1
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Abiusi F, Tumulero B, Neutsch L, Mathys A. Productivity, amino acid profile, and protein bioaccessibility in heterotrophic batch cultivation of Galdieria sulphuraria. Bioresour Technol 2024; 399:130628. [PMID: 38521173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The polyextremophilic Galdieria sulphuraria is emerging as a promising microalgal species for food applications. This work explores the potential of heterotrophically cultivated G. sulphuraria as a protein producer for human consumption. To this end, the performances of four G. sulphuraria strains grown under the same conditions were compared. Amino acid profiles varied among strains and growth phases, but all samples met FAO dietary requirements for adults. The specific growth rates were between 1.01 and 1.48 day-1. After glucose depletion, all strains showed an increase of 38-49 % in nitrogen content within 48 h, reaching 7.8-12.0 % w/w. An opposite trend was observed in protein bioaccessibility, which decreased on average from 69 % during the exponential phase to a minimum of 32 % 48 h after stationary phase, with significant differences among the strains. Therefore, selecting the appropriate strain and harvesting time is crucial for successful single-cell protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abiusi
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - B Tumulero
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland; ZHAW, Campus Grüental, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - L Neutsch
- ZHAW, Campus Grüental, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - A Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Peguero DA, Gold M, Velasquez L, Niu M, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A. Physical pretreatment of three biowastes to improve black soldier fly larvae bioconversion efficiency. Waste Manag 2024; 178:280-291. [PMID: 38422681 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens (L.)) are recognized for efficient biowaste reduction while yielding valuable proteins and fats for animals. However, lignocellulosic fibers in biowastes are difficult to digest by biowaste and larval digestive tract microorganisms as well as the larvae themselves. This study investigated two biowaste physical pretreatments (thermal, mechanical) for improving BSFL processing of fibrous biowastes. Cow manure, spent grain, and grass clippings were thermally pretreated at 90 °C for three durations (0.5, 1 and 4 h). Contrary to expectations, thermal pretreatment resulted in either no improvement or decreased larval performance on all substrates, regardless of treatment duration. In contrast, mechanical pretreatment of spent grain and grass clippings, involving milling with three screen sizes (0.5, 1 and 2 mm) showed promising results. Specifically, bioconversion rates on 0.5 mm-milled spent grain and grass clippings increased by 0-53 % and 25-44 % dry mass, respectively compared to untreated. Additionally, larval protein conversion increased by 41 % and 23 % on spent grain and grass clippings, respectively. However, mechanical pretreatment did not affect fiber degradation by larval conversion, as hemicellulose decreased by 25 % and 75 % for spent grain and grass clippings, respectively, regardless of particle size. Particle size reduction influenced substrate microbial respiration (CO2 mg/min), with 0.5-mm milled grass clippings exhibiting higher respiration compared to untreated, although this effect was not observed for spent grain. This study highlights mechanical pretreatment's potential in enhancing BSFL bioconversion of fibrous biowastes and the importance of understanding substrate physical properties influencing substrate microorganisms and BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Peguero
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Velasquez
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mutian Niu
- Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Sägesser C, Kallfelz JM, Boulos S, Hammer L, Böcker L, Portmann R, Nyström L, Mathys A. A novel approach for the protein determination in food-relevant microalgae. Bioresour Technol 2023; 390:129849. [PMID: 37813318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are gaining interest as food ingredient. Assessments of functional and nutritional properties are necessary to forward their implementation. In this study, protein content and composition of eight commercially available microalgae biomasses were determined and compared to conventional food proteins. A novel procedure for the determination of the true protein content was proposed: Multiplication of proteinic nitrogen with a sample-specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor kA. The proteinic nitrogen was derived from the difference of total nitrogen minus non-protein nitrogen. The average kA for microalgae was 5.3 and considerable variation between different microalgae biomasses were detected. In addition, the content of non-protein nitrogen varied between 3.4% and 15.4%. The amino acid profiles of Chlorella samples were nutritionally superior to the tested plant proteins but indicated lower protein interaction tendency, potentially limiting their structuring functionality. In contrast, Auxenochlorella contained lower amounts of indispensable amino acids while showing comparable interaction potential to plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Sägesser
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna M Kallfelz
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samy Boulos
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Laila Hammer
- Development and Analytics Research Division, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Health, Swiss Distance University of Health (FFSH), Zollstrasse 11, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lukas Böcker
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Portmann
- Development and Analytics Research Division, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Nyström
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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4
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Heydenreich R, Delbrück AI, Mathys A. Post-high-pressure temperature and time - Overlooked parameters in high pressure treatment of bacterial spores. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 402:110279. [PMID: 37331115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
High pressure (HP) processing has high potential for bacterial spore inactivation with minimal thermal input. To advance HP germination and subsequent inactivation of spores, this study explored the physiological state of HP-treated spores using flow cytometry (FCM). Bacillus subtilis spores were treated at 550 MPa and 60 °C (very HP (vHP)) in buffer, incubated after the HP treatment, and stained for FCM analysis with SYTO16 indicating germination and propidium iodide (PI) indicating membrane damage. FCM subpopulations were analyzed depending on the HP dwell time (≤20 min), post-HP temperature (ice, 37 °C, 60 °C) and time (≤4 h), germination-relevant cortex-lytic enzymes (CLEs) and small-acid-soluble-proteins-(SASP)-degrading enzymes by using deletion strains. The effect of post-HP temperatures (ice, 37 °C) was additionally studied for moderate HP (150 MPa, 38 °C, 10 min). Post-HP incubation conditions strongly influenced the prevalence of five observed FCM subpopulations. Post-HP incubation on ice did not or only slowly shifted SYTO16-positive spores to higher SYTO16 levels. At 37 °C post-HP, this shift accelerated, and a shift to high PI intensities occurred depending on the HP dwell time. At 60 °C post-HP, the main shift was from SYTO16-positive to PI-positive subpopulations. The enzymes CwlJ and SleB, which are CLEs, seemed both necessary for PI or SYTO16 uptake, and to have different sensitivities to 550 MPa and 60 °C. Different extents of SASP degradation might explain the existence of two SYTO16-positive subpopulations. Shifts to higher SYTO16 intensities during post-HP incubation on ice or at 37 °C might rely on the activity and recovery of CLEs, SASP-degrading enzymes or their associated proteins from reversible HP-induced structural changes. These enzymes seemingly become active only during decompression or after vHP treatments (550 MPa, 60 °C). Based on our results, we provide a refined model of HP germination-inactivation of B. subtilis spores and an optimized FCM method for quantification of the safety-relevant subpopulation, i.e., vHP (550 MPa, 60 °C) superdormant spores. This study contributes to the development of mild spore inactivation processes by shedding light on overlooked parameters: post-HP incubation conditions. Post-HP conditions significantly influenced the physiological state of spores, likely due to varying enzymatic activity. This finding may explain inconsistencies in previous research and shows the importance of reporting post-HP conditions in future research. Furthermore, the addition of post-HP conditions as HP process parameter may open up new possibilities to optimize HP-based inactivation of spores for potential industrial applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Heydenreich
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia I Delbrück
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Peguero DA, Gold M, Endara A, Niu M, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A. Evaluation of ammonia pretreatment of four fibrous biowastes and its effect on black soldier fly larvae rearing performance. Waste Manag 2023; 160:123-134. [PMID: 36821971 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens L.) can promote a more sustainable food system by reusing nutrients that would otherwise be wasted. However, many agri-food wastes and byproducts are typically high in lignocellulosic fibers (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), making it resistant to efficient larval and/or microbial degradation. Ammonia pretreatment could be used to partially degrade lignocellulose, making the biowaste more easily degradable by the larvae and/or microorganisms. This study evaluated ammonia pretreatment for lignocellulose degradation and its effect on BSFL performance on four fibrous biowastes: brewers spent grain, cow manure, oat pulp, and grass clippings. First, the optimal ammonia dose (1 % or 5 % dry mass) and pretreatment time (three or seven days) were assessed by measuring fibers after treatment and further examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Second, BSFL rearing performance on ammonia-pretreated substrates was assessed with a 9-day feeding experiment. Three-day pretreatment with 5 % ammonia was chosen as it decreased the total fiber content by 8-23 % for all substrates except cow manure. Contrary to expectations, ammonia pretreatment with all substates decreased BSFL rearing performance metrics by more than half compared to the untreated control. Follow-up experiments suggested that ammonia pretreatment had a dose-dependent toxicity to BSFL. Interestingly, three-day fermentation of cow manure and oat pulp increased bioconversion rate by 25-31 %. This study shows that ammonia pretreatment is not suitable before BSFL rearing. Ammonia toxicity to BSFL and other pretreatments, such as fermentation, should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Peguero
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Endara
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mutian Niu
- Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Axelrod RD, Baumgartner J, Beyrer M, Mathys A. Experimental and simulation-based investigation of the interplay between factor gradients following pulsed electric field treatments triggering whey protein aggregation. J FOOD ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Canelli G, Abiusi F, Vidal AG, Canziani S, Mathys A. Amino acid profile and protein bioaccessibility of two Galdieria sulphuraria strains cultivated autotrophically and mixotrophically in pilot-scale photobioreactors. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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Bertsch P, Böcker L, Palm AS, Bergfreund J, Fischer P, Mathys A. Arthrospira platensis protein isolate for stabilization of fluid interfaces: Effect of physicochemical conditions and comparison to animal-based proteins. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Heuel M, Sandrock C, Leiber F, Mathys A, Gold M, Zurbrüegg C, Gangnat IDM, Kreuzer M, Terranova M. Black soldier fly larvae meal and fat as a replacement for soybeans in organic broiler diets: effects on performance, body N retention, carcase and meat quality. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:650-661. [PMID: 35363105 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2053067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Due to the increasing global demand for more sustainably produced animal protein, there is an intensive search for feeds to replace soybeans. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) appear to have great potential for replacing soybeans in poultry diets. The main objective of this study was to determine if the nutritional value of BSFL is superior to soybeans when feeding organic broilers, since smaller amounts of BSFL could replace the soybean content in the feed, thus saving even more resources.2. Eighty Hubbard S757, a slow growing organic broiler type, were fattened for 63 d, spending the last 49 d on one of five diets. Two soybean cake- and soybean oil-based diets (SS, SS-) were compared with three diets based on partially defatted BSFL meal and BSFL fat from two origins (AA-, AB-, BB-). Different from diet SS, diets SS-, AA-, AB-and BB- were designed with approximately 20% less lysine and methionine. Growth (n = 16), metabolisability, body nitrogen retention, carcase and meat quality (n = 8) were evaluated.3. Broilers of the insect-based feeding groups, AA- and AB-, grew similarly well compared to those of group SS. They also retained more nitrogen in the body than those fed BB- and SS-. Breast meat yield was higher with AA- and AB- than with BB- and SS-, but still lower than with SS. Dietary variations in physicochemical meat quality were of low practical relevance. Diet BB- resulted in a more yellow skin and meat. The fatty acid profile of the breast meat lipids reflected the high lauric acid proportion of the BSFL lipids, resulting in up to 80 times higher proportions than when feeding the soybean-based diets.4. The results indicate that high-quality BSFL, depending on their origin, may indeed be superior to soybean protein, but that the meat lipids from BSFL-fed broilers can contain significant amounts of lauric acid, which, from a human nutrition perspective, could have a negative impact on meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heuel
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Sandrock
- Departement of Livestock Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - F Leiber
- Departement of Livestock Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - A Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Gold
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - C Zurbrüegg
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - I D M Gangnat
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Terranova
- AgroVet-Strickhof, ETH Zurich, Lindau, Switzerland
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Fuhrmann A, Wilde B, Conz RF, Kantengwa S, Konlambigue M, Masengesho B, Kintche K, Kassa K, Musazura W, Späth L, Gold M, Mathys A, Six J, Hartmann M. Residues from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae rearing influence the plant-associated soil microbiome in the short term. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994091. [PMID: 36225364 PMCID: PMC9550165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) efficiently close resource cycles. Next to the nutrient-rich insect biomass used as animal feed, the residues from the process are promising plant fertilizers. Besides a high nutrient content, the residues contain a diverse microbial community and application to soil can potentially promote soil fertility and agricultural production through the introduction of beneficial microbes. This research assessed the application of the residues on plant-associated bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of a grass-clover mix in a 42-day greenhouse pot study. Potted soil was amended with BSFL residues (BR+) or conventional compost (CC+) produced by Rwandan waste management companies in parallel to residues and compost sterilized (BR-, CC-) by high-energy electron beam (HEEB) as abiotic controls. The fertilizers were applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha−1. Soil bacterial and fungal communities in both fertilizer and soil were assessed by high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal markers at different times after fertilizer application. Additionally, indicators for soil fertility such as basal respiration, plant yield and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. Results showed that the application of BSFL residues influenced the soil microbial communities, and especially fungi, stronger than CC fertilizers. These effects on the microbial community structure could partly be attributed to a potential introduction of microbes to the soil by BSFL residues (e.g., members of genus Bacillus) since untreated and sterilized BSFL residues promoted different microbial communities. With respect to the abiotic effects, we emphasize a potential driving role of particular classes of organic matter like fiber and chitin. Indeed, especially taxa associated with decomposition of organic matter (e.g., members of the fungal genus Mortierella) were promoted by the application of BSFL residues. Soil fertility with respect to plant yield (+17% increase compared to unamended control) and basal respiration (+16% increase compared to unamended control) tended to be improved with the addition of BSFL residues. Findings underline the versatile opportunities for soil fertility arising from the application of BSFL residues in plant production and point to further research on quantification of the described effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fuhrmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Wilde
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rafaela Feola Conz
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Kokou Kintche
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Kinfe Kassa
- Faculty of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - William Musazura
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Leonhard Späth
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Transdisciplinary Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johan Six
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Martin Hartmann,
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Abstract
Food production for human consumption is a leading cause of environmental damage in the world and yet over two billion people suffer from malnutrition. Several studies have presented evidence that changes in dietary patterns across the world can lead to win-win outcomes for environmental and social sustainability and can complement ongoing technological and policy efforts to improve the efficiency of agricultural production. However, the existing evidence have been compiled in “silos” by a large range of researchers across several disciplines using different indicators. The aim of this quantitative review is to bring together the existing knowledge on heterogeneity of current dietary patterns across the world and how a transition toward healthy diets in different countries can aid in progress toward multiple global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We first summarize the nutritional quality, economic cost, and environmental footprint of current diets of over 150 countries using multiple indicators. Next, we review which shifts in dietary patterns across different world regions can help toward achievement of SDG2 (Zero hunger), SDG3 (Good health and wellbeing), SDG 6 (Clean water and sanitation), SDG13 (Climate action), SDG14 (Life below water), and SDG15 (Life on land). Finally, we briefly discuss how to enable the shift toward sustainable dietary patterns and identify the research and data gaps that need to be filled through future efforts. Our analysis reveals that dietary change is necessary in all countries as each one has unique priorities and action items. For regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, increased intake of nutrient dense foods is needed to address deficiency of essential nutrients like folate, potassium, and vitamin A. For North America and Europe, shifting toward more plant-based diets would be healthier and simultaneously reduce the per capita environmental footprints. The results can be useful for policymakers in designing country-specific strategies for adoption of sustainable dietary behaviors and for food industry to ensure the supply of sustainable food items customized with regions' need.
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12
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Axelrod R, Beyrer M, Mathys A. Impact of the electric field intensity and treatment time on whey protein aggregate formation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6589-6600. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Green A, Blattmann C, Chen C, Mathys A. The role of alternative proteins and future foods in sustainable and contextually-adapted flexitarian diets. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Canelli G, Tevere S, Jaquenod L, Dionisi F, Rohfritsch Z, Bolten CJ, Neutsch L, Mathys A. A novel strategy to simultaneously enhance bioaccessible lipids and antioxidants in hetero/mixotrophic Chlorella vulgaris as functional ingredient. Bioresour Technol 2022; 347:126744. [PMID: 35074464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising source of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as bioactive antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, phenolics and tocopherols. However, the accumulation of these biomolecules is often promoted by conflicting growth conditions. In this study, a phased bioprocessing strategy was developed to simultaneously enhance the lipid and antioxidant amounts by tailoring nitrogen content in the cultivation medium and applying light stress. This approach increased the overall contents of total fatty acids, carotenoids, phenolics, and α-tocopherol in Chlorella vulgaris by 2.2-, 2.2-, 1.5-, and 2.1-fold, respectively. Additionally, the bioaccessibility of the lipids and bioactives from the obtained biomasses improved after pulsed electric field (5 μs, 20 kV cm-1, 31.8 kJ kg-1sus) treatment (up to +12%) and high-pressure homogenization (100 MPa, 5-6 passes) (+41-76%). This work represents a step towards the generation of more efficient algae biorefineries, thus expanding the alternative resources available for essential nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Canelli
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Tevere
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Campus Grüental, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Luc Jaquenod
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabiola Dionisi
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhen Rohfritsch
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Neutsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Campus Grüental, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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15
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Peguero DA, Gold M, Vandeweyer D, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A. A Review of Pretreatment Methods to Improve Agri-Food Waste Bioconversion by Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Front Sustain Food Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.745894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world population increases, food demand and agricultural activity will also increase. However, ~30–40% of the food produced today is lost or wasted along the production chain. Increasing food demands would only intensify the existing challenges associated with agri-food waste management. An innovative approach to recover the resources lost along the production chain and convert them into value-added product(s) would be beneficial. An alternative solution is the use of the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL), Hermetia illucens L., which can grow and convert a wide range of organic waste materials into insect biomass with use as animal feed, fertilizer and/or bioenergy. However, the main concern when creating an economically viable business is the variability in BSFL bioconversion and processing due to the variability of the substrate. Many factors, such as the nutritional composition of the substrate heavily impact BSFL development. Another concern is that substrates with high lignin and cellulose contents have demonstrated poor digestibility by BSFL. Studies suggest that pretreatment methods may improve the digestibility and biodegradability of the substrate by BSFL. However, a systematic review of existing pretreatment methods that could be used for enhancing the bioconversion of these wastes by BSFL is lacking. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review on the potential pretreatment methods that may improve the digestibility of substrates by BSFL and consequently the production of BSFL. These processes include but are not limited to, physical (e.g., mechanical and thermal), chemical (alkaline treatments), and biological (bacterial and fungal) treatments.
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16
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Canelli G, Kuster I, Jaquenod L, Buchmann L, Murciano Martínez P, Rohfritsch Z, Dionisi F, Bolten CJ, Nanni P, Mathys A. Pulsed electric field treatment enhances lipid bioaccessibility while preserving oxidative stability in Chlorella vulgaris. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Abstract
A major challenge for countries around the world is to provide a nutritionally adequate diet to their population with limited available resources. A comprehensive analysis that reflects the adequacy of domestic food production for meeting national nutritional needs in different countries is lacking. Here we combined national crop, livestock, aquaculture, and fishery production statistics for 191 countries obtained from UN FAO with food composition databases from USDA and accounted for food loss and waste occurring at various stages to calculate the amounts of calories and 24 essential nutrients destined for human consumption. We then compared the domestic production quantities of all nutrients with their population-level requirements estimated from age- and sex-specific intake recommendations of WHO to assess the nutrient adequacy of the national food production. Our results show inadequate production of seven out of 24 nutrients (choline, calcium, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin E, folate, and iron) in most countries, despite the overall adequacy of the total global production. High-income countries produce adequate amounts of dietary nutrients in general, while the foods produced in low-income countries mainly comprising roots and cereal products often lack in important micronutrients such as choline, calcium, and vitamin B12. South Asian food production barely fulfills half of the required vitamin A. Our study identifies target nutrients for each country whose domestic production should be encouraged for improving nutritional adequacy through interventions such as increasing the production of foods or fortified foods that are rich in these inadequate nutrients while not undermining the local environment. This assessment can serve as an evidence base for nutrition-sensitive policies facilitating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of zero hunger and good health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canxi Chen
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Caporgno MP, Böcker L, Müssner C, Stirnemann E, Haberkorn I, Adelmann H, Handschin S, Windhab EJ, Mathys A. Retraction Notice to “Corrigendum to “Extruded meat analogues based on yellow, heterotrophically cultivated Auxenochlorella protothecoides microalgae”” Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 60 (2020) 102319. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Delbrück AI, Zhang Y, Heydenreich R, Mathys A. Bacillus spore germination at moderate high pressure: A review on underlying mechanisms, influencing factors, and its comparison with nutrient germination. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4159-4181. [PMID: 34147040 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria are resistant to stress conditions owing to their ability to form highly resistant dormant spores. These spores can survive adverse environmental conditions in nature, as well as decontamination processes in the food and related industries. Bacterial spores may return to their vegetative state through a process called germination. As spore germination is critical for the loss of resistance, outgrowth, and development of pathogenicity and spoilage potential, the germination pathway has piqued the interest of the scientific community. The inhibition and induction of germination have critical applications in the food industry. Targeted germination can aid in decreasing the resistance of spores and allow the application of milder inactivation procedures. This germination-inactivation strategy allows better maintenance of important food quality attributes. Different stimuli are reported to trigger germination. Among those, isostatic high pressure (HP) has gained increasing attention due to its potential applications in industrial processes. However, pressure-mediated spore germination is extremely heterogeneous as some spores germinate rapidly, while others exhibit slow germination or do not undergo germination at all. The successful and safe implementation of the germination-inactivation strategy, however, depends on the germination of all spores. Therefore, there is a need to elucidate the mechanisms of HP-mediated germination. This work aimed to critically review the current state of knowledge on Bacillus spore germination at a moderate HP of 50-300 MPa. In this review, the germination mechanism, heterogeneity, and influencing factors have been outlined along with knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia I Delbrück
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rosa Heydenreich
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Haberkorn I, Siegenthaler L, Buchmann L, Neutsch L, Mathys A. Enhancing single-cell bioconversion efficiency by harnessing nanosecond pulsed electric field processing. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107780. [PMID: 34048886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) processing is gaining momentum as a physical means for single-cell bioconversion efficiency enhancement. The technology allows biomass yields per substrate (YX/S) to be leveraged and poses a viable option for stimulating intracellular compound production. NsPEF processing thus resonates with myriad domains spanning the pharmaceutical and medical sectors, as well as food and feed production. The exact working mechanisms underlying nsPEF-based enhancement of bioconversion efficiency, however, remain elusive, and a better understanding would be pivotal for leveraging process control to broaden the application of nsPEF and scale-up industrial implementation. To bridge this gap, the study provides the electrotechnological and metabolic fundamentals of nsPEF processing in the bio-based domain to enable a critical evaluation of pathways underlying the enhancement of single-cell bioconversion efficiency. Evidence suggests that treating cells during the rapid proliferating and thus the early to mid-exponential state of cellular growth is critical to promoting bioconversion efficiency. A combined effect of transient intracellular and sublethal stress induction and effects caused on the plasma membrane level result in an enhancement of cellular bioconversion efficiency. Congruency exists regarding the involvement of transient cytosolic Ca2+ hubs in nsPEF treatment responses, as well as that of reactive oxygen species formation culminating in the onset of cellular response pathways. A distinct assignment of single effects and their contributions to enhancing bioconversion efficiency, however, remains challenging. Current applications of nsPEF processing comprise microalgae, bacteria, and yeast biorefineries, but these endeavors are in their infancies with limitations associated with a lack of understanding of the underlying treatment mechanisms, an incomplete reporting, insufficient characterization, and control of processing parameters. The study aids in fostering the upsurge of nsPEF applications in the bio-based domain by providing a basis to gain a better understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying an nsPEF-based enhancement of cellular bioconversion efficiency and suggests best practice guidelines for nsPEF documentation for improved knowledge transfer. Better understanding and reporting of processes parameters and consequently improved process control could foster industrial-scale nsPEF realization and ultimately aid in perpetuating nsPEF applicability within the bio-based domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Haberkorn
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lya Siegenthaler
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Lukas Neutsch
- ZHAW, Bioprocess Technology Research Group, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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21
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Canelli G, Murciano Martínez P, Maude Hauser B, Kuster I, Rohfritsch Z, Dionisi F, Bolten CJ, Neutsch L, Mathys A. Tailored enzymatic treatment of Chlorella vulgaris cell wall leads to effective disruption while preserving oxidative stability. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Heuel M, Kreuzer M, Sandrock C, Leiber F, Mathys A, Gold M, Zurbrügg C, Gangnat IDM, Terranova M. Transfer of Lauric and Myristic Acid from Black Soldier Fly Larval Lipids to Egg Yolk Lipids of Hens Is Low. Lipids 2021; 56:423-435. [PMID: 33886120 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Implementing insects, such as the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), as animal feed commonly includes the previous removal of substantial amounts of fat. This fat may represent an as yet underutilized energy source for livestock. However, transfer of lauric and myristic acid, prevalent in BSFL fat and undesired in human nutrition, into animal-source foods like eggs may limit its implementation. To quantify this, a laying hen experiment was performed comprising five different diets (10 hens/diet). These were a control diet with soybean oil and meal and a second diet with soybean oil but with partially defatted BSFL meal as protein source. The other three diets were based on different combinations of partially defatted BSFL meal and fat obtained by two different production methods. Lauric acid made up half of the BSFL fat from both origins. Both BSFL fats also contained substantial amounts of myristic and palmitic acid. However, in the insect-based diets, the net transfer from diet to egg yolk was less than 1% for lauric acid, whereas the net transfer for myristic and palmitic acid was about 30% and 100%, respectively. The net transfer did not vary between BSFL originating from production on different larval feeding substrates. The results illustrate that hens are able to metabolize or elongate very large proportions of ingested lauric acid and myristic acid, which are predominant in the BSFL lipids (together accounting for as much as 37 mol%), such that they collectively account for less than 3.5 mol% of egg yolk fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Heuel
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Sandrock
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock Science, Frick, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Switzerland
| | - Florian Leiber
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock Science, Frick, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Switzerland.,Eawag, Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag, Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle D M Gangnat
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Terranova
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Lindau, Eschikon 27, 8315, Switzerland
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23
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Heuel M, Sandrock C, Leiber F, Mathys A, Gold M, Zurbrügg C, Gangnat IDM, Kreuzer M, Terranova M. Black soldier fly larvae meal and fat can completely replace soybean cake and oil in diets for laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101034. [PMID: 33662662 PMCID: PMC7937743 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a great interest in finding alternative protein and energy sources to replace soybean-based feeds in poultry diets. The main objective of the present study was to completely replace soybean in layer diets with defatted meal and fat from black soldier fly larvae without adverse effects. For this purpose, 5 × 10 Lohmann Brown Classic hens were fed either a soybean-based diet or diets based on defatted black soldier fly larvae meal and fat from 2 producers (1 commercial, 1 small-scale) operating with different rearing substrates, temperatures, and larvae processing methods (10 hens/diet). The data obtained included nutrient composition of larvae meals and diets, amino acid digestibility (6 hens/diet), and metabolizability, performance and egg quality (all 10 hens/diet). In addition, the acceptance of the 4 larvae-based diets was tested against the soybean-based diet in a 6-day choice feeding situation (10 hens/treatment). The nutritional value of the larvae-based diets was equivalent to the soybean-based diet in hens with a laying performance of 98%. Although average feed intake was not significantly different over the 7 experimental weeks, the diets based on larvae feeds from the small-scale production appeared to be slightly less accepted in a choice situation than the soy-based diet and those with larvae from commercial origin. This was more likely the effect of the larvae fat rather than that of the larvae protein meal. In addition, the commercial larvae material was superior to that from the small-scale production concerning supply with digestible sulfur-containing amino acids (548 vs. 511 mg/day) and lysine (792 vs. 693 mg/day), egg weight (67 vs. 63 g), daily egg mass (66 vs. 61 g/day) and, in tendency, feed efficiency. The results indicate that soybean-based feeds can be replaced completely by black soldier fly meal and fat in diets of high-performing layers. However, because of nutritional differences between the larvae materials of different origin the quality of the larvae has to be closely monitored before being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heuel
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Sandrock
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Departement of Livestock Science, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - F Leiber
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Departement of Livestock Science, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - A Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Gold
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - C Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - I D M Gangnat
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Terranova
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland.
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24
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Haberkorn I, Off CL, Besmer MD, Buchmann L, Mathys A. Automated Online Flow Cytometry Advances Microalgal Ecosystem Management as in situ, High-Temporal Resolution Monitoring Tool. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:642671. [PMID: 33834018 PMCID: PMC8023406 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.642671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are emerging as a next-generation biotechnological production system in the pharmaceutical, biofuel, and food domain. The economization of microalgal biorefineries remains a main target, where culture contamination and prokaryotic upsurge are main bottlenecks to impair culture stability, reproducibility, and consequently productivity. Automated online flow cytometry (FCM) is gaining momentum as bioprocess optimization tool, as it allows for spatial and temporal landscaping, real-time investigations of rapid microbial processes, and the assessment of intrinsic cell features. So far, automated online FCM has not been applied to microalgal ecosystems but poses a powerful technology for improving the feasibility of microalgal feedstock production through in situ, real-time, high-temporal resolution monitoring. The study lays the foundations for an application of automated online FCM implying far-reaching applications to impel and facilitate the implementation of innovations targeting at microalgal bioprocesses optimization. It shows that emissions collected on the FL1/FL3 fluorescent channels, harnessing nucleic acid staining and chlorophyll autofluorescence, enable a simultaneous assessment (quantitative and diversity-related) of prokaryotes and industrially relevant phototrophic Chlorella vulgaris in mixed ecosystems of different complexity over a broad concentration range (2.2–1,002.4 cells ⋅μL–1). Automated online FCM combined with data analysis relying on phenotypic fingerprinting poses a powerful tool for quantitative and diversity-related population dynamics monitoring. Quantitative data assessment showed that prokaryotic growth phases in engineered and natural ecosystems were characterized by different growth speeds and distinct peaks. Diversity-related population monitoring based on phenotypic fingerprinting indicated that prokaryotic upsurge in mixed cultures was governed by the dominance of single prokaryotic species. Automated online FCM is a powerful tool for microalgal bioprocess optimization owing to its adaptability to myriad phenotypic assays and its compatibility with various cultivation systems. This allows advancing bioprocesses associated with both microalgal biomass and compound production. Hence, automated online FCM poses a viable tool with applications across multiple domains within the biobased sector relying on single cell–based value chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Haberkorn
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cosima L Off
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Leandro Buchmann
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Bühler AG, Uzwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Canelli G, Murciano Martínez P, Austin S, Ambühl ME, Dionisi F, Bolten CJ, Carpine R, Neutsch L, Mathys A. Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:2226-2235. [PMID: 33570396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are attractive for the food and cosmetic industries because of their nutrient composition. However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. Our results showed that glucose was the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii. C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. C. cohnii's cell wall was 133 nm thick and composed of several membranes surrounding thecal plates. Understanding of the microalgae cell wall helps developing a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Canelli
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark E Ambühl
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabiola Dionisi
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Roberta Carpine
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Campus Grüental, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Neutsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Campus Grüental, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Böcker L, Bertsch P, Wenner D, Teixeira S, Bergfreund J, Eder S, Fischer P, Mathys A. Effect of Arthrospira platensis microalgae protein purification on emulsification mechanism and efficiency. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:344-353. [PMID: 33070074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In light of environmental concerns and changing consumer demands, efforts are increasing to replace frequently used animal-based emulsifiers. We demonstrate the interfacial network formation and emulsifying potential of Arthrospira platensis protein extracts and hypothesize a mechanistic change upon progressing purification. A microalgae suspension of A. platensis powder in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7, 0.1 M) was homogenized and insoluble components separated by centrifugation. Proteins were precipitated at the identified isoelectric point at pH 3.5 and diafiltrated. In interfacial shear rheology measurements, the build-up of an interfacial viscoelastic network was faster and final network strength increased with the degree of purification. It is suggested that isolated A. platensis proteins rapidly form an interconnected protein layer while coextracted surfactants impede protein adsorption for crude and soluble extracts. Emulsions with 20 vol % medium chain triglycerides (MCT) oil could be formed with all extracts of different degrees of purification. Normalized by protein concentration, smaller droplets could be stabilized with the isolated fractions. For potential applications in food, pharma and cosmetic product categories, the enhanced functionality has to be balanced against the loss in biomass while purifying microalgae proteins or other alternative single cell proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Böcker
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Pascal Bertsch
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Process Engineering Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - David Wenner
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Teixeira
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jotam Bergfreund
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Process Engineering Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Severin Eder
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Fischer
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Process Engineering Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Bertsch P, Böcker L, Mathys A, Fischer P. Proteins from microalgae for the stabilization of fluid interfaces, emulsions, and foams. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Haberkorn I, Buchmann L, Häusermann I, Mathys A. Nanosecond pulsed electric field processing of microalgae based biorefineries governs growth promotion or selective inactivation based on underlying microbial ecosystems. Bioresour Technol 2021; 319:124173. [PMID: 33017777 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed electric field treatment (nsPEF) is a technology-driven, resource-efficient approach fostering microalgae biorefineries for transforming them into economically viable scenarios. A processing window of 100 ns, 7 Hz, and 10 kV cm-1 significantly leveraged phototrophic Chlorella vulgaris and bacterial counts up to + 50.1 ± 12.2% and + 77.0 ± 37.4%, respectively (n = 4; p < 0.05) in non-axenic cultures. Applying the same processing window decreased C. vulgaris (-17.1 ± 13.8%) and prokaryotic (-82.7 ± 14.6%) counts owing to alterations in the prokaryotic community diversity. Principle coordinate analysis of prokaryotic phenotypic fingerprints indicated that phenotype or metabolism related diversity changes in the prokaryotic community affected the treatment outcome. The study fosters the upsurge of industrial-scale nsPEF realization and the economic viability of microalgae biorefineries through improved process understanding and thus control. It perpetuates nsPEF applicability for microalgae feedstock production and several other applications within single-cell biorefineries in the bio-based domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Haberkorn
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Leandro Buchmann
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Iris Häusermann
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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Herrero M, Thornton PK, Mason-D'Croz D, Palmer J, Bodirsky BL, Pradhan P, Barrett CB, Benton TG, Hall A, Pikaar I, Bogard JR, Bonnett GD, Bryan BA, Campbell BM, Christensen S, Clark M, Fanzo J, Godde CM, Jarvis A, Loboguerrero AM, Mathys A, McIntyre CL, Naylor RL, Nelson R, Obersteiner M, Parodi A, Popp A, Ricketts K, Smith P, Valin H, Vermeulen SJ, Vervoort J, van Wijk M, van Zanten HH, West PC, Wood SA, Rockström J. Articulating the effect of food systems innovation on the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e50-e62. [PMID: 33306994 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Food system innovations will be instrumental to achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, major innovation breakthroughs can trigger profound and disruptive changes, leading to simultaneous and interlinked reconfigurations of multiple parts of the global food system. The emergence of new technologies or social solutions, therefore, have very different impact profiles, with favourable consequences for some SDGs and unintended adverse side-effects for others. Stand-alone innovations seldom achieve positive outcomes over multiple sustainability dimensions. Instead, they should be embedded as part of systemic changes that facilitate the implementation of the SDGs. Emerging trade-offs need to be intentionally addressed to achieve true sustainability, particularly those involving social aspects like inequality in its many forms, social justice, and strong institutions, which remain challenging. Trade-offs with undesirable consequences are manageable through the development of well planned transition pathways, careful monitoring of key indicators, and through the implementation of transparent science targets at the local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Herrero
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Philip K Thornton
- CGIAR Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Mason-D'Croz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeda Palmer
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Prajal Pradhan
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christopher B Barrett
- Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tim G Benton
- The Royal Institute for International Affairs, Chatham House, London, UK
| | - Andrew Hall
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Black Mountain, ACT, Australia
| | - Ilje Pikaar
- The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica R Bogard
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graham D Bonnett
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett A Bryan
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce M Campbell
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Valle del Cauca, Colombia; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svend Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Clark
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica Fanzo
- School of Advanced International Studies, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cecile M Godde
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andy Jarvis
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Ana Maria Loboguerrero
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Lynne McIntyre
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rosamond L Naylor
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Nelson
- Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria; Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alejandro Parodi
- Animal Production Systems group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katie Ricketts
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Black Mountain, ACT, Australia
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hugo Valin
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Joost Vervoort
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mark van Wijk
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hannah He van Zanten
- Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul C West
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen A Wood
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA; Yale School of the Environment, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Johan Rockström
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Gold M, von Allmen F, Zurbrügg C, Zhang J, Mathys A. Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582867. [PMID: 33329446 PMCID: PMC7719680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant economic, environmental, and social impacts are associated with the avoidable disposal of foods worldwide. Mass-rearing of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae using organic wastes and food- and agro-industry side products is promising for recycling resources within the food system. One current challenge of this approach is ensuring a reliable and high conversion performance of larvae with inherently variable substrates. Research has been devoted to increasing rearing performance by optimizing substrate nutrient contents and ratios, while the potential of the substrate and larval gut microbiota to increase rearing performance remains untapped. Since previous research has focused on gut microbiota, here, we describe bacterial dynamics in the residue (i.e., the mixture of frass and substrate) of black soldier fly larvae reared on two food wastes (i.e., canteen and household waste). To identify members of the substrate and residue microbiota, potentially associated with rearing performance, bacterial dynamics were also studied in the canteen waste without larvae, and after inactivation by irradiation of the initial microbiota in canteen waste. The food waste substrates had similar microbiota; both were dominated by common lactic acid bacteria. Inactivation of the canteen waste microbiota, which was dominated by Leuconostoc, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus, decreased the levels of all rearing performance indicators by 31-46% relative to canteen waste with the native microbiota. In both food waste substrates, larval rearing decreased the bacterial richness and changed the physicochemical residue properties and composition over the rearing period of 12 days, and typical members of the larval intestinal microbiota (i.e., Providencia, Dysgonomonas, Morganella, and Proteus) became more abundant, suggesting their transfer into the residue through excretions. Future studies should isolate members of these taxa and elucidate their true potential to influence black soldier fly mass-rearing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne von Allmen
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Haberkorn I, Walser J, Helisch H, Böcker L, Belz S, Schuppler M, Fasoulas S, Mathys A. Characterization of Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae) associated microbial communities 1. J Phycol 2020; 56:1308-1322. [PMID: 32428976 PMCID: PMC7687158 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae exhibit extensive potential for counteracting imminent challenges in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and biomaterial sectors, but lack economic viability. Biotechnological systems for contamination control could advance the economic viability of microalgal feedstock, but the selection of suitable strains that sustainably promote microalgal productivity remains challenging. In this study, total diversity in phototrophic Chlorella vulgaris cultures was assessed by amplicon sequencing comparing cultures subjected to five different cultivation conditions. Overall, 12 eukaryotic and 53 prokaryotic taxa were identified; Alphaproteobacteria (36.7%) dominated the prokaryotic and C. vulgaris (97.2%) the eukaryotic community. Despite altering cultivation conditions, 2 eukaryotic and 40 prokaryotic taxa remained stably associated with C. vulgaris; diversity between systems did not significantly differ (P > 0.05). Among those, 20 cultivable taxa were isolated and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. Subsequently, controlled co-cultures were investigated showing stable associations of C. vulgaris with Sphingopyxis sp. and Pseudomonas sp.. Out-competition of C. vulgaris due to ammonium or phosphate limitation was not observed, despite significantly elevated growth of Sphingopyxis sp. and Tistrella sp.. (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, C. vulgaris growth was impaired by Tistrella sp.. Hence, the study provides a selection of stable indigenous prokaryotes and eukaryotes for artificially tailoring microbial biocenoses. Following a bottom-up approach, it provides a base for controlled co-cultures and thus the establishment of even more complex biocenoses using interkingdom assemblages. Such assemblages can benefit from functional richness for improved nutrient utilization, as well as bacterial load control, which can enhance microalgal feedstock production through improved culture stability and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Haberkorn
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food ProcessingInstitute of Food, Nutrition and HealthSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Schmelzbergstrasse 98092ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jean‐Claude Walser
- Genetic Diversity CentreSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Universitätsstrasse 168092ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Harald Helisch
- Institute of Space System EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 2970569StuttgartGermany
| | - Lukas Böcker
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food ProcessingInstitute of Food, Nutrition and HealthSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Schmelzbergstrasse 98092ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Belz
- Institute of Space System EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 2970569StuttgartGermany
| | - Markus Schuppler
- Laboratory of Food MicrobiologyInstitute of Food, Nutrition and HealthSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Schmelzbergstrasse 78092ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Stefanos Fasoulas
- Institute of Space System EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 2970569StuttgartGermany
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food ProcessingInstitute of Food, Nutrition and HealthSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Schmelzbergstrasse 98092ZürichSwitzerland
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32
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Canelli G, Tarnutzer C, Carpine R, Neutsch L, Bolten CJ, Dionisi F, Mathys A. Biochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Chlorella and Auxenochlorella Biomasses Relevant for Food Application. Front Nutr 2020; 7:565996. [PMID: 33117841 PMCID: PMC7557355 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.565996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are a source of potentially healthy and sustainable nutrients. However, the bioaccessibility of these nutrients remains uncertain. In this study, we analyzed the biomass composition of five commercial Chlorella and Auxenochlorella strains, and Chlorella vulgaris heterotrophically cultivated in our laboratory. Protein accounted for 65 ± 3% (w w-1) dry matter (DM) in all biomasses, except for the lab-grown C. vulgaris that contained 20% (w w-1) DM protein. The fatty acids content was comparable and ranged between 7 and 10% (w w-1) DM. Most of the biomasses had a ω6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)/ω3-PUFAs ratio <4, as recommended by nutritional experts. A recently published harmonized protocol for in vitro digestion was used to evaluate fatty acids and protein bioaccessibilities. Protein bioaccessibility ranged between 60 and 74% for commercial Chlorella and Auxenochlorella biomasses and was 43% for the lab-grown C. vulgaris. Fatty acids bioaccessibility was <7% in commercial biomasses and 19% in the lab-grown C. vulgaris. Taken together, the results show that microalgae are promising sources of bioaccessible protein. The limited fatty acids bioaccessibility indicates the need for alternative upstream and downstream production strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Canelli
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Tarnutzer
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Carpine
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Neutsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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Green A, Nemecek T, Chaudhary A, Mathys A. Assessing nutritional, health, and environmental sustainability dimensions of agri-food production. Global Food Security 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Böcker L, Bertsch P, Wenner D, Teixeira S, Bergfreund J, Eder S, Fischer P, Mathys A. Stabilizing emulsions with microalgae proteins – Changes in mechanism and efficiency along purification. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202055458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Böcker
- ETH Zürich Sustainable Food Processing Schmelzbergstr. 9 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - P. Bertsch
- ETH Zürich Food Process Engineering Schmelzbergstr. 7 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - D. Wenner
- ETH Zürich Sustainable Food Processing Schmelzbergstr. 9 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - S. Teixeira
- ETH Zürich Sustainable Food Processing Schmelzbergstr. 9 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - J. Bergfreund
- ETH Zürich Food Process Engineering Schmelzbergstr. 7 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - S. Eder
- ETH Zürich Food Biochemistry Schmelzbergstr. 9 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - P. Fischer
- ETH Zürich Food Process Engineering Schmelzbergstr. 7 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - A. Mathys
- ETH Zürich Sustainable Food Processing Schmelzbergstr. 9 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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35
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Buchmann L, Böcker L, Haberkorn I, Mathys A. Emerging pulsed electric field treatment for single cell applications. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202055230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Buchmann
- ETH Zürich Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health Schmelzbergstr. 9 8006 Zürich Switzerland
| | - L. Böcker
- ETH Zürich Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health Schmelzbergstr. 9 8006 Zürich Switzerland
| | - I. Haberkorn
- ETH Zürich Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health Schmelzbergstr. 9 8006 Zürich Switzerland
| | - A. Mathys
- ETH Zürich Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health Schmelzbergstr. 9 8006 Zürich Switzerland
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36
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Gold M, Egger J, Scheidegger A, Zurbrügg C, Bruno D, Bonelli M, Tettamanti G, Casartelli M, Schmitt E, Kerkaert B, Smet JD, Campenhout LV, Mathys A. Estimating black soldier fly larvae biowaste conversion performance by simulation of midgut digestion. Waste Manag 2020; 112:40-51. [PMID: 32497900 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae treatment is an emerging technology for the conversion of biowaste into potentially more sustainable and marketable high-value products, according to circular economy principles. Unknown or variable performance for different biowastes is currently one challenge that prohibits the global technology up-scaling. This study describes simulated midgut digestion for black soldier fly larvae to estimate biowaste conversion performance. Before simulation, the unknown biowaste residence time in the three midgut regions was determined on three diets varying in protein and non-fiber carbohydrate content. For the static in vitro model, diet residence times of 15 min, 45 min, and 90 min were used for the anterior, middle, and posterior midgut region, respectively. The model was validated by comparing the ranking of diets based on in vitro digestion products to the ranking found in in vivo feeding experiments. Four artificial diets and five biowastes were digested using the model, and diet digestibility and supernatant nutrient contents were determined. This approach was able to distinguish broadly the worst and best performing rearing diets. However, for some of the diets, the performance estimated based on in vitro results did not match with the results of the feeding experiments. Future studies should try to establish a stronger correlation by considering fly larvae nutrient requirements, hemicellulose digestion, and the diet/gut microbiota. In vitro digestion models could be a powerful tool for academia and industry to increase conversion performance of biowastes with black soldier fly larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Julia Egger
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Scheidegger
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Bruno
- University of Insubria, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Bonelli
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- University of Insubria, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Eric Schmitt
- Protix B.V., Industriestraat 3, 5107 NC, Dongen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Kerkaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Böcker L, Hostettler T, Diener M, Eder S, Demuth T, Adamcik J, Reineke K, Leeb E, Nyström L, Mathys A. Time-temperature-resolved functional and structural changes of phycocyanin extracted from Arthrospira platensis/Spirulina. Food Chem 2020; 316:126374. [PMID: 32066073 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, gains increasing importance as alternative protein source for food production and biotechnological systems. A promising area is functional high-value algae extracts, rich in phycocyanin, a protein-pigment complex derived from A. platensis. This complex has proven functionality as the only natural blue colorant, fluorescent marker and therapeutic agent. The structure-function relationship is heat sensitive, making thermal processing in its production and its subsequent application a crucial aspect. In continuous high-temperature short-time treatments, it was shown how a purified phycocyanin (mixture of allophycocyanin and c-phycocyanin) disassembled and denatured between 50 and 70 °C. Three characteristic transition temperatures were allocated to specific quaternary aggregates. In contrast to sequential chemical denaturation, phycocyanin's chromophore and protein structure were simultaneously affected by thermal processing. Through a functionality assessment, the findings help optimize the efficiency of raw material usage by defining a processing window, enabling targeted process control resulting in desired product properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Böcker
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Hostettler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Diener
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Food and Soft Materials Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Severin Eder
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Demuth
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Adamcik
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Food and Soft Materials Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Laura Nyström
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Gold M, Binggeli M, Kurt F, de Wouters T, Reichlin M, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A, Kreuzer M. Novel Experimental Methods for the Investigation of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. J Insect Sci 2020; 20:5864145. [PMID: 32593171 PMCID: PMC7320877 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale insect rearing for food and feed production can be improved by understanding diet digestion and host-microbe interactions. To examine these processes in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae, two protocols were developed. Protocol 1 describes a method to produce viable, sterile black soldier fly larvae and a gentle method for diet sterilization. Sterile black soldier fly larvae can be used to study the diverse role of microbes in larval development. Nutrient requirements of sterile black soldier fly larvae are met only through diet. Viable sterile black soldier fly larvae were consistently generated using a four-step treatment with alternating immersions of eggs for 2 min each in ethanol (70%) and sodium hypochlorite (0.6%), over two cycles. A nonthermal method of diet sterilization, namely high-energy electron beam (HEEB) treatment, was introduced. Subsequently, growth of sterile black soldier fly larvae was observed on the HEEB-treated diets (40, 60, and 40% of replicates with poultry feed, liver pie, and an artificial diet, respectively) but not on autoclaved diets. In Protocol 2, we propose a novel method to collect frass from individual larvae. We then measured the metabolites in frass, using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results on metabolites confirmed the influence of digestion. For instance, succinate increased from 1 to 2 and 7 μmol/g sample from diet to gut homogenate and frass, respectively. The collection method is a promising tool to estimate the diet and nutrient requirements of black soldier fly larvae, thus increasing the performance and reliability of black soldier fly larvae rearing. We discuss in detail the possible applications and limitations of our methods in black soldier fly larvae research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Binggeli
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Zhang Y, Huber N, Moeller R, Stülke J, Dubovcova B, Akepsimaidis G, Meneses N, Drissner D, Mathys A. Role of DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis spore resistance to high energy and low energy electron beam treatments. Food Microbiol 2020; 87:103353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Recent developments in preservation technologies allow for the delivery of food with nutritional value and superior taste. Of special interest are low-acid, shelf-stable foods in which the complete control or inactivation of bacterial endospores is the crucial step to ensure consumer safety. Relevant preservation methods can be classified into physicochemical or physical hurdles, and the latter can be subclassified into thermal and nonthermal processes. The underlying inactivation mechanisms for each of these physicochemical or physical processes impact different morphological or molecular structures essential for spore germination and integrity in the dormant state. This review provides an overview of distinct endospore defense mechanisms that affect emerging physical hurdles as well as which technologies address these mechanisms. The physical spore-inactivation technologies considered include thermal, dynamic, and isostatic high pressure and electromagnetic technologies, such as pulsed electric fields, UV light, cold atmospheric pressure plasma, and high- or low-energy electron beam.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Caporgno MP, Böcker L, Müssner C, Stirnemann E, Haberkorn I, Adelmann H, Handschin S, Windhab EJ, Mathys A. RETRACTED: Corrigendum to “Extruded meat analogues based on yellow, heterotrophically cultivated Auxenochlorella protothecoides microalgae” [Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 59 (2020) 102275]. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gold M, Cassar CM, Zurbrügg C, Kreuzer M, Boulos S, Diener S, Mathys A. Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae: Increasing performance through the formulation of biowastes based on protein and carbohydrates. Waste Manag 2020; 102:319-329. [PMID: 31707321 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is its variable reliability and efficiency when applied to different biowastes. Similar to other biowaste treatment technologies, co-conversion could compensate for variability in the composition of biowastes. Using detailed nutrient analyses, this study assessed whether mixing biowastes to similar protein and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) contents increased the performance and reduced the variability of BSFL treatment in comparison to the treatment of individual wastes. The biowastes examined were mill by-products, human faeces, poultry slaughterhouse waste, cow manure, and canteen waste. Biowaste formulations had a protein-to-NFC ratio of 1:1, a protein content of 14-19%, and a NFC content of 13-15% (dry mass). Performance parameters that were assessed included survival and bioconversion rate, waste reduction, and waste conversion and protein conversion efficiency. In comparison to poultry feed (benchmark), vegetable canteen waste showed the best performance and cow manure performed worst. Formulations showed significantly improved performance and lower variability in comparison to the individual wastes. However, variability in performance was higher than expected for the formulations. One reason for this variability could be different fibre and lipid contents, which correlated with the performance results of the formulations. Overall, this research provides baseline knowledge and guidance on how BSFL treatment facilities may systematically operate using biowastes of varying types and compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cecille Marie Cassar
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Stuttgart: Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, Chair of Waste Management and Emissions, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samy Boulos
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Diener
- Biovision Foundation, Heinrichstrasse 147, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Zhang Y, Delbrück AI, Off CL, Benke S, Mathys A. Flow Cytometry Combined With Single Cell Sorting to Study Heterogeneous Germination of Bacillus Spores Under High Pressure. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3118. [PMID: 32038559 PMCID: PMC6985370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Isostatic high pressure (HP) of 150 MPa can trigger the germination of bacterial spores, making them lose their extreme resistance to stress factors, and increasing their susceptibility to milder inactivation strategies. However, germination response of spores within a population is very heterogeneous, and tools are needed to study this heterogeneity. Here, classical methods were combined with more recent and powerful techniques such as flow cytometry (FCM) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to investigate spore germination behavior under HP. Bacillus subtilis spores were treated with HP at 150 MPa and 37°C, stained with SYTO16 and PI, and analyzed via FCM. Four sub-populations were detected. These sub-populations were for the first time isolated on single cell level using FACS and characterized in terms of their heat resistance (80°C, 10 min) and cultivability in a nutrient-rich environment. The four isolated sub-populations were found to include (1) heat-resistant and mostly cultivable superdormant spores, i.e., spores that remained dormant after this specific HP treatment, (2) heat-sensitive and cultivable germinated spores, (3) heat-sensitive and partially-cultivable germinated spores, and (4) membrane-compromised cells with barely detectable cultivability. Of particular interest was the physiological state of the third sub-population, which was previously referred to as "unknown". Moreover, the kinetic transitions between different physiological states were characterized. After less than 10 min of HP treatment, the majority of spores germinated and ended up in a sublethally damaged stage. HP treatment at 150 MPa and 37°C did not cause inactivation of all geminated spores, suggesting that subsequent inactivation strategies such as mild heat inactivation or other inactivation techniques are necessary to control spores in food. This study validated FCM as a powerful technique to investigate the heterogeneous behavior of spores under HP, and provided a pipeline using FACS for isolation of different sub-populations and subsequent characterization to understand their physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia I. Delbrück
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cosima L. Off
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Benke
- Cytometry Facility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Canelli G, Neutsch L, Carpine R, Tevere S, Giuffrida F, Rohfritsch Z, Dionisi F, Bolten CJ, Mathys A. Chlorella vulgaris in a heterotrophic bioprocess: Study of the lipid bioaccessibility and oxidative stability. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Haberkorn I, Buchmann L, Hiestand M, Mathys A. Continuous nanosecond pulsed electric field treatments foster the upstream performance of Chlorella vulgaris-based biorefinery concepts. Bioresour Technol 2019; 293:122029. [PMID: 31473378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed electric field treatment (nsPEF) is an innovative, technology-driven, and resource-efficient approach to foster the upstream performance of microalgae-based biorefinery concepts to transform microalgae into economic more viable raw materials for the biobased industry. A processing window applying three treatments of 100 ns, 5 Hz, and 10 kV cm-1 to industrially relevant phototrophic Chlorella vulgaris in the early exponential growth phase significantly increased biomass yields by up to 17.53 ± 10.46% (p = 3.18 × 10-5). Treatments had limited effects on the carbon and pigment contents, but the protein content was decreased. The longest possible pulse width (100 ns) resulted in the highest biomass yield indicating underlying working mechanisms of enhanced cell proliferation based on intracellular and plasma membrane-related effects. The applicability to eukaryotes and prokaryotes, such as C. vulgaris and cyanobacteria highlights the possible impacts of nsPEF across multiple domains of the biobased industry relying on single-cell-based value-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Haberkorn
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Leandro Buchmann
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Hiestand
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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Buchmann L, Brändle I, Haberkorn I, Hiestand M, Mathys A. Pulsed electric field based cyclic protein extraction of microalgae towards closed-loop biorefinery concepts. Bioresour Technol 2019; 291:121870. [PMID: 31382092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-based biorefinery concepts can contribute to providing sufficient resources for a growing world population. However, the performance needs to be improved, which requires innovative technologies and processes. Continuous extraction from Chlorella vulgaris cultures via pulsed electric field (PEF) processing might be a viable process to increase the performance of microalgae-based biorefinery concepts. In this study, increasing protein extraction rates were observed with increasing electric field strength, up to 96.6 ± 4.8% of the free protein in the microalgae. However, increased extraction rates negatively influenced microalgae growth after PEF treatment. A free protein extraction rate up to 29.1 ± 1.1% without a significant influence on microalgal growth after 168 h was achieved (p = 0.788). Within the scope of this work, a protocol for continuous protein extraction during microalgae cultivation by PEF processing was developed. The incorporation of innovative downstream into upstream processing could be a viable future concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Buchmann
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, IFNH, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ivraina Brändle
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, IFNH, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Iris Haberkorn
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, IFNH, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Hiestand
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, IFNH, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, IFNH, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The bio-based industry is urged to find solutions to meet the demands of a growing world population. In this context, increased resource efficiency is a major goal. Pulsed electric field (PEF) processing is a promising technological solution. Conventional PEF and the emerging area of nanosecond PEF (nsPEF) have been shown to induce various biological effects, with nsPEF inducing pronounced intracellular effects, which could provide solutions for currently faced challenges. Based on the flexibility and continuous operation of PEF and nsPEF processing, the technology can be integrated into many existing cultivation systems; its modularity provides an approach for inducing specific effects. Depending on the treatment conditions, selective inactivation, continuous extraction without impeding cell viability, as well as the stimulation of cell growth and/or cellular compound stimulation are potential applications in the bio-based industry. However, continuous treatment currently involves heterogeneous energy inputs. Increasing the homogeneity of PEF and nsPEF processing by considering the flow and electric field heterogeneity may allow for more targeted effects on biological cells, further increasing the potential of the technology for bio-based applications. We provide an overview of existing and potential applications of PEF and nsPEF and suggest that theoretical and practical analyses of flow and electric field heterogeneity may provide a basis for obtaining more targeted effects on biological cells and for further increasing the bio-based applications of the technology, which thereby could become a key technology for circular economy approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Buchmann
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, IFNH, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, IFNH, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Caporgno MP, Haberkorn I, Böcker L, Mathys A. Cultivation of Chlorella protothecoides under different growth modes and its utilisation in oil/water emulsions. Bioresour Technol 2019; 288:121476. [PMID: 31128535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae can be incorporated in different bio-based products; however, the green colour is a barrier for a successful integration. This study aims to overcome this barrier by growing microalgae in different cultivation modes. Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella protothecoides resulted in the highest biomass production after 5 days (5.56 ± 0.09 g/L), followed by heterotrophic and photoautotrophic cultivation (4.33 ± 0.15 and 1.80 ± 0.05 g/L, respectively). Mixotrophically and heterotrophically produced biomass presented a reduced greenish colouration compared to photoautotrophically produced biomass. Chlorophyll content resulted in 1.46 ± 0.21 and 0.95 ± 0.28 mg/g dry weight (DW) in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures, respectively, and 25.98 ± 1.28 mg/g DW in photoautotrophic cultures. In contrast, the fraction of carotenoids in the total pigments was much higher. With the whole microalgae fractions after cell disruption as ingredients, stable emulsions containing 50% oil could be produced. No syneresis with serum separation was observed 24 h after preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín P Caporgno
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iris Haberkorn
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Böcker
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mathys A, Reineke K, Jäger H. Editorial: Microbial Decontamination by Novel Technologies - Mechanisms and Application Concepts. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1476. [PMID: 31316492 PMCID: PMC6611343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Henry Jäger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Chen C, Chaudhary A, Mathys A. Dietary Change Scenarios and Implications for Environmental, Nutrition, Human Health and Economic Dimensions of Food Sustainability. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040856. [PMID: 30995719 PMCID: PMC6520741 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Demand side interventions, such as dietary change, can significantly contribute towards the achievement of 2030 national sustainable development goals. However, most previous studies analysing the consequences of dietary change focus on a single dimension of sustainability (e.g., environment) using a limited number of indicators and dietary scenarios. A multi-dimension and multi-indicator analysis can identify the potential trade-offs. Here, starting from the current food consumption data (year 2011), we first designed nine alternative dietary scenarios (healthy Swiss diet, healthy global diet, vegetarian, vegan, pescatarian, flexitarian, protein-oriented and meat-oriented diets and a food greenhouse gas tax diet). Next we calculated three nutritional quality (nutrient balance score, disqualifying nutrient score, percent population with adequate nutrition), five environmental (greenhouse gas, water, land, nitrogen and phosphorus use), one economic (daily food expenditure) and one human health indicator (DALYs) for current and alternative diets. We found that transition towards a healthy diet following the guidelines of Swiss society of nutrition is the most sustainable option and is projected to result in 36% lesser environmental footprint, 33% lesser expenditure and 2.67% lower adverse health outcome (DALYs) compared with the current diet. On the other extreme, transition towards a meat or protein oriented diet can lead to large increases in diet related adverse health outcomes, environmental footprint, daily food expenditure and a reduction in intakes of essential nutrients (for Vitamin C, Fibre, Potassium and Calcium). We found that shifting to the vegetarian and vegan diet scenarios might lead to a reduction in intakes of certain micronutrients currently supplied primarily by animal-sourced foods (Vitamin B12, Choline and Calcium). Results show that achieving a sustainable diet would entail a high reduction in the intake of meat and vegetable oils and a moderate reduction in cereals, roots and fish products and at the same time increased intake of legumes, nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables. We identify several current data and research gaps that need to be filled in order to get more accurate results. Overall, our analysis underscores the need to consider multiple indicators while assessing the dietary sustainability and provides a template to conduct such studies in other countries and settings. Future efforts should focus on assessing the potential of different interventions and policies that can help transition the population from current to sustainable dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canxi Chen
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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