An overview of the efficacy of resveratrol in the management of ischemic heart disease

Danggui Buxue Decoction and its components dilate coronary artery through activating the inward rectification K+ channels pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD), a classic representative prescription of invigorating Qi and producing blood, is used to treat coronary heart disease angina pectoris and vascular injury diseases. Abnormal coronary artery is an important cause of cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanism of DBD dilates coronary arteries is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to elucidate the impacts and distinctions among DBD, Astragalus, Angelica sinensis, and identified active components on pre-constricted coronary arteries, as well as to delve deeper into their respective mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

After the preconstriction of a rat isolated coronary artery ring with either 30 mM KCl or 200 nM U46619, the vascular tension was observed following the addition of DBD, and other components. Subsequently, the impact of these active components on coronary blood flow (CBF) was confirmed through in vivo testing. Further investigation into the underlying mechanism was carried out using a combination of blockers, molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), cell heat transfer analysis (CETSA), and patch-clamp techniques.

RESULTS

In vitro experiments showed that DBD and its components butylidenephthalide, ligustilide, calycosin, and quercetin could dilate coronary artery preconstricted with either 30 mM KCl or 200 nM U46619. In addition, the active ingredient was found to significantly increase CBF. Mechanistically, BaCl2 was found to reduce the relaxation effect of the drug by adding a blocker. Molecular docking, SPR and CETSA results showed that the active ingredients had a strong binding potential with inward rectification K+ channels (KIR) channel protein. Patch clamp studies demonstrate that quercetin can increase KIR current, and BaCl2 can significantly reduce its current.

CONCLUSIONS

The active components of DBD, butylidenephthalide, ligustilide, calycosin, and quercetin, activate KIR channels to relax coronary artery and increase CBF.

The valorization of grape pomace from Montepulciano winemaking: A new source of functional ingredients for sustainable food industry

The winemaking process generates huge amounts of waste every year. Fermented grape pomace, the major by-waste product, holds significant value due to its chemical composition and technological properties. In this study a multi-omics approach was employed for the detailed molecular characterization of fermented grape pomace from Montepulciano grape, a widely used Italian red grape variety. Grape pomace samples, including both seeds and skins, were analyzed after 0, 6 and 9 days fermentation time. Anthocyanins and flavonols were the predominant polyphenols in the skin fraction, which resulted stable to the pomace drying process. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion analysis using the validated Infogest protocol showed a 60 % increased bioaccessibility of these compounds. Proteomics and lipidomics of the seed fraction underscored its richness in protein/peptides and lipid suggesting potential technological and functional bioactivity. Although no significant difference was observed in the seed protein fraction between intermediate (6 days) and final (9 days) fermentation time, this latter exhibited a higher number of potentially bioactive peptides compared to the former. Additionally, glycomic analysis of grape pomace uncovered novel oligosaccharides which may represent high-value ingredients for the food industry. This multi-analytical approach indicated that incorporating grape pomace and/or its fractions into food production could support the dietary transition towards sustainable and healthy nutrition.

Pentacyclic triterpenes, potential novel therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) involve dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels and have become major health concerns worldwide. Multiple mechanisms may be involved in the occurrence and development of CVDs. Although therapies for CVDs are constantly being developed and applied, the incidence and mortality of CVDs remain high. The roles of natural compounds in CVD treatment are being explored, providing new approaches for the treatment of CVD. Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds with a basic nucleus of 30 carbon atoms, and they have been widely studied for their potential applications in the treatment of CVDs, to which various pharmacological activities contribute, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects. This review introduces the roles of triterpenoids in the prevention and treatment of CVDs, summarizes their potential underlying mechanisms, and provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of triterpenoids in the management of CVDs.

Comprehensive Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: How Nutrition, Dietary Polyphenols, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle Modifications Address Diabesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Neurodegenerative Conditions

Several hallmarks of metabolic syndrome, such as dysregulation in the glucose and lipid metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, low-to-medium systemic inflammation, and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, represent a pathological bridge between metabolic syndrome and diabesity, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to highlight some therapeutic strategies against metabolic syndrome involving integrative approaches to improve lifestyle and daily diet. The beneficial effects of foods containing antioxidant polyphenols, intestinal microbiota control, and physical activity were also considered. We comprehensively examined a large body of published articles involving basic, animal, and human studie, as well as recent guidelines. As a result, dietary polyphenols from natural plant-based antioxidants and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, along with physical exercise, are promising complementary therapies to delay or prevent the onset of metabolic syndrome and counteract diabesity and cardiovascular diseases, as well as to protect against neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive decline. Modulation of the intestinal microbiota reduces the risks associated with MS, improves diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and exerts neuroprotective action. Despite several studies, the estimation of dietary polyphenol intake is inconclusive and requires further evidence. Lifestyle interventions involving physical activity and reduced calorie intake can improve metabolic outcomes.

Nutraceutical Potential of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Seed Oil in Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Obesity and Metabolic Alterations

Vitis vinifera L. (grapevine) is a perennial plant of the Vitaceae family that is widely used to produce grapes and wines. Grape seed oil is rich in fatty acids such as linoleic acid (65-75%), vitamin E (50 mg), and phytosterols in addition to phenolic compounds, such as catechins (414 mg), epicatechins (130.4 mg), and gallic acid (77 µg), shows promise as a nutritional compound and is outstanding as a therapeutic substance with active properties for health, detected mainly by in vitro studies, as well as some in vivo studies. The benefits of consuming this oil include modulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects, and protection against oxidative cell damage and some types of cancer. However, experimental findings confirm that therapeutic functions remain scarce; thus, more studies are needed to determine the mechanisms of action involved in the indicated therapeutic qualities.

Cardiac-Specific Overexpression of Caveolin-1 in Rats With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Improves Arrhythmogenicity and Cardiac Remodelling

BACKGROUND

Ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is associated with electrical and structural remodelling, leading to arrhythmias. Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a membrane protein involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury. Cav1 deficiency has been associated with arrhythmogenicity. The current study aimed to determine how Cav1 overexpression inhibits arrhythmias and cardiac remodelling in ICM.

METHODS

ICM was modelled using left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation for 4 weeks. Cardiac-specific Cav1 overexpression in ICM on arrhythmias, excitation-contraction coupling, and cardiac remodelling were investigated using the intramyocardial injection of an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV-9) system, carrying a specific sequence expressing Cav1 (AAV^Cav1) under the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) promoter.

RESULTS

Cav1 overexpression decreased susceptibility to arrhythmias by upregulating gap junction connexin 43 (CX43) and reducing spontaneous irregular proarrhythmogenic Ca²⁺ waves in ventricular cardiomyocytes. It also alleviated ischemic injury-induced contractility weakness by improving Ca²⁺ cycling through normalizing Ca²⁺-handling protein levels and improving Ca²⁺ homeostasis. Masson stain and immunoblotting revealed that the deposition of excessive fibrosis was attenuated by Cav1 overexpression, inhibiting the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad2 signalling pathway. Coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that the interaction between Cav1 and cSrc modulated CX43 expression and Ca²⁺-handling protein levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Cardiac-specific overexpression of Cav1 attenuated ventricular arrhythmia, improved Ca²⁺ cycling, and attenuated cardiac remodelling. These effects were attributed to modulation of CX43, normalized Ca²⁺-handling protein levels, improved Ca²⁺ homeostasis, and attenuated cardiac fibrosis.

Epi-Drugs in Heart Failure

Unveiling the secrets of genome's flexibility does not only foster new research in the field, but also gives rise to the exploration and development of novel epigenetic-based therapies as an approach to alleviate disease phenotypes. A better understanding of chromatin biology (DNA/histone complexes) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has enabled the development of epigenetic drugs able to modulate transcriptional programs implicated in cardiovascular diseases. This particularly applies to heart failure, where epigenetic networks have shown to underpin several pathological features, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and microvascular dysfunction. Targeting epigenetic signals might represent a promising approach, especially in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), where prognosis remains poor and breakthrough therapies have yet to be approved. In this setting, epigenetics can be employed for the development of customized therapeutic approaches thus paving the way for personalized medicine. Even though the beneficial effects of epi-drugs are gaining attention, the number of epigenetic compounds used in the clinical practice remains low suggesting that more selective epi-drugs are needed. From DNA-methylation changes to non-coding RNAs, we can establish brand-new regulations for drug targets with the aim of restoring healthy epigenomes and transcriptional programs in the failing heart. In the present review, we bring the timeline of epi-drug discovery and development, thus highlighting the emerging role of epigenetic therapies in heart failure.

Dexmedetomidine attenuates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury by promoting telomere/telomerase activity: Possible involvement of ERK1/2-Nrf2 signaling pathway

Dexmedetomidine (Dex), an α2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) agonist, possesses cardioprotection against ischaemic/hypoxic injury, but the exact mechanism is not fully elucidated. Since telomere/telomerase dysfunction is involved in myocardial ischemic damage, the present study aimed to investigate whether Dex ameliorates cobalt chloride (CoCl_2; a hypoxia mimic agent in vitro)-induced the damage of H9c2 cardiomyocytes by improving telomere/telomerase dysfunction and further explored the underlying mechanism focusing on ERK1/2-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Result showed that Dex increased cell viability, decreased apoptosis, and reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy as illustrated by the decreases in cell surface area and the biomarker levels for cardiac hypertrophy including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and myosin heavy chain β (β-MHC) mRNA and protein in CoCl₂ -exposed H9c2 cells. Intriguingly, Dex increased the telomere length and telomerase activity as well as telomere reverse transcriptase (TERT) protein and mRNA levels in H9c2 cells exposed to CoCl₂ , indicating that Dex promotes telomere/telomerase function under hypoxia. In addition, Dex remarkably diminished the ROS generation, reduced MDA content, and increased antioxidative signaling as evidenced by the increases in SOD and GSH-Px activities. Furthermore, Dex increased the ratio of P-ERK1/2/T-ERK1/2 and P-Nrf2/T-Nrf2 and enhanced Nrf2 nuclear translocation in CoCl₂ -subjected H9c2 cells, suggesting that Dex promotes the activation of the ERK1/2-Nrf2 signaling pathway. These novel findings indicated that Dex attenuates myocardial ischemic damage and reduces myocardial hypertrophy by promoting telomere/telomerase function, which may be associated with the activation of the ERK1/2-Nrf2 signaling pathway in vitro. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Potential Associations among Bioactive Molecules, Antioxidant Activity and Resveratrol Production in Vitis vinifera Fruits of North America

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are rich in bioactive molecules contributing to health benefits. Consumption of grapes is linked to reduced incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Studies on table grape cultivars are limited although much attention in research was focused on the wine industry. Bioactive effects of grapes as anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, vasorelaxant, phytoestrogenic and neuroprotective have also been reported. For example, resveratrol is a natural food ingredient present in grapes, with high antioxidant potential. Here we conducted an exploratory study to investigate bioactive molecules, antioxidant activity and the association between constitutive stilbene synthase (STS) gene expression and the resveratrol biosynthesis in selected table grape varieties in North America. The phenolic compounds, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of four grape varieties were compared. Red Globe variety was rich in unsaturated fatty acids as well as phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, quercetin and resveratrol. Meanwhile, the constitutive expression of grape stilbene synthase gene was higher in Flame and Autumn Royal where resveratrol content of these cultivars was relatively low compared to the Red Globe variety. This study shows the potential links in grape antioxidant activity and resveratrol production, but more studies are necessary to show the association.

Grape bioactive molecules, and the potential health benefits in reducing the risk of heart diseases

Grapes are a rich source of bioactive molecules including phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, stilbenes, and lipids. These are the compounds which contribute to the health benefits of grape and grape-derived products. They possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities and have wide applications in food and nutraceutical industries. Use of grape extracts rich in these bioactive compounds are linked to reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease and its major risk factors including hypertension (high blood pressure); a clinical condition associated with high mortality worldwide. Therefore, considerable attention has been given to grape-based products to alleviate and treat hypertension. The aim of this review is to summarize the bioactive compounds of grapes, composition changes in different grape extracts and the potential benefits in reducing hypertension.

Comparative and Combinatorial Effects of Resveratrol and Sacubitril/Valsartan alongside Valsartan on Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction in MI-Induced Rats

The development and progression of heart failure (HF) due to myocardial infarction (MI) is a major concern even with current optimal therapy. Resveratrol is a plant polyphenol with cardioprotective properties. Sacubitril/valsartan is known to be beneficial in chronic HF patients. In this study, we investigated the comparative and combinatorial benefits of resveratrol with sacubitril/valsartan alongside an active comparator valsartan in MI-induced male Sprague Dawley rats. MI-induced and sham-operated animals received vehicle, resveratrol, sacubitril/valsartan, valsartan alone or sacubitril/valsartan + resveratrol for 8 weeks. Echocardiography was performed at the endpoint to assess cardiac structure and function. Cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatinine and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin were measured. Treatment with resveratrol, sacubitril/valsartan, valsartan and sacubitril/valsartan + resveratrol significantly prevented left ventricular (LV) dilatation and improved LV ejection fraction in MI-induced rats. All treatments also significantly reduced myocardial tissue oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis, as well as BNP. Treatment with the combination of sacubitril/valsartan and resveratrol did not show additive effects. In conclusion, resveratrol, sacubitril/valsartan, and valsartan significantly prevented cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in MI-induced rats. The reduction in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in MI-induced rats was mediated by a reduction in cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis.

Resveratrol: Change of SIRT 1 and AMPK signaling pattern during the aging process

One of the causes for aging is free radical damage. Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenolic compound has been shown to act as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The objective this study was to verify in an oxidative stress environment in Human Mononuclear cells from Middle aged and Elderly donors, the existence of a change in the SIRT1 and AMPK signaling pattern by RSV. In both age groups there was a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells stimulated with RSV. It was observed that in the Elderly group there was a higher production of ROS and that the reduction from RSV was smaller compared to the other group. There was an increased activity of Superoxide Dismutase in cells exposed to RSV in the elderly group. It was observed that for the Middle Aged group, SIRT 1 and AMPK are antioxidant pathways and RSV acts via SIRT1. In the elderly, the SIRT1 remains antioxidant and RSV ceases its operation via SIRT1. RSV has an antioxidant action in both age groups, and that in aging there was a change in the cellular context characterized by the silencing of the AMPK pathway antioxidant character.

Resveratrol and cardiovascular system-the unfulfilled hopes

INTRODUCTION

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound with a stilbene structure endowed with multiple health-promoting effects. Among phenolic compounds, resveratrol is assigned a leading role in the health-promoting effects of red wine.

METHODS

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of resveratrol on the cardiovascular system in the experimental and clinical studies conducted so far. Moreover, the paper discusses the results of the most recent meta-analyses assessing resveratrol's therapeutic effect on the cardiovascular system in humans.

RESULTS

In animal and preclinical studies, resveratrol has demonstrated a wide physiological and biochemical spectrum of activity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and anticoagulant activities, which translated into its health-promoting effects on the cardiovascular system. The performed meta-analyses allow to confirm such an impact, however, after the assessment with the use of the SYRCLE's tool, these studies are burdened with a high risk of bias, and the results are not clearly presented.

CONCLUSION

Despite numerous articles and clinical studies, the convincing beneficial mechanisms of resveratrol as well as its health-promoting effects in cardiovascular diseases have not been clearly confirmed in humans. Therefore, there is a need for further clinical studies, especially randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials to objectively confirm the possible health-promoting effects of this substance and to determine both the efficacy and safety, and possible therapeutic potential.

The effects of oat ingredients on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats

This study investigated the blood pressure (BP) lowering and cardioprotective effects of oat avenanthramide C and beta-glucan alone or in combination in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Five-weeks-old male SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats received vehicle, avenanthramide C and beta-glucan alone or a combination of avenanthramide C and beta-glucan via gavage for 15 weeks. BP was measured at 0, 10, and 15 weeks of treatment. Echocardiography was performed at 15 weeks of treatment. Oxidative stress and inflammation were also measured. Beta-glucan alone prevented the increase in systolic and diastolic BP in SHR, but avenanthramide C alone or the combination did not prevent the increase in systolic and diastolic BP. SHRs treated with beta-glucan and not avenanthramide C or the combination reduced isovolumetric relaxation time when compared to SHR treated with vehicle. Beta-glucan and avenanthramide C decreased the levels of malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress in SHR. In conclusion, beta-glucan is a potential antihypertensive agent that may alleviate cardiovascular abnormalities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Oats products are believed to contain many bioactives that possess potential beneficial properties against chronic diseases. Specifically, oats beta-glucan has been well-established for its efficacy in positively modulating the risk factor for dyslipidemia. This preliminary in vivo study shows that beta-glucan is a potential antihypertensive agent that may alleviate cardiac dysfunction as well. In light of the current findings, further human studies may establish the efficacy of oats beta-glucan in hypertensive patients alongside the current antihypertensive medications. This novel attribute established via rigorous studies may provide an impetus for oats products and oats industry. Last but not least, it will also help improve the cardiovascular disease burden in a cost-effective way.

Protective Effects of Polyphenols against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. It manifests as an imbalance between blood demand and blood delivery in the myocardium, which leads to cardiac ischemia and myocardial necrosis. While it is not easy to identify the first pathogenic cause of MI, the consequences are characterized by ischemia, chronic inflammation, and tissue degeneration. A poor MI prognosis is associated with extensive cardiac remodeling. A loss of viable cardiomyocytes is replaced with fibrosis, which reduces heart contractility and heart function. Recent advances have given rise to the concept of natural polyphenols. These bioactive compounds have been studied for their pharmacological properties and have proven successful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Studies have focused on their various bioactivities, such as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and free radical scavenging. In this review, we summarized the effects and benefits of polyphenols on the cardiovascular injury, particularly on the treatment of myocardial infarction in animal and human studies.

Polyphenols Regulate Endothelial Functions and Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have shown that intake of polyphenols through the consumption of vegetables and fruits reduces the risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) by potentially influencing endothelial cell function.

OBJECTIVE

In this review, the effects and molecular mechanisms of plant polyphenols, particularly resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and quercetin, on endothelial functions, and their putative protective effects against CVD are described.

METHODS

Epidemiologic studies examined the effect of the CVD risk of vegetables and the fruit. Furthermore, studies within vitro models investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of the action of the flavonoid class of polyphenols. These findings help elucidate the effect of polyphenols on endothelial function and CVD risk reduction.

RESULTS

Epidemiologic and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the consumption of vegetables and fruits decreases the incidence of CVDs. Furthermore, it has also been indicated that dietary polyphenols are inversely related to the risk of CVD. Resveratrol, EGCG, and quercetin prevent oxidative stress by regulating the expression of oxidase and the antioxidant enzyme genes, contributing to the prevention of stroke, hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease.

CONCLUSION

High intake of dietary polyphenols may help prevent CVD. Polyphenols inhibit endothelial dysfunction and induce vascular endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation viz. redox regulation and nitric oxide production. The polyphenol-induced healthy endothelial cell function may be related to CVD prevention.

Divergent Effects of Resveratrol on Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts and Cardiomyocytes

In this study, we tested the potential cardioprotective effects of the phytoalexin resveratrol (Rsv) on primary adult rat cardiac fibroblasts (CF), myofibroblasts (MF) and cardiomyocytes. Adult rat CF and cardiomyocytes were isolated from male 10-week old Sprague–Dawley rats, cultured for either 24 h (cardiomyocytes) or 48 h (CF) before treatments. To isolate MF, CF were trypsinized after 48 h in culture, seeded in fresh plates and cultured for 24 h prior to treatment. All three cells were then treated for a further 24 h with a range of Rsv doses. In CF and MF, cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis assays were performed with or without Rsv treatment for 24 h. In cardiomyocytes, cell viability and apoptosis assay were performed 24 h after treatment. In separate experiments, CF was pre-incubated with estrogen, tamoxifen and fulvestrant for 30 min prior to Rsv treatment. Rsv treatment decreased proliferation of both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Rsv treatment also increased the proportion of dead CF and MF in a dose dependent manner. However, treatment with Rsv did not induce cell death in adult cardiomyocytes. There was an increase in the percentage of cells with condensed nuclei with Rsv treatment in both CF and MF, but not in cardiomyocytes. Treatment with estrogen, tamoxifen and fulvestrant alone or in combination with Rsv did not have any additional effects on CF survival. Our results demonstrate that treatment with Rsv can inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell death in rat CF and MF, while not affecting cardiomyocyte survival. We also demonstrated that the induction of cell death in CF with Rsv treatment was independent of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) signaling.

Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pharmacological Effects of Natural Products

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that natural products derived from traditional Chinese medicine, such as ginseng, berberine, and curcumin, possess a wide variety of biological activities on gut microbiota, which may cause changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota, microbial metabolites, intestinal tight junction structure, and mucosal immunology. These changes will eventually result in the exertion of the pharmacological effects by treatment with these natural products. In this review, we will discuss how gut microbiota is influenced by commonly used natural products. Furthermore, our findings are expected to provide novel insight into how these untargeted natural products function via gut microbiota.

Resveratrol and Its Effects on the Vascular System

Resveratrol, the phenolic substance isolated initially from Veratrum grandiflorum and richly present in grapes, wine, peanuts, soy, and berries, has been attracting attention of scientists and medical doctors for many decades. Herein, we review its effects on the vascular system. Studies utilizing cell cultures and pre-clinical models showed that resveratrol alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, resveratrol suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, promotes autophagy, and has been investigated in the context of vascular senescence. Pre-clinical models unambiguously demonstrated numerous vasculoprotective effects of resveratrol. In clinical trials, resveratrol moderately diminished systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients, as well as blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus. Yet, open questions remain, as exemplified by a recent report which states that the intake of resveratrol might blunt certain positive effects of exercise in older persons, and further research addressing the framework for long-term use of resveratrol as a food supplement, will stay in demand.

Natural compounds acting at P2 receptors alleviate peripheral neuropathy

Neuropathic pain is generally resistant to currently available treatments, and it is often a consequence of nerve injury due to surgery, diabetes or infection. Myocardial ischemic nociceptive signaling increases the sympathoexcitatory reflex to aggravate myocardial injury. Elucidation of the pathogenetic factors might provide a target for optimal treatment. Abundant evidence in the literature suggests that P2X and P2Y receptors play important roles in signal transmission. Traditional Chinese medicines, such as emodin, puerarin and resveratrol, antagonize nociceptive transmission mediated by purinergic 2 (P2) receptors in primary afferent neurons. This review summarizes recently published data on P2 receptor-mediated neuropathic pain and myocardial ischemia in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and stellate ganglia (SG), with a special focus on the beneficial role of natural compounds.

Resveratrol protects against oxidative stress by activating the Keap-1/Nrf2 antioxidant defense system in obese-asthmatic rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential mechanism underlying the anti-obesity-asthmatic effects of resveratrol (RSV) in a rat model of obese-asthma. Rat models of obesity and asthma were established using a high-fat diet and the administration of ovalbumin, respectively. Rats were divided into 7 different groups: A normal control, a normal obese, a normal asthma, a normal obese + asthma, a RSV obese, a RSV asthma and a RSV obese + asthma group. Body weight, Lee index, body fat and lung histopathological changes were evaluated. Serum lipid levels were evaluated using calorimetric methods. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cellular antioxidant enzyme activities were measured using commercial kits. Levels of kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was examined using western blot analysis. The results indicated that obese and asthma rat models were successfully established. It was also demonstrated that RSV decreased fasting blood glucose in obese, asthmatic and obese-asthmatic rats. RSV altered serum lipid levels; it significantly increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and significantly decreased serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein levels, compared with untreated obese, asthmatic and obese-asthmatic rats (P<0.05). ROS levels were significantly decreased in the RSV treatment group compared with obese, asthmatic and obese-asthmatic rats (P<0.05). RSV treatment significantly increased catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase levels compared with untreated obese, asthmatic and obese-asthmatic rats (P<0.05). Furthermore, RSV treatment significantly downregulated Keap-1 and upregulated Nrf2 levels in the heart, lung and kidney tissues of rats compared with untreated controls. Therefore, the results demonstrate that RSV protects against oxidative stress by activating the Keap-1/Nrf2 antioxidant defense system in obese-asthmatic rat models.

Food Bioactive HDAC Inhibitors in the Epigenetic Regulation of Heart Failure

Approximately 5.7 million U.S. adults have been diagnosed with heart failure (HF). More concerning is that one in nine U.S. deaths included HF as a contributing cause. Current HF drugs (e.g., β-blockers, ACEi) target intracellular signaling cascades downstream of cell surface receptors to prevent cardiac pump dysfunction. However, these drugs fail to target other redundant intracellular signaling pathways and, therefore, limit drug efficacy. As such, it has been postulated that compounds designed to target shared downstream mediators of these signaling pathways would be more efficacious for the treatment of HF. Histone deacetylation has been linked as a key pathogenetic element for the development of HF. Lysine residues undergo diverse and reversible post-translational modifications that include acetylation and have historically been studied as epigenetic modifiers of histone tails within chromatin that provide an important mechanism for regulating gene expression. Of recent, bioactive compounds within our diet have been linked to the regulation of gene expression, in part, through regulation of the epi-genome. It has been reported that food bioactives regulate histone acetylation via direct regulation of writer (histone acetyl transferases, HATs) and eraser (histone deacetylases, HDACs) proteins. Therefore, bioactive food compounds offer unique therapeutic strategies as epigenetic modifiers of heart failure. This review will highlight food bio-actives as modifiers of histone deacetylase activity in the heart.

Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) knockout reduces regional ischemia/reperfusion injury through an attenuated inflammatory response

Ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Interventional reperfusion induces further damage to the ischemic myocardium through neutrophil infiltration and acute inflammation. As caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) plays a critical role in innate immune response and inflammation, we hypothesized that CARD9 knockout would provide protection against ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury through attenuation of acute inflammatory responses. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and CARD9^-/- mice were subjected to 45 min left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion followed by 24-h reperfusion. Area at risk (AAR) and infarct size were measured by Evans blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Frozen heart sections were stained with anti-mouse GR-1 antibody to detect infiltrated neutrophils. Concentrations of cytokines/chemokines TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL-1 and MCP-1 were determined in heart tissue homogenate and serum by ELISA assay. Western immunoblotting analyses were performed to measure the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Our results indicate that following I/R, infarct size was significantly smaller in CARD9^-/- mice compared to WT. The number of infiltrated neutrophils was significantly lower in CARD9^-/- mice compared to WT. Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL-1 and MCP-1 were significantly reduced in heart tissue and serum from CARD9^-/- mice compared to WT. CARD9^-/- mice also exhibited significantly lower levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Taken together, our results suggest that CARD9 knockout protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, possibly through reduction of neutrophil infiltration and attenuation of CARD9-associated acute inflammatory signaling.

Effects of cyanidin 3-0-glucoside on cardiac structure and function in an animal model of myocardial infarction

Cyanidin 3-0-glucoside (CG) is a polyphenol with potential health benefits. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the cardioprotective effects of CG in an animal model of myocardial infarction (MI), a major cause of death worldwide. Sham and MI rats were administered CG (10 mg kg^-1 day^-1) daily for one week prior to surgery, and 8 weeks post-surgery. Echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac structure and function at 4 and 8 weeks. At 4 weeks, MI rats had significantly lower body mass when compared to control rats, and CG administration significantly prevented this decrease. Four-week MI rats also showed significantly increased left ventricle dilation, end systolic and end diastolic volumes in comparison to controls, and CG significantly prevented these adverse changes. Ejection fraction was significantly lower in 4-week MI rats in comparison to controls, and CG had no effect on this parameter. At 8 weeks, body mass was significantly lower in MI rats when compared to control rats, and CG significantly prevented this decrease. At 8 weeks, MI rats showed a significant increase in left ventricle dilation and isovolumic relaxation time, while ejection fraction was significantly lower when compared to controls; these parameters were not altered by CG treatment. Eight-week MI rats had significantly higher level of oxidative stress in heart tissue in comparison to controls, and CG administration did not prevent this increase. In conclusion, administration of CG was able to significantly preserve body mass in both 4 and 8 weeks MI rats, as well as significantly prevent cardiac dilation in 4 weeks MI rats. However, CG was unable to sustain this cardioprotection, as cardiac structure and function were not significantly improved in 8 weeks MI rats.

Mechanism of resveratrol-induced relaxation of the guinea pig fundus

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that can be isolated from plants and also is a constituent of red wine. Resveratrol induces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and may prevent cardiovascular diseases.

PURPOSE

Impaired gastric accommodation plays an important role in functional dyspepsia and fundic relaxation and is a therapeutic target of functional dyspepsia. Although drugs for fundic relaxation have been developed, these types of drugs are still rare. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relaxant effects of resveratrol in the guinea pig fundus.

STUDY DESIGN

We studied the relaxant effects of resveratrol in the guinea pig fundus. In addition, we investigated the mechanism of resveratrol-induced relaxation on the guinea pig fundus by using tetraethylammonium (a non-selective potassium channel blocker), apamine (a selective inhibitor of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel), iberiotoxin (an inhibitor of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels), glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker), KT 5720 (a cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor), KT 5823 (a cGMP-dependent protein kinase G inhibitor), NG-nitro-L-arginine (a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase), tetrodotoxin (a selective neuronal Na⁺ channel blocker), ω-conotoxin GVIA (a selective neuronal Ca²⁺ channel blocker) and G-15 (a G-protein coupled estrogen receptor antagonist).

RESULTS

The results of this study showed that resveratrol has potent and dose-dependent relaxant effects on the guinea pig fundic muscle. In addition, the results showed that resveratrol-induced relaxation of the guinea pig fundus occurs through nitric oxide and ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

CONCLUSION

This study provides the first evidence concerning the relaxant effects of resveratrol in the guinea pig fundic muscle strips. Furthermore, resveratrol may be a potential drug to relieve gastrointestinal dyspepsia.

Shared metabolic and immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the metabolic syndrome and mood disorders

This review examines the shared immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) and metabolic pathways underpinning metabolic syndrome (MetS), bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Shared pathways in both MetS and mood disorders are low grade inflammation, including increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, increased lipid peroxidation with formation of malondialdehyde and oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), hypernitrosylation, lowered levels of antioxidants, most importantly zinc and paraoxonase (PON1), increased bacterial translocation (leaky gut), increased atherogenic index of plasma and Castelli risk indices; and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) cholesterol. Insulin resistance is probably not a major factor associated with mood disorders. Given the high levels of IO&NS and metabolic dysregulation in BD and MDD and the high comorbidity with the atherogenic components of the MetS, mood disorders should be viewed as systemic neuro-IO&NS-metabolic disorders. The IO&NS-metabolic biomarkers may have prognostic value and may contribute to the development of novel treatments targeting neuro-immune, neuro-oxidative and neuro-nitrosative pathways.

Resveratrol and polydatin as modulators of Ca2+ mobilization in the cardiovascular system

In the cardiovascular system, Ca²⁺ controls cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and vascular contraction and dilation. Disturbances in intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis induce malfunctions of the cardiovascular system, including cardiac pump dysfunction, arrhythmia, remodeling, and apoptosis, as well as hypertension and impairment of vascular reactivity. Therefore, developing drugs and strategies manipulating Ca²⁺ handling are highly valued in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Resveratrol (Res) and polydatin (PD), a Res glucoside, have been well established to have beneficial effects on improving cardiovascular function. Studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that they exhibit inotropic effects on normal heart and therapeutic effects on hypertension, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertrophy, and heart failure by manipulating Ca²⁺ mobilization. The actions of Res and PD on Ca²⁺ signals delicately manipulated by multiple Ca²⁺ -handling proteins are pleiotropic and somewhat controversial, depending on cellular species and intracellular oxidative status. Here, we focus on the effects of Res and PD on controlling Ca²⁺ homeostasis in the heart and vasculature under normal and diseased conditions and highlight the key direct and indirect molecules mediating these effects.

In Vitro Glucuronidation and Sulfation of ε-Viniferin, a Resveratrol Dimer, in Humans and Rats

ε-Viniferin is a resveratrol dimer that possesses antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activities. However little is known about the metabolism of this oligostilbene. This study was thus undertaken as a first approach to identify and characterize the metabolites of ε-viniferin and to describe the kinetic profile of their appearance in humans and rats. The glucuronides and sulfates of ε-viniferin were first obtained by chemical hemi-synthesis and were fully characterized by UPLC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Then, ε-viniferin was incubated with human or rat S9 liver fractions that led to the formation of four glucuronoconjugates and four sulfoconjugates. In both species, ε-viniferin was subjected to an intense metabolism as 70 to 80% of the molecule was converted to glucuronides and sulfates. In humans, the hepatic clearance of ε-viniferin (V_max/K_m) for glucuronidation and sulfation were 4.98 and 6.35 µL/min/mg protein, respectively, whereas, in rats, the hepatic clearance for glucuronidation was 20.08 vs. 2.59 µL/min/mg protein for sulfation. In humans, three major metabolites were observed: two glucuronides and one sulfate. By contrast, only one major glucuronide was observed in rats. This strong hepatic clearance of ε-viniferin in human and rat could explain its poor bioavailability and could help to characterize its active metabolites.

Resveratrol enhances the inotropic effect but inhibits the proarrhythmic effect of sympathomimetic agents in rat myocardium

Background

Resveratrol is a cardioprotective agent with known antiarrhythmic effects that has recently been shown to inhibit phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme activity. Thus, it is possible that resveratrol increases the inotropic effect of sympathomimetic agents, as PDE inhibitors do but, unlike other PDE inhibitors, its effect may not be accompanied by proarrhythmia due to its antiarrhythmic action. This work is aimed to test this hypothesis.

Methods

This is an “in vitro” concentration-response relationship study. The effects of noradrenaline, tyramine and isoproterenol, alone or in combination with either resveratrol or with the typical PDE inhibitor 3-isobutylmethylxantine (IBMX), were studied in electrically driven strips of right ventricle or in the spontaneously beating free wall of the right ventricle of rat heart in order to investigate inotropic or proarrhythmic effects respectively. Also, the effects of resveratrol or IBMX on the sinoatrial node rate were examined in the isolated right atria of rat heart.

Results

Resveratrol (10 µM and 100 µM) produces a leftward shift in the concentration-response curves for the contractile effects of noradrenaline, tyramine or isoproterenol and reduces the –log EC₅₀ values of these three agents. IBMX produces similar effects. The spontaneous ventricular beating rate was increased by all three compounds, an effect that was further enhanced by the addition of IBMX. In contrast, resveratrol (100 µM) abolished the effects of these sympathomimetic agents on the ventricular rate. Resveratrol (1–100 µM) had no effect on the sinoatrial node rate, while IBMX produce a concentration dependent sinoatrial tachycardia.

Discussion

Taken together, the finding, indicate that resveratrol, like the PDE inhibitor IBMX enhances the contractile effects of sympathomimetic agents but, in contrast to IBMX, it does not enhance their proarrhythmic effect or produce sinoatrial tachycardia. This is most probably consequence of the antiarrhythmic effect of resveratrol which protect against the proarrhythmic effects resulting from PDE inhibition.

Resveratrol

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in both men and women and has largely been attributed to genetic makeup and lifestyle factors. However, genetic regulation does not fully explain the pathophysiology. Recently, epigenetic regulation, the regulation of the genetic code by modifications that affect the transcription and translation of target genes, has been shown to be important. Silent information regulator-2 proteins or sirtuins are an epigenetic regulator family of class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), unique in their dependency on coenzyme NAD+, that are postulated to mediate the beneficial effects of calorie restriction, thus promoting longevity by reducing the incidence of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and CVD. Emerging evidence shows that SIRT1 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the body. Resveratrol, a plant polyphenol, has cardioprotective effects and its mechanism of action is attributed to regulation of SIRT1. Incoproation of resveratrol into the diet may be a powerful therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of CVD.

MicroRNA-135a Regulates Apoptosis Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Rat Cardiomyoblast Cells

Oxidative stress and apoptosis are the most important pathologic features of ischemic heart disease. Recent research has indicated that microRNAs (miRs) play an essential role in apoptosis. However, whether miRs might regulate B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein in apoptosis during ischemic heart disease is still unclear. The aim of this study, therefore, was to confirm the regulation of microRNA-135a (miR-135a) in oxidative stress injuries induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in rat cardiomyoblast cells H9c2. To this end, we analyzed the effects of H2O2 treatment on miR-135a expression in rat cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we upregulated and inhibited miR-135a using mimics and inhibitors, respectively, and examined the effects on cell viability and apoptosis-related proteins. We observed that miR-135a was markedly up-regulated under H2O2 treatment in rat cardiomyoblast cells. Overexpression of miR-135a blocked the Bcl-2 protein and enhanced the apoptosis induced by H2O2, and miR-135a inhibition restored Bcl-2 protein expression. Interestingly, miR-135a inhibition did not attenuate H2O2-induced apoptosis with Bcl-2 knockdown. The results of the present study indicate that miR-135a regulates H2O2-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells via targeting Bcl-2, and that miR-135a may be a novel therapeutic target for ischemic heart disease.

Resveratrol Protects Oxidative Stress-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction by Upregulating Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression

BACKGROUND/AIM

Obstructive jaundice (OJ) is frequently complicated by infections and has been associated with increased bacterial translocation, intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability, and oxidative stress, but the mechanism remains unclear. The potential effect of resveratrol (Res) on modifying intestinal epithelial dysfunction was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

Caco-2 cells (in vitro) and male Wistar rats (n = 60; in vivo) were used to evaluate the role of Res on intestinal epithelial dysfunction. Hydrogen peroxide was used to induce oxidative stress in the Caco-2 cells. In bile duct-ligated group, OJ was successfully established on Day 7 after bile duct ligation, whereas sham-operated and vehicle-treated rats served as controls. Western blot and RT-qPCR were performed to analyze TJ proteins expression in epithelium isolated from rat intestine.

RESULTS

Intestinal hyperpermeability was associated with decreased expression and phosphorylation of occludin and zonula occluden (ZO-1), but increased oxidation in Caco-2 cells and the intestinal epithelium. Res treatment increased the epithelial expression and phosphorylation of occludin and ZO-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, Res which protected Caco-2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage clearly reduced malondialdehyde level and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, but increased the expression levels of superoxide dismutase and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Further studies showed that Res also inhibited H2O2-induced protein kinase C activity and p38 phosphorylation. Interestingly, these effects of Res were abolished by the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin or knockdown of HO-1 by siRNA.

CONCLUSIONS

Res protected gut barrier function possibly by initiating HO-1-dependent signaling which is essential for common expression of key tight junction proteins. It also provides a rationale to develop Res clinical applications of intestinal disorders.

Molecular Approaches to Genetically Improve the Accumulation of Health-Promoting Secondary Metabolites in Staple Crops-A Case Study: The Lipoxygenase-B1 Genes and Regulation of the Carotenoid Content in Pasta Products

Secondary metabolites, also known as phytochemicals, represent a large subset of plant molecules that include compounds with health-promoting effects. Indeed, a number of epidemiological studies have shown that, when taken regularly and in adequate amounts, these molecules can have long-term beneficial effects on human health, through reduction of the incidence of degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. As the dietary intake of these phytochemicals is often inadequate, various strategies are in use to improve their content in staple crops, and the end-products thereof. One of the most effective strategies is crop improvement through genetic approaches, as this is the only way to generate new cultivars in which the high accumulation of a given phytochemical is stably fixed. Efforts to genetically improve quality traits are rapidly evolving, from classical breeding to molecular-assisted approaches; these require sound understanding of the molecular bases underlying the traits, to identify the genes/alleles that control them. This can be achieved through global analysis of the metabolic pathway responsible for phytochemical accumulation, to identify the link between phytochemical content and the activities of key enzymes that regulate the metabolic pathway, and between the key enzymes and their encoding genes/alleles. Once these have been identified, they can be used as markers for selection of new improved genotypes through biotechnological approaches. This review provides an overview of the major health-promoting properties shown to be associated with the dietary intake of phytochemicals, and describes how molecular approaches provide means for improving the health quality of edible crops. Finally, a case study is illustrated, of the identification in durum wheat of the Lipoxygenase-B1 genes that control the final carotenoid content in semolina-based foods, such as pasta products.

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside Isolated from Polygoni Multiflori Ameliorates the Development of Periodontitis

Periodontitis, a chronic infection by periodontopathic bacteria, induces uncontrolled inflammation, which leads to periodontal tissue destruction. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-glucoside (THSG), a polyphenol extracted from Polygoni Multiflori, reportedly has anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of THSG on the Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammatory responses in human gingival fibroblasts and animal modeling of ligature-induced periodontitis. Human gingival fibroblast cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from P. gingivalis in the presence of resveratrol or THSG to analyze the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes. Increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and SirT1 expression were induced by THSG. Treatment of THSG decreased the expression of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines, enhanced AMPK activation, and increased the expression of SirT1. In addition, it suppressed the activation of NF-κB when cells were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS. The anti-inflammatory effect of THSG and P. Multiflori crude extracts was reproduced in ligature-induced periodontitis animal modeling. In conclusion, THSG inhibited the inflammatory responses of P. gingivalis-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts and ameliorated ligature-induced periodontitis in animal model.

Resveratrol: How Much Wine Do You Have to Drink to Stay Healthy?

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring stilbene endowed with multiple health-promoting effects. It is produced by certain plants including several dietary sources such as grapes, apples, raspberries, blueberries, plums, peanuts, and products derived therefrom (e.g., wine). Resveratrol can be isolated and purified from these biological sources or synthesized in a few steps with an overall high yield. This compound and its glucoside, the trans-polydatin piceid, have received worldwide attention for their beneficial effects on cardiovascular, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and age-related diseases. These health-promoting effects are particularly attractive given the prevalence of resveratrol-based nutraceuticals and the paradoxical epidemiologic observation that wine consumption is inversely correlated to the incidence of coronary heart disease. However, the notion of resveratrol as a "magic bullet" was recently challenged by clinical trials showing that this polyphenol does not have a substantial influence on health status and mortality risk. In the present review, we discuss the proposed therapeutic attributes and the mode of molecular actions of resveratrol. We also cover recent pharmacologic efforts to improve the poor bioavailability of resveratrol and influence the transition between body systems in humans. We conclude with some thoughts about future research directions that might be meaningful for resolving controversies surrounding resveratrol.

Polyphenols: Potential source of drugs for the treatment of ischaemic heart disease

Polyphenols, which are naturally present in plants, have been studied for their chemical and pharmacological properties. Polyphenols have been found to exhibit various bioactivities such as antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects, in addition to regulating the intracellular free calcium levels. These bioactivities are related to the underlying mechanisms of ischaemic heart diseases. Pharmacological studies have proven polyphenols to be effective in treating cardiovascular diseases in various ways, particularly ischaemic heart diseases. Based on their mode of action, we propose that some polyphenols can be developed as drugs to treat ischaemic heart diseases. For this purpose, a strategy to evaluate the therapeutic value of drugs for ischaemic heart diseases is needed. Despite several advances in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the incidence of myocardial infarction and deaths due to cardiovascular diseases has not decreased markedly in China. Due to their pleiotropic properties and structural diversity, polyphenols have been of great interest in pharmacology. In the present review, we summarize the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of polyphenols reported after 2000, and we analyse the benefits or druggability of these compounds for ischaemic heart diseases.