug administration (Day 15). RESULTS Both drugs demonstrated systemic absorption. Flurbiprofen was detected (mean ± SD) at day 4 (237 ± 65 ng/mL), day 8 (396 ± 91 ng/mL), day 14 (423 ± 56 ng/mL), day 16 (350 ± 66 ng/mL), and day 17 (270 ± 62 ng/mL), and diclofenac was detected (mean ± SD) at day 4 (130 ± 44 ng/mL), day 8 (131 ± 25 ng/mL), day 14 (150 ± 36 ng/mL), and sporadically on day 16 [corrected]. Flurbiprofen plasma concentration decreased slowly over 48 h after the last dose. No clinically significant abnormalities were noted in the serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, or urine specific gravity at the end of topical drug administration compared to the beginning of the study. CONCLUSIONS Flurbiprofen and diclofenac were systemically absorbed after topical administration four times daily to both eyes of healthy cats. Flurbiprofen reached higher plasma concentrations compared to diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Lanuza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Amy J Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessica M Meekins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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