1
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Heraghty SD, Jackson JM, Lozier JD. Whole genome analyses reveal weak signatures of population structure and environmentally associated local adaptation in an important North American pollinator, the bumble bee Bombus vosnesenskii. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5479-5497. [PMID: 37702957 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies of species that experience environmental heterogeneity across their distributions have become an important tool for understanding mechanisms of adaptation and predicting responses to climate change. We examine population structure, demographic history and environmentally associated genomic variation in Bombus vosnesenskii, a common bumble bee in the western USA, using whole genome resequencing of populations distributed across a broad range of latitudes and elevations. We find that B. vosnesenskii exhibits minimal population structure and weak isolation by distance, confirming results from previous studies using other molecular marker types. Similarly, demographic analyses with Sequentially Markovian Coalescent models suggest that minimal population structure may have persisted since the last interglacial period, with genomes from different parts of the species range showing similar historical effective population size trajectories and relatively small fluctuations through time. Redundancy analysis revealed a small amount of genomic variation explained by bioclimatic variables. Environmental association analysis with latent factor mixed modelling (LFMM2) identified few outlier loci that were sparsely distributed throughout the genome and although a few putative signatures of selective sweeps were identified, none encompassed particularly large numbers of loci. Some outlier loci were in genes with known regulatory relationships, suggesting the possibility of weak selection, although compared with other species examined with similar approaches, evidence for extensive local adaptation signatures in the genome was relatively weak. Overall, results indicate B. vosnesenskii is an example of a generalist with a high degree of flexibility in its environmental requirements that may ultimately benefit the species under periods of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam D Heraghty
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Jason M Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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2
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Nakamura S, Taki H, Arai T, Funayama K, Furihata S, Furui Y, Ikeda T, Inoue H, Kagawa K, Kishimoto H, Kohyama M, Komatsu M, Konuma A, Nakada K, Nakamura S, Sawamura N, Sonoda S, Sueyoshi M, Toda S, Yaginuma K, Yamamoto S, Yoshida K, Yokoi T, Toyama M. Diversity and composition of flower-visiting insects and related factors in three fruit tree species. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e100955. [PMID: 37720662 PMCID: PMC10504601 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-mediated pollination is an essential ecosystem service for the production of many fruit trees. To reveal the community composition of flower-visiting wild insects which potentially contribute to fruit production and to examine the effects of geographic location, local meteorological conditions and locally introduced domesticated pollinators on them, we investigated the community composition of insects visiting the flowers (hereafter, "visitors") of apple, Japanese pear and Oriental persimmon for 1‒3 years at 20 sites around Japan. While most of the variation (82%) of the community composition was explained by tree species with a slight contribution by geographic distance (2%), maximum temperature and tree species contributed 62% and 41% of the variation in total abundance of the visitors, respectively. Though the dominant families of the visitors varied spatiotemporally, the community composition of the visitors of apple and Japanese pear clearly differed from that of Oriental persimmon. While Andrenidae and Syrphidae together accounted for 46%‒64% of the visitors of apple and Japanese pear, Apidae represented 57% of the visitors of Oriental persimmon. The taxonomic richness, diversity and evenness of the visitors were best predicted by locally introduced domesticated pollinators and local meteorological conditions of wind speed and maximum temperature. Amongst these selected factors, locally introduced domesticated pollinators could have the largest impact. It seemed to be strongly related to the reduction of taxonomic richness, diversity and evenness of the visitors, accounting for 41‒89% of the variation. Results suggested that the community composition and total abundance of potential pollinators were predominantly determined by tree species and temperature, but locally introduced domesticated pollinators could have a determinantal pressure on the taxonomic diversity of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Nakamura
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Hachioji, JapanForestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management OrganizationHachiojiJapan
| | - Hisatomo Taki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, JapanForestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Tomonori Arai
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, JapanInstitute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Ken Funayama
- Akita Fruit Tree Experiment Station, Yokote, JapanAkita Fruit Tree Experiment StationYokoteJapan
| | - Shunsuke Furihata
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, JapanInstitute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Yuki Furui
- Tottori Prefecture Horticultural Research Center, Hokueicho, JapanTottori Prefecture Horticultural Research CenterHokueichoJapan
| | - Takamasa Ikeda
- Tohaku Agricultural Extension Center, Tottori Prefecture, Kotoura-cho, JapanTohaku Agricultural Extension Center, Tottori PrefectureKotoura-choJapan
| | - Hiromitsu Inoue
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Higashihiroshima, JapanInstitute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationHigashihiroshimaJapan
| | - Kiyohiko Kagawa
- School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, JapanSchool of Agriculture, Utsunomiya UniversityUtsunomiyaJapan
| | - Hidenari Kishimoto
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Morioka, JapanInstitute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationMoriokaJapan
| | - Mitsuko Kohyama
- Fruit Tree Research Institute, Uki, JapanFruit Tree Research InstituteUkiJapan
| | - Michiyo Komatsu
- Semboku Regional Development Bureau, Akita Prefecture, Daisen, JapanSemboku Regional Development Bureau, Akita PrefectureDaisenJapan
| | - Akihiro Konuma
- Department of Business Development, National Agricultural Research Organization, Tsukuba, JapanDepartment of Business Development, National Agricultural Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Ken Nakada
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tottori Prefecture, Higashimachi, JapanDepartment of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tottori PrefectureHigashimachiJapan
| | - Suguru Nakamura
- Fukushima Agricultural Technology Centre, Fruit Tree Research Centre, Fukushima, JapanFukushima Agricultural Technology Centre, Fruit Tree Research CentreFukushimaJapan
| | - Nobuo Sawamura
- Shimane Agricultural Technology Center, Izumo, JapanShimane Agricultural Technology CenterIzumoJapan
| | - Shoji Sonoda
- School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, JapanSchool of Agriculture, Utsunomiya UniversityUtsunomiyaJapan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, JapanForestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Seishi Toda
- Tea Research Insutitute, Kumamoto Prefecture, Mifune, JapanTea Research Insutitute, Kumamoto PrefectureMifuneJapan
| | - Katsuhiko Yaginuma
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Morioka, JapanInstitute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationMoriokaJapan
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Eastern Shimane Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Promotion Center, Izumo, JapanEastern Shimane Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Promotion CenterIzumoJapan
| | - Koki Yoshida
- Fukushima Agricultural Technology Centre, Koriyama, JapanFukushima Agricultural Technology CentreKoriyamaJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokoi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JapanFaculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Masatoshi Toyama
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, JapanInstitute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
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3
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Chau KD, Samad-Zada F, Kelemen EP, Rehan SM. Integrative population genetics and metagenomics reveals urbanization increases pathogen loads and decreases connectivity in a wild bee. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4193-4211. [PMID: 37173859 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As urbanization continues to increase, it is expected that two-thirds of the human population will reside in cities by 2050. Urbanization fragments and degrades natural landscapes, threatening wildlife including economically important species such as bees. In this study, we employ whole genome sequencing to characterize the population genetics, metagenome and microbiome, and environmental stressors of a common wild bee, Ceratina calcarata. Population genomic analyses revealed the presence of low genetic diversity and elevated levels of inbreeding. Through analyses of isolation by distance, resistance, and environment across urban landscapes, we found that green spaces including shrubs and scrub were the most optimal pathways for bee dispersal, and conservation efforts should focus on preserving these land traits to maintain high connectivity across sites for wild bees. Metagenomic analyses revealed landscape sites exhibiting urban heat island effects, such as high temperatures and development but low precipitation and green space, had the highest taxa alpha diversity across all domains even when isolating for potential pathogens. Notably, the integration of population and metagenomic data showed that reduced connectivity in urban areas is not only correlated with lower relatedness among individuals but is also associated with increased pathogen diversity, exposing vulnerable urban bees to more pathogens. Overall, our combined population and metagenomic approach found significant environmental variation in bee microbiomes and nutritional resources even in the absence of genetic differentiation, as well as enabled the potential early detection of stressors to bee health.
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Car C, Gilles A, Goujon E, Muller MLD, Camoin L, Frelon S, Burraco P, Granjeaud S, Baudelet E, Audebert S, Orizaola G, Armengaud J, Tenenhaus A, Garali I, Bonzom JM, Armant O. Population transcriptogenomics highlights impaired metabolism and small population sizes in tree frogs living in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. BMC Biol 2023; 21:164. [PMID: 37525144 PMCID: PMC10391870 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual functional modifications shape the ability of wildlife populations to cope with anthropogenic environmental changes. But instead of adaptive response, human-altered environments can generate a succession of deleterious functional changes leading to the extinction of the population. To study how persistent anthropogenic changes impacted local species' population status, we characterised population structure, genetic diversity and individual response of gene expression in the tree frog Hyla orientalis along a gradient of radioactive contamination around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. RESULTS We detected lower effective population size in populations most exposed to ionizing radiation in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone that is not compensated by migrations from surrounding areas. We also highlighted a decreased body condition of frogs living in the most contaminated area, a distinctive transcriptomics signature and stop-gained mutations in genes involved in energy metabolism. While the association with dose will remain correlational until further experiments, a body of evidence suggests the direct or indirect involvement of radiation exposure in these changes. CONCLUSIONS Despite ongoing migration and lower total dose rates absorbed than at the time of the accident, our results demonstrate that Hyla orientalis specimens living in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone are still undergoing deleterious changes, emphasizing the long-term impacts of the nuclear disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Car
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, France
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTox, Fontenay Aux Roses, France
| | - André Gilles
- UMR 1467 RECOVER, Aix-Marseille Université, INRAE, Centre Saint-Charles, Marseille, France.
| | - Elen Goujon
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, France
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTox, Fontenay Aux Roses, France
- Laboratoire Des Signaux Et Systèmes, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, 91190, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Delignette Muller
- Laboratoire de Biométrie Et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Proteomics, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Frelon
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, France
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTox, Fontenay Aux Roses, France
| | - Pablo Burraco
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Centre, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
- Doñana Biological Station (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Samuel Granjeaud
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Proteomics, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Baudelet
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Proteomics, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Proteomics, Marseille, France
| | - Germán Orizaola
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Centre, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
- IMIB-Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Oviedo, 33600, Mieres-Asturias, Spain
- Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo-Asturias, Spain
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments Et Technologies Pour La Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-Sur-Cèze, France
| | - Arthur Tenenhaus
- Laboratoire Des Signaux Et Systèmes, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, 91190, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Imène Garali
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, France
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTox, Fontenay Aux Roses, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bonzom
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, France
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTox, Fontenay Aux Roses, France
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, France.
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTox, Fontenay Aux Roses, France.
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5
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Ivers NA, Jha S. Biogeography, climate, and land use create a mosaic of parasite risk in native bumble bees. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161545. [PMID: 36649773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Host-parasite interactions are crucial to the regulation of host population growth, as they often impact both long-term population stability and ecological functioning. Animal hosts navigate a number of environmental conditions, including local climate, anthropogenic land use, and varying degrees of spatial isolation, all of which can mediate parasitism exposure. Despite this, we know little about the potential for these environmental conditions to impact pathogen prevalence at biogeographic scales, especially for key ecosystem service-providing animals. Bees are essential pollination providers that may be particularly sensitive to biogeography, climate, and land-use as these factors are known to limit bee dispersal and contribute to underlying population genetic variation, which may also impact host-parasite interactions. Importantly, many native bumble bee species have recently shown geographic range contractions, reduced genetic diversity, and increased parasitism rates, highlighting the potential importance of interacting and synergistic stressors. In this study, we incorporate spatially explicit environmental, biogeographic, and land-use data in combination with genetically derived host population data to conduct a large-scale epidemiological assessment of the drivers of pathogen prevalence across >1000 km for a keystone western US pollinator, the bumble bee Bombus vosnesenskii. We found high rates of infection from Crithidia bombi and C. expoekii, which show strong spatial autocorrelation and which were more prevalent in northern latitudes. We also show that land use barriers best explained differences in parasite prevalence and parasite community composition, while precipitation, elevation, and B. vosnesenskii nesting density were important drivers of parasite prevalence. Overall, our results demonstrate that human land use can impact critical host-parasite interactions for native bees at massive spatial scales. Further, our work indicates that disease-related survey and conservation measures should take into account the independent and interacting influences of climate, biogeography, land use, and local population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Ivers
- University of Texas at Austin, Dept. Integrative Biology, United States of America.
| | - Shalene Jha
- University of Texas at Austin, Dept. Integrative Biology, United States of America
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6
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Lozier JD, Strange JP, Heraghty SD. Whole genome demographic models indicate divergent effective population size histories shape contemporary genetic diversity gradients in a montane bumble bee. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9778. [PMID: 36744081 PMCID: PMC9889631 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding historical range shifts and population size variation provides an important context for interpreting contemporary genetic diversity. Methods to predict changes in species distributions and model changes in effective population size (N e) using whole genomes make it feasible to examine how temporal dynamics influence diversity across populations. We investigate N e variation and climate-associated range shifts to examine the origins of a previously observed latitudinal heterozygosity gradient in the bumble bee Bombus vancouverensis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus Latreille) in western North America. We analyze whole genomes from a latitude-elevation cline using sequentially Markovian coalescent models of N e through time to test whether relatively low diversity in southern high-elevation populations is a result of long-term differences in N e. We use Maxent models of the species range over the last 130,000 years to evaluate range shifts and stability. N e fluctuates with climate across populations, but more genetically diverse northern populations have maintained greater N e over the late Pleistocene and experienced larger expansions with climatically favorable time periods. Northern populations also experienced larger bottlenecks during the last glacial period, which matched the loss of range area near these sites; however, bottlenecks were not sufficient to erode diversity maintained during periods of large N e. A genome sampled from an island population indicated a severe postglacial bottleneck, indicating that large recent postglacial declines are detectable if they have occurred. Genetic diversity was not related to niche stability or glacial-period bottleneck size. Instead, spatial expansions and increased connectivity during favorable climates likely maintain diversity in the north while restriction to high elevations maintains relatively low diversity despite greater stability in southern regions. Results suggest genetic diversity gradients reflect long-term differences in N e dynamics and also emphasize the unique effects of isolation on insular habitats for bumble bees. Patterns are discussed in the context of conservation under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Lozier
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
| | - James P. Strange
- Department of EntomologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Sam D. Heraghty
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
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7
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Conservation genomics reveals fine-scale population structuring and recent declines in the Critically Endangered Australian Kuranda Treefrog. CONSERV GENET 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-022-01499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe Kuranda Treefrog occurs in tropical north-east Australia and is listed as Critically Endangered due to its small distribution and population size, with observed declines due to drought and human-associated impacts to habitat. Field surveys identified marked population declines in the mid-2000s, culminating in very low abundance at most sites in 2005 and 2006, followed by limited recovery. Here, samples from before (2001–2004) and after (2007–2009) this decline were analysed using 7132 neutral genome-wide SNPs to assess genetic connectivity among breeding sites, genetic erosion, and effective population size. We found a high level of genetic connectivity among breeding sites, but also structuring between the population at the eastern end of the distribution (Jumrum Creek) versus all other sites. Despite finding no detectable sign of genetic erosion between the two times periods, we observed a marked decrease in effective population size (Ne), from 1720 individuals pre-decline to 818 post-decline. This mirrors the decline detected in the field census data, but the magnitude of the decline suggested by the genetic data is greater. We conclude that the current effective population size for the Kuranda Treefrog remains around 800 adults, split equally between Jumrum Creek and all other sites combined. The Jumrum Creek habitat requires formal protection. Connectivity among all other sites must be maintained and improved through continued replanting of rainforest, and it is imperative that impacts to stream flow and water quality are carefully managed to maintain or increase population sizes and prevent genetic erosion.
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8
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Hart AF, Verbeeck J, Ariza D, Cejas D, Ghisbain G, Honchar H, Radchenko VG, Straka J, Ljubomirov T, Lecocq T, Dániel-Ferreira J, Flaminio S, Bortolotti L, Karise R, Meeus I, Smagghe G, Vereecken N, Vandamme P, Michez D, Maebe K. Signals of adaptation to agricultural stress in the genomes of two European bumblebees. Front Genet 2022; 13:993416. [PMID: 36276969 PMCID: PMC9579324 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.993416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced environmental impacts on wildlife are widespread, causing major biodiversity losses. One major threat is agricultural intensification, typically characterised by large areas of monoculture, mechanical tillage, and the use of agrochemicals. Intensification leads to the fragmentation and loss of natural habitats, native vegetation, and nesting and breeding sites. Understanding the adaptability of insects to these changing environmental conditions is critical to predicting their survival. Bumblebees, key pollinators of wild and cultivated plants, are used as model species to assess insect adaptation to anthropogenic stressors. We investigated the effects of agricultural pressures on two common European bumblebees, Bombus pascuorum and B. lapidarius. Restriction-site Associated DNA Sequencing was used to identify loci under selective pressure across agricultural-natural gradients over 97 locations in Europe. 191 unique loci in B. pascuorum and 260 in B. lapidarius were identified as under selective pressure, and associated with agricultural stressors. Further investigation suggested several candidate proteins including several neurodevelopment, muscle, and detoxification proteins, but these have yet to be validated. These results provide insights into agriculture as a stressor for bumblebees, and signal for conservation action in light of ongoing anthropogenic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex F. Hart
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Lab of Agrozoology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jaro Verbeeck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Lab of Agrozoology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Ariza
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Lab of Agrozoology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diego Cejas
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Ghisbain
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
| | - Hanna Honchar
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir G. Radchenko
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jakub Straka
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Toshko Ljubomirov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research—Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Lecocq
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, Nancy, France
| | | | - Simone Flaminio
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Bortolotti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Bologna, Italy
| | - Reet Karise
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivan Meeus
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Lab of Agrozoology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Lab of Agrozoology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Vereecken
- Agroecology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Kevin Maebe
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Lab of Agrozoology, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kevin Maebe,
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Abstract
AbstractInvertebrates comprise the most diversified animal group on Earth. Due to their long evolutionary history and small size, invertebrates occupy a remarkable range of ecological niches, and play an important role as “ecosystem engineers” by structuring networks of mutualistic and antagonistic ecological interactions in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. Urban forests provide critical ecosystem services to humans, and, as in other systems, invertebrates are central to structuring and maintaining the functioning of urban forests. Identifying the role of invertebrates in urban forests can help elucidate their importance to practitioners and the public, not only to preserve biodiversity in urban environments, but also to make the public aware of their functional importance in maintaining healthy greenspaces. In this review, we examine the multiple functional roles that invertebrates play in urban forests that contribute to ecosystem service provisioning, including pollination, predation, herbivory, seed and microorganism dispersal and organic matter decomposition, but also those that lead to disservices, primarily from a public health perspective, e.g., transmission of invertebrate-borne diseases. We then identify a number of ecological filters that structure urban forest invertebrate communities, such as changes in habitat structure, increased landscape imperviousness, microclimatic changes and pollution. We also discuss the complexity of ways that forest invertebrates respond to urbanisation, including acclimation, local extinction and evolution. Finally, we present management recommendations to support and conserve viable and diverse urban forest invertebrate populations into the future.
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10
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Su T, He B, Zhao F, Jiang K, Lin G, Huang Z. Population genomics and phylogeography of
Colletes gigas
, a wild bee specialized on winter flowering plants. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8863. [PMID: 35494503 PMCID: PMC9035574 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet specialization may affect the population genetic structure of pollinators by reducing gene flow and driving genetic differentiation, especially in pollen‐specialist bees. Colletes gigas is a pollen‐specialist pollinator of Camellia oleifera, one of the most important staple oil crops in China. Ca. oleifera blooms in cold climates and contains special compounds that make it an unusable pollen source to other pollinators. Thus, C. gigas undoubtedly plays a key role as the main pollinator of Ca. oleifera, with biological and economic significance. Here, we use a population genomic approach to analyze the roles of geography and climate on the genetic structure, genetic diversity, and demographic history of C. gigas. A total of 1,035,407 SNPs were identified from a 582.77 Gb dataset. Clustering and phylogenetic analyses revealed a marked genetic structure, with individuals grouped into nine local clusters. A significant isolation by distance was detected by both the Mantel test (R = .866, p = .008) and linear regression (R2 = .616, p < .001). Precipitation and sunshine duration were positively and significantly (R ≥ .765, p ≤ .016) correlated with observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He). These results showed that C. gigas populations had a distinct phylogeographic pattern determined by geographical distance and environmental factors (precipitation and sunshine duration). In addition, an analysis of paleogeographic dynamics indicated that C. gigas populations exhibited patterns of glacial expansion and interglacial contraction, likely resulting from post‐glacial habitat contraction and fragmentation. Our results indicated that the peculiar phylogeographic patterns in C. gigas populations may be related to their specialization under long‐term adaptation to host plants. This work improves our understanding of the population genetics in pollen‐specialist bees. The distinct genetic clusters identified in this study should be taken into consideration for the protection and utilization of this specialized crop pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjuan Su
- School of Life Sciences Jinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Bo He
- School of Life Sciences Jinggangshan University Ji'an China
- College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - Fang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences Jinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Kai Jiang
- School of Life Sciences Jinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Gonghua Lin
- School of Life Sciences Jinggangshan University Ji'an China
| | - Zuhao Huang
- School of Life Sciences Jinggangshan University Ji'an China
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11
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Glück M, Geue JC, Thomassen HA. Environmental differences explain subtle yet detectable genetic structure in a widespread pollinator. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:8. [PMID: 35105300 PMCID: PMC8808969 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-01963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The environment is a strong driver of genetic structure in many natural populations, yet often neglected in population genetic studies. This may be a particular problem in vagile species, where subtle structure cannot be explained by limitations to dispersal. Consequently, these species might falsely be considered quasi-panmictic and hence potentially mismanaged. A species this might apply to, is the buff-tailed bumble bee (Bombus terrestris), an economically important and widespread pollinator, which is considered to be quasi-panmictic at mainland continental scales. Here we aimed to (i) quantify genetic structure in 21+ populations of the buff-tailed bumble bee, sampled throughout two Eastern European countries, and (ii) analyse the degree to which structure is explained by environmental differences, habitat permeability and geographic distance. Using 12 microsatellite loci, we characterised populations of this species with Fst analyses, complemented by discriminant analysis of principal components and Bayesian clustering approaches. We then applied generalized dissimilarity modelling to simultaneously assess the informativeness of geographic distance, habitat permeability and environmental differences among populations in explaining divergence. RESULTS Genetic structure of the buff-tailed bumble bee quantified by means of Fst was subtle and not detected by Bayesian clustering. Discriminant analysis of principal components suggested insignificant but still noticeable structure that slightly exceeded estimates obtained through Fst analyses. As expected, geographic distance and habitat permeability were not informative in explaining the spatial pattern of genetic divergence. Yet, environmental variables related to temperature, vegetation and topography were highly informative, explaining between 33 and 39% of the genetic variation observed. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous studies reporting quasi-panmixia in continental populations of this species, we demonstrated the presence of subtle population structure related to environmental heterogeneity. Environmental data proved to be highly useful in unravelling the drivers of genetic structure in this vagile and opportunistic species. We highlight the potential of including these data to obtain a better understanding of population structure and the processes driving it in species considered to be quasi-panmictic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Glück
- Comparative Zoology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Julia C Geue
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henri A Thomassen
- Comparative Zoology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Butler RG, Lage C, Dobrin SE, Staples JK, Venturini E, Frank J, Drummond FA. Maine's Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)-Part 2: Comparisons of a Common (Bombus ternarius) and a Rare (Bombus terricola) Species. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:1358-1369. [PMID: 34532731 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As part of a quantitative survey of Maine's bumble bee fauna (Butler et al. 2021), we compared and contrasted genetic diversity, parasite and pathogen burdens, and pesticide exposure of the relatively common Bombus ternarius Say, 1937 and the spatially rare Bombus terricola Kirby, 1837. We recorded 11 Bombus species at 40 survey sites across three Maine ecoregions, and B. ternarius was the most common species, while B. terricola was spatially rare. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling indicated that B. terricola was associated with higher elevation sites in Maine, while B. ternarius was more broadly distributed in the state. Pollinator networks constructed for each bee indicated B. ternarius foraged on more plant species than B. terricola, but that there was considerable overlap (73%) in plant species visited. Genetic diversity was greater in the spatially restricted B. terricola, whereas the widely distributed B. ternarius was characterized by greater genetic differentiation among regions. Bombus terricola had higher molecular marker levels of the microsporidian fungi Nosema spp. and the trypanosome Crithidia spp., and both species had high levels of Trypanosoma spp. exposure. No Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera, Linnaeus, 1758) viruses were detected in either species. Pesticides were not detected in pollen samples collected from workers of either species, and B. ternarius worker tissue samples exhibited only trace levels of diflubenzuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Butler
- Department of Biology, University of Maine, Farmington, ME, USA
| | - Christopher Lage
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Maine Augusta, Augusta, ME, USA
| | - Scott E Dobrin
- Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Joseph K Staples
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Southern Maine, Gorham, ME, USA
| | - Eric Venturini
- Maine Wild Blueberry Commission, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Jereme Frank
- Maine Forest Service, Department of Agriculture Conservation and Forestry, Old Town, ME, USA
| | - Francis A Drummond
- Professor Emeritus, School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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13
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Christmas MJ, Jones JC, Olsson A, Wallerman O, Bunikis I, Kierczak M, Whitley KM, Sullivan I, Geib JC, Miller-Struttmann NE, Webster MT. A genomic and morphometric analysis of alpine bumblebees: Ongoing reductions in tongue length but no clear genetic component. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:1111-1127. [PMID: 34837435 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last six decades, populations of the bumblebees Bombus sylvicola and Bombus balteatus in Colorado have experienced decreases in tongue length, a trait important for plant-pollinator mutualisms. It has been hypothesized that this observation reflects selection resulting from shifts in floral composition under climate change. Here we used morphometrics and population genomics to determine whether morphological change is ongoing, investigate the genetic basis of morphological variation, and analyse population structure in these populations. We generated a genome assembly of B. balteatus. We then analysed whole-genome sequencing data and morphometric measurements of 580 samples of both species from seven high-altitude localities. Out of 281 samples originally identified as B. sylvicola, 67 formed a separate genetic cluster comprising a newly-discovered cryptic species ("incognitus"). However, an absence of genetic structure within species suggests that gene flow is common between mountains. We found a significant decrease in tongue length between bees collected between 2012-2014 and in 2017, indicating that morphological shifts are ongoing. We did not discover any genetic associations with tongue length, but a SNP related to production of a proteolytic digestive enzyme was implicated in body size variation. We identified evidence of covariance between kinship and both tongue length and body size, which is suggestive of a genetic component of these traits, although it is possible that shared environmental effects between colonies are responsible. Our results provide evidence for ongoing modification of a morphological trait important for pollination and indicate that this trait probably has a complex genetic and environmental basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Christmas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia C Jones
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Wallerman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcin Kierczak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kaitlyn M Whitley
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA.,U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Isabel Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA.,Marine Estuarine Environmental Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer C Geib
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Matthew T Webster
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Hatfield RG, Strange JP, Koch JB, Jepsen S, Stapleton I. Neonicotinoid Pesticides Cause Mass Fatalities of Native Bumble Bees: A Case Study From Wilsonville, Oregon, United States. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:1095-1104. [PMID: 34145877 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In June of 2013 an application of dinotefuran on an ornamental planting of European linden trees (Tilia cordata Mill. [Malvales: Malvalceae]) in a shopping mall parking lot in Wilsonville, Oregon provoked the largest documented pesticide kill of bumble bees in North America. Based on geographic information systems and population genetic analysis, we estimate that between 45,830 and 107,470 bumble bees originating from between 289 and 596 colonies were killed during this event. Dinotefuran is a neonicotinoid that is highly effective in exterminating and/or harming target pest insects and non-target beneficial insects. Analysis to detect the concentration of pesticides in flowers that received foliar application revealed that the minimum reported dinotefuran concentration of a sampled T. cordata flower was 7.4 ppm, or in excess of 737% above the LC50 of the beneficial pollinator, the honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 [Hymenoptera: Apidae]). Furthermore, sampled Vosnesensky bumble bees (Bombus vosnesenskii Radoskowski, 1862 [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) were found to have an average dinotefuran concentration of 0.92 ppm at the time of death, which exceeds the maximum LC50 of A. mellifera (0.884 ppm). Our study underscores the lethal impact of the neonicotinoid pesticide dinotefuran on pollinating insect populations in a suburban environment. To our knowledge, the documentation and impact of pesticide kills on wild populations of beneficial insects has not been widely reported in the scientific literature. It is likely that the vast majority of mass pesticide kills of beneficial insects across other environments go unnoticed and unreported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James P Strange
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insect - Biology, Management, Systematics Research Unit, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Jonathan B Koch
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insect - Biology, Management, Systematics Research Unit, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sarina Jepsen
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR, USA
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15
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Koch JBU, McCabe LM, Love BG, Cox-Foster D. Genetic and Usurpation Data Support High Incidence of Bumble Bee Nest Invasion by Socially Parasitic Bumble Bee, Bombus insularis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6363718. [PMID: 34477874 PMCID: PMC8415179 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cuckoo bumble bees (Psithyrus) (Lepeletier, 1832) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are a unique lineage of bees that depend exclusively on a host bumble bee species to provide nesting material, nutritional resources, and labor to rear offspring. In this study, we document usurpation incidence and population genetic data of Bombus insularis (Smith, 1861) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a bumble bee species in the Psithyrus subgenus, on field-deployed B. huntii colonies in northern Utah, United States. Within 12 d of deploying B. huntii Greene, 1860 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies at two field sites, 13 of the 16 colonies contained at least one established B. insularis female. Although our results demonstrate that field-deployed bumble bee colonies are highly susceptible to B. insularis usurpation, applying a fabricated excluder to prevent the inquiline from invading a colony was 100% effective. Sibship analysis using microsatellite genotype data of 59 B. insularis females estimates that they originated from at least 49 unique colonies. Furthermore, sibship analysis found siblings distributed between the field sites that were 7.04 km apart. Our result suggests that B. insularis females have the capacity to disperse across the landscape in search of host colonies at distances of at least 3.52 km and up to 7.04 km. Our study underscores the detrimental impact B. insularis usurpation has on the host bumble bee colony. As B. insularis significantly impacts the success of bumble bee colonies, we briefly discuss how the utilization of excluders may be useful for commercial bumble bee colonies that are used to pollinate open field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Berenguer Uhuad Koch
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insect–Biology, Management, Systematics Research Unit, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Lindsie M McCabe
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insect–Biology, Management, Systematics Research Unit, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Byron G Love
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insect–Biology, Management, Systematics Research Unit, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Diana Cox-Foster
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insect–Biology, Management, Systematics Research Unit, Logan, UT 84341, USA
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16
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Kelemen EP, Rehan SM. Conservation insights from wild bee genetic studies: Geographic differences, susceptibility to inbreeding, and signs of local adaptation. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1485-1496. [PMID: 34178099 PMCID: PMC8210791 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserving bees are critical both ecologically and economically. Genetic tools are valuable for monitoring these vital pollinators since tracking these small, fast-flying insects by traditional means is difficult. By surveying the current state of the literature, this review discusses how recent advances in landscape genetic and genomic research are elucidating how wild bees respond to anthropogenic threats. Current literature suggests that there may be geographic differences in the vulnerability of bee species to landscape changes. Populations of temperate bee species are becoming more isolated and more genetically depauperate as their landscape becomes more fragmented, but tropical bee species appear unaffected. These differences may be an artifact of historical differences in land-use, or it suggests that different management plans are needed for temperate and tropical bee species. Encouragingly, genetic studies on invasive bee species indicate that low levels of genetic diversity may not lead to rapid extinction in bees as once predicted. Additionally, next-generation sequencing has given researchers the power to identify potential genes under selection, which are likely critical to species' survival in their rapidly changing environment. While genetic studies provide insights into wild bee biology, more studies focusing on a greater phylogenetic and life-history breadth of species are needed. Therefore, caution should be taken when making broad conservation decisions based on the currently few species examined.
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17
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Emel SL, Wang S, Metz RP, Spigler RB. Type and intensity of surrounding human land use, not local environment, shape genetic structure of a native grassland plant. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:639-655. [PMID: 33245827 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Landscape heterogeneity can shape genetic structure and functional connectivity of populations. When this heterogeneity imposes variable costs of moving across the landscape, populations can be structured according to a pattern of "isolation by resistance" (IBR). At the same time, divergent local environmental filters can limit gene flow, creating an alternative pattern of "isolation by environment" (IBE). Here, we evaluate IBR and IBE in the insect-pollinated, biennial plant Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh (Gentianaceae) across serpentine grasslands in the fragmented landscape of SE Pennsylvania, USA using ~4500 neutral SNP loci. Specifically, we test the extent to which radical alteration of the landscape matrix by humans has fundamentally altered the cost of movement, imprinting a pattern of IBR dictated by land use type and intensity, and the potential for IBE in relation to a gradient of heavy metal concentrations found in serpentine soil. We reveal a strong signal of IBR and a weak signal of IBE across sites, indicating the greater importance of the landscape matrix in shaping genetic structure of S. angularis populations in the study region. Based on Circuitscape and least cost path approaches, we find that both low- and high-intensity urbanization resist gene flow by orders of magnitude greater than "natural" habitats, although resistance to low-intensity urbanization weakens at larger spatial scales. While cropland presents a substantially lower barrier than urban development, cumulative human land use surrounding populations predicts within-population genetic diversity and inbreeding in S. angularis. Our results emphasize the role of forest buffers and corridors in facilitating gene flow between serpentine grassland patches and averting local extinction of plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Emel
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
| | - Shichen Wang
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Service, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, TX, USA
| | - Richard P Metz
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Service, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, TX, USA
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18
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Ballare KM, Jha S. Genetic structure across urban and agricultural landscapes reveals evidence of resource specialization and philopatry in the Eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica L. Evol Appl 2021; 14:136-149. [PMID: 33519961 PMCID: PMC7819568 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activity continues to impact global ecosystems, often by altering the habitat suitability, persistence, and movement of native species. It is thus critical to examine the population genetic structure of key ecosystemservice providers across human-altered landscapes to provide insight into the forces that limit wildlife persistence and movement across multiple spatial scales. While some studies have documented declines of bee pollinators as a result of human-mediated habitat alteration, others suggest that some bee species may benefit from altered land use due to increased food or nesting resource availability; however, detailed population and dispersal studies have been lacking. We investigated the population genetic structure of the Eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica, across 14 sites spanning more than 450 km, including dense urban areas and intensive agricultural habitat. X. virginica is a large bee which constructs nests in natural and human-associated wooden substrates, and is hypothesized to disperse broadly across urbanizing areas. Using 10 microsatellite loci, we detected significant genetic isolation by geographic distance and significant isolation by land use, where urban and cultivated landscapes were most conducive to gene flow. This is one of the first population genetic analyses to provide evidence of enhanced insect dispersal in human-altered areas as compared to semi-natural landscapes. We found moderate levels of regional-scale population structure across the study system (G'ST = 0.146) and substantial co-ancestry between the sampling regions, where co-ancestry patterns align with major human transportation corridors, suggesting that human-mediated movement may be influencing regional dispersal processes. Additionally, we found a signature of strong site-level philopatry where our analyses revealed significant levels of high genetic relatedness at very fine scales (<1 km), surprising given X. virginica's large body size. These results provide unique genetic evidence that insects can simultaneously exhibit substantial regional dispersal as well as high local nesting fidelity in landscapes dominated by human activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Ballare
- Department of Integrative BiologyBiological LaboratoriesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative BiologyBiological LaboratoriesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
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19
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De Novo Genome Assemblies for Three North American Bumble Bee Species: Bombus bifarius, Bombus vancouverensis, and Bombus vosnesenskii. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:2585-2592. [PMID: 32586847 PMCID: PMC7407468 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bumble bees are ecologically and economically important insect pollinators. Three abundant and widespread species in western North America, Bombus bifarius, Bombus vancouverensis, and Bombus vosnesenskii, have been the focus of substantial research relating to diverse aspects of bumble bee ecology and evolutionary biology. We present de novo genome assemblies for each of the three species using hybrid assembly of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequences. All three assemblies are of high quality with large N50s (> 2.2 Mb), BUSCO scores indicating > 98% complete genes, and annotations producing 13,325 - 13,687 genes, comparing favorably with other bee genomes. Analysis of synteny against the most complete bumble bee genome, Bombus terrestris, reveals a high degree of collinearity. These genomes should provide a valuable resource for addressing questions relating to functional genomics and evolutionary biology in these species.
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20
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Abstract
Bumble bees (Bombus) are unusually important pollinators, with approximately 260 wild species native to all biogeographic regions except sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. As they are vitally important in natural ecosystems and to agricultural food production globally, the increase in reports of declining distribution and abundance over the past decade has led to an explosion of interest in bumble bee population decline. We summarize data on the threat status of wild bumble bee species across biogeographic regions, underscoring regions lacking assessment data. Focusing on data-rich studies, we also synthesize recent research on potential causes of population declines. There is evidence that habitat loss, changing climate, pathogen transmission, invasion of nonnative species, and pesticides, operating individually and in combination, negatively impact bumble bee health, and that effects may depend on species and locality. We distinguish between correlational and causal results, underscoring the importance of expanding experimental research beyond the study of two commercially available species to identify causal factors affecting the diversity of wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney A Cameron
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Ben M Sadd
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA;
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21
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Barbosa MDM, Carneiro LT, Pereira MFDCDS, Rodriguez CZ, Chagas TRF, Moya W, Bergamini LL, Mancini MCS, Paes ND, Giraldo LCP. Future scenarios of land-use-cover effects on pollination supply and demand in São Paulo State, Brazil. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Rapid land-use/land cover changes (LULCC) have led to habitat loss and fragmentation in the natural forest areas, which are mainly due to the intense and rapid expansion of urban areas and intense agricultural management. These processes are strongly threatening biodiversity maintenance and the ecosystem services provided by them. Among the ecosystem services under threat, pollination has been widely studied since this service is essential to promote food production and, therefore, human well-being. In a scenario of increasing LULCC it is crucial to understand the interplay between these changes, pollination demand by insect-dependent crops and pollinator availability to ensure these ecosystem services meet the increased demand for food production. In this study, we developed a conceptual model to disentangle the relationships between human-nature, especially LULCC, and its consequences, to the delivery of pollination service. We also presented a case study in the Brazilian São Paulo state, where we modeled the effects of predicted LULCC associated to agriculture expansion between the years 2012 and 2030 on pollinator demand by crops and pollinator supply, for fourteen economically important crops. Additionally, we systematized an expert-based Ecosystem Service matrix to estimate the influences of LULCC on the provision of pollination. Our results showed that by 2030, the demand for pollination will increase by 40% on average, while pollinator supply, estimated using suitability values for the different land-use/cover classes, will show, on average, a 3% decrease. Our results highlight the importance of considering the dialogue among stakeholders, governments, institutions, and scientists to find alternatives and strategies to promote pollinator-friendly practices and safeguard the provision of pollination services in a future under LULCC.
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22
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Foraging strategies are maintained despite workforce reduction: A multidisciplinary survey on the pollen collected by a social pollinator. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224037. [PMID: 31693676 PMCID: PMC6834249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The way pollinators gather resources may play a key role for buffering their population declines. Social pollinators like bumblebees could adjust their foraging after significant workforce reductions to keep provisions to the colony optimal, especially in terms of pollen diversity and quantity. To test what effects a workforce reduction causes on the foraging for pollen, commercially-acquired colonies of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris were allowed to forage in the field and they were experimentally manipulated by removing half the number of workers. For each bumblebee, the pollen pellets were taxonomically identified with DNA metabarcoding of the ITS2 region followed by a statistical filtering based on ROC curves to filter out underrepresented OTUs. Video cameras and network analyses were employed to investigate changes in foraging strategies and behaviour. After filtering out the false-positives, HTS metabarcoding yielded a high plant diversity in the pollen pellets; for plant identity and pollen quantity traits no differences emerged between samples from treated and from control colonies, suggesting that plant choice was influenced mainly by external factors such as the plant phenology. The colonies responded to the removal of 50% of their workers by increasing the foraging activity of the remaining workers, while only negligible changes were found in diet breadth and indices describing the structure of the pollen transport network. Therefore, a consistency in the bumblebees’ feeding strategies emerges in the short term despite the lowered workforce.
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Pattern of population structuring between Belgian and Estonian bumblebees. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9651. [PMID: 31273269 PMCID: PMC6609714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several population genetic studies investigated the extent of gene flow and population connectivity in bumblebees. In general, no restriction in gene flow is considered for mainland populations of common bumblebee species. Whether this assumption holds true for all species is not known. An assessment of bumblebee genetic structure in the context of their geographic distribution is needed to prioritize conservation and management needs. Here, we conducted a genetic study on seven bumblebee species occurring in Belgium and Estonia. Using 16 microsatellite markers, we investigated genetic diversity and population structuring in each species. This is the first study investigating population structuring of both declining and stable bumblebee species on both small and large geographic scales. Our results showed no or only low population structuring between the populations of the restricted and declining bumblebee species on both scales, while significant structuring was found for populations of the common species on the larger scale. The latter result, which may be due to human or environmental changes in the landscape, implies the need for the conservation of also widespread bumblebee species. Conservation strategies to improve gene flow and connectivity of populations could avoid the isolation and future losses of populations of these important species.
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Jaffé R, Veiga JC, Pope NS, Lanes ÉCM, Carvalho CS, Alves R, Andrade SCS, Arias MC, Bonatti V, Carvalho AT, de Castro MS, Contrera FAL, Francoy TM, Freitas BM, Giannini TC, Hrncir M, Martins CF, Oliveira G, Saraiva AM, Souza BA, Imperatriz‐Fonseca VL. Landscape genomics to the rescue of a tropical bee threatened by habitat loss and climate change. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1164-1177. [PMID: 31293629 PMCID: PMC6597871 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat degradation and climate change are currently threatening wild pollinators, compromising their ability to provide pollination services to wild and cultivated plants. Landscape genomics offers powerful tools to assess the influence of landscape modifications on genetic diversity and functional connectivity, and to identify adaptations to local environmental conditions that could facilitate future bee survival. Here, we assessed range-wide patterns of genetic structure, genetic diversity, gene flow, and local adaptation in the stingless bee Melipona subnitida, a tropical pollinator of key biological and economic importance inhabiting one of the driest and hottest regions of South America. Our results reveal four genetic clusters across the species' full distribution range. All populations were found to be under a mutation-drift equilibrium, and genetic diversity was not influenced by the amount of reminiscent natural habitats. However, genetic relatedness was spatially autocorrelated and isolation by landscape resistance explained range-wide relatedness patterns better than isolation by geographic distance, contradicting earlier findings for stingless bees. Specifically, gene flow was enhanced by increased thermal stability, higher forest cover, lower elevations, and less corrugated terrains. Finally, we detected genomic signatures of adaptation to temperature, precipitation, and forest cover, spatially distributed in latitudinal and altitudinal patterns. Taken together, our findings shed important light on the life history of M. subnitida and highlight the role of regions with large thermal fluctuations, deforested areas, and mountain ranges as dispersal barriers. Conservation actions such as restricting long-distance colony transportation, preserving local adaptations, and improving the connectivity between highlands and lowlands are likely to assure future pollination services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Jaffé
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Departamento de EcologiaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Departamento de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal Rural do Semi‐ÁridoMossoróBrazil
| | - Jamille C. Veiga
- Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal do ParáBelémBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sónia C. S. Andrade
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia EvolutivaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Maria C. Arias
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia EvolutivaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Vanessa Bonatti
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Airton T. Carvalho
- Unidade Acadêmica de Serra TalhadaUniversidade Federal Rural de PernambucoSerra TalhadaBrazil
| | - Marina S. de Castro
- Centro de Agroecologia Rio SecoUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaAmélia RodriguesBrazil
| | | | - Tiago M. Francoy
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Breno M. Freitas
- Departamento de ZootecniaUniversidade Federal do CearáFortalezaBrazil
| | | | - Michael Hrncir
- Departamento de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal Rural do Semi‐ÁridoMossoróBrazil
| | - Celso F. Martins
- Departamento de Sistemática e EcologiaUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão PessoaBrazil
| | | | - Antonio M. Saraiva
- Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São PauloUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Vera L. Imperatriz‐Fonseca
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Departamento de EcologiaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Departamento de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal Rural do Semi‐ÁridoMossoróBrazil
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25
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Tarroso P, Carvalho SB, Velo‐Antón G. Phylin 2.0: Extending the phylogeographical interpolation method to include uncertainty and user‐defined distance metrics. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:1081-1094. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Tarroso
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC‐Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain
| | - Sílvia B. Carvalho
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Guillermo Velo‐Antón
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
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26
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Plue J, Aavik T, Cousins SAO. Grazing networks promote plant functional connectivity among isolated grassland communities. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plue
- Biogeography and Geomatics; Department of Physical Geography; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
- Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies; Södertörn University; Stockholm Sweden
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology; University of Leuven; Heverlee Belgium
| | - Tsipe Aavik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; Tartu University; Tartu Estonia
| | - Sara A. O Cousins
- Biogeography and Geomatics; Department of Physical Geography; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
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27
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Johansson V, Koffman A, Hedblom M, Deboni G, Andersson P. Estimates of accessible food resources for pollinators in urban landscapes should take landscape friction into account. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Johansson
- Calluna AB; Linköpings slott SE-582 28 Linköping Sweden
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7044 SE-75007 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anna Koffman
- Calluna AB; Linköpings slott SE-582 28 Linköping Sweden
| | - Marcus Hedblom
- Department of Swedish Forest Resource Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Skogsmarksgränd SE-901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Giulio Deboni
- Calluna AB; Linköpings slott SE-582 28 Linköping Sweden
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28
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Koch JB, Vandame R, Mérida‐Rivas J, Sagot P, Strange J. Quaternary climate instability is correlated with patterns of population genetic variability in Bombus huntii. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7849-7864. [PMID: 30250668 PMCID: PMC6145020 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate oscillations have left a significant impact on the patterns of genetic diversity observed in numerous taxa. In this study, we examine the effect of Quaternary climate instability on population genetic variability of a bumble bee pollinator species, Bombus huntii in western North America. Pleistocene and contemporary B. huntii habitat suitability (HS) was estimated with an environmental niche model (ENM) by associating 1,035 locality records with 10 bioclimatic variables. To estimate genetic variability, we genotyped 380 individuals from 33 localities at 13 microsatellite loci. Bayesian inference was used to examine population structure with and without a priori specification of geographic locality. We compared isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by resistance (IBR) models to examine population differentiation within and among the Bayesian inferred genetic clusters. Furthermore, we tested for the effect of environmental niche stability (ENS) on population genetic diversity with linear regression. As predicted, high-latitude B. huntii habitats exhibit low ENS when compared to low-latitude habitats. Two major genetic clusters of B. huntii inhabit western North America: (a) a north genetic cluster predominantly distributed north of 28°N and (b) a south genetic cluster distributed south of 28°N. In the south genetic cluser, both IBD and IBR models are significant. However, in the north genetic cluster, IBD is significant but not IBR. Furthermore, the IBR models suggest that low-latitude montane populations are surrounded by habitat with low HS, possibly limiting dispersal, and ultimately gene flow between populations. Finally, we detected high genetic diversity across populations in regions that have been climatically unstable since the last glacial maximum (LGM), and low genetic diversity across populations in regions that have been climatically stable since the LGM. Understanding how species have responded to climate change has the potential to inform management and conservation decisions of both ecological and economic concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B. Koch
- Department of BiologyUtah State UniversityLoganUtah
- Pollinating Insects Research UnitUSDA‐ARS‐PWALoganUtah
| | - Rémy Vandame
- Departamento Agricultura Sociedad y AmbienteEl Colegio de la Frontera SurSan Cristóbal de Las CasasChiapasMexico
| | - Jorge Mérida‐Rivas
- Departamento Agricultura Sociedad y AmbienteEl Colegio de la Frontera SurSan Cristóbal de Las CasasChiapasMexico
| | - Philippe Sagot
- Departamento Agricultura Sociedad y AmbienteEl Colegio de la Frontera SurSan Cristóbal de Las CasasChiapasMexico
| | - James Strange
- Pollinating Insects Research UnitUSDA‐ARS‐PWALoganUtah
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29
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Jackson JM, Pimsler ML, Oyen KJ, Koch‐Uhuad JB, Herndon JD, Strange JP, Dillon ME, Lozier JD. Distance, elevation and environment as drivers of diversity and divergence in bumble bees across latitude and altitude. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2926-2942. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama
| | - Meaghan L. Pimsler
- Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama
| | - Kennan Jeannet Oyen
- Department of Zoology & Physiology and Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming
| | - Jonathan B. Koch‐Uhuad
- Tropical Conservation Biology & Environmental Science Graduate Program Department of Biology University of Hawaii at Hilo Hilo Hawaii
| | - James D. Herndon
- USDA‐ARS Pollinating Insect Research Unit Utah State University Logan Utah
| | - James P. Strange
- USDA‐ARS Pollinating Insect Research Unit Utah State University Logan Utah
| | - Michael E. Dillon
- Department of Zoology & Physiology and Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming
| | - Jeffrey D. Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama
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30
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Theodorou P, Radzevičiūtė R, Kahnt B, Soro A, Grosse I, Paxton RJ. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism scan suggests adaptation to urbanization in an important pollinator, the red-tailed bumblebee ( Bombus lapidarius L.). Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20172806. [PMID: 29669900 PMCID: PMC5936727 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is considered a global threat to biodiversity; the growth of cities results in an increase in impervious surfaces, soil and air pollution, fragmentation of natural vegetation and invasion of non-native species, along with numerous environmental changes, including the heat island phenomenon. The combination of these effects constitutes a challenge for both the survival and persistence of many native species, while also imposing altered selective regimes. Here, using 110 314 single nucleotide polymorphisms generated by restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing, we investigated the genome-wide effects of urbanization on putative neutral and adaptive genomic diversity in a major insect pollinator, Bombus lapidarius, collected from nine German cities and nine paired rural sites. Overall, genetic differentiation among sites was low and there was no obvious genome-wide genetic structuring, suggesting the absence of strong effects of urbanization on gene flow. We nevertheless identified several loci under directional selection, a subset of which was associated with urban land use, including the percentage of impervious surface surrounding each sampling site. Overall, our results provide evidence of local adaptation to urbanization in the face of gene flow in a highly mobile insect pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Theodorou
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rita Radzevičiūtė
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Belinda Kahnt
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonella Soro
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ivo Grosse
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Robert J Paxton
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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31
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MacPhail VJ, Ferguson S, Tompkins H, Colla SR. The missing link: A case for increased consideration for plant-pollinator interactions for species at-risk recovery in Ontario. J Nat Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Our planet is an increasingly urbanized landscape, with over half of the human population residing in cities. Despite advances in urban ecology, we do not adequately understand how urbanization affects the evolution of organisms, nor how this evolution may affect ecosystems and human health. Here, we review evidence for the effects of urbanization on the evolution of microbes, plants, and animals that inhabit cities. Urbanization affects adaptive and nonadaptive evolutionary processes that shape the genetic diversity within and between populations. Rapid adaptation has facilitated the success of some native species in urban areas, but it has also allowed human pests and disease to spread more rapidly. The nascent field of urban evolution brings together efforts to understand evolution in response to environmental change while developing new hypotheses concerning adaptation to urban infrastructure and human socioeconomic activity. The next generation of research on urban evolution will provide critical insight into the importance of evolution for sustainable interactions between humans and our city environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology and Center for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Munshi-South
- Department of Biological Sciences and Louis Calder Center, Fordham University, Armonk, NY, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Foraging is an essential process for mobile animals, and its optimization serves as a foundational theory in ecology and evolution; however, drivers of foraging are rarely investigated across landscapes and seasons. Using a common bumblebee species from the western United States (Bombus vosnesenskii), we ask whether seasonal decreases in food resources prompt changes in foraging behavior and space use. We employ a unique integration of population genetic tools and spatially explicit foraging models to estimate foraging distances and rates of patch visitation for wild bumblebee colonies across three study regions and two seasons. By mapping the locations of 669 wild-caught individual foragers, we find substantial variation in colony-level foraging distances, often exhibiting a 60-fold difference within a study region. Our analysis of visitation rates indicates that foragers display a preference for destination patches with high floral cover and forage significantly farther for these patches, but only in the summer, when landscape-level resources are low. Overall, these results indicate that an increasing proportion of long-distance foraging bouts take place in the summer. Because wild bees are pollinators, their foraging dynamics are of urgent concern, given the potential impacts of global change on their movement and services. The behavioral shift toward long-distance foraging with seasonal declines in food resources suggests a novel, phenologically directed approach to landscape-level pollinator conservation and greater consideration of late-season floral resources in pollinator habitat management.
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34
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Conservation genetics of bees: advances in the application of molecular tools to guide bee pollinator conservation. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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35
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Suni SS, Scott Z, Averill A, Whiteley A. Population genetics of wild and managed pollinators: implications for crop pollination and the genetic integrity of wild bees. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Patterns of population genetic structure and diversity across bumble bee communities in the Pacific Northwest. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Reid BN, Mladenoff DJ, Peery MZ. Genetic effects of landscape, habitat preference and demography on three co‐occurring turtle species. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:781-798. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan N. Reid
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Herpetology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024 USA
| | - David J. Mladenoff
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Zachariah Peery
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
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38
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High levels of male diploidy but low levels of genetic structure characterize Bombus vosnesenskii populations across the Western US. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Population genetics and geometric morphometrics of the Bombus ephippiatus species complex with implications for its use as a commercial pollinator. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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41
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Tinnert J, Hellgren O, Lindberg J, Koch‐Schmidt P, Forsman A. Population genetic structure, differentiation, and diversity in Tetrix subulata pygmy grasshoppers: roles of population size and immigration. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7831-7846. [PMID: 30128133 PMCID: PMC6093165 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity within and among populations and species is influenced by complex demographic and evolutionary processes. Despite extensive research, there is no consensus regarding how landscape structure, spatial distribution, gene flow, and population dynamics impact genetic composition of natural populations. Here, we used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to investigate effects of population size, geographic isolation, immigration, and gene flow on genetic structure, divergence, and diversity in populations of Tetrix subulata pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from 20 sampling locations in southern Sweden. Analyses of 1564 AFLP markers revealed low to moderate levels of genetic diversity (PPL = 59.5-90.1; Hj = 0.23-0.32) within and significant divergence among sampling localities. This suggests that evolution of functional traits in response to divergent selection is possible and that gene flow is restricted. Genetic diversity increased with population size and with increasing proportion of long-winged phenotypes (a proxy of recent immigration) across populations on the island of Öland, but not on the mainland. Our data further suggested that the open water separating Öland from the mainland acts as a dispersal barrier that restricts migration and leads to genetic divergence among regions. Isolation by distance was evident for short interpopulation distances on the mainland, but gradually disappeared as populations separated by longer distances were included. Results illustrate that integrating ecological and molecular data is key to identifying drivers of population genetic structure in natural populations. Our findings also underscore the importance of landscape structure and spatial sampling scheme for conclusions regarding the role of gene flow and isolation by distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Tinnert
- Department of Biology and Environmental ScienceEcology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMISLinnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
| | - Olof Hellgren
- Department of Biology and Environmental ScienceEcology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMISLinnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
- Present address:
Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jenny Lindberg
- Department of Biology and Environmental ScienceEcology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMISLinnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
- Present address:
Naturbruksskolan Sötåsen54591TörebodaSweden
| | - Per Koch‐Schmidt
- Department of Biology and Environmental ScienceEcology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMISLinnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
| | - Anders Forsman
- Department of Biology and Environmental ScienceEcology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMISLinnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
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42
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43
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Jaffé R, Pope N, Acosta AL, Alves DA, Arias MC, De la Rúa P, Francisco FO, Giannini TC, González-Chaves A, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Tavares MG, Jha S, Carvalheiro LG. Beekeeping practices and geographic distance, not land use, drive gene flow across tropical bees. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:5345-5358. [PMID: 27662098 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Across the globe, wild bees are threatened by ongoing natural habitat loss, risking the maintenance of plant biodiversity and agricultural production. Despite the ecological and economic importance of wild bees and the fact that several species are now managed for pollination services worldwide, little is known about how land use and beekeeping practices jointly influence gene flow. Using stingless bees as a model system, containing wild and managed species that are presumed to be particularly susceptible to habitat degradation, here we examine the main drivers of tropical bee gene flow. We employ a novel landscape genetic approach to analyse data from 135 populations of 17 stingless bee species distributed across diverse tropical biomes within the Americas. Our work has important methodological implications, as we illustrate how a maximum-likelihood approach can be applied in a meta-analysis framework to account for multiple factors, and weight estimates by sample size. In contrast to previously held beliefs, gene flow was not related to body size or deforestation, and isolation by geographic distance (IBD) was significantly affected by management, with managed species exhibiting a weaker IBD than wild ones. Our study thus reveals the critical importance of beekeeping practices in shaping the patterns of genetic differentiation across bee species. Additionally, our results show that many stingless bee species maintain high gene flow across heterogeneous landscapes. We suggest that future efforts to preserve wild tropical bees should focus on regulating beekeeping practices to maintain natural gene flow and enhancing pollinator-friendly habitats, prioritizing species showing a limited dispersal ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Jaffé
- Vale Institute of Technology - Sustainable Development, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66055-090, Belém, PA, Brazil. .,Department of Ecology, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nathaniel Pope
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, 401 Biological Laboratories, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - André L Acosta
- Department of Ecology, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise A Alves
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria C Arias
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pilar De la Rúa
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Flávio O Francisco
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tereza C Giannini
- Vale Institute of Technology - Sustainable Development, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66055-090, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Department of Ecology, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adrian González-Chaves
- Department of Ecology, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera L Imperatriz-Fonseca
- Vale Institute of Technology - Sustainable Development, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66055-090, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Department of Ecology, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mara G Tavares
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P H Rolfs, s/n, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, 401 Biological Laboratories, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Luísa G Carvalheiro
- Department of Ecology, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Castilla AR, Pope N, Jaffé R, Jha S. Elevation, Not Deforestation, Promotes Genetic Differentiation in a Pioneer Tropical Tree. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156694. [PMID: 27280872 PMCID: PMC4900633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of disturbed forest is an essential part of tropical forest ecology, both with respect to natural disturbance regimes and large-scale human-mediated logging, grazing, and agriculture. Pioneer tree species are critical for facilitating the transition from deforested land to secondary forest because they stabilize terrain and enhance connectivity between forest fragments by increasing matrix permeability and initiating disperser community assembly. Despite the ecological importance of early successional species, little is known about their ability to maintain gene flow across deforested landscapes. Utilizing highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, we examined patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation for the pioneer understory tree Miconia affinis across the Isthmus of Panama. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of geographic distance, forest cover, and elevation on genetic differentiation among populations using circuit theory and regression modeling within a landscape genetics framework. We report marked differences in historical and contemporary migration rates and moderately high levels of genetic differentiation in M. affinis populations across the Isthmus of Panama. Genetic differentiation increased significantly with elevation and geographic distance among populations; however, we did not find that forest cover enhanced or reduced genetic differentiation in the study region. Overall, our results reveal strong dispersal for M. affinis across human-altered landscapes, highlighting the potential use of this species for reforestation in tropical regions. Additionally, this study demonstrates the importance of considering topography when designing programs aimed at conserving genetic diversity within degraded tropical landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R. Castilla
- Department of Integrative Biology, 401 Biological Laboratories, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Pope
- Department of Integrative Biology, 401 Biological Laboratories, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Jaffé
- Vale Institute of Technology–Sustainable Development, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém, PA 66055–090, Brazil
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, São Paulo, SP 05508–090, Brazil
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology, 401 Biological Laboratories, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bartlett M, Hale R, Hale M. Habitat quality limits gene flow between populations of Bombus ruderatus in the South Island, New Zealand. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Munshi‐South J, Zolnik CP, Harris SE. Population genomics of the Anthropocene: urbanization is negatively associated with genome-wide variation in white-footed mouse populations. Evol Appl 2016; 9:546-64. [PMID: 27099621 PMCID: PMC4831458 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization results in pervasive habitat fragmentation and reduces standing genetic variation through bottlenecks and drift. Loss of genomewide variation may ultimately reduce the evolutionary potential of animal populations experiencing rapidly changing conditions. In this study, we examined genomewide variation among 23 white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) populations sampled along an urbanization gradient in the New York City metropolitan area. Genomewide variation was estimated as a proxy for evolutionary potential using more than 10 000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated by ddRAD-Seq. We found that genomewide variation is inversely related to urbanization as measured by percent impervious surface cover, and to a lesser extent, human population density. We also report that urbanization results in enhanced genomewide differentiation between populations in cities. There was no pattern of isolation by distance among these populations, but an isolation by resistance model based on impervious surface significantly explained patterns of genetic differentiation. Isolation by environment modeling also indicated that urban populations deviate much more strongly from global allele frequencies than suburban or rural populations. This study is the first to examine loss of genomewide SNP variation along an urban-to-rural gradient and quantify urbanization as a driver of population genomic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Munshi‐South
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Louis Calder Center—Biological Field StationFordham UniversityArmonkNYUSA
| | - Christine P. Zolnik
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Louis Calder Center—Biological Field StationFordham UniversityArmonkNYUSA
| | - Stephen E. Harris
- Ph.D. Program in EcologyEvolutionary Biology and Behaviorthe Graduate Center of the City University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
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49
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Woodard SH, Lozier JD, Goulson D, Williams PH, Strange JP, Jha S. Molecular tools and bumble bees: revealing hidden details of ecology and evolution in a model system. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2916-36. [PMID: 25865395 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees are a longstanding model system for studies on behaviour, ecology and evolution, due to their well-studied social lifestyle, invaluable role as wild and managed pollinators, and ubiquity and diversity across temperate ecosystems. Yet despite their importance, many aspects of bumble bee biology have remained enigmatic until the rise of the genetic and, more recently, genomic eras. Here, we review and synthesize new insights into the ecology, evolution and behaviour of bumble bees that have been gained using modern genetic and genomic techniques. Special emphasis is placed on four areas of bumble bee biology: the evolution of eusociality in this group, population-level processes, large-scale evolutionary relationships and patterns, and immunity and resistance to pesticides. We close with a prospective on the future of bumble bee genomics research, as this rapidly advancing field has the potential to further revolutionize our understanding of bumble bees, particularly in regard to adaptation and resilience. Worldwide, many bumble bee populations are in decline. As such, throughout the review, connections are drawn between new molecular insights into bumble bees and our understanding of the causal factors involved in their decline. Ongoing and potential applications to bumble bee management and conservation are also included to demonstrate how genetics- and genomics-enabled research aids in the preservation of this threatened group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hollis Woodard
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35401, USA
| | - David Goulson
- Evolution, Behaviour & Environment, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Paul H Williams
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - James P Strange
- USDA-ARS, Pollinating Insect Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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