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Sharun K, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Gugjoo MB, Iqbal Yatoo M, Patel SK, Pathak M, Karthik K, Khurana SK, Singh R, Puvvala B, Amarpal, Singh R, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 41:107-136. [PMID: 33509059 PMCID: PMC7906113 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1882713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavani Puvvala
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Amarpal
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ortega E, Alfonseca-Silva E, Posadas E, Tapia G, Sumano H. A non-inferiority study evaluating a new extended-release preparation of tilmicosin injected subcutaneously vs. ceftiofur administered intramammary, as dry-cow therapy in Holstein Friesian cows. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e87. [PMID: 33263234 PMCID: PMC7710465 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new, extended long-acting tilmicosin (TLAe) preparation was tested against intramammary ceftiofur (CEF) using a non-inferiority trial model during dry-cow therapy (DCT) in a farm with high bovine population density and deficient hygiene application. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the possibility that TLAe administered parenterally can achieve non-inferiority status compared to CEF administered intramammary for DCT. METHODS Cows were randomly assigned to TLAe (20 mg/kg subcutaneous; n = 53) or CEF (CEF-HCl, 125 mg/quarter; n = 38 cows) treatment groups. California mastitis testing, colony-forming unit assessment (CFU/mL), and number of cases positive for Staphylococcus aureus were quantified before DCT and 7 d after calving. A complete cure was defined as no bacteria isolated; partial cure when CFU/mL ranged from 150 to 700, and cure-failure when CFU/mL was above 700. RESULTS TLAe and CEF had overall cure rates of 57% and 53% (p > 0.05) and S. aureus cure rates of 77.7% and 25%, respectively (p < 0.05). The pathogens detected at DCT and 7 days after calving were S. aureus (62.71% and 35.55%), Staphylococcus spp. (22.03% and 35.55%), Streptococcus uberis (10.16% and 13.33%), and Escherichia coli (5.08% and 15.55%). Non-inferiority and binary logistic regression analyses revealed a lack of difference in overall efficacies of TLAe and CEF. Apart from S. aureus, S. uberis was the predominant pathogen found in both groups. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first successful report of parenteral DCT showing comparable efficacy as CEF, the gold-standard. The extended long-term pharmacokinetic activity of TLAe explains these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Ortega
- Department of Animal Production-Ruminants, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgar Alfonseca-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Posadas
- Department of Animal Production-Ruminants, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Hector Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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Synthesis of Tilmicosin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Improved Oral Delivery in Broilers: Physiochemical Characterization and Cellular Permeation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020315. [PMID: 31941074 PMCID: PMC7024240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for improved oral absorption of tilmicosin (TMS) in broilers. Thus, palmitic acid, lauric acid, and stearic acid were selected as solid lipids to formulate TMS-pNLCs, TMS-lNLCs, and TMS-sNLCs, respectively. They showed similar physicochemical properties and meanwhile possessed excellent storage and gastrointestinal stability. The TMS interacted with the lipid matrix and was encapsulated efficiently in NLCs in an amorphous structure. NLCs could enhance oral absorption of TMS compared to 10% tilmicosin phosphate solution in broilers, among which the TMS-sNLCs were the most efficient drug delivery carriers, with a relative oral bioavailability of 203.55%. NLCs could inhibit the efflux of P-glycoprotein (P-pg) toward TMS, which may be involved with improved oral absorption. Taken together, these types of solid lipids influenced the enhanced level of NLCs toward oral bioavailability of TMS, and the sNLCs proved to be the most promising oral delivery carriers of TMS.
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Zhou K, Wang X, Chen D, Yuan Y, Wang S, Li C, Yan Y, Liu Q, Shao L, Huang L, Yuan Z, Xie S. Enhanced Treatment Effects of Tilmicosin Against Staphylococcus aureus Cow Mastitis by Self-Assembly Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Nanogel. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100524. [PMID: 31614726 PMCID: PMC6836059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cow mastitis causes great losses to the cow industry. In order to improve the treatment effect of tilmicosin against cow mastitis, the combination of solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) technology with in situ hydrogel technology was used to prepare the self-assembly tilmicosin nanogel (TIL-nanogel). The physicochemical characteristics, in vitro release, antibacterial activity and in vivo treatment efficacy of TIL-SLNs and TIL-nanogel were studied, respectively. The results showed the loading capacity (LC), encapsulation efficiency (EE), size, zeta potential and poly dispersion index (PDI) of TIL-nanogel were 23.33 ± 0.77%, 67.89 ± 3.01%, 431.57 ± 12.87 nm, 8.3 ± 0.06 mv and, 0.424 ± 0.032, respectively. The TIL-nanogel showed stronger sustained release in vitro than TIL-SLNs and commercial injection. The cure rate of half dosage and normal dosage of TIL-nanogel was 58.3% and 75.0%, which was higher than that of commercial injection (50.0%) at normal dosage. The results suggest that the treatment dosage of tilmicosin for cow mastitis could be reduced by TIL-nanogel. The novel TIL-nanogel will be beneficial by decreasing the usage of tilmicosin and the treatment costs of cow mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Animal husbandry and veterinary institute of Hebei Province, Dongguan Street 428, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Shuge Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Chao Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Liwei Shao
- Animal husbandry and veterinary institute of Hebei Province, Dongguan Street 428, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Lingli Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Shuyu Xie
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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Martínez-Cortés I, Acevedo-Domínguez NA, Olguin-Alor R, Cortés-Hernández A, Álvarez-Jiménez V, Campillo-Navarro M, Sumano-López HS, Gutiérrez-Olvera L, Martínez-Gómez D, Maravillas-Montero JL, Loor JJ, García-Zepeda EA, Soldevila G. Tilmicosin modulates the innate immune response and preserves casein production in bovine mammary alveolar cells during Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:644-656. [PMID: 30517644 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilmicosin is an antimicrobial agent used to treat intramammary infections against Staphylococcus aureus and has clinical anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanism by which it modulates the inflammatory process in the mammary gland is unknown. We evaluated the effect of tilmicosin treatment on the modulation of the mammary innate immune response after S. aureus infection and its effect on casein production in mammary epithelial cells. To achieve this goal, we used immortalized mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), pretreated for 12 h or treated with tilmicosin after infection with S. aureus (ATCC 27543). Our data showed that tilmicosin decreases intracellular infection (P < 0.01) and had a protective effect on MAC-T reducing apoptosis after infection by 80% (P < 0.01). Furthermore, tilmicosin reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) (P < 0.01), IL-1β (P < 0.01), IL-6 (P < 0.01), and TNF-α (P < 0.05) production. In an attempt to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the immunomodulatory effect of tilmicosin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation was measured by fluorescent-activated cell sorting. Pretreatment with tilmicosin increased ERK1/2 (P < 0.05) but decreased P38 phosphorylation (P < 0.01). In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of tilmicosin helped to preserve casein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells (P < 0.01). This result indicates that tilmicosin could be an effective modulator inflammation in the mammary gland. Through regulation of MAPK phosphorylation, ROS production and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion tilmicosin can provide protection from cellular damage due to S. aureus infection and help to maintain normal physiological functions of the bovine mammary epithelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Martínez-Cortés
- Chemokine Biology Research Laboratory, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Naray A Acevedo-Domínguez
- Chemokine Biology Research Laboratory, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roxana Olguin-Alor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arimelek Cortés-Hernández
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Violeta Álvarez-Jiménez
- Chemokine Biology Research Laboratory, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marcia Campillo-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Integrativa-INER, Ismael Cosio Villegas. Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics-University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Eduardo A García-Zepeda
- Chemokine Biology Research Laboratory, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gloria Soldevila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Zhu L, Cao X, Xu Q, Su J, Li X, Zhou W. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of tilmicosin-SLN against Streptococcus agalactiae: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4747-4755. [PMID: 30147316 PMCID: PMC6103319 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s168179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are the major contagious organisms causing dairy cow mastitis. Our previous studies have demonstrated that solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) can effectively enhance the antimicrobial activity of tilmicosin against Staphylococcus. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of tilmicosin-loaded SLN (Til-SLN) against Streptococcus agalactiae. Methods Til-SLN was prepared using a hot homogenization and ultrasonication method as described previously. Til-SLN was labeled with rhodamine B for nanoparticle tracking. In vitro antibacterial experiments were carried out by broth dilution technique. Pharmacokinetics of the drug and distribution of the nanoparticles in mammary gland were studied after subcutaneous injection in Kunming mice. The therapeutic study was conducted in a mouse mastitis model infected with S. agalactiae. Results The results showed that the diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity of the nanoparticles were not significantly affected by fluorescence labeling. Til-SLN showed a sustained and enhanced antibacterial activity in vitro. Til-SLN maintained a sustained drug concentration above 17 µg/g for at least 6 days in the mammary gland, as compared with only 3 days for the same amount of tilmicosin phosphate solution. The mean residence time and elimination half-life (T1/2) of Til-SLN were much longer than those of tilmicosin phosphate solution. Most of the nanoparticles remained at the injection site and a few were transferred to the mammary glands, indicating that the drug was slowly released at the injection site and then distributed to the mammary glands. SLN significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of tilmicosin as determined by lower colony forming unit counts. Conclusion These results demonstrate that SLN could effectively enhance the antibacterial activity of tilmicosin against Streptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaoxia Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qinxin Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xihe Li
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolian Plateau School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, People's Republic of China.,Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animals, Saikexing Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hohhot, 011517, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
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