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Erasmus JH, Truter M, Smit NJ, Nachev M, Sures B, Wepener V. Element contamination of the Orange-Vaal River basin, South Africa: a One Health approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:29886-29901. [PMID: 38589590 PMCID: PMC11058963 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Numerous low-income groups and rural communities depend on fish as an inexpensive protein source worldwide, especially in developing countries. These communities are constantly exposed to various pollutants when they frequently consume polluted fish. The largest river basin in South Africa is the Orange-Vaal River basin, and several anthropogenic impacts, especially gold mining activities and industrial and urban effluents, affect this basin. The Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries in South Africa has approved the much-anticipated National Freshwater (Inland) Wild Capture Fisheries Policy in 2021. The aims of this study were (1) to analyze element concentrations in the widely distributed Clarias gariepinus from six sites from the Orange-Vaal River basin and (2) to determine the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks associated with fish consumption. The bioaccumulation of eight potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) was assessed in C. gariepinus from sites with different anthropogenic sources. The human health risks were determined to assess the potential risks posed by consuming contaminated C. gariepinus from these sites. Carcinogenic health risks were associated with fish consumption, where it ranged between 21 and 75 out of 10,000 people having the probability to develop cancer from As exposure. The cancer risk between the sites ranged between 1 and 7 out of 10,000 people to developing cancer from Cr exposure. A high probability of adverse non-carcinogenic health risks is expected if the hazard quotient (HQ) is higher than one. The HQ in C. gariepinus from the six sites ranged between 1.5 and 5.6 for As, while for Hg, it was between 1.8 and 5.1. These results highlight the need for monitoring programs of toxic pollutants in major river systems and impoundments in South Africa, especially with the new fisheries policy, as there are possible human health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hendrik Erasmus
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Marliese Truter
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (NRF-SAIAB), Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Nico Jacobus Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (NRF-SAIAB), Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Milen Nachev
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Soomro AA, Rehman KU, Cai M, Laghari ZA, Zheng L, Yu Z, Zhang J. Larval biomass production from the co-digestion of mushroom root waste and soybean curd residues by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:30112-30125. [PMID: 38602637 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
People are increasingly using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a sustainable waste management solution. They are high in protein and other essential nutrients, making them an ideal food source for livestock, poultry, and fish. Prior laboratory studies with BSFL developed on pure mushroom root waste (MRW) showed poor conversion efficiency compared to a regular artificial diet. Therefore, we mixed the nutrient-rich soybean curd residues (SCR) with MRW in different ratios (M2-M5). Pure mushroom root waste (M1, MRW 100%) had the lowest survival rate (86.2%), but it increased up to 96.9% with the SCR percentage increasing. M1 had the longest developmental period (31.1 days) and the lowest BSFL weight (7.4 g). However, the addition of SCR reduced the development time to 22.0 and 21.5 days in M4 (MRW 40%, SCR 60%) and M5 (MRW 20%, SCR 80%), respectively, and improved the larval weight to 10.9 g in M4 and 11.8 g in M5. Other groups did not have as much feed conversion ratio (FCR) (8.4 for M4 and M5), bioconversion (M4 5.4%; M5 5.9%), or lipid content (M4 25.2%; M5 24.3%). These mixtures did. Compare this to M1. We observed better results, with no significant differences between the M4 and M5 groups and their parameters. In the present study, our main target was to utilize more MRW. Therefore, we preferred the M4 group in our nutritional and safety investigation and further compared it with the artificial diet (M7). The heavy metals and essential amino acids (histidine 3.6%, methionine 2.7%, and threonine 3.8%) required for human consumption compared to WHO/FAO levels showed satisfactory levels. Furthermore, fatty acids (capric acid 1.9%, palmitic acid 15.3%, oleic acid 17.3%, and arachidonic acid 0.3%) also showed higher levels in M4 than M7. The SEM images and FT-IR spectra from the residues showed that the BSFL in group M4 changed the structure of the compact fiber to crack and remove fibers, which made the co-conversion mixture better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz Soomro
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Pakistan Agricultural Research Council-Arid Zone Research Centre, Umerkot, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL E.V.), Prof.-V.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Minmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Zubair Ahmed Laghari
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70060, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
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do Monte Barretto ML, de Albuquerque PPF, de Souza Costa JB, Leal SG, Paim APS, da Fonseca Oliveira AA. Concentrations of iron and chromium in free-ranging common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) from Pernambuco, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:895. [PMID: 37368123 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are widely distributed in Northeast Brazil and often inhabit urban and peri-urban forest areas close to human settlements. Given its wide territorial distribution, its proximity to human populations, and its exposure to environmental degradations originating from urbanization, common marmosets have a high potential for environmental biomonitoring. The concentrations of iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr) were quantified in the liver, hair, and bone of 22 free-ranging common marmosets' bodies from nine cities from Pernambuco State, Brazil, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The liver showed the highest concentrations of Fe and Cr (3773.2 ± 3715.8 mg/kg and 19.4 ± 41.6 mg/kg, respectively); the lowest concentration of Fe was detected in the bone (111.6 ± 97.6 mg/kg) and of Cr in the hair (3.3 ± 1.5 mg/kg). There was a moderate positive correlation between Fe and Cr in the liver (r = 0.64) and a high negative correlation for Cr between bone and hair (r = -0.65). This study demonstrated the bioaccumulation of Fe and Cr in hair, liver, and bone in common marmosets. The highest average concentration of Fe and Cr occurred in animals from Recife, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, and Paulista, respectively, the 1st, the 2nd, and the 5th most populated cities in the state of Pernambuco. The presence of high concentrations of metals in animals from Recife and nearby cities can indicate alarming levels of environmental pollution in these locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lumack do Monte Barretto
- Área de Patologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Feitosa de Albuquerque
- Área de Patologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Joicy Bianca de Souza Costa
- Laboratório de Espectroanalítica Aplicada, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP, 50740-560, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental - Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-560, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gomes Leal
- Departamento de Zoonoses, Secretaria Executiva de Vigilância em Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco, Rua Dona Maria Augusta Nogueira, 519, Bongi, Recife, PE, 50751-530, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Silveira Paim
- Laboratório de Espectroanalítica Aplicada, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP, 50740-560, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental - Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-560, Brazil
| | - Andrea Alice da Fonseca Oliveira
- Área de Patologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil.
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Aluko OO, Oloruntoba EO, Ana GREE, Afolabi OT, Okon AJ. The dynamics of household water security and treatment practices: a population-based, cross-sectional study in Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:138. [PMID: 36416983 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A minimum of basic water supply service is pertinent to improving living standards and water-dependent quality of life indices. In Nigeria, 14% have access to safely managed drinking water services, though approximately 30% of water pumps and schemes are likely to fail within 12 months of construction. This study aims to determine household water security and its predictors in Osun State, Nigeria. The cross-sectional study recruited 548 households through a five-stage sampling technique and used a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection. Results were presented by descriptive and inferential statistics, while binary logistic regression identified water-security predictors at Pά 0.05. Hand-dug wells (27.7%) and motorized boreholes (21.2%) were the predominant household drinking water sources. A total of 43.7% of households were water-secured while 35.2% of water sources were within residential settlements. A total of 25.1% of households experienced water scarcity, and 27.2% of households treat drinking water mainly by chlorination (56.7%) and boiling (14.7%). A total of 21.2%, 64.2%, and 9% of households, respectively, have safely managed basic and limited water supply services. Drinking water sources were associated with house ownership (p = 0.001) and residence period (p = 0.025) while water treatment was associated with gender (p = 0.010) and wealth (p = 0.0001). Age (p = 0.002) and wealth (p = 0.0001) are predictors of household water security. Two-fifths of households were water-secured, highlighting the dearth of potable water supply services and the need to incorporate strategic predictors of household water security in the existing national and state-level water resources regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi O Aluko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Elizabeth O Oloruntoba
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Godson R E E Ana
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun T Afolabi
- Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Magliozzi C, Artois M, Bertaccini A, Candresse T, Tsiamis K, D'Amico F, Deriu I, Gervasini E, Cardoso AC. European primary datasets of alien bacteria and viruses. Sci Data 2022; 9:403. [PMID: 35831307 PMCID: PMC9279316 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and viruses are a natural component of Earth biodiversity and play an essential role in biochemical and geological cycles. They may also pose problems outside their native range, where they can negatively impact on natural resources, wildlife, and human health. To address these challenges and develop sustainable conservation strategies, a thorough understanding of their invasion related- factors is needed: origin, country and year of introduction, and pathways dynamics. Yet, alien bacteria and viruses are underrepresented in invasion ecology studies, which limits our ability to quantify their impacts and address future introductions. This study provides primary datasets of alien bacteria and viruses of plants and animals present in the European environment. The datasets contain expert-revised data on 446 taxa and their invasion related- factors across terrestrial and aquatic environments. Taxa information are complemented with spatial occurrences. The datasets provide a basis for collaborative initiatives to improve the collection of alien bacteria and viruses' data, and a starting point for data-driven conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Artois
- LISAE (Lorraine investigation in animal and environmental health), Lagney, France
| | | | | | | | - Fabio D'Amico
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ivan Deriu
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Atusingwize E, Ndejjo R, Tumukunde G, Buregyeya E, Nsamba P, Tuhebwe D, Kato CD, Naigaga I, Musoke D, Kabasa JD, Bazeyo W. Application of one health approach in training at Makerere University: experiences from the one health workforce project in Uganda. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2020; 2:23. [PMID: 33829138 PMCID: PMC7993464 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-020-00030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interconnections of humans, domestic animals, wildlife and the environment have increasingly become complex, requiring innovative and collaborative approaches (One Health approach) for addressing global health challenges. One Health is a multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral collaborative approach to human, animal, plant and environmental health. The role of academia in training professionals oriented in One Health is critical in building a global workforce capable of enhancing synergies of various sectors in improving health. Makerere University, Uganda has implemented pre-service capacity building initiatives aimed to foster One Health competencies among students who are future practitioners. In addition to incorporating the One Health concept in didactic curricula, Student One Health Innovation Clubs, undergraduate field placements in 11 demonstration sites, graduate fellowships, small grants to support research and innovations, and cross-college collaborative training approaches have greatly aided the assimilation of One Health into the fabric of university offerings. Partnerships with government ministries, private sector and international agencies were initiated to benefit the students, as well as chart a path for experiential learning and in-service offerings in the future. One major challenge, however, has been the tendency to focus on infectious diseases, especially zoonoses, with less consideration of other health issues. The opportunity for improvement, nonetheless, lies in the increasing emerging and re-emerging health concerns including epidemics, environmental pollution and related challenges which justify the need for countries and institutions to focus on building and strengthening multidisciplinary health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rawlance Ndejjo
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Peninah Nsamba
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Doreen Tuhebwe
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Drago Kato
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Irene Naigaga
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Musoke
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John David Kabasa
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - William Bazeyo
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA), Kampala, Uganda
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Biogas from Agri-Food and Agricultural Waste Can Appreciate Agro-Ecosystem Services: The Case Study of Emilia Romagna Region. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12208392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Agro-ecosystems are intensively exploited environments which are both providers and consumers of ecosystem services. The improvement of both provisioning and regulating services in cultivated landscapes is crucial for the sustainable development of rural areas. Among the provisioning services offered, producing biogas from the anaerobic digestion of residual biomass is nowadays a promising option for decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while avoiding the land use conflicts related to the use of dedicated crops. Based on the available quantitative data at a regional level, provisioning and regulating services provided by the use of agri-food waste, livestock waste and agricultural residues were assessed for the case of Emilia Romagna region, the second biggest biogas producer in Italy. One provisioning service, i.e., bioenergy generation, and three regulating services were considered: (i) air quality improvement by the reduction of odors derived from direct use of waste, (ii) regulation of soil nutrients by reducing organic load and digestate spreading, and (iii) global climate regulation by saving GHG emissions. A potential further generation of 52.7 MW electric power was estimated at the regional level. Digestate spreading on fields may reduce odor impact by more than 90%, while containing a higher percentage of inorganic nitrogen, which is readily available to plants. The estimated GHG emission savings were equal to 2,862,533 Mg CO2eq/yr, mainly due to avoided landfilling for agri-waste and avoided replacing of mineral fertilizers for livestock waste and agricultural residues. The results suggest that bioenergy generation from lignocellulosic, livestock and agro-industrial residues may improve some regulating services in agro-ecosystems, while helping to reach renewable energy targets, thus contributing to overcoming the provisioning vs. regulating services paradigm in human-managed ecosystems.
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Dutta A, Chhetri B, Nongrum R, Kupar Kharmawlong G, Yadav AK, Nongkhlaw R. Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Nitrogen and Oxygen Containing Heterocycles Using Fluorinated Graphene Oxide as Catalyst: Evaluation of Their Anthelmintic Activities. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Dutta
- Department of Chemistry North-Eastern Hill University Shillong Meghalaya 793022 India
| | - Bhusan Chhetri
- Department of Zoology North-Eastern Hill University Shillong Meghalaya 793022 India) Institution
| | - Ridaphun Nongrum
- Department of Chemistry Sankardev College Shillong Meghalaya 793004 India
| | | | - Arun K. Yadav
- Department of Zoology North-Eastern Hill University Shillong Meghalaya 793022 India) Institution
| | - Rishanlang Nongkhlaw
- Department of Chemistry North-Eastern Hill University Shillong Meghalaya 793022 India
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Kanankege KST, Phelps NBD, Vesterinen HM, Errecaborde KM, Alvarez J, Bender JB, Wells SJ, Perez AM. Lessons Learned From the Stakeholder Engagement in Research: Application of Spatial Analytical Tools in One Health Problems. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:254. [PMID: 32478109 PMCID: PMC7237577 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stakeholder engagement in research is widely advocated as a tool to integrate diverse knowledge and perspectives in the management of health threats while addressing potential conflicts of interest. Although guidelines for stakeholder engagement exist in public health and environmental sciences, the feasibility of actionable decisions based on scientific analyses and the lessons learned from the stakeholder engagement in the process co-creation of knowledge have been rarely discussed in One Health literature and veterinary sciences. Risk maps and risk regionalization using spatiotemporal epidemiological/analytical tools are known to improve risk perception and communication. Risk maps are useful when informing policy and management decisions on quarantine, vaccination, and surveillance intended to prevent or control threats to human, animal, or environmental health interface (i.e., One Health). We hypothesized that researcher-stakeholder engagement throughout the research process could enhance the utility of risk maps; while identifying opportunities to improve data collection, analysis, interpretation, and, ultimately, implementation of scientific/evidence-based management and policy measures. Three case studies were conducted to test this process of co-creation of scientific knowledge, using spatiotemporal epidemiological approaches, all related to One Health problems affecting Minnesota. Our interpretation of the opportunities, challenges, and lessons learned from the process are summarized from both researcher and stakeholder perspectives. By sharing our experience we intend to provide an understanding of the expectations, realizations, and “good practices” we learned through this slow-moving iterative process of co-creation of knowledge. We hope this contribution benefits the planning of future transdisciplinary research related to risk map-based management of One Health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushi S T Kanankege
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Heidi M Vesterinen
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Kaylee M Errecaborde
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeffrey B Bender
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Scott J Wells
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Andres M Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Laudadio I, Fulci V, Stronati L, Carissimi C. Next-Generation Metagenomics: Methodological Challenges and Opportunities. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:327-333. [PMID: 31188063 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomics is not only one of the newest omics system science technologies but also one that has arguably the broadest set of applications and impacts globally. Metagenomics has found vast utility not only in environmental sciences, ecology, and public health but also in clinical medicine and looking into the future, in planetary health. In line with the One Health concept, metagenomics solicits collaboration between molecular biologists, geneticists, microbiologists, clinicians, computational biologists, plant biologists, veterinarians, and other health care professionals. Almost every ecological niche of our planet hosts an extremely diverse community of organisms that are still poorly characterized. Detailed characterization of the features of such communities is instrumental to our comprehension of ecological, biological, and clinical complexity. This expert review article evaluates how metagenomics is improving our knowledge of microbiota composition from environmental to human samples. Furthermore, we offer an analysis of the common technical and methodological challenges and potential pitfalls arising from metagenomics approaches, such as metagenomics study design, data processing, and interpretation. All in all, at this critical juncture of further growth of the metagenomics field, it is time to critically reflect on the lessons learned and the future prospects of next-generation metagenomics science, technology, and conceivable applications, particularly from the standpoint of a metagenomics methodology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Laudadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Fulci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Carissimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Wilcox BA, Aguirre AA, De Paula N, Siriaroonrat B, Echaubard P. Operationalizing One Health Employing Social-Ecological Systems Theory: Lessons From the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Front Public Health 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 31192179 PMCID: PMC6547168 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of the interdependency of the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems emerged from the interplay of theory and concepts from medicine, public health and ecology among leading thinkers in these fields during the last century. The rationale for One Health and its focus on the “human, animal, and environmental interface” stems from this legacy and points to transdisciplinary, ecological and complex systems approaches as central to One Health practice. Demonstration of One Health's efficacy, its wider adoption and continual improvement require explicit operational criteria and evaluation metrics on this basis. Social-Ecological Systems Theory with its unique conception of resilience (SESR) currently offers the most well-developed framework for understanding these approaches and development of performance standards. This paper describes operational criteria for One Health developed accordingly, including a protocol currently being tested for vector borne disease interventions. Wider adoption of One Health is most likely to occur as One Health practitioners gain an increasing familiarity with ecological and complex systems concepts in practice employing a transdisciplinary process. Two areas in which this inevitably will be required for significant further progress, and where the beginnings of a foundation for building upon exist, include: (1) Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases, and (2) successful implementation of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The former includes the challenge of stemming the threat of new microbial pathogens, anti-microbial resistant variants of existing pathogens, as well as resurgence of malaria and other recalcitrant diseases. The applicability of SESR in this regard is illustrated with two case examples from the Greater Mekong Subregion, Avian Influenza (H5N1) and Liver Fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini). Each is shown to represent a science and policy challenge suggestive of an avoidable social-ecological system pathology that similarly has challenged sustainable development. Thus, SESR framing arguably is highly applicable to the SDGs, which, to a large extent, require consideration of human-animal-environmental health linkages. Further elaboration of these One Health operational criteria and metrics could contribute to the achievement of many of the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Wilcox
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakon Pathom, Thailand
| | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | | | - Boripat Siriaroonrat
- Department of Research and Conservation, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pierre Echaubard
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakon Pathom, Thailand
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Somroo AA, Ur Rehman K, Zheng L, Cai M, Xiao X, Hu S, Mathys A, Gold M, Yu Z, Zhang J. Influence of Lactobacillus buchneri on soybean curd residue co-conversion by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) for food and feedstock production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 86:114-122. [PMID: 30902235 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) can reduce environmental pollution and convert organic wastes into biomass that is rich in protein and fat. The influence of the nutritional characteristics of organic waste on BSFL characteristics relevant for food and feed safety remains poorly understood. To evaluate the conversion of soybean curd residues (SCR) into high-quality animal-derived proteins and fats for human and livestock consumption, this study assessed the co-conversion efficacy, nutrient composition, safety, and anti-nutritional factor concentrations in BSFL after the development on SCR with Lactobacillus buchneri (L3-9). SCR was pretreated with L. buchneri (108 cfu/ml), and then BSFL was employed for conversion. BSFL fed with SCR and L. buchneri had a significantly higher dry mass reduction (55.7 ± 0.9%), bioconversion rate (6.9 ± 0.3%), crude protein content (55.3 ± 0.6%), and fat content (30.0 ± 0.6%) than SCR (49.0 ± 0.7%, 5.0 ± 0.3%, 52.8 ± 0.3%, and 26.1 ± 0.8%, respectively) and artificial feed (43.9 ± 0.8%, 3.9 ± 0.1%, 50.3 ± 0.4%, and 24.3 ± 0.4%, respectively). However, the feed conversion ratio (8.0 ± 0.3), of BSFL fed with SCR and L. buchneri was lower than that of the BSFL fed with SCR (9.8 ± 0.1) and artificial feed (11.1 ± 0.5). In addition, BSFL had satisfactory concentrations of all essential amino acids and fatty acids required for human consumption as recommended by WHO/FAO/UNU. The heavy metals and anti-nutritional factor concentrations were within the safety intake levels for food and feedstock. Therefore, the addition of L. buchneri with BSFL on SCR did not only increase co-conversion performance but also enhanced the nutritional value of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz Somroo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kashif Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Poultry Research Institute, Government of Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Minmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shencai Hu
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Ogden NH, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM, Hui C, Davies SJ, Kumschick S, Le Roux JJ, Measey J, Saul WC, Pulliam JRC. Emerging infectious diseases and biological invasions: a call for a One Health collaboration in science and management. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181577. [PMID: 31032015 PMCID: PMC6458372 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The study and management of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and of biological invasions both address the ecology of human-associated biological phenomena in a rapidly changing world. However, the two fields work mostly in parallel rather than in concert. This review explores how the general phenomenon of an organism rapidly increasing in range or abundance is caused, highlights the similarities and differences between research on EIDs and invasions, and discusses shared management insights and approaches. EIDs can arise by: (i) crossing geographical barriers due to human-mediated dispersal, (ii) crossing compatibility barriers due to evolution, and (iii) lifting of environmental barriers due to environmental change. All these processes can be implicated in biological invasions, but only the first defines them. Research on EIDs is embedded within the One Health concept-the notion that human, animal and ecosystem health are interrelated and that holistic approaches encompassing all three components are needed to respond to threats to human well-being. We argue that for sustainable development, biological invasions should be explicitly considered within One Health. Management goals for the fields are the same, and direct collaborations between invasion scientists, disease ecologists and epidemiologists on modelling, risk assessment, monitoring and management would be mutually beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick H. Ogden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - John R. U. Wilson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David M. Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Mathematical and Physical Biosciences, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), Muizenberg 7945, South Africa
| | - Sarah J. Davies
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Sabrina Kumschick
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johannes J. Le Roux
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Wolf-Christian Saul
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Juliet R. C. Pulliam
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Godfray HCJ, Stephens AEA, Jepson PD, Jobling S, Johnson AC, Matthiessen P, Sumpter JP, Tyler CR, McLean AR. A restatement of the natural science evidence base on the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on wildlife. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182416. [PMID: 30963852 PMCID: PMC6408895 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter the function of the endocrine system and consequently cause adverse effects to humans or wildlife. The release of particular EDCs into the environment has been shown to negatively affect certain wildlife populations and has led to restrictions on the use of some EDCs. Current chemical regulations aim to balance the industrial, agricultural and/or pharmaceutical benefits of using these substances with their demonstrated or potential harm to human health or the environment. A summary is provided of the natural science evidence base informing the regulation of chemicals released into the environment that may have endocrine disrupting effects on wildlife. This summary is in a format (a 'restatement') intended to be policy-neutral and accessible to informed, but not expert, policy-makers and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Charles J. Godfray
- Oxford Martin School and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 34 Broad St, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Andrea E. A. Stephens
- Oxford Martin School and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 34 Broad St, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Paul D. Jepson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Susan Jobling
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Andrew C. Johnson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | - John P. Sumpter
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Angela R. McLean
- Oxford Martin School and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 34 Broad St, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
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Jiang K, Li Z, Luo C, Wu M, Chao L, Zhou Q, Zhao H. The reduction effects of riparian reforestation on runoff and nutrient export based on AnnAGNPS model in a small typical watershed, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5934-5943. [PMID: 30613883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-4030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuous deterioration of the aquatic environment in rivers and streams is increasingly causing social and political tensions. To alleviate aquatic environmental problems, especially for the nonpoint source pollution, establishment of riparian forest buffers has been demonstrated as an effective control measure. However, few comprehensive studies of the reduction effects of riparian reforestation on the aquatic environment have been performed, particularly in identifying the suitable widths of reforestation projects. In this paper, the Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model was used to simulate the reduction effects of riparian reforestation on runoff and nutrient loads in Wucun watershed, China. The results showed that 20-m, 40-m, and 60-m widths of riparian buffer reforestation had significant effects on the yearly loads of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), with reduced rates of 23.21 to 56.2% and 18.16 to 52.14%, respectively. The reduction effect on annual runoff varied from 2.8 to 5.4%. Furthermore, the reduction effect of nutrients performed best during the transition period, while the best runoff reduction was found during the dry period. These distinct reductions indicated that the implementation of riparian forest buffers was capable of reducing the risk and frequency of flooding and eutrophication, especially during the wet and transition periods. Additionally, the 20-m width of riparian buffer reforestation achieved the highest reduction efficiency for runoff, and the 40-m width was the most suitable reforested riparian buffer width for TN and TP. Therefore, 40 m may be the optimum buffer width for the implementation of riparian reforestation in the Wucun watershed. These research results provided scientific information on selecting the optimum buffer width for aquatic environmental regulators and managers as the reduction effects of different widths of riparian buffers on runoff and nutrients were different when considering buffer reforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixia Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhaofu Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Chuan Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Xichang College, Xichang, 615000, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling Chao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Quansuo Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Bell V, Ferrão J, Pimentel L, Pintado M, Fernandes T. One Health, Fermented Foods, and Gut Microbiota. Foods 2018; 7:foods7120195. [PMID: 30513869 PMCID: PMC6306734 DOI: 10.3390/foods7120195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in present-day society such as diets with more sugar, salt, and saturated fat, bad habits and unhealthy lifestyles contribute to the likelihood of the involvement of the microbiota in inflammatory diseases, which contribute to global epidemics of obesity, depression, and mental health concerns. The microbiota is presently one of the hottest areas of scientific and medical research, and exerts a marked influence on the host during homeostasis and disease. Fermented foods and beverages are generally defined as products made by microbial organisms and enzymatic conversions of major and minor food components. Further to the commonly-recognized effects of nutrition on the digestive health (e.g., dysbiosis) and well-being, there is now strong evidence for the impact of fermented foods and beverages (e.g., yoghurt, pickles, bread, kefir, beers, wines, mead), produced or preserved by the action of microorganisms, on general health, namely their significance on the gut microbiota balance and brain functionality. Fermented products require microorganisms, i.e., Saccharomyces yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, yielding alcohol and lactic acid. Ingestion of vibrant probiotics, especially those contained in fermented foods, is found to cause significant positive improvements in balancing intestinal permeability and barrier function. Our guts control and deal with every aspect of our health. How we digest our food and even the food sensitivities we have is linked with our mood, behavior, energy, weight, food cravings, hormone balance, immunity, and overall wellness. We highlight some impacts in this domain and debate calls for the convergence of interdisciplinary research fields from the United Nations’ initiative. Worldwide human and animal medicine are practiced separately; veterinary science and animal health are generally neither considered nor inserted within national or international Health discussions. The absence of a clear definition and subsequent vision for the future of One Health may act as a barrier to transdisciplinary collaboration. The point of this mini review is to highlight the role of fermented foods and beverages on gut microbiota and debate if the need for confluence of transdisciplinary fields of One Health is feasible and achievable, since they are managed by separate sectors with limited communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bell
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Ferrão
- Universidade Pedagógica, Rua João Carlos Raposo Beirão 135, Maputo 1000-001, Mozambique.
| | - Lígia Pimentel
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tito Fernandes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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