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Gold M, Cassar CM, Zurbrügg C, Kreuzer M, Boulos S, Diener S, Mathys A. Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae: Increasing performance through the formulation of biowastes based on protein and carbohydrates. Waste Manag 2020; 102:319-329. [PMID: 31707321 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is its variable reliability and efficiency when applied to different biowastes. Similar to other biowaste treatment technologies, co-conversion could compensate for variability in the composition of biowastes. Using detailed nutrient analyses, this study assessed whether mixing biowastes to similar protein and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) contents increased the performance and reduced the variability of BSFL treatment in comparison to the treatment of individual wastes. The biowastes examined were mill by-products, human faeces, poultry slaughterhouse waste, cow manure, and canteen waste. Biowaste formulations had a protein-to-NFC ratio of 1:1, a protein content of 14-19%, and a NFC content of 13-15% (dry mass). Performance parameters that were assessed included survival and bioconversion rate, waste reduction, and waste conversion and protein conversion efficiency. In comparison to poultry feed (benchmark), vegetable canteen waste showed the best performance and cow manure performed worst. Formulations showed significantly improved performance and lower variability in comparison to the individual wastes. However, variability in performance was higher than expected for the formulations. One reason for this variability could be different fibre and lipid contents, which correlated with the performance results of the formulations. Overall, this research provides baseline knowledge and guidance on how BSFL treatment facilities may systematically operate using biowastes of varying types and compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cecille Marie Cassar
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Stuttgart: Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, Chair of Waste Management and Emissions, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samy Boulos
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Diener
- Biovision Foundation, Heinrichstrasse 147, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mertenat A, Diener S, Zurbrügg C. Black Soldier Fly biowaste treatment - Assessment of global warming potential. Waste Manag 2019; 84:173-181. [PMID: 30691890 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cities of low and middle-income countries face severe challenges in managing the increasing amount of waste produced, especially the organic fraction. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) biowaste treatment is an attractive treatment option as it offers a solution for waste management while also providing a protein source to help alleviate the rising global demand for animal feed. However, to-date very little information is available on how this technology performs with regard to direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming potential (GWP). This paper presents a study that uses a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to assess the GWP of a BSF waste treatment facility in the case of Indonesia and compares it with respective values for an open windrow composting facility. Direct CH4 and N2O samples were extracted from BSF treatment units and analyzed by gas chromatography. Results show that direct CO2eq emissions are 47 times lower the emissions from composting. Regarding the overall GWP, the LCA shows that composting has double the GWP of BSF treatment facility based on the functional unit of 1 ton of biowaste (wet weight). The main GWP contribution from a BSF facility are from: (1) residue post-composting (69%) and (2) electricity needs and source (up to 55%). Fishmeal production substitution by BSF larvae meal can reduce significantly the GWP (up to 30%). Based on this study, we conclude that BSF biowaste treatment offers an environmentally relevant alternative with very low direct GHG emissions and potentially high GWP reduction. Further research should improve residue post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Mertenat
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Diener
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Gold M, Tomberlin JK, Diener S, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A. Decomposition of biowaste macronutrients, microbes, and chemicals in black soldier fly larval treatment: A review. Waste Manag 2018; 82:302-318. [PMID: 30509593 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Processing of biowaste with larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is an emerging waste treatment technology. Larvae grown on biowaste can be a relevant raw material for animal feed production and can therefore provide revenues for financially viable waste management systems. In addition, when produced on biowaste, insect-based feeds can be more sustainable than conventional feeds. Among others, the scalability of the technology will depend on the availability of large amounts of biowaste with a high process performance (e.g. bioconversion of organic matter to proteins and lipids) and microbial and chemical product safety. Currently, in contrast to other waste treatment technologies, such as composting or anaerobic digestion, the process performance is variable and the processes driving the decomposition of biowaste macronutrients, inactivation of microbes and fate of chemicals is poorly understood. This review presents the first summary of the most important processes involved in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment, based on the available knowledge concerning five well-studied fly species. This is a starting point to increase understanding regarding the processes of this technology, with the potential to increase its efficiency and uptake, and support the development of appropriate regulations. Based on this review, formulating different types of biowaste, e.g. to produce a diet with a similar protein content, a balanced amino acid profile and/or pre- and co-treatment of biowaste with beneficial microbes, has the potential to increase process performance. Following harvest, larvae require heat or other treatments for microbial inactivation and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, 370 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Stefan Diener
- Biovision Foundation, Heinrichstrasse 147, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schlereth T, Clas J, Diener S, Birklein F. P 172 Endogenous pain modulation in patients with syringomyelia. Clin Neurophysiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lichtenauer U, Di Dalmazi G, Slater E, Wieland T, Kuebart A, Schmittfull A, Schwarzmayr T, Diener S, Reincke M, Meitinger T, Schott M, Fassnacht M, Bartsch DK, Strom TM, Beuschlein F. Recurrent somatic mutations in Ying Yang 1 (YY1) are found in a subgroup of sporadic insulinomas. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1547634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Andreas L, Diener S, Lagerkvist A. Steel slags in a landfill top cover--experiences from a full-scale experiment. Waste Manag 2014; 34:692-701. [PMID: 24393476 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A full scale field study has been carried out in order to test and evaluate the use of slags from high-alloy steel production as the construction materials for a final cover of an old municipal landfill. Five test areas were built using different slag mixtures within the barrier layer (liner). The cover consisted of a foundation layer, a liner with a thickness of 0.7 m, a drainage layer of 0.3 m, a protection layer of 1.5 m and a vegetation layer of 0.25 m. The infiltration varied depending on the cover design used, mainly the liner recipe but also over time and was related to seasons and precipitation intensity. The test areas with liners composed of 50% electric arc furnace (EAF) slag and 50% cementitious ladle slag (LS) on a weight basis and with a proper consistence of the protection layer were found to meet the Swedish infiltration criteria of ⩽50 l (m(2)a)(-1) for final covers for landfills for non-hazardous waste: the cumulative infiltration rates to date were 44, 19 and 0.4 l (m(2)a)(-1) for A1, A4 and A5, respectively. Compared to the precipitation, the portion of leachate was always lower after the summer despite high precipitation from June to August. The main reason for this is evapotranspiration but also the fact that the time delay in the leachate formation following a precipitation event has a stronger effect during the shorter summer sampling periods than the long winter periods. Conventional techniques and equipment can be used but close cooperation between all involved partners is crucial in order to achieve the required performance of the cover. This includes planning, method and equipment testing and quality assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andreas
- Waste Science and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden.
| | - S Diener
- Waste Science and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden
| | - A Lagerkvist
- Waste Science and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden
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Lalander C, Diener S, Magri ME, Zurbrügg C, Lindström A, Vinnerås B. Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)--from a hygiene aspect. Sci Total Environ 2013; 458-460:312-8. [PMID: 23669577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate and lacking sanitation and wastewater treatment systems can lead to the spreading of diarrhoeal diseases. One contributing factor in the lack of such treatment systems is the lack of economic incentives for stakeholders throughout the service chain. However, the organic fraction of the waste is high in valuable plant nutrients and could be reused in agriculture and as animal feed. For example, grown larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), make an excellent protein source in animal feed, while the feeding activity of the larvae substantially reduces the dry mass of the treated material. This study examined the effect of black soldier fly larvae on the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in human faeces and found a 6 log10 reduction in Salmonella spp. in human faeces in eight days, compared with a <2 log10 reduction in the control. No increased reduction was observed for Enterococcus spp., bacteriophage ΦX174 or Ascaris suum ova.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ridder S, Treutlein J, Nees F, Lang S, Diener S, Wessa M, Kroll A, Pohlack S, Cacciaglia R, Gass P, Schütz G, Schumann G, Flor H. Brain activation during fear conditioning in humans depends on genetic variations related to functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: first evidence from two independent subsamples. Psychol Med 2012; 42:2325-35. [PMID: 22410078 PMCID: PMC3466052 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced acquisition and delayed extinction of fear conditioning are viewed as major determinants of anxiety disorders, which are often characterized by a dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. METHOD In this study we employed cued fear conditioning in two independent samples of healthy subjects (sample 1: n=60, sample 2: n=52). Two graphical shapes served as conditioned stimuli and painful electrical stimulation as the unconditioned stimulus. In addition, guided by findings from published animal studies on HPA axis-related genes in fear conditioning, we examined variants of the glucocorticoid receptor and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 genes. RESULTS Variation in these genes showed enhanced amygdala activation during the acquisition and reduced prefrontal activation during the extinction of fear as well as altered amygdala-prefrontal connectivity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of the involvement of genes related to the HPA axis in human fear conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ridder
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J. Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - F. Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S. Lang
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S. Diener
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M. Wessa
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A. Kroll
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S. Pohlack
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R. Cacciaglia
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P. Gass
- Research Group Behavioral Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - G. Schütz
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G. Schumann
- Section of Addiction Biology, Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H. Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Hummel J, Weisbrod C, Bösch L, Himpler K, Böhm G, Diener S, Gaebel A, Dipper L, Zieschang T, Oster P, Kopf D. [Acute illness and depression in the elderly and the influence of cognitive impairment : AIDE-cog trial]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 45:34-9. [PMID: 22278004 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-011-0271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Geriatric patients with acute somatic illness have a high comorbidity of depression and dementia. The following differential diagnoses have to be discerned: pseudodementia in acute depressive states, depression as a risk factor for dementia, and a depressive episode in the early stage of dementia. For both the symptoms and the trigger factors of these differential diagnoses the overlap and the particularities were qualitatively examined in the AIDE-cog (Acute Illness and Depression in Elderly cognition) trial. A second prospective randomized controlled part of the AIDE-cog trial quantitatively evaluated the influence of cognitive impairment in geriatric patients with an acute somatic illness and comorbid depression on the therapeutic effect of cognitive behavioral therapy. A preliminary analysis shows that already in early dementia the therapeutic effects are inferior. Other psychotherapeutic methods that address the remaining cognitive and emotional functions in dementia must be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hummel
- AGAPLESION Bethanien-Krankenhaus, Geriatrisches Zentrum am Klinikum der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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Bhattacharya N, Diener S, Idler IS, Barth TF, Rauen J, Habermann A, Zenz T, Möller P, Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Mertens D. Non-malignant B cells and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induce a pro-survival phenotype in CD14+ cells from peripheral blood. Leukemia 2011; 25:722-6. [PMID: 21242995 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kowalski C, Diener S, Steffen P, Wuerstlein R, Harbeck N, Pfaff H. The impact of breast care nurses on early-stage breast cancer patients' perception of quality of care: The results of a multilevel regression analysis. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.6061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Diener S, Andreas L, Herrmann I, Ecke H, Lagerkvist A. Accelerated carbonation of steel slags in a landfill cover construction. Waste Manag 2010; 30:132-139. [PMID: 19836224 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Steel slags from high-alloyed tool steel production were used in a full scale cover construction of a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. In order to study the long-term stability of the steel slags within the final cover, a laboratory experiment was performed. The effect on the ageing process, due to i.e. carbonation, exerted by five different factors resembling both the material characteristics and the environmental conditions is investigated. Leaching behaviour, acid neutralization capacity and mineralogy (evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction, XRD, and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, TG/DTA) are tested after different periods of ageing under different conditions. Samples aged for 3 and 10 months were evaluated in this paper. Multivariate data analysis was used for data evaluation. The results indicate that among the investigated factors, ageing time and carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere were able to exert the most relevant effect. However, further investigations are required in order to clarify the role of the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diener
- Division of Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
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Abstract
Larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), are voracious feeders of organic material and may thus be used in simple engineered systems to reduce organic waste in low- and middle-income countries. Controlled feeding experiments with standard fodder were conducted to assess the optimum amount of organic waste to be added to a CORS system (Conversion of Organic Refuse by Saprophages). A daily feeding rate of 100 mg chicken feed (60% moisture content) per larva resulted in an optimum trade-off between material reduction efficiency (41.8%, SE 0.61) and biomass production (prepupal dry weight: 48.0 mg, SE 2.0). Applied to market waste and human faeces, this corresponds to a potential daily feeding capacity of 3-5 kg/m(2) and 6.5 kg/m(2), respectively. In addition, H. illucens prepupae quality was assessed to determine their suitability to substitute fishmeal in animal feed production. The chitin-corrected crude protein content ranged from 28.2 to 42.5%, depending on the amount of food provided to the larvae. Based on our study, a waste processing unit could yield a daily prepupal biomass of 145 g (dry mass) per m(2). We conclude that larvae of the black soldier fly are potentially capable of converting large amounts of organic waste into protein-rich biomass to substitute fishmeal, thereby contributing to sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Diener
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Windsor JA, Loveday B, Oosthuizen G, Diener S. SE02 THE VALIDITY OF AN INTEGRATED CLINICAL SIMULATOR FOR LEARNING LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDICECTOMY. ANZ J Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04129_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells obtained from normal donors at various days of in vitro cultivation have been studied by several methods including scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and flow cytometric DNA measurements. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of LAK cells against several tumor cells was examined by 51Cr-release assay and by SEM and TEM. The LAK cells displayed a uniform ultrastructural appearance concerning surface structure and morphology of organelles. They contained typical lysosomal granules which by immuno-electron microscopy showed a specific localization of perforin I (PI). The presence of PI and granzymeA mRNA in the cytoplasm was confirmed by in situ hybridization using specific antisense probes. Frequency and increased of specific mRNA-containing cells was similar for both genes. Single LAK cells were further characterized by peculiar nuclear inclusion bodies (IB) which were presumably formed by trapped profiles of endoplasmic reticulum. Flow cytometric analysis revealed normal DNA content of LAK cells even after prolonged cultivation indicating that the IB were not associated with aneuploidy of the effector cells. The LAK cells were highly effective in lysing K562 and DAUDI cells as shown by 51Cr-release assay. They caused characteristic morphologic alterations of target cells similar to those found in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and NK-cell-mediated cytolysis. SEM and TEM studies on specimens prepared by routine procedures or by cryopreparation showed that the tumor cell membrane was the initial target for the LAK cell attack whereas other cell compartments were damaged only in advanced stages of cytolysis. Summarizing our study demonstrates that LAK cells have a characteristic ultrastructure which in some aspects differs from that of CTL and NK cells, and that LAK cells appear to destroy tumor cells by mechanisms similar to those of other cytotoxic effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Groscurth
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Hsu TC, Diener S. Intussusception due to intestinal tubes. J Med Soc N J 1982; 79:38-9. [PMID: 6950111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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