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Machraoui S, Errafii K, Oujamaa I, Belghali MY, Hakmaoui A, Lamjadli S, Eddehbi FE, Brahim I, Haida Y, Admou B. Frequency of the Main Human Leukocyte Antigen A, B, DR, and DQ Loci Known to Be Associated with the Clearance or Persistence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in a Healthy Population from the Southern Region of Morocco: A Preliminary Study. Diseases 2024; 12:106. [PMID: 38785761 PMCID: PMC11120154 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection represents a significant global health challenge, with its natural course largely influenced by the host's immune response. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules, particularly HLA class I and II, play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response against HCV. The polymorphism of HLA molecules contributes to the variability in immune response, affecting the outcomes of HCV infection. This study aims to investigate the frequency of HLA A, B, DR, and DQ alleles known to be associated with HCV clearance or persistence in a healthy Moroccan population. Conducted at the University Hospital Center Mohammed VI, Marrakech, this study spanned from 2015 to 2022 and included 703 healthy Moroccan individuals. HLA class I and II typing was performed using complement-dependent cytotoxicity and polymerase chain reaction-based methodologies. The results revealed the distinct patterns of HLA-A, B, DRB1, and DQB1 alleles in the Moroccan population. Notably, alleles linked to favorable HCV outcomes, such as HLA-DQB1*0301, DQB1*0501, and DRB1*1101, were more prevalent. Conversely, alleles associated with increased HCV susceptibility and persistence, such as HLA-DQB1*02 and DRB1*03, were also prominent. Gender-specific variations in allele frequencies were observed, providing insights into genetic influences on HCV infection outcomes. The findings align with global trends in HLA allele associations with HCV infection outcomes. The study emphasizes the role of host genetics in HCV infection, highlighting the need for further research in the Moroccan community, including HCV-infected individuals. The prevalence of certain HLA alleles, both protective and susceptibility-linked, underscores the potential for a national HLA data bank in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Machraoui
- Laboratory of Immunology and HLA, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech 40080, Morocco; (I.O.); (A.H.); (S.L.); (F.E.E.); (I.B.); (Y.H.); (B.A.)
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40080, Morocco
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43151, Morocco;
| | - Khaoula Errafii
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43151, Morocco;
| | - Ider Oujamaa
- Laboratory of Immunology and HLA, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech 40080, Morocco; (I.O.); (A.H.); (S.L.); (F.E.E.); (I.B.); (Y.H.); (B.A.)
| | - Moulay Yassine Belghali
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30003, Morocco;
| | - Abdelmalek Hakmaoui
- Laboratory of Immunology and HLA, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech 40080, Morocco; (I.O.); (A.H.); (S.L.); (F.E.E.); (I.B.); (Y.H.); (B.A.)
| | - Saad Lamjadli
- Laboratory of Immunology and HLA, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech 40080, Morocco; (I.O.); (A.H.); (S.L.); (F.E.E.); (I.B.); (Y.H.); (B.A.)
| | - Fatima Ezzohra Eddehbi
- Laboratory of Immunology and HLA, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech 40080, Morocco; (I.O.); (A.H.); (S.L.); (F.E.E.); (I.B.); (Y.H.); (B.A.)
| | - Ikram Brahim
- Laboratory of Immunology and HLA, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech 40080, Morocco; (I.O.); (A.H.); (S.L.); (F.E.E.); (I.B.); (Y.H.); (B.A.)
| | - Yasmine Haida
- Laboratory of Immunology and HLA, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech 40080, Morocco; (I.O.); (A.H.); (S.L.); (F.E.E.); (I.B.); (Y.H.); (B.A.)
| | - Brahim Admou
- Laboratory of Immunology and HLA, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech 40080, Morocco; (I.O.); (A.H.); (S.L.); (F.E.E.); (I.B.); (Y.H.); (B.A.)
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40080, Morocco
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Brown AJ, Won JJ, Wolfisberg R, Fahnøe U, Catanzaro N, West A, Moreira FR, Nogueira Batista M, Ferris MT, Linnertz CL, Leist SR, Nguyen C, De la Cruz G, Midkiff BR, Xia Y, Evangelista MD, Montgomery SA, Billerbeck E, Bukh J, Scheel TK, Rice CM, Sheahan TP. Host genetic variation guides hepacivirus clearance, chronicity, and liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatology 2024; 79:183-197. [PMID: 37540195 PMCID: PMC10718216 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Human genetic variation is thought to guide the outcome of HCV infection, but model systems within which to dissect these host genetic mechanisms are limited. Norway rat hepacivirus, closely related to HCV, causes chronic liver infection in rats but causes acute self-limiting hepatitis in typical strains of laboratory mice, which resolves in 2 weeks. The Collaborative Cross (CC) is a robust mouse genetics resource comprised of a panel of recombinant inbred strains, which model the complexity of the human genome and provide a system within which to understand diseases driven by complex allelic variation. APPROACH RESULTS We infected a panel of CC strains with Norway rat hepacivirus and identified several that failed to clear the virus after 4 weeks. Strains displayed an array of virologic phenotypes ranging from delayed clearance (CC046) to chronicity (CC071, CC080) with viremia for at least 10 months. Body weight loss, hepatocyte infection frequency, viral evolution, T-cell recruitment to the liver, liver inflammation, and the capacity to develop liver fibrosis varied among infected CC strains. CONCLUSIONS These models recapitulate many aspects of HCV infection in humans and demonstrate that host genetic variation affects a multitude of viruses and host phenotypes. These models can be used to better understand the molecular mechanisms that drive hepacivirus clearance and chronicity, the virus and host interactions that promote chronic disease manifestations like liver fibrosis, therapeutic and vaccine performance, and how these factors are affected by host genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane J. Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John J. Won
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raphael Wolfisberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Fahnøe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ande West
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fernando R. Moreira
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mariana Nogueira Batista
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Colton L. Linnertz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah R. Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cameron Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabriela De la Cruz
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bentley R. Midkiff
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongjuan Xia
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mia D. Evangelista
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Montgomery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eva Billerbeck
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Hepatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jens Bukh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels K.H. Scheel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timothy P. Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Castro-Santos P, Rojas-Martinez A, Riancho JA, Lapunzina P, Flores C, Carracedo Á, Díaz-Peña R. HLA-A*11:01 and HLA-C*04:01 are associated with severe COVID-19. HLA 2023; 102:731-739. [PMID: 37528566 DOI: 10.1111/tan.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the association between HLA polymorphisms and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity. Genotyping data from a total of 9373 COVID-19-positive cases from the Spanish Coalition to Unlock Research on Host Genetics on COVID-19 (SCOURGE) consortium and 5943 population controls were included in the study. We found an association of the alleles HLA-B*14:02 and HLA-C*08:02 with a lower risk to COVID-19 infection (p = 0.006, OR = 0.84, 95% CI = [0.75-0.95], p = 0.024, OR = 0.86, 95% CI = [0.78-0.95], respectively). We also found the alleles HLA-A*11:01 and HLA-C*04:01 associated with disease severity (p = 0.033, OR = 1.16, 95% CI = [1.04-1.31], p = 0.045, OR = 1.14, 95% CI = [1.05-1.25], respectively). These results suggest that an effective presentation of viral peptides by HLA class I alleles involve a faster infection clearance, decreasing the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Santos
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (SERGAS), Centro Nacional de Genotipado, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | | | - José A Riancho
- IDIVAL, Cantabria, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
- Hospital U M Valdecilla, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IDIPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- ERN-ITHACA-European Reference Network, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Flores
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (SERGAS), Centro Nacional de Genotipado, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-CIMUS-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roberto Díaz-Peña
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (SERGAS), Centro Nacional de Genotipado, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
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Razizadeh MH, Zafarani A, Taghavi-Farahabadi M, Khorramdelazad H, Minaeian S, Mahmoudi M. Natural killer cells and their exosomes in viral infections and related therapeutic approaches: where are we? Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:261. [PMID: 37749597 PMCID: PMC10519079 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of the host immune system to fight against infections. Natural killer cells are the innate immunity lymphocytes responsible for fighting against virus-infected and cancerous cells. They have various mechanisms to suppress viral infections. On the other hand, viruses have evolved to utilize different ways to evade NK cell-mediated responses. Viruses can balance the response by regulating the cytokine release pattern and changing the proportion of activating and inhibitory receptors on the surface of NK cells. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that are involved in intercellular communication. Most cell populations can release these nano-sized vesicles, and it was shown that these vesicles produce identical outcomes to the originating cell from which they are released. In recent years, the role of NK cell-derived exosomes in various diseases including viral infections has been highlighted, drawing attention to utilizing the therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles. In this article, the role of NK cells in various viral infections and the mechanisms used by viruses to evade these important immune system cells are initially examined. Subsequently, the role of NK cell exosomes in controlling various viral infections is discussed. Finally, the current position of these cells in the treatment of viral infections and the therapeutic potential of their exosomes are reviewed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zafarani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Taghavi-Farahabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Smirnov A, Magri A, Lotz R, Han X, Yin C, Harris M, Osterburg C, Dötsch V, McKeating JA, Lu X. ASPP2 binds to hepatitis C virus NS5A protein via an SH3 domain/PxxP motif-mediated interaction and potentiates infection. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:10.1099/jgv.0.001895. [PMID: 37750869 PMCID: PMC7615710 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects millions of people worldwide and is a leading cause of liver disease. Despite recent advances in antiviral therapies, viral resistance can limit drug efficacy and understanding the mechanisms that confer viral escape is important. We employ an unbiased interactome analysis to discover host binding partners of the HCV non-structural protein 5A (NS5A), a key player in viral replication and assembly. We identify ASPP2, apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53, as a new host co-factor that binds NS5A via its SH3 domain. Importantly, silencing ASPP2 reduces viral replication and spread. Our study uncovers a previously unknown role for ASPP2 to potentiate HCV RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Smirnov
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Rebecca Lotz
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xiaoyue Han
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Chunhong Yin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christian Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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6
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Martinello M, Naggie S, Rockstroh JK, Matthews GV. Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Treatment of Acute and Recent Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Narrative Review. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:S238-S244. [PMID: 37579203 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1989, 3 decades of basic, translational, and clinical research culminated in the development of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy-curative oral treatment for HCV infection. The availability of DAA therapy revolutionized HCV clinical management, including acute (duration of infection <6 mo) and recent (duration of infection <12 mo) infection. Several DAA regimens, including the contemporary pan-genotypic combinations of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir and glecaprevir-pibrentasvir, have been shown to be safe and effective among people with acute and recent HCV infection, highlighting their potential in an HCV controlled human infection model. This article describes the natural history and management of acute and recent HCV infection in the era of DAA therapy and outlines a strategy for use of DAA therapies in the setting of an HCV controlled human infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Martinello
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susanna Naggie
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gail V Matthews
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Loucks CM, Lin JJ, Trueman JN, Drögemöller BI, Wright GEB, Chang WC, Li KH, Yoshida EM, Ford JA, Lee SS, Crotty P, Kim RB, Al-Judaibi B, Schwarz UI, Ramji A, Farivar JF, Tam E, Walston LL, Ross CJD, Carleton BC. Patient-specific genetic factors predict treatment failure in sofosbuvir-treated patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int 2022; 42:796-808. [PMID: 35107877 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS According to pivotal clinical trials, cure rates for sofosbuvir-based antiviral therapy exceed 96%. Treatment failure is usually assumed to be because of virological resistance-associated substitutions or clinical risk factors, yet the role of patient-specific genetic factors has not been well explored. We determined if patient-specific genetic factors help predict patients likely to fail sofosbuvir treatment in real-world treatment situations. METHODS We recruited sofosbuvir-treated patients with chronic hepatitis C from five Canadian treatment sites, and performed a case-control pharmacogenomics study assessing both previously published and novel genetic polymorphisms. Specifically studied were variants predicted to impair CES1-dependent production of sofosbuvir's active metabolite, interferon-λ signalling variants expected to impact a patient's immune response to the virus and an HLA variant associated with increased spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. RESULTS Three hundred and fifty-nine sofosbuvir-treated patients were available for analyses after exclusions, with 34 (9.5%) failing treatment. We identified CES1 variants as novel predictors for treatment failure in European patients (rs115629050 or rs4513095; odds ratio (OR): 5.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.64-18.01; P = .0057), replicated associations with IFNL4 variants predicted to increase interferon-λ signalling (eg rs12979860; OR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.25-4.06; P = .0071) and discovered a novel association with a coding variant predicted to enhance the activity of IFNL4's receptor (rs2834167 in IL10RB; OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.01-3.24; P = .047). CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, this work demonstrates that patient-specific genetic factors could be used as a tool to identify patients at higher risk of treatment failure and allow for these patients to receive effective therapy sooner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrina M Loucks
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Lin
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica N Trueman
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Britt I Drögemöller
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Galen E B Wright
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wan-Chun Chang
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kathy H Li
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Eric M Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jo-Ann Ford
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pam Crotty
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Bandar Al-Judaibi
- Division of Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ute I Schwarz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Alnoor Ramji
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Colin J D Ross
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bruce C Carleton
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Outcomes Program (POPi), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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8
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Singh N, Ma M, Montano-Loza AJ, Bhanji RA. Learning from a rare phenomenon — spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus post-liver transplant: A case report. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:456-463. [PMID: 35317181 PMCID: PMC8891670 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i2.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to chronic liver damage resulting in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Spontaneous clearance of HCV has been documented after an acute infection in 20%-45% of individuals. However, spontaneously resolved chronic hepatitis C following liver transplant (LT) is rare and has been documented only in a few case reports. The phenomenon of spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C occurs together with other meaningful events, which are typically associated with significant changes in the host immunity.
CASE SUMMARY We report three cases of spontaneous resolution of chronic hepatitis C following liver transplantation. These patients either failed or had no HCV treatment prior to transplant, but had spontaneous resolution of HCV post-LT as documented by undetectable polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Diagnosis of HCV was based on viremia through PCR or liver biopsy. All three patients currently undergo surveillance and have no recurrence of HCV.
CONCLUSION Examining each patient’s clinical course, we learned about many viral, host and cellular-factors that may have enhanced the host’s immunity leading to spontaneous clearance of HCV. Though HCV treatment has excellent cure rates, understanding this mechanism may provide clinicians with insights regarding timing and duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton T6G 2X8, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mang Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton T6G 2X8, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aldo J Montano-Loza
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton T6G 2X8, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rahima A Bhanji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton T6G 2X8, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Koncz B, Balogh GM, Papp BT, Asztalos L, Kemény L, Manczinger M. Self-mediated positive selection of T cells sets an obstacle to the recognition of nonself. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100542118. [PMID: 34507984 PMCID: PMC8449404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100542118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune recognition is mediated by the binding of peptide-human leukocyte antigen complexes by T cells. Positive selection of T cells in the thymus is a fundamental step in the generation of a responding T cell repertoire: only those T cells survive that recognize human peptides presented on the surface of cortical thymic epithelial cells. We propose that while this step is essential for optimal immune function, the process results in a defective T cell repertoire because it is mediated by self-peptides. To test our hypothesis, we focused on amino acid motifs of peptides in contact with T cell receptors. We found that motifs rarely or not found in the human proteome are unlikely to be recognized by the immune system just like the ones that are not expressed in cortical thymic epithelial cells or not presented on their surface. Peptides carrying such motifs were especially dissimilar to human proteins. Importantly, we present our main findings on two independent T cell activation datasets and directly demonstrate the absence of naïve T cells in the repertoire of healthy individuals. We also show that T cell cross-reactivity is unable to compensate for the absence of positively selected T cells. Additionally, we show that the proposed mechanism could influence the risk for different infectious diseases. In sum, our results suggest a side effect of T cell positive selection, which could explain the nonresponsiveness to many nonself peptides and could improve the understanding of adaptive immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Koncz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergő M Balogh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Benjamin T Papp
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Szeged Scientists Academy, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Leó Asztalos
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Szeged Scientists Academy, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia - Szegedi Tudományegyetem (MTA-SZTE) Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged (HCEMM-USZ) Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Manczinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia - Szegedi Tudományegyetem (MTA-SZTE) Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged (HCEMM-USZ) Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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10
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Association of HLA Class II Alleles with Outcome of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.109493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Context: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 30% of infected persons with HCV spontaneously clear the viral infection; but, some of the remaining patients develop chronic HCV. Studies show that HLA molecules play an important role in the outcome of HCV infection by influencing the efficiency of the antiviral immune response to HCV infection. It is now known that polymorphisms in HLA loci are associated with HCV susceptibility or clearance. The purpose of the present study was to systematically review the studies that reported the association of HLA class II alleles (HLA-DQ and HLA-DR) with the outcome of HCV infection. Evidence Acquisition: Studies were identified by searching electronic databases, including PubMed and Scopus. A total of 12,265 relevant studies were identified by the electronic search, of which a total of 19 eligible papers were identified that were meta-analyzed for the association between HLA class II alleles and the outcome of HCV infection. Results: Subjects carrying HLA-DQB1*0301, HLA-DQB1*0501, HLA-DRB1*1303, HLA-DRB1*1201, HLA-DRB1*0401, HLA-DRB1*0101, and HLA-DRB1*1101 alleles were significantly associated with higher spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. Conclusions: The data from the current study confirm that several polymorphisms in HLA-DQ and HLA-DR loci are correlated with the clearance of HCV infection. Identifying these polymorphisms may contribute to a better understanding of immune mechanisms of HCV clearance or persistence.
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11
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Waldenström J, Kåberg M, Alanko Blomé M, Widell A, Björkman P, Nilsson S, Hammarberg A, Weiland O, Nyström K, Lagging M. Absence of interferon-λ 4 enhances spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus genotypes 1-3 infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:855-861. [PMID: 34034600 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1925956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Absence of a functional interferon-λ 4 (IFN-λ4) gene (IFNL4) predicts spontaneous resolution of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in regions with a predominance of genotype 1, whereas variants of the inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase) gene (ITPA) entailing reduced activity associate with increased sustained virologic response rates following some therapeutic regimens. This study aimed at investigating the impact of IFNL4 on acute HCV genotype 2 or 3 infections, and whether ITPase activity influenced outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and seven people who injected drugs (PWID) with documented anti-HCV seroconversion, and 57 PWID with reinfection with HCV were analyzed regarding IFNL4 (rs368234815 and rs12979860) and ITPA (rs1127354 and rs7270101), and longitudinally followed regarding HCV RNA. RESULTS The spontaneous clearance of HCV infection in anti-HCV seronegative PWID was enhanced when IFN-λ4 was absent (44% vs. 20% for IFNL4 TT/TTrs1368234815 and ΔGrs1368234815 respectively, p < .001; OR 3.2) across genotypes 1-3. The proportion lacking IFN-λ4 was further increased following resolution of repeated re-exposure to HCV (74% among re-infected participants who had cleared at least two documented HCV infections). ITPA genetic variants did not independently impact on the outcome, but among males lacking IFN-λ4, reduced ITPase activity markedly augmented the likelihood of resolution (65% vs. 29% for <100% and 100% ITPase activity, p = .006). CONCLUSIONS Absence of IFN-λ4 entails an enhanced likelihood of spontaneous resolution both following primary acute infection and repeated re-exposure to HCV across genotypes 1-3. Among men lacking IFN-λ4, reduced ITPase activity improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Waldenström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Kåberg
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge Division of Infection and Dermatology, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Widell
- Department of Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Björkman
- Department of Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.,Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Hammarberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Centre for Dependency Disorders, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Weiland
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge Division of Infection and Dermatology, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Lagging
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Irfan M, Qazi SR, Shakeel M, Khan SA, Azam Z, Shahzad M, Khan IA. WITHDRAWN: Analysis of host genetic variations associated with response to anti-HCV therapies in global populations. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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13
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Legrand N, David G, Rodallec A, Gaultier A, Salmon D, Cesbron A, Wittkop L, Raffi F, Gendzekhadze K, Retière C, Allavena C, Gagne K. Influence of HLA-C environment on the spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C in European HIV-HCV co-infected individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:107-124. [PMID: 33314121 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell functions are regulated by diverse inhibitory and activating receptors, including killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), which interact with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. Some KIR/HLA genetic combinations were reported associated with spontaneous clearance (SC) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) but with discordant results, possibly reflecting KIR and/or HLA gene polymorphism according to populations. KIR/HLA genetic combinations associated with both an exhaustive NK and T cell repertoire were investigated in a cohort of HIV-HCV co-infected individuals with either SC (n = 68) or chronic infection (CI, n = 163) compared to uninfected blood donors [controls (Ctrl), n = 100]. Multivariate analysis showed that the HLA C2C2 environment was associated with SC only in European HIV-HCV co-infected individuals [odds ratio (OR) = 4·30, 95% confidence interval = 1·57-12·25, P = 0·005]. KIR2D+ NK cell repertoire and potential of degranulation of KIR2DL1/S1+ NK cells were similar in the SC European cohort compared to uninfected individuals. In contrast, decreased frequencies of KIR2DS1+ and KIR2DL2+ NK cells were detected in the CI group of Europeans compared to SC and a decreased frequency of KIR2DL1/S1+ NK cells compared to controls. Regarding T cells, higher frequencies of DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1)+ and CD57+ T cells were observed in SC in comparison to controls. Interestingly, SC subjects emphasized increased frequencies of KIR2DL2/L3/S2+ T cells compared to CI subjects. Our study underlines that the C2 environment may activate efficient KIR2DL1+ NK cells in a viral context and maintain a KIR2DL2/L3/S2+ mature T cell response in the absence of KIR2DL2 engagement with its cognate ligands in SC group of HCV-HIV co-infected European patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Legrand
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - G David
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - A Rodallec
- Department of Virology, CHU Nantes Hotel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - A Gaultier
- Department of Biostatistics, CHU Hotel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - D Salmon
- AP-HP Department of Infectious Diseases, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - L Wittkop
- INSERM UMR1219, Université de Bordeaux ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Raffi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nantes, France
| | - K Gendzekhadze
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - C Retière
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Nantes, France
| | - C Allavena
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nantes, France
| | - K Gagne
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Nantes, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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14
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Smith S, Honegger JR, Walker C. T-Cell Immunity against the Hepatitis C Virus: A Persistent Research Priority in an Era of Highly Effective Therapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a036954. [PMID: 32205413 PMCID: PMC7778213 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70% of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections become chronic, indicating that the virus is exceptionally well adapted to persist in humans with otherwise normal immune function. Robust, lifelong replication of this small RNA virus does not require a generalized failure of immunity. HCV effectively subverts innate and adaptive host defenses while leaving immunity against other viruses intact. Here, the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in control of HCV infection and their failure to prevent virus persistence in most individuals are reviewed. Two issues of practical importance remain priorities in an era of highly effective antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C. First, the characteristics of successful T-cell responses that promote resolution of HCV infection are considered, as they will underpin development of vaccines that prevent HCV persistence. Second, defects in T-cell immunity that facilitate HCV persistence and whether they are reversed after antiviral cure to provide protection from reinfection are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Smith
- The Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43004, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Honegger
- The Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43004, USA
| | - Christopher Walker
- The Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43004, USA
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15
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Zhang J, Chen N, Chen Z, Liu Y, Zheng K, Qiu Y, Zhang N, Zhu J, Yu H, He Q. Low Mannose Binding Lectin, but Not L-Ficolin, Is Associated With Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus After Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587669. [PMID: 33262767 PMCID: PMC7686574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some individuals can spontaneously clear the hepatitis C virus (HCV) after infection, whereas others develop a chronic infection. The exact mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the association of plasma levels of MBL, L-ficolin, and cytokines with outcome of HCV infections in two groups of patients who cleared HCV spontaneously (CHS), and who developed chronic HCV infections (CHC). Altogether, 86 patients and 183 healthy controls were included. Of 86 patients, 36 had CHS and 50 had CHC. Concentrations of plasma MBL and L-ficolin were measured in patients and controls. Twenty plasma cytokines and adhesion molecules, including GM-CSF, ICAM-1, IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-4, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, IL-6, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, sE-Selectin, sP-Selectin, and TNF-α, were determined in all patients and randomly selected 45 controls. The level of MBL was significantly lower in subjects with CHS than in healthy controls (median: 293.10 vs. 482.64 ng/ml, p = 0.008), whereas the level of MBL was significantly higher in patients with CHC than in controls (median: 681.32 vs. 482.64 ng/ml, p = 0.001). No such differences in plasma L-ficolin were observed. Plasma levels of all cytokines and adhesion molecules, except ICAM-1, were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Moreover, patients with CHC had significantly higher levels of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-1α, IL-10, IL-13, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α than those with CHS. These findings implicate that lower levels of plasma MBL, together with lower levels of above mentioned cytokines may play a part in virus clearance of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Liu
- The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yundong Qiu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gu’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gu’an, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Yu
- The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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16
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Negro F. Natural History of Hepatic and Extrahepatic Hepatitis C Virus Diseases and Impact of Interferon-Free HCV Therapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036921. [PMID: 31636094 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 71.1 million persons and causes 400,000 deaths annually worldwide. HCV mostly infects the liver, causing acute and chronic necroinflammatory damage, which may progress toward cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, HCV has been associated with several extrahepatic manifestations. The advent of safe and effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has made the dream of eliminating this public health scourge feasible in the medium term. Prospective studies using DAA-based regimens have shown the benefit of HCV clearance in terms of both liver- and non-liver-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Negro
- Divisions of Clinical Pathology and of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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17
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Blunt MD, Khakoo SI. Activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors: Detection, function and therapeutic use. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:1-12. [PMID: 31755661 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) have a central role in the control of natural killer (NK) cell function. The functions of the activating KIRs, as compared to those of the inhibitory KIR, have been more difficult to define due to difficulties in antibody-mediated identification and their apparent low affinities for HLA class I. Immunogenetic studies have shown associations of activating KIRs with the outcome of autoimmune diseases, pregnancy-associated disorders, infectious diseases and cancers. Activating KIR are thus thought to have important roles in the control of natural killer cell functions and their role in disease. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on activating KIR, their ligands and, their roles in the pathogenesis and potential therapy of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Blunt
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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18
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Can Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment Change the Immunologic Risk Profile in Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Virus Who Are on the Cadaveric Waiting List? Transplant Proc 2020; 52:97-101. [PMID: 31901328 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the activation of the immune system by the virus or viral proteins leads to the production of numerous autoantibodies and clinical manifestations. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between HCV and anti-HLA antibodies, as well as the effect of viremia on the antibody response and of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on anti-HLA antibody persistence in patients on the waiting list for a cadaveric kidney transplant. METHODS A total of 395 patients from the cadaveric renal transplant waiting list were included in the study. The patients were grouped according to the presence of HCV infection, and patients with HCV positivity were further divided into a spontaneous clearance group and a persistent group. Anti-HLA antibodies were examined before and after treatment of the patients in the persistent group. The One Lambda Luminex method (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States) was used to assess both HLA class I and II alleles and the anti-HLA antibody profile. RESULTS Anti-HLA class I and II antibodies were detected in 48.2% and 55.1%, respectively, of the patients infected with HCV and in 21.8% and 20.4%, respectively, of the patients who were not infected. The level of anti-HLA A3, A11, B72, B52, Cw6, Cw16, DR3, and DQ4 antibodies was significantly higher in the patients infected with HCV. There was no statistically significant difference in class I and II antibody titration between the HCV-infected spontaneous clearance group and the persistent group (class I mean fluorescence intensity [MFI] ± SD: 13,583 ± 6224, 13,450 ± 9540, P = .808; Class II MFI ± SD: 13,000 ± 8673, 8440 ± 8302, P = .317, respectively). There was no significant difference in the class I and class II anti-HLA antibody profile and titration in the persistent group after treatment with DAAs (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated that hepatitis C DAA treatment did not change the anti-HLA antibody profile and titration.
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19
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Chaisri S, Pabalan N, Tabunhan S, Tharabenjasin P, Sankuntaw N, Leelayuwat C. Effects of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) polymorphisms on HIV acquisition: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225151. [PMID: 31790432 PMCID: PMC6886768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic involvement of Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) polymorphisms and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-exposed seronegative (HESN) compared to HIV-infected (HIVI) individuals has been reported. However, inconsistency of the outcomes reduces precision of the estimates. A meta-analysis was applied to obtain more precise estimates of association. METHODS A multi-database literature search yielded thirteen case-control studies. Risks were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with significance set at a two-tailed P-value of ≤ 0.05. We used two levels of analyses: (1) gene content that included 13 KIR polymorphisms (2DL1-3, 2DL5A, 2DL5B, 2DS1-3, 2DS4F, 2DS4D, 2DS5, 3DL1 and 3DS1); and (2) 3DL1/S1 genotypes. Subgroup analysis was ethnicity-based (Caucasians, Asians and Africans). Outlier treatment was applied to heterogeneous effects which dichotomized the outcomes into pre-outlier (PRO) and post-outlier (PSO). Multiple comparisons were addressed with the Bonferroni correction. RESULTS We generated 52 and 18 comparisons from gene content and genotype analyses, respectively. Of the 70 comparisons, 13 yielded significant outcomes, two (indicating reduced risk) of which survived the Bonferroni correction (Pc). These protective effects pointed to the Caucasian subgroup in 2DL3 (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.09, 0.40, Pc < 10-3) and 3DS1S1 (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.24, 0.56, Pc < 10-3). These two PSO outcomes yielded effects of increased magnitude and precision, as well as raised significance and deemed robust by sensitivity analysis. Of the two, the 2DL3 effect was improved with a test of interaction (Pc interaction < 10-4). CONCLUSION Multiple meta-analytical treatments presented strong evidence of the protective effect (up to 81%) of the KIR polymorphisms (2DL3 and 3DS1S1) among Caucasians. The Asian and African outcomes were inconclusive due to the low number of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwit Chaisri
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Noel Pabalan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Sompong Tabunhan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Phuntila Tharabenjasin
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Nipaporn Sankuntaw
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chanvit Leelayuwat
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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20
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The Evolutionary Arms Race between Virus and NK Cells: Diversity Enables Population-Level Virus Control. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100959. [PMID: 31627371 PMCID: PMC6832630 DOI: 10.3390/v11100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and natural killer (NK) cells have a long co-evolutionary history, evidenced by patterns of specific NK gene frequencies in those susceptible or resistant to infections. The killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands together form the most polymorphic receptor-ligand partnership in the human genome and govern the process of NK cell education. The KIR and HLA genes segregate independently, thus creating an array of reactive potentials within and between the NK cell repertoires of individuals. In this review, we discuss the interplay between NK cell education and adaptation with virus infection, with a special focus on three viruses for which the NK cell response is often studied: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Through this lens, we highlight the complex co-evolution of viruses and NK cells, and their impact on viral control.
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21
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Li Q, Liu S, Zhang S, Liu C, Sun M, Li C, Zhang X, Chen J, Yao Y, Shi L. Human leucocyte antigen but not KIR alleles and haplotypes associated with chronic HCV infection in a Chinese Han population. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:263-273. [PMID: 30932338 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The host immune system plays a key role in the elimination of infected cells which depend on killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules and their combinations. To evaluate the roles of HLAclass I, KIR genes and their combination in Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (CHC), a total of 301 CHCs and 239 controls in a Chinese Han population were included for HLA and KIR genotyping using next-generation sequencing and multiplex PCR sequence-specific priming, respectively. The allele frequency of HLA-C*08:01 was significantly higher in the CHCs than that of the controls (0.088 vs. 0.040, OR = 2.332, 95%CI: 1.361-3.996, p = 0.022), while the frequencies of B*13:01 (0.032 vs. 0.084, OR = 0.357, 95%CI: 0.204-0.625, p = 0.009) and C*08:04 (0.008 vs. 0.038, OR = 0.214, 95%CI: 0.079-0.581, p = 0.022) were significantly lower in the CHCs. The frequencies of haplotype A*11:01-C*08:01 were higher in the CHCs (0.058 vs. 0.019, OR = 3.096, 95%CI: 1.486-6.452, p = 0.026), while haplotype B*13:01-C*03:04 were lower in the CHCs compared to the controls (0.028 vs. 0.071, OR = 0.377, 95%CI: 0.207-0.685, p = 0.012). No association of CHC with KIR genes, genotypes, or haplotypes, as well as HLA/KIR combinations was observed. Our results indicated that HLA-C*08:01 was a risk factor for CHC, while HLA-C*08:04 and HLA-B*13:01 were protective factors against CHC. Haplotypes HLA-A*11:01-C*08:01 could increase susceptibility to CHC, while HLA-B*13:01-C*03:04 could be protective against CHC in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongfen Li
- Division for Expended Program of Immunization of Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | | | - Chengxiu Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Mingbo Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Chuanyin Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
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22
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Bamford CGG, McLauchlan J. Comparative host genomics: how has human evolution affected our immune defence against hepatitis C virus? Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor GG Bamford
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - John McLauchlan
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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23
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Huang MH, Li H, Xue R, Li J, Wang L, Cheng J, Wu Z, Li W, Chen J, Lv X, Li Q, Lan P, Zhao L, Yang Y, Peng Z, Jiang J. Up-regulation of glycolipid transfer protein by bicyclol causes spontaneous restriction of hepatitis C virus replication. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:769-781. [PMID: 31384537 PMCID: PMC6663943 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicyclol is a synthetic drug for hepatoprotection in clinic since 2004. Preliminary clinical observations suggest that bicyclol might be active against hepatitis C virus (HCV) with unknown mechanism. Here, we showed that bicyclol significantly inhibited HCV replication in vitro and in hepatitis C patients. Using bicyclol as a probe, we identified glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP) to be a novel restrictive factor for HCV replication. The GLTP preferentially bound host vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein-A (VAP-A) in competition with the HCV NS5A, causing an interruption of the complex formation between VAP-A and HCV NS5A. As the formation of VAP-A/NS5A complex is essential for viral RNA replication, up-regulation of GLTP by bicyclol reduced the level of VAP-A/NS5A complex and thus inhibited HCV replication. Bicyclol also exhibited an inhibition on HCV variants resistant to direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) with an efficacy identical to that on wild type HCV. In combination with bicyclol, DAAs inhibited HCV replication in a synergistic fashion. GLTP appears to be a newly discovered host restrictive factor for HCV replication, Up-regulation of GLTP causes spontaneous restriction of HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hao Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rong Xue
- Department of Liver Diseases, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jianrui Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Liver Diseases, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Junjun Cheng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhouyi Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Pei Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Department of Liver Diseases, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University, Nanjing 210003, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zonggen Peng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Corresponding authors.
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24
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Bavaro DF, Saracino A, Fiordelisi D, Bruno G, Ladisa N, Monno L, Angarano G. Influence of HLA-B18 on liver fibrosis progression in a cohort of HIV/HCV coinfected individuals. J Med Virol 2019; 91:751-757. [PMID: 30578670 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is accelerated in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfected compared with HCV monoinfected patients, due to multiple cofactors. Recently, HLA-B18 haplotype has been associated with short-term liver disease progression in this population. Our aim was to assess the influence of HLA-B18 on the fibrosis process in HIV/HCV coinfected individuals, untreated for HCV, during a long-term follow-up. All consecutive HIV/HCV co-infectedcoinfected patients followed in our center, with positive HCV-RNA and available human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes (determined by sequence-specific oligonucleotide primed polymerase chain reaction and simple sequence repeats polymerase chain reaction using Luminex Technology) were included. Liver fibrosis progression was assessed by means of fibrosis-4 index for liver fibrosis (FIB-4) and AST to platelet ratio index. The association between FIB-4 score over time and laboratory and clinical parameters, including HLA, was evaluated by univariate and multivariate multilevel generalized linear models. A total of 29 out of 148 screened patients were excluded because of spontaneous HCV clearance (27% were HLA-B18+). Among the remaining 119 individuals (82% males; median age at first visit = 30 years [interquartile range, IQR, 26-35]; median follow-up = 21.5 years [IQR, 15-25]), 26% were HLA-B18+. No baseline differences were evidenced between HLA-B18+ and B18- patients. Fibrosis progression was significantly faster in HLA-B18+ than in HLA-B18- patients ( P < 0.001) (Figure 1). At univariate analysis, age ( P < 0.001), HLA-B18 haplotype ( P = 0.02) and HIV-RNA viral load overtime ( P < 0.001) were associated with liver disease progression. At multivariate analysis, only age ( P < 0.001) remained independently associated with liver fibrosis progression. Our data suggest a possible association between HLA-B18 and an accelerated liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV coinfected with a long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Fiore Bavaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - Deborah Fiordelisi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ladisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Monno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Angarano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
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25
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O'Brien TR, Yang HI, Groover S, Jeng WJ. Genetic Factors That Affect Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C or B Virus, Response to Treatment, and Disease Progression. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:400-417. [PMID: 30287169 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections can lead to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Over the past decade, studies of individuals infected with these viruses have established genetic associations with the probability of developing a chronic infection, risk of disease progression, and likelihood of treatment response. We review genetic and genomic methods that have been used to study risk of HBV and HCV infection and patient outcomes. For example, genome-wide association studies have linked a region containing the interferon lambda genes to spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance of HCV. We review the genetic variants associated with HCV and HBV infection, and how these variants affect specific expression or activities of their products. Further studies of these variants could provide insights into risk factors for and mechanisms of chronic infection and disease progression, as well as new strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R O'Brien
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sarah Groover
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Wen-Juei Jeng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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26
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Bhushan A, Chinnaswamy S. Identifying causal variants at the interferon lambda locus in case-control studies: Utilizing non-synonymous variant rs117648444 to probe the role of IFN-λ4. Gene 2018; 664:168-180. [PMID: 29705128 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants at the interferon lambda (IFNL) locus have been associated with several human phenotypes in both disease and health. In chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, where the IFNL variants were first identified to be associated with response to interferon-α-ribavirin therapy, the available data clearly suggests that the causal variant could be the dinucleotide polymorphism rs368234815 that causes an open reading frame-shift in the IFNL4 gene resulting in expression of a functional IFN-λ4, a new type III IFN. In other human diseases/phenotypes where IFNL variants have been recently associated with, the causal mechanism remains unclear. In vitro evidence has shown that other IFNL variants (rs28416813, rs4803217) may regulate expression of another type III IFN, IFN-λ3. Therefore, expression of a functional IFN-λ4 and quantitative differences in IFN-λ3 expression are two potential causal mechanisms behind the observed phenotypes. Since these two potential causal mechanisms involve features of mutual exclusivity and overlapping functions, it is difficult to differentiate one from the other, in vivo, in absence of other implicating evidences. In addition, the strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) observed in many populations at the IFNL locus makes it difficult to tease out the actual functional/causal variants responsible for the phenotypes. The non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism rs117648444 that alters the activity of IFN-λ4 and the LD structure in the IFNL region which leads to a confounding effect of rs117648444 on other IFNL variants, provide us with additional tools in case-control studies to probe the role of IFN-λ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Bhushan
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.:N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India
| | - Sreedhar Chinnaswamy
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.:N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India.
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27
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Martinello M, Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, Dore GJ, Matthews GV. Management of acute HCV infection in the era of direct-acting antiviral therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:412-424. [PMID: 29773899 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The management of acute HCV infection has not been standardized following the availability of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for chronic HCV infection, and substantial uncertainty exists regarding the optimal treatment regimen and duration. Despite the lack of direct evidence, the 2016 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)-Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines supported "the same regimens for acute HCV as recommended for chronic HCV infection … owing to high efficacy and safety", whereas the 2016 European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) guidelines recommended sofosbuvir-ledipasvir, sofosbuvir-velpatasvir or sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir for 8 weeks in acute HCV infection, with a longer duration of 12 weeks recommended for those infected with HIV and/or baseline HCV RNA levels >1,000,000 IU/ml. This Review outlines the epidemiology, natural history and diagnosis of acute HCV infection and provides contemporary information on DAAs for acute and recent HCV infection. The Review also discusses the 2016 AASLD-IDSA and EASL recommendations for acute HCV infection management in light of available evidence and highlights key differences in study populations and design that influence interpretation. We focus on populations at high risk of HCV transmission and acquisition, including people who inject drugs and HIV-positive men who have sex with men, and highlight the potential effects of diagnosis and treatment of acute HCV infection in contributing to HCV elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Martinello
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Behzad Hajarizadeh
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason Grebely
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dore
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gail V Matthews
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Frias M, Rivero-Juárez A, Rodriguez-Cano D, Camacho Á, López-López P, Risalde MÁ, Manzanares-Martín B, Brieva T, Machuca I, Rivero A. HLA-B, HLA-C and KIR improve the predictive value of IFNL3 for Hepatitis C spontaneous clearance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:659. [PMID: 29330418 PMCID: PMC5766528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IFNL3 is the strongest predictor of spontaneous resolution (SR) of hepatitis C virus (HCV), however, consideration of IFNL3 genotype alone is of limited clinical value for the prediction of SR or chronic HCV infection. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of HLA-B, HLA-C and KIRs on SR, as well as their additive effects on the predictive value of the IFNL3 genotype. We conducted a retrospective study of HIV patients that included both SR and chronic HCV patients. In our study, 61.6% of patients with IFNL3 CC achieved SR, and 81.5% with non-CC genotypes did not achieve SR. HLA-B*44, HLA-C*12, and KIR3DS1 were identified as predictive factors for SR, with percentages of 77.4%, 85.7% and 86.2%, respectively, for patients who did not experience SR. The presence of at least one of these three markers, defined as a genetically unfavorable profile (GUP), combined with the IFNL3 non-CC genotype showed a value of 100% for non-SR. The absence of the three markers, defined as a genetically favorable profile (GFP), in addition to the IFNL3 CC genotype showed a percentage of 74.1% for SR. The combination of these markers in addition to the IFNL3 genotype improves the predictive value of IFNL3 for SR of acute HCV infection in HIV patients, which would be clinically valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Frias
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juárez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Diego Rodriguez-Cano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángela Camacho
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pedro López-López
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Risalde
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Bárbara Manzanares-Martín
- Immunology Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Teresa Brieva
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Machuca
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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29
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The relationship between human leukocyte antigen-DP/DQ gene polymorphisms and the outcomes of HCV infection in a Chinese population. Virol J 2017; 14:235. [PMID: 29212520 PMCID: PMC5719872 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-II gene polymorphisms have been reported to be related to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and chronicity. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship of HLA-DP rs9277535 and HLA-DQ rs7453920 with the outcomes of HCV infection. Methods The rs9277535 and rs7453920 were genotyped in 370 subjects with chronic HCV infection, 194 subjects with spontaneous HCV clearance, and 973 subjects with non-HCV infection from the Chinese population using the ABI TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Results Logistic regression analyses showed that the minor allele A of rs7453920 significantly increased the susceptibility of HCV infection in dominant model (adjusted OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04–1.71, P = 0.026) and additive models (adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.06–1.60, P = 0.012). Rs9277535 A allele significantly increased the risk of chronic HCV infection in dominant model (adjusted OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01–2.28, P = 0.046). Haplotype AA showed a higher risk of HCV infection than the most frequent haplotype GG (adjusted OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05–1.78, P = 0.018). Conclusion The HLA-DQ rs7453920 and -DP rs9277535 mutations were significantly associated with HCV infection susceptibility and chronicity, respectively. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-017-0901-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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30
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Pasternak AL, Ward KM, Luzum JA, Ellingrod VL, Hertz DL. Germline genetic variants with implications for disease risk and therapeutic outcomes. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:567-581. [PMID: 28887371 PMCID: PMC5668651 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00035.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic testing has multiple clinical applications including disease risk assessment, diagnosis, and pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics can be utilized to predict whether a pharmacologic therapy will be effective or to identify patients at risk for treatment-related toxicity. Although genetic tests are typically ordered for a distinct clinical purpose, the genetic variants that are found may have additional implications for either disease or pharmacology. This review will address multiple examples of germline genetic variants that are informative for both disease and pharmacogenomics. The discussed relationships are diverse. Some of the agents are targeted for the disease-causing genetic variant, while others, although not targeted therapies, have implications for the disease they are used to treat. It is also possible that the disease implications of a genetic variant are unrelated to the pharmacogenomic implications. Some of these examples are considered clinically actionable pharmacogenes, with evidence-based, pharmacologic treatment recommendations, while others are still investigative as areas for additional research. It is important that clinicians are aware of both the disease and pharmacogenomic associations of these germline genetic variants to ensure patients are receiving comprehensive personalized care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Pasternak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kristen M Ward
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jasmine A Luzum
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vicki L Ellingrod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel L Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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31
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Cook L. Hepatitis C and the Impact of Host Genetics. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:805-808. [PMID: 28963021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary highlights the article by Enache et al that describes a diagnostic test for simultaneous genotyping of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in chronic hepatitis C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cook
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
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