1
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Nams VO, Parker DM, Weise FJ, Patterson BD, Buij R, Radloff FGT, Vanak AT, Tumenta PN, Hayward MW, Swanepoel LH, Funston PJ, Bauer H, Power RJ, O'Brien J, O'Brien TG, Tambling CJ, de Iongh HH, Ferreira SM, Owen‐Smith N, Cain JW, Fattebert J, Croes BM, Spong G, Loveridge AJ, Houser AM, Golabek KA, Begg CM, Grant T, Trethowan P, Musyoki C, Menges V, Creel S, Balme GA, Pitman RT, Bissett C, Jenny D, Schuette P, Wilmers CC, Hunter LTB, Kinnaird MF, Begg KS, Owen CR, Steyn V, Bockmuehl D, Munro SJ, Mann GKH, du Preez BD, Marker LL, Huqa TJ, Cozzi G, Frank LG, Nyoni P, Stein AB, Kasiki SM, Macdonald DW, Martins QE, van Vuuren RJ, Stratford KJ, Bidner LR, Oriol‐Cotteril A, Maputla NW, Maruping‐Mzileni N, Parker T, van't Zelfde M, Isbell LA, Beukes OB, Beukes M. Spatial patterns of large African cats: a large‐scale study on density, home range size, and home range overlap of lions
Panthera leo
and leopards
Panthera pardus. Mamm Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vilis O. Nams
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Scienes, Faculty of Agriculture Dalhousie University Truro NS B2N 5E3 Canada
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Dan M. Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Mpumalanga Nelspruit 1200 South Africa
| | - Florian J. Weise
- Centre for Wildlife Management University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 South Africa
- CLAWS Conservancy, Pride in Our Prides Worcester MA 01608 USA
- N/a'an ku sê Research Programme P.O. Box 99292 Windhoek Namibia
| | - Bruce D. Patterson
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago IL 60605 USA
| | - Ralph Buij
- Animal Ecology Group Wageningen University & Research Droevendaalsesteeg 3A 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
- The Peregrine Fund 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane Boise ID 83709 USA
| | - Frans G. T. Radloff
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology P.O. Box 652 Cape Town 8000 South Africa
| | - Abi Tamim Vanak
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment Bangalore 560064 India
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban 3629 South Africa
| | - Pricelia N. Tumenta
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences University of Dschang P.O. Box 138 Yaounde Cameroon
- Regional Training Centre Specialized in Agriculture, Forestry‐wood and Environment (CRESA Foret Bois) University of Dschang P.O. Box 138 Yaounde Cameroon
| | - Matt W. Hayward
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 South Africa
| | | | - Paul J. Funston
- Department of Nature Conservation Tshwane University of Technology Private Bag X680 Pretoria 0001 South Africa
- Panthera New York NY 10018 USA
| | - Hans Bauer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney Abingdon OX13 5QL UK
| | - R. John Power
- Department of Economic Development, Environment, Conservation and Tourism North West Provincial Government Mahikeng 2735 South Africa
| | - John O'Brien
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Timothy G. O'Brien
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Programs 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - Craig J. Tambling
- Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Fort Hare Alice Eastern Cape 5700 South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria 0028 South Africa
| | - Hans H. de Iongh
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department Biology University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Building D 132 Antwerpen Belgium
- Institute of Environmental Sciences Leiden University Einsteinweg 2, P.O. Box 9518 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sam M. Ferreira
- Scientific Services, SANParks Private Bag x 402 Skukuza 1350 South Africa
| | - Norman Owen‐Smith
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3 Wits 2050 South Africa
| | - James W. Cain
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3 Wits 2050 South Africa
| | - Julien Fattebert
- Panthera New York NY 10018 USA
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Barbara M. Croes
- Institute of Environmental Sciences Leiden University Einsteinweg 2, P.O. Box 9518 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Goran Spong
- Forestry and Environmental Resources College of Natural Resources, NCSU Raleigh 27695 USA
- Molecular Ecology Group Wildlife, Fish, & Environmental Studies, SLU 90183 Umeå Sweden
| | - Andrew J. Loveridge
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney Abingdon OX13 5QL UK
| | - Ann Marie Houser
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana Private Bag 0457 Gaborone Botswana
| | | | - Colleen M. Begg
- Niassa Carnivore Project Private Bag X18 Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Tanith Grant
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Paul Trethowan
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney Abingdon OX13 5QL UK
| | | | - Vera Menges
- Department Evolutionary Ecology Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 D‐10315 Berlin Germany
| | - Scott Creel
- Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Guy A. Balme
- Panthera New York NY 10018 USA
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
| | - Ross T. Pitman
- Panthera New York NY 10018 USA
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
| | - Charlene Bissett
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Scientific Services, SANParks Private Bag x 402 Skukuza 1350 South Africa
| | - David Jenny
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques 17 Rte de Dabou, Abidjan Ivory Coast
- Zoologisches Institut Universität Bern Baltzerstrasse 6 Bern 3012 Switzerland
| | - Paul Schuette
- Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | | | - Luke T. B. Hunter
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Programs 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal, Westville Campus Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | | | - Keith S. Begg
- Niassa Carnivore Project Private Bag X18 Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Cailey R. Owen
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban 3629 South Africa
| | - Villiers Steyn
- Department of Nature Conservation Tshwane University of Technology Private Bag X680 Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Dirk Bockmuehl
- Department Evolutionary Ecology Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 D‐10315 Berlin Germany
| | - Stuart J. Munro
- N/a'an ku sê Research Programme P.O. Box 99292 Windhoek Namibia
| | - Gareth K. H. Mann
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Panthera New York NY 10018 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- The Cape Leopard Trust Cape Town 7806 South Africa
| | - Byron D. du Preez
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney Abingdon OX13 5QL UK
| | | | - Tuqa J. Huqa
- Kenya Wildlife Service P.O. Box 40241 00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - Gabriele Cozzi
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust Private Bag 13 Maun Botswana
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies Zurich University Winterthurerstr. 190 Zürich 8057 Switzerland
| | - Laurence G. Frank
- Living with Lions, Mpala Research Centre P.O. Box 555 Nanyuki 10400 Kenya
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Phumuzile Nyoni
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Debshan Ranch PO Box 24 Shagani Zimbabwe
| | - Andrew B. Stein
- CLAWS Conservancy, Pride in Our Prides Worcester MA 01608 USA
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Landmark College Putney VT 05346 USA
| | | | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney Abingdon OX13 5QL UK
| | - Quinton E. Martins
- The Cape Leopard Trust Cape Town 7806 South Africa
- True Wild LLC Glen Ellen CA USA
| | | | - Ken J. Stratford
- Ongava Research Centre 102A Nelson Mandela Avenue Windhoek Namibia
| | | | - Alayne Oriol‐Cotteril
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney Abingdon OX13 5QL UK
- Living With Lions, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Nakedi W. Maputla
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 South Africa
| | - Nkabeng Maruping‐Mzileni
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 South Africa
| | - Tim Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology & Entomology Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Maarten van't Zelfde
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department Biology University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Building D 132 Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Lynne A. Isbell
- Mpala Research Centre P.O. Box 555 Nanyuki 10400 Kenya
- Department of Anthropology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Otto B. Beukes
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology P.O. Box 652 Cape Town 8000 South Africa
| | - Maya Beukes
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology P.O. Box 652 Cape Town 8000 South Africa
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2
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Braczkowski A, Gopalaswamy AM, Fattebert J, Isoke S, Bezzina A, Maron M. Spatially explicit population estimates of African leopards and spotted hyenas in the Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area of southwestern Uganda. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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3
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le Roex N, Mann GK, Hunter LT, Balme GA. Relaxed territoriality amid female trickery in a solitary carnivore. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Estimating density of leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) using spatially explicit capture recapture framework in Gir Protected Area, Gujarat, India. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Samarasinghe DJ, Wikramanayake ED, Gopalaswamy AM, Jayewardene R, Kumara J, Fernando J, Gunawardene K, Alexander JS, Braczkowski A. Evidence for a critical leopard conservation stronghold from a large protected landscape on the island of Sri Lanka. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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6
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Rogan MS, Distiller G, Balme GA, Pitman RT, Mann GKH, Dubay SM, Whittington-Jones GM, Thomas LH, Broadfield J, Knutson T, O'Riain MJ. Troubled spots: Human impacts constrain the density of an apex predator inside protected areas. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2551. [PMID: 35094452 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective conservation requires understanding the processes that determine population outcomes. Too often, we assume that protected areas conserve wild populations despite evidence that they frequently fail to do so. Without large-scale studies, however, we cannot determine what relationships are the product of localized conditions versus general patterns that inform conservation more broadly. Leopards' (Panthera pardus) basic ecology is well studied but little research has investigated anthropogenic effects on leopard density at broad scales. We investigated the drivers of leopard density among 27 diverse protected areas in northeastern South Africa to understand what conditions facilitate abundant populations. We formulated 10 working hypotheses that considered the relative influence of bottom-up biological factors and top-down anthropogenic factors on leopard density. Using camera-trap survey data, we fit a multi-session spatial capture-recapture model with inhomogenous density for each hypothesis and evaluated support using an information theoretic approach. The four supported hypotheses indicated that leopard density is primarily limited by human impacts, but that habitat suitability and management conditions also matter. The proportion of camera stations that recorded domestic animals, a proxy for the extent of human impacts and protected area effectiveness, was the only predictor variable present in all four supported models. Protected areas are the cornerstone of large felid conservation, but only when the human-wildlife interface is well managed and protected areas shelter wildlife populations from anthropogenic impacts. To ensure the long-term abundance of large carnivore populations, reserve managers should recognize the ineffectiveness of "paper parks" and promote contiguous networks of protected areas that offer leopards and other large mammal populations greater space and reduced human impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Rogan
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Panthera, New York, New York, USA
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Greg Distiller
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Guy A Balme
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Panthera, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ross T Pitman
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Panthera, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gareth K H Mann
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Panthera, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shannon M Dubay
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Panthera, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Joleen Broadfield
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Panthera, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - M Justin O'Riain
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Müller L, Briers-Louw WD, Seele BC, Stefanus Lochner C, Amin R. Population size, density, and ranging behaviour in a key leopard population in the Western Cape, South Africa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0254507. [PMID: 35622851 PMCID: PMC9140237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, leopards are the most widespread large felid. However, mounting anthropogenic threats are rapidly reducing viable leopard populations and their range. Despite the clear pressures facing this species, there is a dearth of robust and reliable population and density estimates for leopards across their range, which is particularly important in landscapes that consist of protected and non-protected areas. We conducted a camera trapping survey between 2017 and 2018 in the Western Cape, South Africa to estimate the occupancy, density, and population size of a leopard population. Leopards were recorded at 95% of camera trapping sites, which resulted in a high occupancy that showed no significant variation between seasons, habitat types, or along an altitudinal gradient. Our results indicated a low leopard density in the study area, with an estimated 1.53 leopards/100 km2 in summer and 1.62 leopards/100 km2 in winter. Mean leopard population size was therefore estimated at 107 and 113 individuals in the winter and summer respectively. Leopard activity centres for female ranges were centred in the core study area and could be predicted with good certainty, while males appeared to move out of the study area during winter which resulted in a higher uncertainty in locations of activity centres. Interestingly, livestock depredation events in the surrounding farmlands were significantly higher in winter, which coincides with male leopards moving outside the core protected area into the surrounding farmlands. To reduce livestock losses and retaliatory leopard killings, we suggest that human-carnivore conflict mitigation measures be intensely monitored during the winter months in the study area. We also suggest that future leopard conservation efforts should focus on privately-owned land as these non-protected areas contain the majority of the remaining suitable leopard habitat and may provide important dispersal corridors and buffer zones on which the long-term sustainability of leopard populations depends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Müller
- The Cape Leopard Trust, Tokai, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Rajan Amin
- Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Braczkowski A, Schenk R, Samarasinghe D, Biggs D, Richardson A, Swanson N, Swanson M, Dheer A, Fattebert J. Leopard and spotted hyena densities in the Lake Mburo National Park, southwestern Uganda. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12307. [PMID: 35127275 PMCID: PMC8801179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust measures of animal densities are necessary for effective wildlife management. Leopards (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta Crocuta) are higher order predators that are data deficient across much of their East African range and in Uganda, excepting for one peer-reviewed study on hyenas, there are presently no credible population estimates for these species. A lack of information on the population status and even baseline densities of these species has ramifications as leopards are drawcards for the photo-tourism industry, and along with hyenas are often responsible for livestock depredations from pastoralist communities. Leopards are also sometimes hunted for sport. Establishing baseline density estimates for these species is urgently needed not only for population monitoring purposes, but in the design of sustainable management offtakes, and in assessing certain conservation interventions like financial compensation for livestock depredation. Accordingly, we ran a single-season survey of these carnivores in the Lake Mburo National Park of south-western Uganda using 60 remote camera traps distributed in a paired format at 30 locations. We analysed hyena and leopard detections under a Bayesian spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) modelling framework to estimate their densities. This small national park (370 km2) is surrounded by Bahima pastoralist communities with high densities of cattle on the park edge (with regular park incursions). Leopard densities were estimated at 6.31 individuals/100 km2 (posterior SD = 1.47, 95% CI [3.75-9.20]), and spotted hyena densities were 10.99 individuals/100 km2, but with wide confidence intervals (posterior SD = 3.35, 95% CI [5.63-17.37]). Leopard and spotted hyena abundance within the boundaries of the national park were 24.87 (posterior SD 7.78) and 39.07 individuals (posterior = SD 13.51) respectively. Leopard densities were on the middle end of SECR studies published in the peer-reviewed literature over the last 5 years while spotted hyena densities were some of the first reported in the literature using SECR, and similar to a study in Botswana which reported 11.80 spotted hyenas/100 km2. Densities were not noticeably lower at the park edge, and in the southwest of our study site, despite repeated cattle incursions into these areas. We postulate that the relatively high densities of both species in the region could be owed to impala Aepyceros melampus densities ranging from 16.6-25.6 impala/km2. Another, potential explanatory variable (albeit a speculative one) is the absence of interspecific competition from African lions (Panthera leo), which became functionally extinct (there is only one male lion present) in the park nearly two decades ago. This study provides the first robust population estimate of these species anywhere in Uganda and suggests leopards and spotted hyenas continue to persist in the highly modified landscape of Lake Mburo National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Braczkowski
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China,Resilient Conservation Group, Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia,School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George Campus, George, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Dinal Samarasinghe
- Wildlife Research and Nature Conservation Foundation (WRNCF), Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Duan Biggs
- Resilient Conservation Group, Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia,School of Earth and Sustainability. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Az, USA,Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Allie Richardson
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland
| | | | | | - Arjun Dheer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Fattebert
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States,Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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9
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Amin R, Wilkinson A, Williams KS, Martins QE, Hayward J. Assessing the status of leopard in the Cape Fold Mountains using a Bayesian spatial capture–recapture model in Just Another Gibbs Sampler. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Amin
- The Cape Leopard Trust Cape Town South Africa
- Conservation Programmes Zoological Society of London London UK
| | | | - Kathryn S. Williams
- The Cape Leopard Trust Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Anthropology Durham University Durham UK
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10
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Rouse S, Behnoud P, Hobeali K, Moghadas P, Salahshour Z, Eslahi H, Ommatmohammadi M, Khani A, Shabani A, Macdonald DW, Farhadinia MS. Intraspecific interactions in a high-density leopard population. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:16572-16584. [PMID: 34938458 PMCID: PMC8668769 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Although less studied than interspecific interactions, interactions among members of the same species can influence space use and temporal activity. Using techniques commonly applied to the analysis of interspecific interactions-multispecies occupancy modeling and the analysis of temporal activity patterns-we studied intraspecific interactions within a high-density population of Persian leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Tandoureh National Park, northeastern Iran. Using camera-trap data, we investigated spatiotemporal interactions between male leopards, lone female leopards, and families (cubs/females with cubs). While we hypothesized that male and female leopards would display different temporal activity patterns, we did not predict spatial avoidance between these groups. We also predicted that leopard families would exhibit spatiotemporal avoidance from male leopards due to the risk of infanticide. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find any evidence for spatial or temporal avoidance between leopard families and adult male leopards. Male and lone female leopards exhibited positive pairwise co-occurrence, consistent with reports of high overlap between male and female leopard home ranges. While a high level of overlap in temporal activity patterns was found between males/lone females and males/families, there was evidence for variation in the proportion of time each leopard group was active in particular periods of the diel cycle. Male leopards showed cathemeral activity, while lone females and families were more active during daylight hours. The application of these techniques to interactions within a species has improved understanding of the ecology and behavior of this endangered solitary carnivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rouse
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Hossein Eslahi
- Khorasan Razavi Provincial Office of Department of the EnvironmentMashhadIran
| | | | - Ali Khani
- Khorasan Razavi Provincial Office of Department of the EnvironmentMashhadIran
| | - Abolfazl Shabani
- Khorasan Razavi Provincial Office of Department of the EnvironmentMashhadIran
| | | | - Mohammad S. Farhadinia
- Future4Leopards FoundationTehranIran
- Oxford Martin School and Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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11
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Roex N, Mann GKH, Hunter LTB, Balme GA. Big competition for small spots? Conspecific density drives home range size in male and female leopards. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Roex
- Panthera New York NY USA
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - G. K. H. Mann
- Panthera New York NY USA
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | | | - G. A. Balme
- Panthera New York NY USA
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
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12
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Oliveira ME, Saranholi BH, Dirzo R, Galetti PM. A review of philopatry and dispersal in felids living in an anthropised world. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos13565‐905Brazil
| | - Bruno H. Saranholi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos13565‐905Brazil
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus AscotSL5 7PYUK
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford CA94305USA
| | - Pedro M. Galetti
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos13565‐905Brazil
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13
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Exploratory dispersal movements by young tigers in Thailand’s Western Forest Complex: the challenges of securing a territory. MAMMAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-021-00602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Snider MH, Athreya VR, Balme GA, Bidner LR, Farhadinia MS, Fattebert J, Gompper ME, Gubbi S, Hunter LTB, Isbell LA, Macdonald DW, Odden M, Owen CR, Slotow R, Spalton JA, Stein AB, Steyn V, Vanak AT, Weise FJ, Wilmers CC, Kays R. Home range variation in leopards living across the human density gradient. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Home range size is a fundamental measure of animal space use, providing insight into habitat quality, animal density, and social organization. Human impacts increasingly are affecting wildlife, especially among wide-ranging species that encounter anthropogenic disturbance. Leopards (Panthera pardus) provide a useful model for studying this relationship because leopards coexist with people at high and low human densities and are sensitive to human disturbance. To compare leopard home range size across a range of human densities and other environmental conditions, we combined animal tracking data from 74 leopards in multiple studies with new analytical techniques that accommodate different sampling regimes. We predicted that home ranges would be smaller in more productive habitats and areas of higher human population density due to possible linkage with leopard prey subsidies from domestic species. We also predicted that male leopards would have larger home ranges than those of females. Home ranges varied in size from 14.5 km2 in India to 885.6 km2 in Namibia, representing a 60-fold magnitude of variation. Home range stability was evident for 95.2% of nontranslocated individuals and 38.5% of translocated individuals. Leopard home range sizes were negatively correlated with landscape productivity, and males used larger areas than females. Leopards in open habitats had a predicted negative correlation in home range size with human population density, but leopards in closed habitats used larger home ranges in areas with more people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Snider
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Laura R Bidner
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mohammed S Farhadinia
- Oxford Martin School and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Future4Leopards Foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Julien Fattebert
- Center for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Matthew E Gompper
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Sanjay Gubbi
- Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, Karnataka, India
| | - Luke T B Hunter
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lynne A Isbell
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
- Department of Anthropology and Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Oxfordshire, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Morten Odden
- Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway
| | - Cailey R Owen
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Rob Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Scottsville, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew B Stein
- CLAWS Conservancy, 32 Pine Tree Drive, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Landmark College, Putney, VT, USA
| | | | - Abi T Vanak
- DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Christopher C Wilmers
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Roland Kays
- Biodiversity Research Lab, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
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15
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Bleyhl B, Ghoddousi A, Askerov E, Bocedi G, Breitenmoser U, Manvelyan K, Palmer SCF, Soofi M, Weinberg P, Zazanashvili N, Shmunk V, Zurell D, Kuemmerle T. Reducing persecution is more effective for restoring large carnivores than restoring their prey. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02338. [PMID: 33780069 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large carnivores are currently disappearing from many world regions because of habitat loss, prey depletion, and persecution. Ensuring large carnivore persistence requires safeguarding and sometimes facilitating the expansion of their populations. Understanding which conservation strategies, such as reducing persecution or restoring prey, are most effective to help carnivores to reclaim their former ranges is therefore important. Here, we systematically explored such alternative strategies for the endangered Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in the Caucasus. We combined a rule-based habitat suitability map and a spatially explicit leopard population model to identify potential leopard subpopulations (i.e., breeding patches), and to test the effect of different levels of persecution reduction and prey restoration on leopard population viability across the entire Caucasus ecoregion and northern Iran (about 737,000 km2 ). We identified substantial areas of potentially suitable leopard habitat (~120,000 km2 ), most of which is currently unoccupied. Our model revealed that leopards could potentially recolonize these patches and increase to a population of >1,000 individuals in 100 yr, but only in scenarios of medium to high persecution reduction and prey restoration. Overall, reducing persecution had a more pronounced effect on leopard metapopulation viability than prey restoration: Without conservation strategies to reduce persecution, leopards went extinct from the Caucasus in all scenarios tested. Our study highlights the importance of persecution reduction in small populations, which should hence be prioritized when resources for conservation are limited. We show how individual-based, spatially explicit metapopulation models can help in quantifying the recolonization potential of large carnivores in unoccupied habitat, designing adequate conservation strategies to foster such recolonizations, and anticipating the long-term prospects of carnivore populations under alternative scenarios. Our study also outlines how data scarcity, which is typical for threatened range-expanding species, can be overcome with a rule-based habitat map. For Persian leopards, our projections clearly suggest that there is a large potential for a viable metapopulation in the Caucasus, but only if major conservation actions are taken towards reducing persecution and restoring prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bleyhl
- Geography Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
| | - Arash Ghoddousi
- Geography Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
| | - Elshad Askerov
- WWF-Azerbaijan, 6th Boyuk Gala dongesi 11, Sabayıl rayon, Baku, Az 1001, Azerbaijan
- Institute of Zoology of Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Block 504, pass 1128, A. Abbaszade Str, Baku, Az 1073, Azerbaijan
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Cholokashvili Ave 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
| | - Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Urs Breitenmoser
- KORA, Thunstrasse 31, Muri bei Bern, 3074, Switzerland
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen C F Palmer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Mahmood Soofi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Goettingen, Bürgerstr. 50, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Paul Weinberg
- North Ossetian Nature Reserve, 1 Basieva Str., RSO-Alania, Alagir, 363245, Russia
| | - Nugzar Zazanashvili
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Cholokashvili Ave 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
- WWF Caucasus Programme Office, Aleksidze Str. 11, Tbilisi, 0193, Georgia
| | - Valerii Shmunk
- Russian Caucasus Ecoregional Office, WWF-Russia, Kommunarov Str., No. 268, Lit. D, Krasnodar, 350042, Russia
| | - Damaris Zurell
- Geography Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Potsdam, D-14469, Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
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16
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Chauhan K, Srivathsa A, Athreya V. Assessing spatio-temporal patterns of human-leopard interactions based on media reports in northwestern India. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7244.13.6.18453-18478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores in human-use areas make for sensational print media content. We used media reports to examine human-leopard interactions in Rajasthan, India. We extracted news reports on leopard-related incidents from January 2016 to December 2018. Incidents (n= 338) were categorized, mapped, and analysed to understand their nature and extent. We found leopard-related news from 26 of 33 districts; a majority of these were in the eastern region of the State. Most of the reported interactions appeared to be non-negative, despite losses to both leopards and people. Our results provide a synthesis of spatio-temporal patterns of leopard-related incidents, which could help wildlife managers in better addressing negative interactions. The study also demonstrates how news reports could be useful for examining human-wildlife interactions across large spatial scales.
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17
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The influence of reproductive status on home range size and spatial dynamics of female Amur tigers. MAMMAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-020-00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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le Roex N, Ferreira SM. Age structure changes indicate direct and indirect population impacts in illegally harvested black rhino. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236790. [PMID: 32726369 PMCID: PMC7390388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overharvesting affects the size and growth of wildlife populations and can impact population trajectories. Overharvesting can also severely alter population structure and may result in changes in spatial organisation, social dynamics and recruitment. Understanding the relationship between overharvesting and population growth is therefore crucial for the recovery of exploited species. The black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis; black rhino) is a long-lived megaherbivore native to sub-Saharan Africa, listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Since 2009, the targeted illegal killing of rhino for their horns has escalated dramatically in South Africa. Given their slow life trajectories, spatial structure and social dynamics, black rhino may be susceptible to both direct and indirect impacts of overharvesting. Our study compared black rhino demography before and during extensive poaching to understand the impact of illegal killing. The population exhibited significant changes in age structure after four years of heavy poaching; these changes were primarily explained by a decrease in the proportion of calves over time. Population projections incorporating both direct poaching removals and decreased fecundity/recruitment were most similar to the observed demographic profile in 2018, suggesting that indirect impacts are also contributing to the observed population trajectory. These indirect impacts are likely a result of decreased density, through processes such as reduced mate-finding, population disturbance and/or increased calf predation. This study illustrates the combined effect of direct and indirect impacts on an endangered species, providing a more comprehensive approach by which to evaluate exploited populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki le Roex
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Sam M. Ferreira
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa
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19
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Naude VN, Balme GA, O'Riain J, Hunter LT, Fattebert J, Dickerson T, Bishop JM. Unsustainable anthropogenic mortality disrupts natal dispersal and promotes inbreeding in leopards. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3605-3619. [PMID: 32313621 PMCID: PMC7160178 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic mortality of wildlife is typically inferred from measures of the absolute decline in population numbers. However, increasing evidence suggests that indirect demographic effects including changes to the age, sex, and social structure of populations, as well as the behavior of survivors, can profoundly impact population health and viability. Specifically, anthropogenic mortality of wildlife (especially when unsustainable) and fragmentation of the spatial distribution of individuals (home-ranges) could disrupt natal dispersal mechanisms, with long-term consequences to genetic structure, by compromising outbreeding behavior and gene flow. We investigate this threat in African leopards (Panthera pardus pardus), a polygynous felid with male-biased natal dispersal. Using a combination of spatial (home-range) and genetic (21 polymorphic microsatellites) data from 142 adult leopards, we contrast the structure of two South African populations with markedly different histories of anthropogenically linked mortality. Home-range overlap, parentage assignment, and spatio-genetic autocorrelation together show that historical exploitation of leopards in a recovering protected area has disrupted and reduced subadult male dispersal, thereby facilitating opportunistic male natal philopatry, with sons establishing territories closer to their mothers and sisters. The resultant kin-clustering in males of this historically exploited population is comparable to that of females in a well-protected reserve and has ultimately led to localized inbreeding. Our findings demonstrate novel evidence directly linking unsustainable anthropogenic mortality to inbreeding through disrupted dispersal in a large, solitary felid and expose the genetic consequences underlying this behavioral change. We therefore emphasize the importance of managing and mitigating the effects of unsustainable exploitation on local populations and increasing habitat fragmentation between contiguous protected areas by promoting in situ recovery and providing corridors of suitable habitat that maintain genetic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N. Naude
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in AfricaUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- PantheraNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Justin O'Riain
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in AfricaUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Luke T.B. Hunter
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyBronxNYUSA
- Centre for Functional BiodiversitySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Julien Fattebert
- PantheraNew YorkNYUSA
- Centre for Functional BiodiversitySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitDepartment of Zoology and PhysiologyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
| | | | - Jacqueline M. Bishop
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in AfricaUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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20
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Comte S, Carver S, Hamede R, Jones M. Changes in spatial organization following an acute epizootic: Tasmanian devils and their transmissible cancer. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020; 22. [PMID: 34164571 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies commonly monitor host population density but rarely account for how transmission dynamics might be influenced by changes in spatial and social organization that arise from high mortality altering population demography. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), a novel transmissible cancer, caused almost 100% mortality of its single host, the Tasmanian devil, and a >90% local population decline since its emergence 20 years ago. We compare size and overlap in home ranges in a devil population before and 15 years after disease outbreak. We used location data collected with VHF tracking collars in 2001 and GPS collars in the same area in 2015 and 2016. Density of adult devils, calculated from live trapping data in the same years, show a strong decrease following the disease outbreak. The decline in density was accompanied by a reduction in female home range size, a trend not observed for males. Both spatially explicit population modelling and animal tracking showed a decrease in female home range overlap following the DFTD outbreak. These changes in spatial organisation of the host population have the potential to alter the local transmission dynamic of the tumours. Our results are consistent with the general theory of sex-biased spatial organization mediated by resource availability and highlight the importance of incorporating spatial ecology into epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Comte
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, 7001, Hobart, Australia.,Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2800, Orange, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, 7001, Hobart, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, 7001, Hobart, Australia
| | - Menna Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, 7001, Hobart, Australia
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21
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22
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Balme GA, le Roex N, Rogan MS, Hunter LTB. Ecological opportunity drives individual dietary specialization in leopards. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:589-600. [PMID: 31579935 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individual specialization, when individuals exploit only a subset of resources utilized by the population, is a widespread phenomenon. It provides the basis for evolutionary diversification and can impact population and community dynamics. Both phenotypic traits and environmental conditions are predicted to influence individual specialization; however, its adaptive consequences are poorly understood, particularly among large mammalian carnivores that play an important role in shaping ecosystems. We used observations of 2,960 kills made by 49 leopards Panthera pardus in the Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa, to quantify the magnitude of individual dietary specialization in a solitary large carnivore, and to examine the proximate and ultimate drivers of this behaviour. We found evidence of individual specialization in leopard diet, with respect to both the species and size of prey killed. Males tended to be more specialized than females, likely because they could access a wider range of prey due to larger body size. Similarly, individuals that encountered a greater diversity of prey tended to be more specialized. Our results confirmed that ecological opportunity was a key determinant of individual specialization; however, contrary to predictions, per capita resource availability (and by extension, intraspecific competition) did not affect the degree of specialization exhibited by individuals. Surprisingly, dietary specialization appeared to disadvantage male leopards. Specialist males overlapped with fewer resident females, had fewer cubs born on their home ranges and had fewer cubs survive to independence on their home ranges than generalist males. This may have resulted from the high degree of environmental stochasticity experienced during our study, as dietary specialization is expected to advantage individuals more during periods of resource predictability. In summary, we showed that a species usually considered to be a dietary generalist was in fact a heterogeneous collection of specialist and generalist individuals. Individual specialization is typically assumed to be maintained by disruptive and/or fluctuating selection; hence, the somewhat paradoxical coexistence of both in the same population might be explained by a dynamic evolutionary equilibrium that exists between specialists and generalists, in which each benefit under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Balme
- Panthera, New York, NY, USA.,Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nikki le Roex
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Matthew S Rogan
- Panthera, New York, NY, USA.,Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luke T B Hunter
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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23
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Holekamp KE, Sawdy MA. The evolution of matrilineal social systems in fissiped carnivores. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180065. [PMID: 31303158 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We review matrilineal relationships in the societies of fissiped mammalian carnivores, focusing on how the most complex of these may have evolved from simpler systems. Although competition for food is very intense at the trophic level occupied by most carnivores, and although most species of extant fissiped carnivores therefore lead solitary lives, some species show at least rudimentary clustering of maternal kin and matrilineal resource-sharing or transmission of critical resources between generations. The resources shared or transmitted range from individual food items and territories to entire networks of potential allies. The greatest elaboration of matrilineal relationships has occurred in two large carnivores, lions and spotted hyenas, which occur sympatrically throughout much of Africa. The societies of both these species apparently evolved in response to a shared suite of ecological conditions. The highly matrilineal societies of spotted hyenas are unique among carnivores and closely resemble the societies of many cercopithecine primates. The conditions favouring the evolution of matrilineal societies in carnivores include male-biased dispersal, female philopatry, the need for assistance in protecting or provisioning offspring, reliance on large or abundant prey, particularly in open habitat, high population density and kin-structured cooperative interactions that have strong positive effects on fitness. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay E Holekamp
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA.,2 Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
| | - Maggie A Sawdy
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA.,2 Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
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24
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Spatial organization and activity patterns of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in a protected subtropical forest of Brazil. MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Holmala K, Herrero A, Kopatz A, Schregel J, Eiken HG, Hagen SB. Genetic evidence of female kin clusters in a continuous population of a solitary carnivore, the Eurasian lynx. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10964-10975. [PMID: 30519420 PMCID: PMC6262933 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Large terrestrial carnivores can sometimes display strong family bonds affecting the spatial distribution of related individuals. We studied the spatial genetic relatedness and family structure of female Eurasian lynx, continuously distributed in southern Finland. We hypothesized that closely related females form matrilineal assemblages, clustering together with relatives living in the neighboring areas. We evaluated this hypothesis using tissue samples of 133 legally harvested female lynx (from year 2007 to 2015), genotyped with 23 microsatellite markers, and tested for possible spatial genetic family structure using a combination of Bayesian clustering, spatial autocorrelation, and forensic genetic parentage analysis. The study population had three potential family genetic clusters, with a high degree of admixture and geographic overlap, and showed a weak but significant negative relationship between pairwise genetic and geographic distance. Moreover, parentage analysis indicated that 64% of the females had one or more close relatives (sister, mother, or daughter) within the study population. Individuals identified as close kin consistently assigned to the same putative family genetic cluster. They also were sampled closer geographically than females on average, although variation was large. Our results support the possibility that Eurasian lynx forms matrilineal assemblages, and comparisons with males are now required to further assess this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Holmala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Annika Herrero
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Alexander Kopatz
- NIBIO – SvanhovdNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchSvanvikNorway
| | - Julia Schregel
- NIBIO – SvanhovdNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchSvanvikNorway
| | - Hans G. Eiken
- NIBIO – SvanhovdNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchSvanvikNorway
| | - Snorre B. Hagen
- NIBIO – SvanhovdNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchSvanvikNorway
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26
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Farhadinia MS, Johnson PJ, Macdonald DW, Hunter LTB. Anchoring and adjusting amidst humans: Ranging behavior of Persian leopards along the Iran-Turkmenistan borderland. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196602. [PMID: 29719005 PMCID: PMC5931651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the space use and movement ecology of apex predators, particularly in mosaic landscapes encompassing different land-uses, is fundamental for formulating effective conservation policy. The top extant big cat in the Middle East and the Caucasus, the Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor, has disappeared from most of its historic range. Its spatial ecology in the areas where it remains is almost unknown. Between September 2014 and May 2017, we collared and monitored six adult leopards (5 males and 1 female) using GPS-satellite Iridium transmitters in Tandoureh National Park (355 km2) along the Iran-Turkmenistan borderland. Using auto-correlated Kernel density estimation based on a continuous-time stochastic process for relocation data, we estimated a mean home range of 103.4 ± SE 51.8 km2 for resident males which is larger than has been observed in other studies of Asian leopards. Most predation events occurred in core areas, averaging 32.4 ± SE 12.7 km2. Although neighboring leopards showed high spatiotemporal overlap, their hunting areas were largely exclusive. Five out of six of leopards spent some time outside the national park, among human communities. Our study suggests that a national park can play an ‘anchoring’ role for individuals of an apex predator that spend some time in the surrounding human-dominated landscapes. Therefore, we envisage that instead of emphasizing either land sharing or land sparing, a combined approach can secure the viability of resilient large carnivores that are able to coexist with humans in the rugged montane landscapes of west and central Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S. Farhadinia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Oxfordshire, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Future4Leopards Foundation, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul J. Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Oxfordshire, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Oxfordshire, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luke T. B. Hunter
- Panthera, New York, New York, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Anile S, Devillard S. Camera-trapping provides insights into adult sex ratio variability in felids. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Anile
- Via Fratelli Bandiera 79, Gravina di Catania (CT) 95030 Sicily Italy
| | - Sebastien Devillard
- University of Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; CNRS; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Villeurbanne F-69100 France
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28
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Frank SC, Leclerc M, Pelletier F, Rosell F, Swenson JE, Bischof R, Kindberg J, Eiken HG, Hagen SB, Zedrosser A. Sociodemographic factors modulate the spatial response of brown bears to vacancies created by hunting. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:247-258. [PMID: 28994099 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition of the importance of indirect effects from hunting on wildlife populations, e.g. social and behavioural changes due to harvest, which occur after the initial offtake. Nonetheless, little is known about how the removal of members of a population influences the spatial configuration of the survivors. We studied how surviving brown bears (Ursus arctos) used former home ranges that had belonged to casualties of the annual bear hunting season in southcentral Sweden (2007-2015). We used resource selection functions to explore the effects of the casualty's and survivor's sex, age and their pairwise genetic relatedness, population density and hunting intensity on survivors' spatial responses to vacated home ranges. We tested the competitive release hypothesis, whereby survivors that increase their use of a killed bear's home range are presumed to have been released from intraspecific competition. We found strong support for this hypothesis, as survivors of the same sex as the casualty consistently increased their use of its vacant home range. Patterns were less pronounced or absent when the survivor and casualty were of opposite sex. Genetic relatedness between the survivor and the casualty emerged as the most important factor explaining increased use of vacated male home ranges by males, with a stronger response from survivors of lower relatedness. Relatedness was also important for females, but it did not influence use following removal; female survivors used home ranges of higher related female casualties more, both before and after death. Spatial responses by survivors were further influenced by bear age, population density and hunting intensity. We have shown that survivors exhibit a spatial response to vacated home ranges caused by hunting casualties, even in nonterritorial species such as the brown bear. This spatial reorganization can have unintended consequences for population dynamics and interfere with management goals. Altogether, our results underscore the need to better understand the short- and long-term indirect effects of hunting on animal social structure and their resulting distribution in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C Frank
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences, and Maritime Sciences, University College of Southeast Norway, Telemark, Norway
| | - Martin Leclerc
- Département de Biologie, Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography and Conservation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de Biologie, Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography and Conservation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Frank Rosell
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences, and Maritime Sciences, University College of Southeast Norway, Telemark, Norway
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hans Geir Eiken
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanhovd, Norway
| | - Snorre B Hagen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanhovd, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences, and Maritime Sciences, University College of Southeast Norway, Telemark, Norway.,Department of Integrative Biology, Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Janse van Rensburg J, McMillan M, Giżejewska A, Fattebert J. Rainfall predicts seasonal home range size variation in nyala. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael McMillan
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
| | | | - Julien Fattebert
- School of Life Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
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30
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Frank SC, Ordiz A, Gosselin J, Hertel A, Kindberg J, Leclerc M, Pelletier F, Steyaert SMJG, Støen OG, Van de Walle J, Zedrosser A, Swenson JE. Indirect effects of bear hunting: a review from Scandinavia. URSUS 2017. [DOI: 10.2192/ursu-d-16-00028.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane C. Frank
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, NO-3800 Bø i Telemark, Norway
| | - Andrés Ordiz
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jacinthe Gosselin
- Départment de Biologie, Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Anne Hertel
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Leclerc
- Départment de Biologie, Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Départment de Biologie, Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sam M. J. G. Steyaert
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, NO-3800 Bø i Telemark, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ole-Gunnar Støen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joanie Van de Walle
- Départment de Biologie, Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, NO-3800 Bø i Telemark, Norway
- Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
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31
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Williams ST, Williams KS, Lewis BP, Hill RA. Population dynamics and threats to an apex predator outside protected areas: implications for carnivore management. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:161090. [PMID: 28484625 PMCID: PMC5414262 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.161090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Data on the population dynamics and threats to large carnivores are vital to conservation efforts, but these are hampered by a paucity of studies. For some species, such as the leopard (Panthera pardus), there is such uncertainty in population trends that leopard trophy hunting has been banned in South Africa since 2016 while further data on leopard abundance are collected. We present one of the first assessments of leopard population dynamics, and identify the key threats to a population of leopards outside of protected areas in South Africa. We conducted a long-term trap survey between 2012 and 2016 in the Soutpansberg Mountains, and drew on a previous estimate of leopard population density for the region from 2008. In 24 sampling periods, we estimated the population density and assessed population structure. We fitted eight leopards with GPS collars to assess threats to the population. Leopard population density declined by 66%, from 10.73 to 3.65 leopards per 100 km2 in 2008 and 2016, respectively. Collared leopards had a high mortality rate, which appeared to be due to illegal human activity. While improving the management of trophy hunting is important, we suggest that mitigating human-wildlife conflict could have a bigger impact on carnivore conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samual T. Williams
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Primate and Predator Project, PO Box 522, Louis Trichardt, 0920, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Private bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
- e-mail:
| | - Kathryn S. Williams
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Primate and Predator Project, PO Box 522, Louis Trichardt, 0920, South Africa
| | - Bradley P. Lewis
- Primate and Predator Project, PO Box 522, Louis Trichardt, 0920, South Africa
- Bainbridge Island School District, 8489 Madison Avenue NE, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Russell A. Hill
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Primate and Predator Project, PO Box 522, Louis Trichardt, 0920, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Private bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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32
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Lewis JS, Logan KA, Alldredge MW, Theobald DM, VandeWoude S, Crooks KR. Contact networks reveal potential for interspecific interactions of sympatric wild felids driven by space use. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S. Lewis
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | | | | | | | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Kevin R. Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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33
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Landscape effects on wild boar home range size under contrasting harvest regimes in a human-dominated agro-ecosystem. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-017-1090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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