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Li Z, Liu SL, Montes-Serey C, Walley JW, Aung K. PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEIN 6 regulates plasmodesmal function in Arabidopsis vasculature. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3543-3561. [PMID: 38842334 PMCID: PMC11371196 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata connect adjoining plant cells, allowing molecules to move between the connected cells for communication and sharing resources. It has been well established that the plant polysaccharide callose is deposited at plasmodesmata, regulating their aperture and function. Among proteins involved in maintaining callose homeostasis, PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEINSs (PDLPs) promote callose deposition at plasmodesmata. This study explored the function of PDLP5 and PDLP6 in different cell types. We discovered that PDLP5 and PDLP6 are expressed in nonoverlapping cell types in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The overexpression of PDLP5 and PDLP6 results in the overaccumulation of plasmodesmal callose at different cell interfaces, indicating that PDLP5 and PDLP6 are active in different cell types. We also observed 2 distinct patterns of starch accumulation in mature leaves of PDLP5 and PDLP6 overexpressors. An enzyme-catalyzed proximity labeling approach was used to identify putative functional partners of the PDLPs. We identified SUCROSE SYNTHASE 6 (SUS6) as a functional partner of PDLP6 in the vasculature. We further demonstrated that PDLP6 physically and genetically interacts with SUS6. In addition, CALLOSE SYNTHASE 7 (CALS7) physically interacts with SUS6 and PDLP6. Genetic interaction studies showed that CALS7 is required for PDLP6 function. We propose that PDLP6 functions with SUS6 and CALS7 in the vasculature to regulate plasmodesmal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Su-Ling Liu
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Christian Montes-Serey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Plant Sciences Institutes, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kyaw Aung
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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2
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Wang X, Ju Y, Wu T, Kong L, Yuan M, Liu H, Chen X, Chu Z. The clade III subfamily of OsSWEETs directly suppresses rice immunity by interacting with OsHMGB1 and OsHsp20L. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2186-2200. [PMID: 38587024 PMCID: PMC11258985 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The clade III subfamily of OsSWEETs includes transmembrane proteins necessary for susceptibility to bacterial blight (BB). These genes are targeted by the specific transcription activator-like effector (TALE) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and mediate sucrose efflux for bacterial proliferation. However, the mechanism through which OsSWEETs regulate rice immunity has not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that the cytosolic carboxyl terminus of OsSWEET11a/Xa13 is required for complementing susceptibility to PXO99 in IRBB13 (xa13/xa13). Interestingly, the C-terminus of ZmXa13, the maize homologue of OsSWEET11a/Xa13, could perfectly substitute for the C-terminus of OsSWEET11a/Xa13. Furthermore, OsSWEET11a/Xa13 interacted with the high-mobility group B1 (OsHMGB1) protein and the small heat shock-like protein OsHsp20L through the same regions in the C-terminus. Consistent with the physical interactions, knockdown or knockout of either OsHMGB1 or OsHsp20L caused an enhanced PXO99-resistant phenotype similar to that of OsSWEET11a/OsXa13. Surprisingly, the plants in which OsHMGB1 or OsHsp20L was repressed developed increased resistance to PXO86, PXO61 and YN24, which carry TALEs targeting OsSWEET14/Xa41 or OsSWEET11a/Xa13. Additionally, OsHsp20L can interact with all six members of clade III OsSWEETs, whereas OsHMGB1 can interact with five other members in addition to OsSWEET12. Overall, we revealed that OsHMGB1 and OsHsp20L mediate conserved BB susceptibility by interacting with clade III OsSWEETs, which are candidates for breeding broad-spectrum disease-resistant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanhu Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Present address:
College of Life SciencesLiaocheng UniversityLiaochengChina
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Lingguang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Xiangsong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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3
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Narayanan KK, Weigle AT, Xu L, Mi X, Zhang C, Chen LQ, Procko E, Shukla D. Deep mutational scanning reveals sequence to function constraints for SWEET family transporters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.28.601307. [PMID: 39005363 PMCID: PMC11244857 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.28.601307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Protein science is entering a transformative phase enabled by deep mutational scans that provide an unbiased view of the residue level interactions that mediate function. However, it has yet to be extensively used to characterize the mutational and evolutionary landscapes of plant proteins. Here, we apply the method to explore sequence-function relationships within the sugar transporter AtSWEET13. DMS results describe how mutational interrogation throughout different regions of the protein affects AtSWEET13 abundance and transport function. Our results identify novel transport-enhancing mutations that are validated using the FRET sensor assays. Extending DMS results to phylogenetic analyses reveal the role of transmembrane helix 4 (TM4) which makes the SWEET family transporters distinct from prokaryotic SemiSWEETs. We show that transmembrane helix 4 is intolerant to motif swapping with other clade-specific SWEET TM4 compositions, despite accommodating single point-mutations towards aromatic and charged polar amino acids. We further show that the transfer learning approaches based on physics and ML based In silico variant prediction tools have limited utility for engineering plant proteins as they were unable to reproduce our experimental results. We conclude that DMS can produce datasets which, when combined with the right predictive computational frameworks, can direct plant engineering efforts through derivative phenotype selection and evolutionary insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K. Narayanan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Austin T. Weigle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lingyun Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xuenan Mi
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cyrus Biotechnology, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; Department of Plant Biology; Department of Bioengineering; Department of Chemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Xu Y, Yao Z, Cheng Y, Ruan M, Ye Q, Wang R, Zhou G, Liu J, Liu C, Wan H. Divergent Retention of Sucrose Metabolism Genes after Whole Genome Triplication in the Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4145. [PMID: 38140472 PMCID: PMC10747743 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose, the primary carbon transport mode and vital carbohydrate for higher plants, significantly impacts plant growth, development, yield, and quality formation. Its metabolism involves three key steps: synthesis, transport, and degradation. Two genome triplication events have occurred in Solanaceae, which have resulted in massive gene loss. In this study, a total of 48 and 65 genes from seven sucrose metabolism gene families in Vitis vinifera and Solanum lycopersicum were identified, respectively. The number of members comprising the different gene families varied widely. And there were significant variations in the pattern of gene duplication and loss in the tomato following two WGD events. Tandem duplication is a major factor in the expansion of the SWEET and Acid INV gene families. All the genes are irregularly distributed on the chromosomes, with the majority of the genes showing collinearity with the grape, particularly the CIN family. And the seven gene families were subjected to a purifying selection. The expression patterns of the different gene families exhibited notable variations. This study presents basic information about the sucrose metabolism genes in the tomato and grape, and paves the way for further investigations into the impact of SCT events on the phylogeny, gene retention duplication, and function of sucrose metabolism gene families in the tomato or Solanaceae, and the adaptive evolution of the tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhuping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Meiying Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Qingjing Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Rongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Guozhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
- Wulanchabu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Wulanchabu 012000, China
| | - Chaochao Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China;
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (G.Z.); (J.L.)
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5
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Han X, Zhang Y, Lou Z, Li J, Wang Z, Gao C, Liu Y, Ren Z, Liu W, Li B, Pan W, Zhang H, Sang Q, Wan M, He H, Deng XW. Time series single-cell transcriptional atlases reveal cell fate differentiation driven by light in Arabidopsis seedlings. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:2095-2109. [PMID: 37903986 PMCID: PMC10724060 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Light serves as the energy source for plants as well as a signal for growth and development during their whole life cycle. Seedling de-etiolation is the most dramatic manifestation of light-regulated plant development processes, as massive reprogramming of the plant transcriptome occurs at this time. Although several studies have reported about organ-specific development and expression induced by light, a systematic analysis of cell-type-specific differentiation and the associated transcriptional regulation is still lacking. Here we obtained single-cell transcriptional atlases for etiolated, de-etiolating and light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Informative cells from shoot and root tissues were grouped into 48 different cell clusters and finely annotated using multiple markers. With the determination of comprehensive developmental trajectories, we demonstrate light modulation of cell fate determination during guard cell specialization and vasculature development. Comparison of expression atlases between wild type and the pifq mutant indicates that phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) are involved in distinct developmental processes in endodermal and stomatal lineage cells via controlling cell-type-specific expression of target genes. These results provide information concerning the light signalling networks at the cell-type resolution, improving our understanding of how light regulates plant development at the cell-type and genome-wide levels. The obtained information could serve as a valuable resource for comprehensively investigating the molecular mechanism of cell development and differentiation in response to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying Lou
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chunlei Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zizheng Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Bosheng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wenbo Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Sang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Miaomiao Wan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang He
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China.
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China.
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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6
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Fatima U, Balasubramaniam D, Khan WA, Kandpal M, Vadassery J, Arockiasamy A, Senthil‐Kumar M. AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 transporters function in tandem to modulate sugar flux in plants. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e481. [PMID: 36911252 PMCID: PMC9995347 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sugar will eventually be exported transporter (SWEET) members in Arabidopsis, AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 are the important sucrose efflux transporters that act synergistically to perform distinct physiological roles. These two transporters are involved in apoplasmic phloem loading, seed filling, and sugar level alteration at the site of pathogen infection. Here, we performed the structural analysis of the sucrose binding pocket of AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 using molecular docking followed by rigorous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We observed that the sucrose molecule binds inside the central cavity and in the middle of the transmembrane (TM) region of AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12, that allows the alternate access to the sucrose molecule from either side of the membrane during transport. Both AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12, shares the similar amino acid residues that interact with sucrose molecule. Further, to achieve more insights on the role of these two transporters in other plant species, we did the phylogenetic and the in-silico analyses of AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 orthologs from 39 economically important plants. We reported the extensive information on the gene structure, protein domain and cis-acting regulatory elements of AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 orthologs from different plants. The cis-elements analysis indicates the involvement of AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 orthologs in plant development and also during abiotic and biotic stresses. Both in silico and in planta expression analysis indicated AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 are well-expressed in the Arabidopsis leaf tissues. However, the orthologs of AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 showed the differential expression pattern with high or no transcript expression in the leaf tissues of different plants. Overall, these results offer the new insights into the functions and regulation of AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 orthologs from different plant species. This might be helpful in conducting the future studies to understand the role of these two crucial transporters in Arabidopsis and other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Fatima
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Wajahat Ali Khan
- Membrane Protein Biology GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Manu Kandpal
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Arulandu Arockiasamy
- Membrane Protein Biology GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
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SWEET13 transport of sucrose, but not gibberellin, restores male fertility in Arabidopsis sweet13;14. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207558119. [PMID: 36215460 PMCID: PMC9586311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207558119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes and transporters are not 100% selective but interact with myriad substrates, of which only few are physiologically relevant. Biochemical and physiological studies have shown SWEETs play important roles in plant growth and development as hexose/sucrose uniporters. Recent studies revealed SWEETs can also transport gibberellin (GA), raising the question of which substrate is physiologically relevant. Structure-guided mutagenesis enabled a shift in selectivity of SWEET13 and showed that sucrose is physiologically relevant for fertility. We surmise that during evolution of transporters, activity of the physiological substrate was optimized and, in the absence of negative impact, side activities were accepted, while detrimental side activities are counterselected. These findings improve our understanding of the multiple activities of transporters and enzymes, including drug discovery. SWEET sucrose transporters play important roles in the allocation of sucrose in plants. Some SWEETs were shown to also mediate transport of the plant growth regulator gibberellin (GA). The close physiological relationship between sucrose and GA raised the questions of whether there is a functional connection and whether one or both of the substrates are physiologically relevant. To dissect these two activities, molecular dynamics were used to map the binding sites of sucrose and GA in the pore of SWEET13 and predicted binding interactions that might be selective for sucrose or GA. Transport assays confirmed these predictions. In transport assays, the N76Q mutant had 7x higher relative GA3 activity, and the S142N mutant only transported sucrose. The impaired pollen viability and germination in sweet13;14 double mutants were complemented by the sucrose-selective SWEET13S142N, but not by the SWEET13N76Q mutant, indicating that sucrose is the physiologically relevant substrate and that GA transport capacity is dispensable in the context of male fertility. Therefore, GA supplementation to counter male sterility may act indirectly via stimulating sucrose supply in male sterile mutants. These findings are also relevant in the context of the role of SWEETs in pathogen susceptibility.
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Wang J, Xue X, Zeng H, Li J, Chen L. Sucrose rather than GA transported by AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 supports pollen fitness at late anther development stages. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:525-537. [PMID: 35811428 PMCID: PMC9795879 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Both sugar and the hormone gibberellin (GA) are essential for anther-enclosed pollen development and thus for plant productivity in flowering plants. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14, which are expressed in anthers and associated with seed yield, transport both sucrose and GA. However, it is still unclear which substrate transported by them directly affects anther development and seed yield. Histochemical staining, cross-sectioning and microscopy imaging techniques were used to investigate and interpret the phenotypes of the atsweet13;14 double mutant during anther development. Genetic complementation of atsweet13;14 using AtSWEET9, which transports sucrose but not GA, and the GA transporter AtNPF3.1, respectively, was conducted to test the substrate preference relevant to the biological process. The loss of both AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 resulted in reduced pollen viability and therefore decreased pollen germination. AtSWEET9 fully rescued the defects in pollen viability and germination of atsweet13;14, whereas AtNPF3.1 failed to do so, indicating that AtSWEET13/14-mediated sucrose rather than GA is essential for pollen fertility. AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 function mainly at the anther wall during late anther development stages, and they probably are responsible for sucrose efflux into locules to support pollen development to maturation, which is vital for subsequent pollen viability and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Xueyi Xue
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Houqing Zeng
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Jiankun Li
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Li‐Qing Chen
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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9
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Fatima U, Anjali A, Senthil-Kumar M. AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12: the twin traders of sucrose. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:958-960. [PMID: 35821086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 are central players in phloem loading and long-distance sucrose translocation. During drought stress, these transporters enhance sucrose transport from shoot to root, increasing root proliferation. Chen et al. have now unravelled novel aspects of sucrose transport regulation, occurring via AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 phosphorylation and oligomerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Fatima
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anjali Anjali
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
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10
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Functional divergence of GLP genes between G. barbadense and G. hirsutum in response to Verticillium dahliae infection. Genomics 2022; 114:110470. [PMID: 36041636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Germin-like proteins (GLPs) play important roles in plant disease resistance but are rarely reported in cotton. We compared the expression of GLPs in Verticillium dahliae inoculate G. hirsutum (susceptible) and G. barbadense (resistant) and enriched 11 differentially expressed GLPs. 2741 GLP proteins identified from 53 species determined that GLP probably originated from algae and could be classified into 7 clades according to phylogenetic analysis, among which Clade I is likely the most ancient. Cotton GLP (two allopolyploids and two diploids) genes within a shared clade were highly conserved. Intriguingly, clade VII genes were mainly located in gene clusters that derived from the expansion of LTR transposons. Clade VII members expressed mainly in root which is the first battle against Verticillium dahlia and could be induced more intensely in G. barbadense than G. hirsutum. The GLP genes are resistant to Verticillium dahliae, which can be further investigated against Verticillium wilt.
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Xue X, Wang J, Shukla D, Cheung LS, Chen LQ. When SWEETs Turn Tweens: Updates and Perspectives. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:379-403. [PMID: 34910586 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070621-093907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugar translocation between cells and between subcellular compartments in plants requires either plasmodesmata or a diverse array of sugar transporters. Interactions between plants and associated microorganisms also depend on sugar transporters. The sugars will eventually be exported transporter (SWEET) family is made up of conserved and essential transporters involved in many critical biological processes. The functional significance and small size of these proteins have motivated crystallographers to successfully capture several structures of SWEETs and their bacterial homologs in different conformations. These studies together with molecular dynamics simulations have provided unprecedented insights into sugar transport mechanisms in general and into substrate recognition of glucose and sucrose in particular. This review summarizes our current understanding of the SWEET family, from the atomic to the whole-plant level. We cover methods used for their characterization, theories about their evolutionary origins, biochemical properties, physiological functions, and regulation. We also include perspectives on the future work needed to translate basic research into higher crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Xue
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lily S Cheung
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
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Braun DM. Phloem Loading and Unloading of Sucrose: What a Long, Strange Trip from Source to Sink. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:553-584. [PMID: 35171647 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070721-083240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is transported from sources (mature leaves) to sinks (importing tissues such as roots, stems, fruits, and seeds) through the phloem tissues in veins. In many herbaceous crop species, sucrose must first be effluxed to the cell wall by a sugar transporter of the SWEET family prior to being taken up into phloem companion cells or sieve elements by a different sugar transporter, called SUT or SUC. The import of sucrose into these cells is termed apoplasmic phloem loading. In sinks, sucrose can similarly exit the phloem apoplasmically or, alternatively, symplasmically through plasmodesmata into connecting parenchyma storage cells. Recent advances describing the regulation and manipulation of sugar transporter expression and activities provide stimulating new insights into sucrose phloem loading in sources and unloading processes in sink tissues. Additionally, new breakthroughs have revealed distinct subpopulations of cells in leaves with different functions pertaining to phloem loading. These and other discoveries in sucrose transport are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Braun
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA;
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Lohaus G. Review primary and secondary metabolites in phloem sap collected with aphid stylectomy. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 271:153645. [PMID: 35217406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem plays a central role in assimilate transport as well as in the transport of several secondary compounds. In order to study the chemical composition of phloem sap, different methods have been used for its collection, including stem incisions, EDTA-facilitated exudation or aphid stylectomy. Each collection method has several advantages and disadvantages and, unfortunately, the reported metabolite profiles and concentrations depend on the method used for exudate collection. This review therefore primarily focusses on sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions and further transported compounds like organic acids, nucleotides, phytohormons, defense signals, and lipophilic substances in the phloem sap obtained by aphid stylectomy to facilitate comparability of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Ruan YL. CWIN-sugar transporter nexus is a key component for reproductive success. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153572. [PMID: 34839101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive development is critical for completion of plant life cycle and realization of crop yield potential. Reproductive organs comprise multiple distinctive or even transgenerational tissues, which are symplasmically disconnected from each other for protection and better control of nutrition and development. Cell wall invertases (CWINs) and sugar transporters are often specifically or abundantly expressed in these apoplasmic interfaces to provide carbon nutrients and sugar signals to developing pollens, endosperm and embryo. Emerging evidence shows that some of those genes were indeed targeted for selection during crop domestication. In this Opinion paper, I discuss the functional significance of the localized expression of CWINs and sugar transporters in reproductive organs followed by an analysis on how their spatial patterning may be regulated at the molecular levels and how the localized CWIN activity may be exploited for improvement of reproductive output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia; Centre of Plant Reproductive and Stress Biology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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