1
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Naik B, Kumar V, Goyal SK, Tripati AD, Khan JM, Irfan M, Bhatt SC, Gupta AK, Rustagi S. Production, characterization, and application of novel fungal pullulanase for fruit juice processing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125936. [PMID: 37482156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to produce, characterize, and apply pullulanase from Aspergillus flavus (BHU-46) for fruit juice processing, assessing its enzymatic properties and impact on juice quality. Pullulanase was produced via solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as the substrate. Purification and characterization included specific activity, molecular weight, pH and temperature optima, and substrate specificity. The enzyme was immobilized in sodium alginate beads and used for clarifying mosambi, apple, and mango juices. Parameters such as yield, clarity, reducing sugar, total soluble solids (TSS), total phenol, and enzymatic browning were evaluated pre-and post-treatment. The purified pullulanase had a specific activity of 652.2 U/mg and a molecular weight of 135 kDa. Optimal pH values were 6.5 and 10, with maximum activity at 50 °C. Pullulanase showed a high affinity for pullulan and starch, indicating Pullulanase type II classification. Immobilized pullulanase improved yield, clarity, reducing sugar, TSS, and total phenol in fruit juices. The highest yield and clarity were observed in mosambi juice. Additionally, the enzyme reduced enzymatic browning, increasing the lightness of the juice. This study provides a significant contribution to the juice processing industry and represents the first report on the application of pullulanase for fruit juice processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Naik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248016, India.
| | - S K Goyal
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Abhisek Dutt Tripati
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Saurav Chandra Bhatt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arun Kumar Gupta
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- Department of Food Technology, UCALS, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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2
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Mondal S, Mondal K, Halder SK, Thakur N, Mondal KC. Microbial Amylase: Old but still at the forefront of all major industrial enzymes. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Chen M, Zhang J, Wang J, Lin L, Wei W, Shen Y, Wei D. A type I pullulanase from
Geobacillus subterraneus
: Functional expression in
Escherichia coli
, enzyme characterization, truncation, and application. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mianhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology Shanghai 200241 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Newworld Institute of Biotechnology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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4
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Marchisio F, Di Nardo L, Val DS, Cerminati S, Espariz M, Rasia RM, Menzella HG, Castelli ME. Characterization of a novel thermostable phospholipase C from T. kodakarensis suitable for oil degumming. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5081-5091. [PMID: 35854045 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of cleaner technologies that minimize environmental pollution caused by conventional industrial processes is an increasing global trend. Hence, traditionally used chemicals have been replaced by novel enzymatic alternatives in a wide variety of industrial-scale processes. Enzymatic oil degumming, the first step of the oil refining process, exploits the conversion catalyzed by phospholipases to remove vegetable crude oils' phospholipids. This enzymatic method reduces the gums' volume and increases the overall oil yield. A thermostable phospholipase would be highly advantageous for industrial oil degumming as oil treatment at higher temperatures would save energy and increase the recovery of oil by facilitating the mixing and gums removal. A thermostable phosphatidylcholine (PC) (and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE))-specific phospholipase C from Thermococcus kodakarensis (TkPLC) was studied and completely removed PC and PE from crude soybean oil at 80 °C. Due to these characteristics, TkPLC is an interesting promising candidate for industrial-scale enzymatic oil degumming at high temperatures. KEY POINTS: • A thermostable phospholipase C from T. kodakarensis (TkPLC) has been identified. • TkPLC was recombinantly produced in Pichia pastoris and successfully purified. • TkPLC completely hydrolyzed PC and PE in soybean oil degumming assays at 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorela Marchisio
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luisina Di Nardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Celular Y Molecular de Rosario (IBR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Ocampo Y Esmeralda S/N, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diego Sebastián Val
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Cerminati
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Martín Espariz
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina.,Área Estadística Y Procesamiento de Datos, Departamento de Matemática Y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Maximiliano Rasia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Celular Y Molecular de Rosario (IBR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Ocampo Y Esmeralda S/N, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural Y Metabolómica (PLABEM - CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/n, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gabriel Menzella
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Castelli
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos Y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET. Mitre 1998, S2000FWF, Rosario, Argentina.
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5
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Genomic attributes of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria and archaea. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:135. [PMID: 35695998 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles are immensely useful in understanding the evolution of life, besides their utility in environmental and industrial biotechnology. Advancements in sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of microbial genomics. The massive generation of data enhances the sequencing coverage multi-fold and allows to analyse the entire genomic features of microbes efficiently and accurately. The mandate of a pure isolate can also be bypassed where whole metagenome-assembled genomes and single cell-based sequencing have fulfilled the majority of the criteria to decode various attributes of microbial genomes. A boom has, therefore, been seen in analysing the extremophilic bacteria and archaea using sequence-based approaches. Due to extensive sequence analysis, it becomes easier to understand the gene flow and their evolution among the members of bacteria and archaea. For instance, sequencing unveiled that Thermotoga maritima shares around 24% of genes of archaeal origin. Comparative and functional genomics provide an analytical view to understanding the microbial diversity of thermophilic bacteria and archaea, their interactions with other microbes, their adaptations, gene flow, and evolution over time. In this review, the genomic features of thermophilic bacteria and archaea are dealt with comprehensively.
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6
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Zeng J, He C, Guo J, Yuan L. Improvement of the Catalytic Activity of Thermoacidophilic Pullulan Hydrolase Type III by Error-Prone PCR Technology. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Klaus T, Ninck S, Albersmeier A, Busche T, Wibberg D, Jiang J, Elcheninov AG, Zayulina KS, Kaschani F, Bräsen C, Overkleeft HS, Kalinowski J, Kublanov IV, Kaiser M, Siebers B. Activity-Based Protein Profiling for the Identification of Novel Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Involved in Xylan Degradation in the Hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeon Thermococcus sp. Strain 2319x1E. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:734039. [PMID: 35095781 PMCID: PMC8790579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.734039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) has so far scarcely been applied in Archaea in general and, especially, in extremophilic organisms. We herein isolated a novel Thermococcus strain designated sp. strain 2319x1E derived from the same enrichment culture as the recently reported Thermococcus sp. strain 2319x1. Both strains are able to grow with xylan as the sole carbon and energy source, and for Thermococcus sp. strain 2319x1E (optimal growth at 85°C, pH 6–7), the induction of xylanolytic activity in the presence of xylan was demonstrated. Since the solely sequence-based identification of xylanolytic enzymes is hardly possible, we established a complementary approach by conducting comparative full proteome analysis in combination with ABPP using α- or β-glycosidase selective probes and subsequent mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis. This complementary proteomics approach in combination with recombinant protein expression and classical enzyme characterization enabled the identification of a novel bifunctional maltose-forming α-amylase and deacetylase (EGDIFPOO_00674) belonging to the GH57 family and a promiscuous β-glycosidase (EGIDFPOO_00532) with β-xylosidase activity. We thereby further substantiated the general applicability of ABPP in archaea and expanded the ABPP repertoire for the identification of glycoside hydrolases in hyperthermophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klaus
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ninck
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Albersmeier
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Section of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alexander G Elcheninov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya S Zayulina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Bräsen
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Section of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ilya V Kublanov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Siebers
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Faculty of Chemistry, Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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8
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Microbial starch debranching enzymes: Developments and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107786. [PMID: 34147588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs) hydrolyze the α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, pullulan and glycogen. SDBEs are also important enzymes for the preparation of sugar syrup, resistant starch and cyclodextrin. As the synergistic catalysis of SDBEs and other starch-acting hydrolases can effectively improve the raw material utilization and production efficiency during starch processing steps such as saccharification and modification, they have attracted substantial research interest in the past decades. The substrate specificities of the two major members of SDBEs, pullulanases and isoamylases, are quite different. Pullulanases generally require at least two α-1,4 linked glucose units existing on both sugar chains linked by the α-1,6 bond, while isoamylases require at least three units of α-1,4 linked glucose. SDBEs mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and 57. Except for GH57 type II pullulanse, GH13 pullulanases and isoamylases share plenty of similarities in sequence and structure of the core catalytic domains. However, the N-terminal domains, which might be one of the determinants contributing to the substrate binding of SDBEs, are distinct in different enzymes. In order to overcome the current defects of SDBEs in catalytic efficiency, thermostability and expression level, great efforts have been made to develop effective enzyme engineering and fermentation strategies. Herein, the diverse biochemical properties and distinct features in the sequence and structure of pullulanase and isoamylase from different sources are summarized. Up-to-date developments in the enzyme engineering, heterologous production and industrial applications of SDBEs is also reviewed. Finally, research perspective which could help understanding and broadening the applications of SDBEs are provided.
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9
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Iqrar U, Javaid H, Ashraf N, Ahmad A, Latief N, Shahid AA, Ahmad W, Ijaz B. Structural and Functional Analysis of Pullulanase Type 1 (PulA) from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:370-379. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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An overview of 25 years of research on Thermococcus kodakarensis, a genetically versatile model organism for archaeal research. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:67-78. [PMID: 31286382 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Almost 25 years have passed since the discovery of a planktonic, heterotrophic, hyperthermophilic archaeon named Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1, previously known as Pyrococcus sp. KOD1, by Imanaka and coworkers. T. kodakarensis is one of the most studied archaeon in terms of metabolic pathways, available genomic resources, established genetic engineering techniques, reporter constructs, in vitro transcription/translation machinery, and gene expression/gene knockout systems. In addition to all these, ease of growth using various carbon sources makes it a facile archaeal model organism. Here, in this review, an attempt is made to reflect what we have learnt from this hyperthermophilic archaeon.
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11
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Chen L, Wei Y, Shi M, Li Z, Zhang SH. An Archaeal Chitinase With a Secondary Capacity for Catalyzing Cellulose and Its Biotechnological Applications in Shell and Straw Degradation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1253. [PMID: 31244795 PMCID: PMC6579819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous thermostable enzymes have been reported from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1, which made it an attractive resource for gene cloning. This research reported a glycosyl hydrolase (Tk-ChiA) form T. Kodakarensis with dual hydrolytic activity due to the presence of three binding domains with affinity toward chitin and cellulose. The Tk-ChiA gene was cloned and expressed on Pichia pastoris GS115. The molecular weight of the purified Tk-ChiA is about 130.0 kDa. By using chitosan, CMC-Na and other polysaccharides as substrates, we confirmed that Tk-ChiA with dual hydrolysis activity preferably hydrolyzes both chitosan and CMC-Na. Purified Tk-ChiA showed maximal activity for hydrolyzing CMC-Na at temperature 65°C and pH 7.0. It showed thermal stability on incubation for 4 h at temperatures ranging from 70 to 80°C and remained more than 40% of its maximum activity after pre-incubation at 100°C for 4 h. Particularly, Tk-ChiA is capable of degrading shrimp shell and rice straw through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The main factors affecting shell and straw degradation were determined to be reaction time and temperature; and both factors were optimized by central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to enhance the efficiency of degradation. Our findings suggest that Tk-ChiA with dual thermostable hydrolytic activities maybe a promising hydrolase for shell and straw waste treatment, conversion, and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chen
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mao Shi
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengqun Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Wang X, Nie Y, Xu Y. Industrially produced pullulanases with thermostability: Discovery, engineering, and heterologous expression. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:360-371. [PMID: 30709762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pullulanases (EC 3.2.1.41) are well-known starch-debranching enzymes widely used to hydrolyze α-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch, pullulan, amylopectin, and other oligosaccharides, with application potentials in food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries. Although extensive studies are done to discover and express pullulanases, only few are available with desirable characteristics for industrial applications. This raises the challenge to mine new enzyme sources, engineer proteins based on sequence/structure, and regulate expressions. We review here the identification of extremophilic and mesophilic microbes as sources of industrial pullulanases with desirable characteristics, including acid-resistance, thermostability, and psychrotrophism. We present current advances in site-directed mutagenesis and sequence/structure-guided protein engineering of pullulanases. In addition, we discuss heterologous expression of pullulanases in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial systems, and address the effectiveness of the expression elements and their regulation of enzyme production. Finally, we indicate future research needs to develop desired industrial pullulanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The 2011 Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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13
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Akassou M, Groleau D. Advances and challenges in the production of extracellular thermoduric pullulanases by wild-type and recombinant microorganisms: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:337-350. [PMID: 30700157 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1566202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thermoduric pullulanases, acting as starch-debranching enzymes, are required in many industrial applications, mainly in the production of concentrated glucose, maltose, and fructose syrups. To date, however, a single pullulanase, from Bacillus acidopullulyticus, is available on the market for industrial purposes. This review is an investigation of the major advances as well as the major challenges being faced with regard to optimization of the production of extracellular thermoduric pullulanases either by their original hosts or by recombinant organisms. The critical aspects linked to industrial pullulanase production, which should always be considered, are emphasized, including those parameters influencing solubility, thermostability, and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. This review provides new insights for improving the production of extracellular thermoduric pullulanases in the hope that such information may facilitate their commercial utilization and potentially be applied to the development of other industrially relevant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Akassou
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - Denis Groleau
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
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14
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Li L, Dong F, Lin L, He D, Wei W, Wei D. N-Terminal Domain Truncation and Domain Insertion-Based Engineering of a Novel Thermostable Type I Pullulanase from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10788-10798. [PMID: 30222339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel thermostable type I pullulanase gene ( pul GT) from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus DSMZ730 was cloned. It has an open reading frame of 2154 bp encoding 718 amino acids. G. thermocatenulatus pullulanase (PulGT) was found to be optimally active at pH 6.5 and 70 °C. It exhibited stable activity in the pH range of 5.5-7.0. PulGT lacked three domains (CBM41 domain, X25 domain, and X45 domain) compared with the pullulanase from Bacillus acidopullulyticus ( 2WAN ). Different N-terminally domain truncated (730T) or spliced (730T-U1 and 730T-U2) mutants were constructed. Truncating the N-terminal 85 amino acids decreased the Km value and did not change its optimum pH, an advantageous biochemical property in some applications. Compared with 2WAN , PulGT can be used directly for maize starch saccharification without adjusting the pH, which reduces cost and improves efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences , Shanghai 200093 , People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial , National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , Shanghai 200241 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dannong He
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial , National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , Shanghai 200241 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
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15
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Cabrera MÁ, Blamey JM. Biotechnological applications of archaeal enzymes from extreme environments. Biol Res 2018; 51:37. [PMID: 30290805 PMCID: PMC6172850 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, many industrial processes are performed using chemical compounds, which are harmful to nature. An alternative to overcome this problem is biocatalysis, which uses whole cells or enzymes to carry out chemical reactions in an environmentally friendly manner. Enzymes can be used as biocatalyst in food and feed, pharmaceutical, textile, detergent and beverage industries, among others. Since industrial processes require harsh reaction conditions to be performed, these enzymes must possess several characteristics that make them suitable for this purpose. Currently the best option is to use enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms, particularly archaea because of their special characteristics, such as stability to elevated temperatures, extremes of pH, organic solvents, and high ionic strength. Extremozymes, are being used in biotechnological industry and improved through modern technologies, such as protein engineering for best performance. Despite the wide distribution of archaea, exist only few reports about these microorganisms isolated from Antarctica and very little is known about thermophilic or hyperthermophilic archaeal enzymes particularly from Antarctica. This review summarizes current knowledge of archaeal enzymes with biotechnological applications, including two extremozymes from Antarctic archaea with potential industrial use, which are being studied in our laboratory. Both enzymes have been discovered through conventional screening and genome sequencing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Ángeles Cabrera
- Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia, José Domingo Cañas, 2280, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenny M Blamey
- Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia, José Domingo Cañas, 2280, Santiago, Chile. .,Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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Rigoldi F, Donini S, Redaelli A, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Review: Engineering of thermostable enzymes for industrial applications. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:011501. [PMID: 31069285 PMCID: PMC6481699 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic properties of some selected enzymes have long been exploited to carry out efficient and cost-effective bioconversions in a multitude of research and industrial sectors, such as food, health, cosmetics, agriculture, chemistry, energy, and others. Nonetheless, for several applications, naturally occurring enzymes are not considered to be viable options owing to their limited stability in the required working conditions. Over the years, the quest for novel enzymes with actual potential for biotechnological applications has involved various complementary approaches such as mining enzyme variants from organisms living in extreme conditions (extremophiles), mimicking evolution in the laboratory to develop more stable enzyme variants, and more recently, using rational, computer-assisted enzyme engineering strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant enzymes that are used for industrial applications and we discuss the strategies that are adopted to enhance enzyme stability and/or activity, along with some of the most relevant achievements. In all living species, many different enzymes catalyze fundamental chemical reactions with high substrate specificity and rate enhancements. Besides specificity, enzymes also possess many other favorable properties, such as, for instance, cost-effectiveness, good stability under mild pH and temperature conditions, generally low toxicity levels, and ease of termination of activity. As efficient natural biocatalysts, enzymes provide great opportunities to carry out important chemical reactions in several research and industrial settings, ranging from food to pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and other crucial economic sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rigoldi
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Donini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology at Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology at Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Towards a sustainable biobased industry - Highlighting the impact of extremophiles. N Biotechnol 2017; 40:144-153. [PMID: 28512003 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transition of the oil-based economy towards a sustainable economy completely relying on biomass as renewable feedstock requires the concerted action of academia, industry, politics and civil society. An interdisciplinary approach of various fields such as microbiology, molecular biology, chemistry, genetics, chemical engineering and agriculture in addition to cross-sectional technologies such as economy, logistics and digitalization is necessary to meet the future global challenges. The genomic era has contributed significantly to the exploitation of naturés biodiversity also from extreme habitats. By applying modern technologies it is now feasible to deliver robust enzymes (extremozymes) and robust microbial systems that are active at temperatures up to 120°C, at pH 0 and 12 and at 1000bar. In the post-genomic era, different sophisticated "omics" analyses will allow the identification of countless novel enzymes regardless of the lack of cultivability of most microorganisms. Furthermore, elaborate protein-engineering methods are clearing the way towards tailor-made robust biocatalysts. Applying environmentally friendly and efficient biological processes, terrestrial and marine biomass can be converted to high value products e.g. chemicals, building blocks, biomaterials, pharmaceuticals, food, feed and biofuels. Thus, further application of extremophiles has the potential to improve sustainability of existing biotechnological processes towards a greener biobased industry.
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Zebardast Roodi F, Aminzadeh S, Farrokhi N, Karkhane A, Haghbeen K. Cohnella amylopullulanases: Biochemical characterization of two recombinant thermophilic enzymes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175013. [PMID: 28394913 PMCID: PMC5386253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some industries require newer, more efficient recombinant enzymes to accelerate their ongoing biochemical reactions in harsh environments with less replenishment. Thus, the search for native enzymes from extremophiles that are suitable for use under industrial conditions is a permanent challenge for R & D departments. Here and toward such discoveries, two sequences homologous to amylopullulanases (EC 3.2.1.41, GH57) from an endogenous Cohnella sp., [Coh00831 (KP335161; 1998 bp) and Coh01133 (KP335160: 3678 bp)] were identified. The genes were heterologously expressed in E. coli to both determine their type and further characterize their properties. The isolated DNA was PCR amplified with gene specific primers and cloned in pET28a, and the recombinant proteins were expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The temperatures and pH optima of purified recombinants Coh 01133 and Coh 00831 enzymes were 70°C and 8, and 60°C and 6, respectively. These enzymes are stable more than 90% in 60°C and 50°C for 90 min respectively. The major reactions released sugars which could be fractionated by HPLC analysis, from soluble starch were mainly maltose (G2), maltotriose (G3) and maltotetraose (G4). The enzymes hydrolyzed pullulan to maltotriose (G3) only. Enzyme activities for both proteins were improved in the availability of Mn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ and reduced in the presence of Fe2+, Li2+, Na2+, Triton X100 and urea. Moreover, Co2+, K+, and Cu2+ had a negative effect only on Coh 01133 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zebardast Roodi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aminzadeh
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Naser Farrokhi
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of New Technologies Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - AliAsghar Karkhane
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamahldin Haghbeen
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Elleuche S, Krull A, Lorenz U, Antranikian G. Parallel N- and C-Terminal Truncations Facilitate Purification and Analysis of a 155-kDa Cold-Adapted Type-I Pullulanase. Protein J 2017; 36:56-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Kumar S, Arumugam N, Permaul K, Singh S. Chapter 5 Thermostable Enzymes and Their Industrial Applications. Microb Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315367880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
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21
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Møller MS, Henriksen A, Svensson B. Structure and function of α-glucan debranching enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2619-41. [PMID: 27137180 PMCID: PMC11108273 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Glucan debranching enzymes hydrolyse α-1,6-linkages in starch/glycogen, thereby, playing a central role in energy metabolism in all living organisms. They belong to glycoside hydrolase families GH13 and GH57 and several of these enzymes are industrially important. Nine GH13 subfamilies include α-glucan debranching enzymes; isoamylase and glycogen debranching enzymes (GH13_11); pullulanase type I/limit dextrinase (GH13_12-14); pullulan hydrolase (GH13_20); bifunctional glycogen debranching enzyme (GH13_25); oligo-1 and glucan-1,6-α-glucosidases (GH13_31); pullulanase type II (GH13_39); and α-amylase domains (GH13_41) in two-domain amylase-pullulanases. GH57 harbours type II pullulanases. Specificity differences, domain organisation, carbohydrate binding modules, sequence motifs, three-dimensional structures and specificity determinants are discussed. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that GH13_39 enzymes could represent a "missing link" between the strictly α-1,6-specific debranching enzymes and the enzymes with dual specificity and α-1,4-linkage preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sofie Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anette Henriksen
- Global Research Unit, Department of Large Protein Biophysics and Formulation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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22
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Expression and characterisation of neopullulanase from Lactobacillus mucosae. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1753-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Liu J, Liu Y, Yan F, Jiang Z, Yang S, Yan Q. Gene cloning, functional expression and characterisation of a novel type I pullulanase from Paenibacillus barengoltzii and its application in resistant starch production. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 121:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Biotechnology has almost unlimited potential to change our lives in very exciting ways. Many of the chemical reactions that produce these products can be fully optimized by performing them at extremes of temperature, pressure, salinity, and pH for efficient and cost-effective outcomes. Fortunately, there are many organisms (extremophiles) that thrive in extreme environments found in nature and offer an excellent source of replacement enzymes in lieu of mesophilic ones currently used in these processes. In this review, I discuss the current uses and some potential new applications of extremophiles and their products, including enzymes, in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Coker
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Adelphi, MD, USA
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25
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Sequence, Structure, and Binding Analysis of Cyclodextrinase (TK1770) from T. kodakarensis (KOD1) Using an In Silico Approach. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2015; 2015:179196. [PMID: 26819569 PMCID: PMC4706853 DOI: 10.1155/2015/179196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermostable cyclodextrinase (Tk1770 CDase) from hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis (KOD1) hydrolyzes cyclodextrins into linear dextrins. The sequence of Tk1770 CDase retrieved from UniProt was aligned with sequences of sixteen CD hydrolyzing enzymes and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using Bayesian inference. The homology model of Tk1770 CDase was constructed and optimized with Modeller v9.14 program. The model was validated with ProSA server and PROCHECK analysis. Four conserved regions and the catalytic triad consisting of Asp411, Glu437, and Asp502 of GH13 family were identified in catalytic site. Also an additional fifth conserved region downstream to the fourth region was also identified. The structure of Tk1770 CDase consists of an additional N'-domain and a helix-loop-helix motif that is conserved in all archaeal CD hydrolyzing enzymes. The N'-domain contains an extended loop region that forms a part of catalytic domain and plays an important role in stability and substrate binding. The docking of substrate into catalytic site revealed the interactions with different conserved residues involved in substrate binding and formation of enzyme-substrate complex.
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Jia B, Li Z, Liu J, Sun Y, Jia X, Xuan YH, Zhang J, Jeon CO. A Zinc-Dependent Protease AMZ-tk from a Thermophilic Archaeon is a New Member of the Archaemetzincin Protein Family. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1380. [PMID: 26733945 PMCID: PMC4681839 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A putative zinc-dependent protease (TK0512) in Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 shares a conserved motif with archaemetzincins, which are metalloproteases found in archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses showed that TK0512 and its homologues in Thermococcaceae represent new members in the archaemetzincins family, which we named AMZ-tk. We further confirmed its proteolytic activity biochemically by overexpression of the recombinant AMZ-tk in Escherichia coli and characterization of the purified enzyme. In the presence of zinc, the purified enzyme degraded casein, while adding EDTA strongly inhibited the enzyme activity. AMZ-tk also exhibited self-cleavage activity that required Zn2+. These results demonstrated that AMZ-tk is a zinc-dependent protease within the archaemetzincin family. The enzyme displayed activity at alkaline pHs ranging from 7.0 to 10.0, with the optimal pH being 8.0. The optimum temperature for the catalytic activity of AMZ-tk was 55°C. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that transcription of AMZ-tk was also up-regulated after exposing the cells to 55 and 65°C. Mutant analysis suggested that Zn2+ binding histidine and catalytic glutamate play key roles in proteolysis. AMZ-tk was thermostable on incubation for 4 h at 70°C in the presence of EDTA. AMZ-tk also retained >50% of its original activity in the presence of both laboratory surfactants and commercial laundry detergents. AMZ-tk further showed antibacterial activity against several bacteria. Therefore, AMZ-tk is of considerable interest for many purposes in view of its activity at alkaline pH, detergents, and thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Jia
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Zhengqun Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xiaomeng Jia
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yuan Hu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University Seoul, South Korea
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Elleuche S, Schäfers C, Blank S, Schröder C, Antranikian G. Exploration of extremophiles for high temperature biotechnological processes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 25:113-9. [PMID: 26066287 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Industrial processes often take place under harsh conditions that are hostile to microorganisms and their biocatalysts. Microorganisms surviving at temperatures above 60°C represent a chest of biotechnological treasures for high-temperature bioprocesses by producing a large portfolio of biocatalysts (thermozymes). Due to the unique requirements to cultivate thermophilic (60-80°C) and hyperthermophilic (80-110°C) Bacteria and Archaea, less than 5% are cultivable in the laboratory. Therefore, other approaches including sequence-based screenings and metagenomics have been successful in providing novel thermozymes. In particular, polysaccharide-degrading enzymes (amylolytic enzymes, hemicellulases, cellulases, pectinases and chitinases), lipolytic enzymes and proteases from thermophiles have attracted interest due to their potential for versatile applications in pharmaceutical, chemical, food, textile, paper, leather and feed industries as well as in biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Elleuche
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfers
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Blank
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Schröder
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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28
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Recombinant cyclodextrinase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1: expression, purification, and enzymatic characterization. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2015; 2015:397924. [PMID: 25688178 PMCID: PMC4321091 DOI: 10.1155/2015/397924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a cyclodextrinase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 (CDase-Tk) was identified and characterized. The gene encodes a protein of 656 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 76.4 kDa harboring four conserved regions found in all members of the α-amylase family. A recombinant form of the enzyme was purified by ion-exchange chromatography, and its catalytic properties were examined. The enzyme was active in a broad range of pH conditions (pHs 4.0–10.0), with an optimal pH of 7.5 and a temperature optimum of 65°C. The purified enzyme preferred to hydrolyze β-cyclodextrin (CD) but not α- or γ-CD, soluble starch, or pullulan. The final product from β-CD was glucose. The Vmax and Km values were 3.13 ± 0.47 U mg−1 and 2.94 ± 0.16 mg mL−1 for β-CD. The unique characteristics of CDase-Tk with a low catalytic temperature and substrate specificity are discussed, and the starch utilization pathway in a broad range of temperatures is also proposed.
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Qiao Y, Peng Q, Yan J, Wang H, Ding H, Shi B. Gene cloning and enzymatic characterization of alkali-tolerant type I pullulanase from Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 60:52-9. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Qiao
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Q. Peng
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - J. Yan
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H. Wang
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H. Ding
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - B. Shi
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
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Elleuche S, Schröder C, Sahm K, Antranikian G. Extremozymes--biocatalysts with unique properties from extremophilic microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 29:116-23. [PMID: 24780224 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Extremozymes are enzymes derived from extremophilic microorganisms that are able to withstand harsh conditions in industrial processes that were long thought to be destructive to proteins. Heat-stable and solvent-tolerant biocatalysts are valuable tools for processes in which for example hardly decomposable polymers need to be liquefied and degraded, while cold-active enzymes are of relevance for food and detergent industries. Extremophilic microorganisms are a rich source of naturally tailored enzymes, which are more superior over their mesophilic counterparts for applications at extreme conditions. Especially lignocellulolytic, amylolytic, and other biomass processing extremozymes with unique properties are widely distributed in thermophilic prokaryotes and are of high potential for versatile industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Elleuche
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Schröder
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Sahm
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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31
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An intermolecular disulfide bond is required for thermostability and thermoactivity of β-glycosidase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7825-36. [PMID: 24728717 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Scientists are interested in understanding the molecular origin of protein thermostability and thermoactivity for possible biotechnological applications. The enzymes from extremophilic organisms have been of particular interest in the last two decades. β-glycosidase, Tkβgly is a hyperthermophilic enzyme from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. Tkβgly contains two conserved cysteine residues, C88 and C376. The protein tertiary structure obtained through homology modeling suggests that the C88 residue is located on the surface whereas C376 is inside the protein. To study the role of these cysteine residues, we substituted C88 and C376 with serine residues through site-directed mutagenesis. The wild-type and C376S protein existed in dimeric form and C88S in monomeric form, in an SDS-PAGE gel under non-reducing conditions. Optimal temperature experiments revealed that the wild-type was active at 100 °C whereas the C88S mutant exhibited optimal activity at 70 °C. The half-life of the enzyme at 70 °C was drastically reduced from 266 h to less than 1 h. Although C88 was not present in the active site region, the kcat/Km of C88S was reduced by 2-fold. Based on the structural model and biochemical properties, we propose that C88 is crucial in maintaining the thermostability and thermoactivity of the Tkβgly enzyme.
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Novel maltotriose-hydrolyzing thermoacidophilic type III pullulan hydrolase from Thermococcus kodakarensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1108-15. [PMID: 24296501 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03139-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel thermoacidophilic pullulan-hydrolyzing enzyme (PUL) from hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis (TK-PUL) that efficiently hydrolyzes starch under industrial conditions in the absence of any additional metal ions was cloned and characterized. TK-PUL possessed both pullulanase and α-amylase activities. The highest activities were observed at 95 to 100°C. Although the enzyme was active over a broad pH range (3.0 to 8.5), the pH optima for both activities were 3.5 in acetate buffer and 4.2 in citrate buffer. TK-PUL was stable for several hours at 90°C. Its half-life at 100°C was 45 min when incubated either at pH 6.5 or 8.5. The Km value toward pullulan was 2 mg ml(-1), with a Vmax of 109 U mg(-1). Metal ions were not required for the activity and stability of recombinant TK-PUL. The enzyme was able to hydrolyze both α-1,6 and α-1,4 glycosidic linkages in pullulan. The most preferred substrate, after pullulan, was γ-cyclodextrin, which is a novel feature for this type of enzyme. Additionally, the enzyme hydrolyzed a variety of polysaccharides, including starch, glycogen, dextrin, amylose, amylopectin, and cyclodextrins (α, β, and γ), mainly into maltose. A unique feature of TK-PUL was the ability to hydrolyze maltotriose into maltose and glucose.
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