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Iglesias R, Citores L, Gay CC, Ferreras JM. Antifungal Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:192. [PMID: 38668617 PMCID: PMC11054410 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of crop diseases caused by fungi remains a major problem and there is a need to find effective fungicides that are environmentally friendly. Plants are an excellent source for this purpose because they have developed defense mechanisms to cope with fungal infections. Among the plant proteins that play a role in defense are ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), enzymes obtained mainly from angiosperms that, in addition to inactivating ribosomes, have been studied as antiviral, fungicidal, and insecticidal proteins. In this review, we summarize and discuss the potential use of RIPs (and other proteins with similar activity) as antifungal agents, with special emphasis on RIP/fungus specificity, possible mechanisms of antifungal action, and the use of RIP genes to obtain fungus-resistant transgenic plants. It also highlights the fact that these proteins also have antiviral and insecticidal activity, which makes them very versatile tools for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Claudia C. Gay
- Laboratory of Protein Research, Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (UNNE-CONICET), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina;
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
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Tian S, Song Q, Zhou W, Wang J, Wang Y, An W, Wu Y, Zhao L. A viral movement protein targets host catalases for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation to facilitate viral infection and aphid transmission in wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:614-630. [PMID: 38454602 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The infection of host plants by many different viruses causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and yellowing symptoms, but the mechanisms through which plant viruses counteract ROS-mediated immunity to facilitate infection and symptom development have not been fully elucidated. Most plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors in the field, but the molecular mechanisms underlying virus‒host-insect interactions are unclear. In this study, we investigated the interactions among wheat, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), and its aphid vector and found that the BYDV movement protein (MP) interacts with both wheat catalases (CATs) and the 26S proteasome ubiquitin receptor non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 homolog (PSMD2) to facilitate the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of CATs, promoting viral infection, disease symptom development, and aphid transmission. Overexpression of the BYDV MP gene in wheat enhanced the degradation of CATs, which leading to increased accumulation of ROS and thereby enhanced viral infection. Interestingly, transgenic wheat lines overexpressing BYDV MP showed significantly reduced proliferation of wingless aphids and an increased number of winged aphids. Consistent with this observation, silencing of CAT genes also enhanced viral accumulation and reduced the proliferation of wingless aphids but increased the occurrence of winged aphids. In contrast, transgenic wheat plants overexpressing TaCAT1 exhibited the opposite changes and showed increases in grain size and weight upon infection with BYDV. Biochemical assays demonstrated that BYDV MP interacts with PSMD2 and promotes 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of TaCAT1 likely in a ubiquitination-independent manner. Collectively, our study reveals a molecular mechanism by which a plant virus manipulates the ROS production system of host plants to facilitate viral infection and transmission, shedding new light on the sophisticated interactions among viruses, host plants, and insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qingting Song
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wei An
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Xi H, Zhang Y, Gao C, Ma M, Huang Q, Li F, Yang Z. Promotion of apoplastic oxidative burst by artificially selected GhCBSX3A enhances Verticillium dahliae resistance in upland cotton. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38558071 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt (VW) is a devasting disease affecting various plants, including upland cotton, a crucial fiber crop. Despite its impact, the genetic basis underlying cotton's susceptibility or defense against VW remains unclear. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study on VW phenotyping in upland cotton and identified a locus on A13 that is significantly associated with VW resistance. We then identified a cystathionine β-synthase domain gene at A13 locus, GhCBSX3A, which was induced by Verticillium dahliae. Functional analysis, including expression silencing in cotton and overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana, confirmed that GhCBSX3A is a causal gene at the A13 locus, enhancing SAR-RBOHs-mediated apoplastic oxidative burst. We found allelic variation on the TATA-box of GhCBSX3A promoter attenuated its expression in upland cotton, thereby weakening VW resistance. Interestingly, we discovered that altered artificial selection of GhCBSX3A_R (an elite allele for VW) under different VW pressures during domestication and other improved processes allows specific human needs to be met. Our findings underscore the importance of GhCBSX3A in response to VW, and we propose a model for defense-associated genes being selected depending on the pathogen's pressure. The identified locus and gene serve as promising targets for VW resistance enhancement in cotton through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Hongfang Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yaning Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chenxu Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Meng Ma
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Qian Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
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Wu J, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhang X, Ye J, Wei T, Li Z, Tao X, Cui F, Wang X, Zhang L, Yan F, Li S, Liu Y, Li D, Zhou X, Li Y. Plant virology in the 21st century in China: Recent advances and future directions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:579-622. [PMID: 37924266 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security. Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years, including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases. Here, we review these milestones and advances, including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses, dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses, examination of multilayered interactions among viruses, their host plants, and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors, and in-depth interrogation of plant-encoded resistance and susceptibility determinants. Notably, various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants. We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Ye
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Zhou Y, Yang D, Qiang Z, Meng Y, Li R, Fan X, Zhao W, Meng Y. Ribosome-inactivating Protein MAP30 Isolated from Momordica Charantia L. Induces Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2024; 19:223-232. [PMID: 36330636 DOI: 10.2174/1574892818666221103114649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) have been reported to exert antitumor and anti-virus activities. A recent patent CN202011568116.7 has developed a new method to prepare Momordica anti-HIV protein of 30 kDa (MAP30). MAP30 is a type I RIP, which kills various tumor cells through the N-glycosidase activity and irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis. OBJECTIVE To assess the potential role of MAP30 in inducing apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma HCC-LM3 cells and elucidate the molecular mechanism of MAP30. METHODS CCK-8 assay was used to assess the proliferation of HCC-LM3 cells. Flow cytometry was used to measure the cycle, the level of ROS and apoptosis in HCC-LM3 cells. Western blots was used to measure protein levels. RESULTS Treatment with MAP30 reduced survival and proliferation of human liver cancer HCCLM3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. PI staining showed cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, MAP30 increased the level of ROS in HCC-LM3 cells in 24 h treatment. To further confirm the role of MAP30 in inducing cell apoptosis, immunoblotting was carried out to detect the change of apoptosis-related proteins including PARP poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP- 1), Casepase3 and Cleaved-Caspase9. We found that PARP-1 and Caspase-3 were downregulated, whereas Cleaved-Caspase9 was up-regulated in HCC-LM3 cells treated with MAP30. CONCLUSION This study indicated that MAP30 has the potential to be a novel therapeutic agent for human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihao Qiang
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanfa Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment Ministry of Education/Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ruigang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment Ministry of Education/Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment Ministry of Education/Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Meng
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
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Zhu F, Cao MY, Zhu PX, Zhang QP, Lam HM. Non-specific LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN 1 enhances immunity against tobacco mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5236-5254. [PMID: 37246636 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small, cysteine-rich proteins that play significant roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses; however, the molecular mechanism of their functions against viral infections remains unclear. In this study, we employed virus-induced gene-silencing and transgenic overexpression to functionally analyse a type-I nsLTP in Nicotiana benthamiana, NbLTP1, in the immunity response against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). NbLTP1 was inducible by TMV infection, and its silencing increased TMV-induced oxidative damage and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compromised local and systemic resistance to TMV, and inactivated the biosynthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and its downstream signaling pathway. The effects of NbLTP1-silencing were partially restored by application of exogenous SA. Overexpressing NbLTP1 activated genes related to ROS scavenging to increase cell membrane stability and maintain redox homeostasis, confirming that an early ROS burst followed by ROS suppression at the later phases of pathogenesis is essential for resistance to TMV infection. The cell-wall localization of NbLTP1 was beneficial to viral resistance. Overall, our results showed that NbLTP1 positively regulates plant immunity against viral infection through up-regulating SA biosynthesis and its downstream signaling component, NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (NPR1), which in turn activates pathogenesis-related genes, and by suppressing ROS accumulation at the later phases of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yao Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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7
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Al-Askar AA, Aseel DG, El-Gendi H, Sobhy S, Samy MA, Hamdy E, El-Messeiry S, Behiry SI, Elbeaino T, Abdelkhalek A. Antiviral Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) Peel Extract against Tobacco Mosaic Virus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112103. [PMID: 37299082 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a major pathogen affecting tomato plants worldwide. The efficacy of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) mediated by Punica granatum biowaste peel extract in mitigating the negative impact of TMV infection on tomato growth and oxidative stress was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Results of SEM analysis of green Ag-NPs revealed the presence of condensed spherical or round NPs with diameters ranging between 61 and 97 nm. TEM confirmed the SEM results and showed round-shaped Ag-NPs with an average size of 33.37 ± 12.7 nm. The elemental analysis (EDX) of prepared Ag-NPs revealed the presence of elemental Ag as a major peak (64.43%) at 3-3.5 KeV. The FTIR revealed several functional groups on the prepared Ag-NPs, for which three treatment strategies for Ag-NP applications were evaluated in the greenhouse study and compared to inoculated TMV and control plants: pre-infection treatment (TB), post-infection treatment (TA), and dual treatment (TD). The results showed that the TD strategy is the most effective in improving tomato growth and reducing viral replication, whereas all Ag-NP treatments (TB, TA, and TD) were found to significantly increase expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and PR-2, as well as polyphenolic compounds, HQT, and C4H genes compared to control plants. In contrast, the flavonoid content of tomato plants was not affected by the viral infection, while the phenolic content was significantly reduced in the TMV group. Furthermore, TMV infection led to a significant increase in oxidative stress markers MDA and H2O2, as well as a reduction in the enzymatic activity of the antioxidants PPO, SOD, and POX. Our results clearly showed that the application of Ag-NPs on TMV-infected plants reduces virus accumulation, delays viral replication in all treatments, and greatly enhances the expression of the CHS gene involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Overall, these findings suggest that treatment with Ag-NPs may be an effective strategy to mitigate the negative impact of TMV infection on tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia G Aseel
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Hamada El-Gendi
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt
| | - Sherien Sobhy
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Samy
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Esraa Hamdy
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Sarah El-Messeiry
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| | - Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Toufic Elbeaino
- Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
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Zhang M, Hong Y, Zhu J, Pan Y, Zhou H, Lv C, Guo B, Wang F, Xu R. Molecular insights into the responses of barley to yellow mosaic disease through transcriptome analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:267. [PMID: 37208619 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) represents the fourth most essential cereal crop in the world, vulnerable to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and/or barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), leading to the significant yield reduction. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms regarding barley crop tolerance to virus infection, we employed a transcriptome sequencing approach and investigated global gene expression among three barley varieties under both infected and control conditions. RESULTS High-throughput sequencing outputs revealed massive genetic responses, reflected by the barley transcriptome after BaYMV and/or BaMMV infection. Significant enrichments in peptidase complex and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum were clustered through Gene ontology and KEGG analysis. Many genes were identified as transcription factors, antioxidants, disease resistance genes and plant hormones and differentially expressed between infected and uninfected barley varieties. Importantly, general response genes, variety-specific and infection-specific genes were also discovered. Our results provide useful information for future barley breeding to resist BaYMV and BaMMV. CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates transcriptomic adaptations in barley response to BaYMV/BaMMV infection through high-throughput sequencing technique. The analysis outcome from GO and KEGG pathways suggests that BaYMV disease induced regulations in multiple molecular-biology processes and signalling pathways. Moreover, critical DEGs involved in defence and stress tolerance mechanisms were displayed. Further functional investigations focusing on these DEGs contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant response to BaYMV disease infection, thereby offering precious genetic resources for breeding barley varieties resistant to BaYMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yi Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuhan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Baojian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Rugen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/ Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/ Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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9
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Wei Z, Yang L, Liu W, Xu X, Ran M, Jin Y, Sun X. MAP30 and luffin-α: Novel ribosome-inactivating proteins induce plant systemic resistance against plant viruses. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:105342. [PMID: 36963924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic N-glycosylase that act on eukaryotic and prokaryotic rRNAs, resulting in arrest protein synthesis. RIPs are widely found in higher plant species and display strong antiviral activity. Previous studies have shown that PAP and α-MMC have antiviral activity against TMV. However, the localization of RIPs in plant cells and the mechanism by which RIPs activate plant defense against several plant viruses remain unclear. In this study, we obtained four RIPs (the C-terminal deletion mutant of pokeweed antiviral proteins (PAP-c), alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC), momordica anti-HIV protein of 30 kDa (MAP30) and luffin-α). The subcellular localization results indicated that these four RIPs were located on the plant cell membrane. Heterologous expression of RIPs (PAP-c, α-MMC, MAP30, luffin-α) enhanced tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) resistance in N. benthamiana. Compared with the control treatment, these RIPs significantly reduced the TMV content (149-357 fold) and altered the movement of TMV in the leaves of N. benthamiana. At the same time, heterologous expression of RIPs (MAP30 and luffin-α) could relieve TMV-induced oxidative damage, significantly inducing the expression of plant defense genes including PR1 and PR2. Furthermore, application of these RIPs could inhibit the infection of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and potato virus x (PVX). Therefore, this study demonstrated that MAP30 and luffin-α could be considered as new, effective RIPs for controlling plant viruses by activating plant systemic defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Weina Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Chongqing Tobacco Science Research Institute, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mao Ran
- Chongqing Tobacco Science Research Institute, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yabo Jin
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industry Corporation Limited, Nanning 530001, China.
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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10
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Yang T, Peng Q, Lin H, Xi D. Alpha-momorcharin preserves catalase activity to inhibit viral infection by disrupting the 2b-CAT interaction in Solanum lycopersicum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:107-122. [PMID: 36377585 PMCID: PMC9831283 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Many host factors of plants are used by viruses to facilitate viral infection. However, little is known about how alpha-momorcharin (αMMC) counters virus-mediated attack strategies in tomato. Our present research revealed that the 2b protein of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) directly interacted with catalases (CATs) and inhibited their activities. Further analysis revealed that transcription levels of catalase were induced by CMV infection and that virus accumulation increased in CAT-silenced or 2b-overexpressing tomato plants compared with that in control plants, suggesting that the interaction between 2b and catalase facilitated the accumulation of CMV in hosts. However, both CMV accumulation and viral symptoms were reduced in αMMC transgenic tomato plants, indicating that αMMC engaged in an antiviral role in the plant response to CMV infection. Molecular experimental analysis demonstrated that αMMC interfered with the interactions between catalases and 2b in a competitive manner, with the expression of αMMC inhibited by CMV infection. We further demonstrated that the inhibition of catalase activity by 2b was weakened by αMMC. Accordingly, αMMC transgenic plants exhibited a greater ability to maintain redox homeostasis than wild-type plants when infected with CMV. Altogether, these results reveal that αMMC retains catalase activity to inhibit CMV infection by subverting the interaction between 2b and catalase in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life SciencesJianghan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qiding Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Dehui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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11
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Damle VG, Wu K, Arouri DJ, Schirhagl R. Detecting free radicals post viral infections. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 191:8-23. [PMID: 36002131 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Free radical generation plays a key role in viral infections. While free radicals have an antimicrobial effect on bacteria or fungi, their interplay with viruses is complicated and varies greatly for different types of viruses as well as different radical species. In some cases, radical generation contributes to the defense against the viruses and thus reduces the viral load. In other cases, radical generation induces mutations or damages the host tissue and can increase the viral load. This has led to antioxidants being used to treat viral infections. Here we discuss the roles that radicals play in virus pathology. Furthermore, we critically review methods that facilitate the detection of free radicals in vivo or in vitro in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Damle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - K Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D J Arouri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Schirhagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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12
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Ji J, Shao WB, Chu PL, Xiang HM, Qi PY, Zhou X, Wang PY, Yang S. 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives as Plant Activators for Controlling Plant Viral Diseases: Preparation and Assessment of the Effect of Auxiliaries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7929-7940. [PMID: 35731909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral diseases cause the loss of millions of dollars to agriculture around the world annually. Therefore, the development of highly efficient, ultra-low-dosage agrochemicals is desirable for protecting the health of crops and ensuring food security. Herein, a series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives bearing an isopropanol amine moiety was prepared, and the inhibitory activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was assessed. Notably, compound A14 exhibited excellent anti-TMV protective activity with an EC50 value of 137.7 mg L-1, which was superior to that of ribavirin (590.0 mg L-1) and ningnanmycin (248.2 mg L-1). Moreover, the anti-TMV activity of some compounds could be further enhanced (by up to 5-30%) through supplementation with 0.1% auxiliaries. Biochemical assays suggested that compound A14 could suppress the biosynthesis of TMV and induce the plant's defense response. Given these merits, designed compounds had outstanding bioactivities and unusual action mechanisms and were promising candidates for controlling plant viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ji
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wu-Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pan-Long Chu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pu-Ying Qi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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13
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Zhu F, Zhang Q, Che Y, Zhu P, Zhang Q, Ji Z. Glutathione contributes to resistance responses to TMV through a differential modulation of salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1668-1687. [PMID: 34553471 PMCID: PMC8578835 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is induced by pathogens and confers protection against a broad range of pathogens. Several SAR signals have been characterized, but the nature of the other unknown signalling by small metabolites in SAR remains unclear. Glutathione (GSH) has long been implicated in the defence reaction against biotic stress. However, the mechanism that GSH increases plant tolerance against virus infection is not entirely known. Here, a combination of a chemical, virus-induced gene-silencing-based genetics approach, and transgenic technology was undertaken to investigate the role of GSH in plant viral resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection results in increasing the expression of GSH biosynthesis genes NbECS and NbGS, and GSH content. Silencing of NbECS or NbGS accelerated oxidative damage, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compromised plant resistance to TMV, and suppressed the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated signalling pathway. Application of GSH or l-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (a GSH activator) alleviated oxidative damage, decreased accumulation of ROS, elevated plant local and systemic resistance, enhanced the SA-mediated signalling pathway, and increased the expression of ROS scavenging-related genes. However, treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (a GSH inhibitor) accelerated oxidative damage, elevated ROS accumulation, compromised plant systemic resistance, suppressed the SA-mediated signalling pathway, and reduced the expression of ROS-regulating genes. Overexpression of NbECS reduced oxidative damage, decreased accumulation of ROS, increased resistance to TMV, activated the SA-mediated signalling pathway, and increased the expression of the ROS scavenging-related genes. We present molecular evidence suggesting GSH is essential for both local and systemic resistance of N. benthamiana to TMV through a differential modulation of SA and ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Qi‐Ping Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Ping Che
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Peng‐Xiang Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Qin‐Qin Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Zhao‐Lin Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
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14
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Mishchenko L, Nazarov T, Dunich A, Mishchenko I, Ryshchakova O, Motsnyi I, Dashchenko A, Bezkrovna L, Fanin Y, Molodchenkova O, Smertenko A. Impact of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus on Peroxisome Proliferation, Redox Reactions, and Resistance Responses in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910218. [PMID: 34638559 PMCID: PMC8508189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although peroxisomes play an essential role in viral pathogenesis, and viruses are known to change peroxisome morphology, the role of genotype in the peroxisomal response to viruses remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the impact of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) on the peroxisome proliferation in the context of pathogen response, redox homeostasis, and yield in two wheat cultivars, Patras and Pamir, in the field trials. We observed greater virus content and yield losses in Pamir than in Patras. Leaf chlorophyll and protein content measured at the beginning of flowering were also more sensitive to WSMV infection in Pamir. Patras responded to the WSMV infection by transcriptional up-regulation of the peroxisome fission genes PEROXIN 11C (PEX11C), DYNAMIN RELATED PROTEIN 5B (DRP5B), and FISSION1A (FIS1A), greater peroxisome abundance, and activation of pathogenesis-related proteins chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase. Oppositely, in Pamir, WMSV infection suppressed transcription of peroxisome biogenesis genes and activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, and did not affect peroxisome abundance. Activity of ROS scavenging enzymes was higher in Patras than in Pamir. Thus, the impact of WMSV on peroxisome proliferation is genotype-specific and peroxisome abundance can be used as a proxy for the magnitude of plant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya Mishchenko
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Educational and Scientific Center, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (O.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +38-097-917-80-51 (L.M.); +38-067-557-73-20 (O.M.); +1-509-335-5795 (A.S.)
| | - Taras Nazarov
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 991641, USA;
| | - Alina Dunich
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Educational and Scientific Center, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Ivan Mishchenko
- Faculty of Agricultural Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (I.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Olga Ryshchakova
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
| | - Ivan Motsnyi
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
| | - Anna Dashchenko
- Faculty of Agricultural Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (I.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Lidiya Bezkrovna
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yaroslav Fanin
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
| | - Olga Molodchenkova
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (O.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +38-097-917-80-51 (L.M.); +38-067-557-73-20 (O.M.); +1-509-335-5795 (A.S.)
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 991641, USA;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (O.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +38-097-917-80-51 (L.M.); +38-067-557-73-20 (O.M.); +1-509-335-5795 (A.S.)
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15
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Citores L, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM. Antiviral Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:80. [PMID: 33499086 PMCID: PMC7912582 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosylases from plants (EC 3.2.2.22) that inactivate ribosomes thus inhibiting protein synthesis. The antiviral properties of RIPs have been investigated for more than four decades. However, interest in these proteins is rising due to the emergence of infectious diseases caused by new viruses and the difficulty in treating viral infections. On the other hand, there is a growing need to control crop diseases without resorting to the use of phytosanitary products which are very harmful to the environment and in this respect, RIPs have been shown as a promising tool that can be used to obtain transgenic plants resistant to viruses. The way in which RIPs exert their antiviral effect continues to be the subject of intense research and several mechanisms of action have been proposed. The purpose of this review is to examine the research studies that deal with this matter, placing special emphasis on the most recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
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