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Outram MA, Chen J, Broderick S, Li Z, Aditya S, Tasneem N, Arndell T, Blundell C, Ericsson DJ, Figueroa M, Sperschneider J, Dodds PN, Williams SJ. AvrSr27 is a zinc-bound effector with a modular structure important for immune recognition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38730532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Effector proteins are central to the success of plant pathogens, while immunity in host plants is driven by receptor-mediated recognition of these effectors. Understanding the molecular details of effector-receptor interactions is key for the engineering of novel immune receptors. Here, we experimentally determined the crystal structure of the Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) effector AvrSr27, which was not accurately predicted using AlphaFold2. We characterised the role of the conserved cysteine residues in AvrSr27 using in vitro biochemical assays and examined Sr27-mediated recognition using transient expression in Nicotiana spp. and wheat protoplasts. The AvrSr27 structure contains a novel β-strand rich modular fold consisting of two structurally similar domains that bind to Zn2+ ions. The N-terminal domain of AvrSr27 is sufficient for interaction with Sr27 and triggering cell death. We identified two Pgt proteins structurally related to AvrSr27 but with low sequence identity that can also associate with Sr27, albeit more weakly. Though only the full-length proteins, trigger Sr27-dependent cell death in transient expression systems. Collectively, our findings have important implications for utilising protein prediction platforms for effector proteins, and those embarking on bespoke engineering of immunity receptors as solutions to plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Sean Broderick
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zhao Li
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Shouvik Aditya
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nuren Tasneem
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Taj Arndell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Cheryl Blundell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Daniel J Ericsson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, Macromolecular Crystallography, Clayton, Vic., 3186, Australia
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Muhammad M, Basit A, Ali K, Ahmad H, Li WJ, Khan A, Mohamed HI. A review on endophytic fungi: a potent reservoir of bioactive metabolites with special emphasis on blight disease management. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:129. [PMID: 38416214 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic microorganisms have caused blight diseases that present significant challenges to global agriculture. These diseases result in substantial crop losses and have a significant economic impact. Due to the limitations of conventional chemical treatments in effectively and sustainably managing these diseases, there is an increasing interest in exploring alternative and environmentally friendly approaches for disease control. Using endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents has become a promising strategy in recent years. Endophytic fungi live inside plant tissues, forming mutually beneficial relationships, and have been discovered to produce a wide range of bioactive metabolites. These metabolites demonstrate significant potential for fighting blight diseases and provide a plentiful source of new biopesticides. In this review, we delve into the potential of endophytic fungi as a means of biocontrol against blight diseases. We specifically highlight their significance as a source of biologically active compounds. The review explores different mechanisms used by endophytic fungi to suppress phytopathogens. These mechanisms include competing for nutrients, producing antifungal compounds, and triggering plant defense responses. Furthermore, this review discusses the challenges of using endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents in commercial applications. It emphasizes the importance of conducting thorough research to enhance their effectiveness and stability in real-world environments. Therefore, bioactive metabolites from endophytic fungi have considerable potential for sustainable and eco-friendly blight disease control. Additional research on endophytes and their metabolites will promote biotechnology solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Kashif Ali
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Haris Ahmad
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Heba I Mohamed
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11341, Egypt.
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3
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Zheng H, You L, Meng S, Wang D, Fu Z. Unraveling the mysteries of (L)WY-domain oomycete effectors. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2898-2901. [PMID: 37973468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liyuan You
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shuaijie Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zhengqing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Yang K, Yan Q, Wang Y, Zhu W, Wang X, Li X, Peng H, Zhou Y, Jing M, Dou D. Engineering crop Phytophthora resistance by targeting pathogen-derived PI3P for enhanced catabolism. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100460. [PMID: 36217305 PMCID: PMC10030320 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pathogens lead to numerous economically damaging plant diseases worldwide, including potato late blight caused by P. infestans and soybean root rot caused by P. sojae. Our previous work showed that Phytophthora pathogens may generate abundant phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to promote infection via direct association with RxLR effectors. Here, we designed a disease control strategy for metabolizing pathogen-derived PI3P by expressing secreted Arabidopsis thaliana phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 1 (AtPIP5K1), which can phosphorylate PI3P to PI(3,4)P2. We fused AtPIP5K1 with the soybean PR1a signal peptide (SP-PIP5K1) to enable its secretion into the plant apoplast. Transgenic soybean and potato plants expressing SP-PIP5K1 showed substantially enhanced resistance to various P. sojae and P. infestans isolates, respectively. SP-PIP5K1 significantly reduced PI3P accumulation during P. sojae and soybean interaction. Knockout or inhibition of PI3 kinases (PI3Ks) in P. sojae compromised the resistance mediated by SP-PIP5K1, indicating that SP-PIP5K1 action requires a supply of pathogen-derived PI3P. Furthermore, we revealed that SP-PIP5K1 can interfere with the action of P. sojae mediated by the RxLR effector Avr1k. This novel disease control strategy has the potential to confer durable broad-spectrum Phytophthora resistance in plants through a clear mechanism in which catabolism of PI3P interferes with RxLR effector actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Daolong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China.
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Zhou J, Qi Y, Nie J, Guo L, Luo M, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. A Phytophthora effector promotes homodimerization of host transcription factor StKNOX3 to enhance susceptibility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6902-6915. [PMID: 35816329 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens secrete hundreds of cytoplasmic RxLR effectors to modulate host immunity by targeting diverse plant proteins. Revealing how effectors manipulate host proteins is pivotal to understanding infection processes and to developing new strategies to control plant disease. Here we show that the Phytophthora infestans RxLR effector Pi22798 interacts in the nucleus with a potato class II knotted-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factor, StKNOX3. Silencing the ortholog NbKNOX3 in Nicotiana benthamiana reduces host colonization by P. infestans, whereas transient and stable overexpression of StKNOX3 enhances infection. StKNOX3 forms a homodimer which is dependent on its KNOX II domain. The KNOX II domain is also essential for Pi22798 interaction and for StKNOX3 to enhance P. infestans colonization, indicating that StKNOX3 homodimerization contributes to susceptibility. However, critically, the effector Pi22798 promotes StKNOX3 homodimerization, rather than heterodimerization to another KNOX transcription factor StKNOX7. These results demonstrate that the oomycete effector Pi22798 increases pathogenicity by promoting homodimerization specifically of StKNOX3 to enhance susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory (HZAU), Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Guo
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory (HZAU), Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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6
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Exploiting breakdown in nonhost effector-target interactions to boost host disease resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114064119. [PMID: 35994659 PMCID: PMC9436328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114064119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant nonhost resistance (NHR) prevents infection by all members of most microbial species, but its molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We found that effector proteins from the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, which enhance infection in host plants, fail to enhance susceptibility in nonhost Arabidopsis. These P. infestans effectors often failed to interact with Arabidopsis orthologs of their potato target proteins, whereas many interactions were detected between these Arabidopsis orthologs and effectors from its adapted pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Thus, breakdown in effector–target interactions in distantly related nonhost plants is likely a key component of NHR. Importantly, we demonstrate that exploiting this breakdown and expressing nonhost target orthologs in host plants provide a strategy to prevent crop disease. Plants are resistant to most microbial species due to nonhost resistance (NHR), providing broad-spectrum and durable immunity. However, the molecular components contributing to NHR are poorly characterised. We address the question of whether failure of pathogen effectors to manipulate nonhost plants plays a critical role in NHR. RxLR (Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg) effectors from two oomycete pathogens, Phytophthora infestans and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, enhanced pathogen infection when expressed in host plants (Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis, respectively) but the same effectors performed poorly in distantly related nonhost pathosystems. Putative target proteins in the host plant potato were identified for 64 P. infestans RxLR effectors using yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) screens. Candidate orthologues of these target proteins in the distantly related non-host plant Arabidopsis were identified and screened using matrix Y2H for interaction with RxLR effectors from both P. infestans and H. arabidopsidis. Few P. infestans effector-target protein interactions were conserved from potato to candidate Arabidopsis target orthologues (cAtOrths). However, there was an enrichment of H. arabidopsidis RxLR effectors interacting with cAtOrths. We expressed the cAtOrth AtPUB33, which unlike its potato orthologue did not interact with P. infestans effector PiSFI3, in potato and Nicotiana benthamiana. Expression of AtPUB33 significantly reduced P. infestans colonization in both host plants. Our results provide evidence that failure of pathogen effectors to interact with and/or correctly manipulate target proteins in distantly related non-host plants contributes to NHR. Moreover, exploiting this breakdown in effector-nonhost target interaction, transferring effector target orthologues from non-host to host plants is a strategy to reduce disease.
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Li H, Hu R, Fan Z, Chen Q, Jiang Y, Huang W, Tao X. Dual RNA Sequencing Reveals the Genome-Wide Expression Profiles During the Compatible and Incompatible Interactions Between Solanum tuberosum and Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817199. [PMID: 35401650 PMCID: PMC8993506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans), is a devastating plant disease. P. infestans genome encodes hundreds of effectors, complicating the interaction between the pathogen and its host and making it difficult to understand the interaction mechanisms. In this study, the late blight-resistant potato cultivar Ziyun No.1 and the susceptible potato cultivar Favorita were infected with P. infestans isolate SCPZ16-3-1 to investigate the global expression profiles during the compatible and incompatible interactions using dual RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Most of the expressed Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector genes were suppressed during the first 24 h of infection, but upregulated after 24 h. Moreover, P. infestans induced more specifically expressed genes (SEGs), including RXLR effectors and cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs)-encoding genes, in the compatible interaction. The resistant potato activated a set of biotic stimulus responses and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis SEGs, including kirola-like protein, nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR), disease resistance, and kinase genes. Conversely, the susceptible potato cultivar upregulated more kinase, pathogenesis-related genes than the resistant cultivar. This study is the first study to characterize the compatible and incompatible interactions between P. infestans and different potato cultivars and provides the genome-wide expression profiles for RXLR effector, CWDEs, NBS-LRR protein, and kinase-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongping Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonghan Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusong Jiang
- Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Weizao Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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Camborde L, Kiselev A, Pel MJC, Le Ru A, Jauneau A, Pouzet C, Dumas B, Gaulin E. An oomycete effector targets a plant RNA helicase involved in root development and defense. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2232-2248. [PMID: 34913494 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to promote disease. The damaging soilborne legume pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches harbors a specific repertoire of Small Secreted Protein effectors (AeSSPs), but their biological functions remain unknown. Here we characterize AeSSP1256. The function of AeSSP1256 is investigated by physiological and molecular characterization of Medicago truncatula roots expressing the effector. A potential protein target of AeSSP1256 is identified by yeast-two hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and fluorescent resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FRET-FLIM) assays, as well as promoter studies and mutant characterization. AeSSP1256 impairs M. truncatula root development and promotes pathogen infection. The effector is localized to the nucleoli rim, triggers nucleoli enlargement and downregulates expression of M. truncatula ribosome-related genes. AeSSP1256 interacts with a functional nucleocytoplasmic plant RNA helicase (MtRH10). AeSSP1256 relocates MtRH10 to the perinucleolar space and hinders its binding to plant RNA. MtRH10 is associated with ribosome-related genes, root development and defense. This work reveals that an oomycete effector targets a plant RNA helicase, possibly to trigger nucleolar stress and thereby promote pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Camborde
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Andrei Kiselev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Michiel J C Pel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Plateforme d'Imagerie FRAIB-TRI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Plateforme d'Imagerie FRAIB-TRI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- Plateforme d'Imagerie FRAIB-TRI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Elodie Gaulin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
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9
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Fabro G. Oomycete intracellular effectors: specialised weapons targeting strategic plant processes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1074-1082. [PMID: 34705271 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete phytopathogens have adapted to colonise plants using effectors as their molecular weapons. Intracellular effectors, mostly proteins but also small ribonucleic acids, are delivered by the pathogens into the host cell cytoplasm where they interfere with normal plant physiology. The diverse host processes emerging as 'victims' of these 'specialised bullets' include gene transcription and RNA-mediated silencing, cell death, protein stability, protein secretion and autophagy. Some effector targets are directly involved in defence execution, while others participate in fundamental metabolisms whose alteration collaterally affects defences. Other effector targets are susceptibility factors (SFs), that is host components that make plants vulnerable to pathogens. SFs are mostly negative regulators of immunity, but some seem necessary to sustain or promote pathogen colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fabro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
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10
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Luo M, Sun X, Qi Y, Zhou J, Wu X, Tian Z. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi04089 perturbs diverse defense-related genes to suppress host immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:582. [PMID: 34886813 PMCID: PMC8656059 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oomycete pathogen secretes many effectors into host cells to manipulate host defenses. For the majority of effectors, the mechanisms related to how they alter the expression of host genes and reprogram defenses are not well understood. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms governing the influence that the Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi04089 has on host immunity, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted on Pi04089 stable transgenic and wild-type potato plants. RESULTS Potato plants stably expressing Pi04089 were more susceptible to P. infestans. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 658 upregulated genes and 722 downregulated genes were characterized in Pi04089 transgenic lines. A large number of genes involved in the biological process, including many defense-related genes and certain genes that respond to salicylic acid, were suppressed. Moreover, the comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that Pi04089 significantly inhibited the expression of many flg22 (a microbe-associated molecular pattern, PAMP)-inducible genes, including various Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited (ACRE) genes. Four selected differentially expressed genes (StWAT1, StCEVI57, StKTI1, and StP450) were confirmed to be involved in host resistance against P. infestans when they were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. CONCLUSION The P. infestans effector Pi04089 was shown to suppress the expression of many resistance-related genes in potato plants. Moreover, Pi04089 was found to significantly suppress flg22-triggered defense signaling in potato plants. This research provides new insights into how an oomycete effector perturbs host immune responses at the transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Hongshan laboratory. Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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11
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Liao HZ, Liao WJ, Zou DX, Zhang RQ, Ma JL. Identification and expression analysis of PUB genes in tea plant exposed to anthracnose pathogen and drought stresses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1976547. [PMID: 34633911 PMCID: PMC9208792 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1976547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant U-box (PUB) gene family, one of the major ubiquitin ligase families in plants, plays important roles in multiple cellular processes including environmental stress responses and resistance. The function of U-box genes has been well characterized in Arabidopsis and other plants. However, little is known about the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) PUB genes. Here, 89 U-box proteins were identified from the chromosome-scale referenced genome of tea plant. According to the domain organization and phylogenetic analysis, the tea plant PUB family were classified into ten classes, named Class I to X, respectively. Using previously released stress-related RNA-seq data in tea plant, we identified 34 stress-inducible CsPUB genes. Specifically, eight CsPUB genes were expressed differentially under both anthracnose pathogen and drought stresses. Moreover, six of the eight CsPUBs were upregulated in response to these two stresses. Expression profiling performed by qRT-PCR was consistent with the RNA-seq analysis, and stress-related cis-acting elements were identified in the promoter regions of the six upregulated CsPUB genes. These results strongly implied the putative functions of U-box ligase genes in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ze Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, NanningChina
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Protection, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Marine Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Wang-Jiao Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, NanningChina
| | - Dong-Xia Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, NanningChina
| | - Ri-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Protection, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Lin Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, NanningChina
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12
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Dong S, Ma W. How to win a tug-of-war: the adaptive evolution of Phytophthora effectors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102027. [PMID: 33684881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 'zigzag' model formulates some of the fundamental principles underpinning the dynamic interactions between pathogen effectors and plant immunity. As key virulence factors, effectors often exhibit a pattern of rapid evolution, presumably as a result of the host-pathogen arms race. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of mechanisms that may accelerate effector evolution in the highly successful Phytophthora pathogens. Recent findings on epigenetic regulation of effector genes that allows evasion of host recognition and maintenance of cost/benefit balance, and a conserved structural unit in effector proteins that may promote the evolution of virulence activities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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13
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Yang B, Yang S, Guo B, Wang Y, Zheng W, Tian M, Dai K, Liu Z, Wang H, Ma Z, Wang Y, Ye W, Dong S, Wang Y. The Phytophthora effector Avh241 interacts with host NDR1-like proteins to manipulate plant immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1382-1396. [PMID: 33586843 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens rely on effector proteins to suppress host innate immune responses and facilitate colonization. Although the Phytophthora sojae RxLR effector Avh241 promotes Phytophthora infection, the molecular basis of Avh241 virulence remains poorly understood. Here we identified non-race specific disease resistance 1 (NDR1)-like proteins, the critical components in plant effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses, as host targets of Avh241. Avh241 interacts with NDR1 in the plasma membrane and suppresses NDR1-participated ETI responses. Silencing of GmNDR1s increases the susceptibility of soybean to P. sojae infection, and overexpression of GmNDR1s reduces infection, which supports its positive role in plant immunity against P. sojae. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GmNDR1 interacts with itself, and Avh241 probably disrupts the self-association of GmNDR1. These data highlight an effective counter-defense mechanism by which a Phytophthora effector suppresses plant immune responses, likely by disturbing the function of NDR1 during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuyin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengjun Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kaixin Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zehan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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14
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Du JS, Hang LF, Hao Q, Yang HT, Ali S, Badawy RSE, Xu XY, Tan HQ, Su LH, Li HX, Zou KX, Li Y, Sun B, Lin LJ, Lai YS. The dissection of R genes and locus Pc5.1 in Phytophthora capsici infection provides a novel view of disease resistance in peppers. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:372. [PMID: 34016054 PMCID: PMC8139160 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phytophthora capsici root rot (PRR) is a disastrous disease in peppers (Capsicum spp.) caused by soilborne oomycete with typical symptoms of necrosis and constriction at the basal stem and consequent plant wilting. Most studies on the QTL mapping of P. capsici resistance suggested a consensus broad-spectrum QTL on chromosome 5 named Pc.5.1 regardless of P. capsici isolates and resistant resources. In addition, all these reports proposed NBS-ARC domain genes as candidate genes controlling resistance. Results We screened out 10 PRR-resistant resources from 160 Capsicum germplasm and inspected the response of locus Pc.5.1 and NBS-ARC genes during P. capsici infection by comparing the root transcriptomes of resistant pepper 305R and susceptible pepper 372S. To dissect the structure of Pc.5.1, we anchored genetic markers onto pepper genomic sequence and made an extended Pc5.1 (Ext-Pc5.1) located at 8.35Mb38.13Mb on chromosome 5 which covered all Pc5.1 reported in publications. A total of 571 NBS-ARC genes were mined from the genome of pepper CM334 and 34 genes were significantly affected by P. capsici infection in either 305R or 372S. Only 5 inducible NBS-ARC genes had LRR domains and none of them was positioned at Ext-Pc5.1. Ext-Pc5.1 did show strong response to P. capsici infection and there were a total of 44 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), but no candidate genes proposed by previous publications was included. Snakin-1 (SN1), a well-known antimicrobial peptide gene located at Pc5.1, was significantly decreased in 372S but not in 305R. Moreover, there was an impressive upregulation of sugar pathway genes in 305R, which was confirmed by metabolite analysis of roots. The biological processes of histone methylation, histone phosphorylation, DNA methylation, and nucleosome assembly were strongly activated in 305R but not in 372S, indicating an epigenetic-related defense mechanism. Conclusions Those NBS-ARC genes that were suggested to contribute to Pc5.1 in previous publications did not show any significant response in P. capsici infection and there were no significant differences of these genes in transcription levels between 305R and 372S. Other pathogen defense-related genes like SN1 might account for Pc5.1. Our study also proposed the important role of sugar and epigenetic regulation in the defense against P. capsici. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07705-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Du
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin-Feng Hang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qian Hao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hai-Tao Yang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Siyad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | | | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hua-Qiang Tan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li-Hong Su
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huan-Xiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kai-Xi Zou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li-Jin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yun-Song Lai
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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15
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Wang D, Peng C, Zheng X, Chang L, Xu B, Tong Z. Secretome Analysis of the Banana Fusarium Wilt Fungi Foc R1 and Foc TR4 Reveals a New Effector OASTL Required for Full Pathogenicity of Foc TR4 in Banana. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101430. [PMID: 33050283 PMCID: PMC7601907 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt (BFW), which is one of the most important banana diseases worldwide, is mainly caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropic race 4 (Foc TR4). In this study, we conducted secretome analysis of Foc R1 and Foc TR4 and discovered a total of 120 and 109 secretory proteins (SPs) from Foc R1 cultured alone or with banana roots, respectively, and 129 and 105 SPs respectively from Foc TR4 cultured under the same conditions. Foc R1 and Foc TR4 shared numerous SPs associated with hydrolase activity, oxidoreductase activity, and transferase activity. Furthermore, in culture with banana roots, Foc R1 and Foc TR4 secreted many novel SPs, of which approximately 90% (Foc R1; 57/66; Foc TR4; 50/55) were unconventional SPs without signal peptides. Comparative analysis of SPs in Foc R1 and Foc TR4 revealed that Foc TR4 not only generated more specific SPs but also had a higher proportion of SPs involved in various metabolic pathways, such as phenylalanine metabolism and cysteine and methionine metabolism. The cysteine biosynthesis enzyme O-acetylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase (OASTL) was the most abundant root inducible Foc TR4-specific SP. In addition, knockout of the OASTL gene did not affect growth of Foc TR4; but resulted in the loss of pathogenicity in banana 'Brazil'. We speculated that OASTL functions in banana by interfering with the biosynthesis of cysteine, which is the precursor of an enormous number of sulfur-containing defense compounds. Overall, our studies provide a basic understanding of the SPs in Foc R1 and Foc TR4; including a novel effector in Foc TR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (D.W.); (C.P.); (X.Z.); (L.C.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Cunzhi Peng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (D.W.); (C.P.); (X.Z.); (L.C.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xingmei Zheng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (D.W.); (C.P.); (X.Z.); (L.C.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Lili Chang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (D.W.); (C.P.); (X.Z.); (L.C.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Bingqiang Xu
- Haikou Experimental Station (Institute of Tropical Fruit Tree Research) Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Banana Genetics and Improvement, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zheng Tong
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (D.W.); (C.P.); (X.Z.); (L.C.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (Z.T.)
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16
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Wood KJ, Nur M, Gil J, Fletcher K, Lakeman K, Gann D, Gothberg A, Khuu T, Kopetzky J, Naqvi S, Pandya A, Zhang C, Maisonneuve B, Pel M, Michelmore R. Effector prediction and characterization in the oomycete pathogen Bremia lactucae reveal host-recognized WY domain proteins that lack the canonical RXLR motif. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009012. [PMID: 33104763 PMCID: PMC7644090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that infect plants and animals use a diverse arsenal of effector proteins to suppress the host immune system and promote infection. Identification of effectors in pathogen genomes is foundational to understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis, for monitoring field pathogen populations, and for breeding disease resistance. We identified candidate effectors from the lettuce downy mildew pathogen Bremia lactucae by searching the predicted proteome for the WY domain, a structural fold found in effectors that has been implicated in immune suppression as well as effector recognition by host resistance proteins. We predicted 55 WY domain containing proteins in the genome of B. lactucae and found substantial variation in both sequence and domain architecture. These candidate effectors exhibit several characteristics of pathogen effectors, including an N-terminal signal peptide, lineage specificity, and expression during infection. Unexpectedly, only a minority of B. lactucae WY effectors contain the canonical N-terminal RXLR motif, which is a conserved feature in the majority of cytoplasmic effectors reported in Phytophthora spp. Functional analysis of 21 effectors containing WY domains revealed 11 that elicited cell death on wild accessions and domesticated lettuce lines containing resistance genes, indicative of recognition of these effectors by the host immune system. Only two of the 11 recognized effectors contained the canonical RXLR motif, suggesting that there has been an evolutionary divergence in sequence motifs between genera; this has major consequences for robust effector prediction in oomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J. Wood
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Integrative Genetics & Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Munir Nur
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Juliana Gil
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Plant Pathology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kyle Fletcher
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Dasan Gann
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ayumi Gothberg
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tina Khuu
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kopetzky
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sanye Naqvi
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Archana Pandya
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chi Zhang
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Richard Michelmore
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Departments of Plant Sciences, Molecular & Cellular Biology, Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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17
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McLellan H, Chen K, He Q, Wu X, Boevink PC, Tian Z, Birch PR. The Ubiquitin E3 Ligase PUB17 Positively Regulates Immunity by Targeting a Negative Regulator, KH17, for Degradation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100020. [PMID: 32715295 PMCID: PMC7371183 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that regulates many processes in plants. Several ubiquitin E3 ligases act as either positive or negative regulators of immunity by promoting the degradation of different substrates. StPUB17 is an E3 ligase that has previously been shown to positively regulate immunity to bacteria, fungi and oomycetes, including the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Silencing of StPUB17 promotes pathogen colonization and attenuates Cf4/avr4 cell death. Using yeast-2-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation we identified the putative K-homology (KH) RNA-binding protein (RBP), StKH17, as a candidate substrate for degradation by StPUB17. StKH17 acts as a negative regulator of immunity that promotes P. infestans infection and suppresses specific immune pathways. A KH RBP domain mutant of StKH17 (StKH17GDDG) is no longer able to negatively regulate immunity, indicating that RNA binding is likely required for StKH17 function. As StPUB17 is a known target of the ubiquitin E3 ligase, StPOB1, we reveal an additional step in an E3 ligase regulatory cascade that controls plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Paul R.J. Birch
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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18
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Mukhi N, Gorenkin D, Banfield MJ. Exploring folds, evolution and host interactions: understanding effector structure/function in disease and immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:326-333. [PMID: 32239533 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in plant pathology, broadening our understanding of how pathogens colonize their hosts. To manipulate host cell physiology and subvert plant immune responses, pathogens secrete an array of effector proteins. A co-evolutionary arms-race drives the pathogen to constantly reinvent its effector repertoire to undermine plant immunity. In turn, hosts develop novel immune receptors to maintain effector recognition and mount defences. Understanding how effectors promote disease and how they are perceived by the plant's defence network persist as major subjects in the study of plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we focus on recent advances (over roughly the last two years) in understanding structure/function relationships in effectors from bacteria and filamentous plant pathogens. Structure/function studies of bacterial effectors frequently uncover diverse catalytic activities, while structure-informed similarity searches have enabled cataloguing of filamentous pathogen effectors. We also suggest how such advances have informed the study of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Mukhi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Danylo Gorenkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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19
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Zhang W, Chen Z, Kang Y, Fan Y, Liu Y, Yang X, Shi M, Yao K, Qin S. Genome-wide analysis of lectin receptor-like kinases family from potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9310. [PMID: 32566405 PMCID: PMC7293193 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) are involved in responses to diverse environmental stresses and pathogenic microbes. A comprehensive acknowledgment of the family members in potato (Solanum tuberosum) genome is largely limited until now. In total, 113 potato LecRLKs (StLecRLKs) were first identified, including 85 G-type, 26 L-type and 2 C-type members. Based on phylogenetic analysis, StLecRLKs were sub-grouped into seven clades, including C-type, L-type, G-I, G-II, G-III G-IV and G-V. Chromosomal distribution and gene duplication analysis revealed the expansion of StLecRLKs occurred majorly through tandem duplication although the whole-genome duplication (WGD)/segmental duplication events were found. Cis-elements in the StLecRLKs promoter region responded mainly to signals of defense and stress, phytohormone, biotic or abiotic stress. Moreover, expressional investigations indicated that the family members of the clades L-type, G-I, G-IV and G-V were responsive to both bacterial and fungal infection. Based on qRT-PCR analysis, the expressions of PGSC0003DMP400055136 and PGSC0003DMP400067047 were strongly induced in all treatments by both Fusarium sulphureum (Fs) and Phytophthora infestans (Pi) inoculation. The present study provides valuable information for LecRLKs gene family in potato genome, and establishes a foundation for further research into the functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Kang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanling Fan
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingfu Shi
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Yao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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20
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Pelgrom AJE, Meisrimler CN, Elberse J, Koorman T, Boxem M, Van den Ackerveken G. Host interactors of effector proteins of the lettuce downy mildew Bremia lactucae obtained by yeast two-hybrid screening. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226540. [PMID: 32396563 PMCID: PMC7217486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes secrete effector proteins to manipulate host cell processes to establish a successful infection. Over the last decade the genomes and transcriptomes of many agriculturally important plant pathogens have been sequenced and vast candidate effector repertoires were identified using bioinformatic analyses. Elucidating the contribution of individual effectors to pathogenicity is the next major hurdle. To advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying lettuce susceptibility to the downy mildew Bremia lactucae, we mapped physical interactions between B. lactucae effectors and lettuce candidate target proteins. Using a lettuce cDNA library-based yeast-two-hybrid system, 61 protein-protein interactions were identified, involving 21 B. lactucae effectors and 46 unique lettuce proteins. The top ten interactors based on the number of independent colonies identified in the Y2H and two interactors that belong to gene families involved in plant immunity, were further characterized. We determined the subcellular localization of the fluorescently tagged lettuce proteins and their interacting effectors. Importantly, relocalization of effectors or their interactors to the nucleus was observed for four protein-pairs upon their co-expression, supporting their interaction in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. E. Pelgrom
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joyce Elberse
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Koorman
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Li Q, Wang J, Bai T, Zhang M, Jia Y, Shen D, Zhang M, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici effector suppresses plant immunity via interaction with EDS1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:502-511. [PMID: 31997517 PMCID: PMC7060136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
EDS1 (Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1) plays a crucial role in both effector-triggered immunity activation and plant basal defence. However, whether pathogen effectors can target EDS1 or an EDS1-related pathway to manipulate immunity is rarely reported. In this study, we identified a Phytophthora capsici Avirulence Homolog (Avh) RxLR (Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg) effector PcAvh103 that interacts with EDS1. We demonstrated that PcAvh103 can facilitate P. capsici infection and is required for pathogen virulence. Furthermore, genetic evidence showed that PcAvh103 contributes to virulence through targeting EDS1. Finally, PcAvh103 specifically interacts with the lipase domain of EDS1 and can promote the disassociation of EDS1-PAD4 (Phytoalexin Deficient 4) complex in planta. Together, our results revealed that the P. capsici RxLR effector PcAvh103 targets host EDS1 to suppress plant immunity, probably through disrupting the EDS1-PAD4 immune signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian Bai
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuling Jia
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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22
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Naveed ZA, Wei X, Chen J, Mubeen H, Ali GS. The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:593905. [PMID: 33391306 PMCID: PMC7773600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.593905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious pathogens of several economically important crop plants. Several general elicitors, commonly referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), from Phytophthora spp. have been identified that are recognized by the plant receptors to trigger induced defense responses in a process termed PAMP-triggered Immunity (PTI). Adapted Phytophthora pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to evade PTI. They can either modify or suppress their elicitors to avoid recognition by host and modulate host defense responses by deploying hundreds of effectors, which suppress host defense and physiological processes by modulating components involved in calcium and MAPK signaling, alternative splicing, RNA interference, vesicle trafficking, cell-to-cell trafficking, proteolysis and phytohormone signaling pathways. In incompatible interactions, resistant host plants perceive effector-induced modulations through resistance proteins and activate downstream components of defense responses in a quicker and more robust manner called effector-triggered-immunity (ETI). When pathogens overcome PTI-usually through effectors in the absence of R proteins-effectors-triggered susceptibility (ETS) ensues. Qualitatively, many of the downstream defense responses overlap between PTI and ETI. In general, these multiple phases of Phytophthora-plant interactions follow the PTI-ETS-ETI paradigm, initially proposed in the zigzag model of plant immunity. However, based on several examples, in Phytophthora-plant interactions, boundaries between these phases are not distinct but are rather blended pointing to a PTI-ETI continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Afzal Naveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Xiangying Wei
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Departement of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- EukaryoTech LLC, Apopka, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gul Shad Ali
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